IkbUSTRATED  HISTORY 


.  .  OF .  .  . 


NKW    MEXICO 


Containing  a   History  of  this  Important  Section  of  the  Great  Southwest,  from   the    Earliest   Period   of  its 

Discovery  to  the  Present  Time,  together  with  Glimpses  of  its  Auspicious  Future  ;  Illustrations 

and  Full-page  Portraits  of  some  of  its  Eminent  Men,  and  Biographical  Mention 

of  Many  of  its   Pioneers   and    Prominent  Citizens  of  To-day. 


1  A  people  that  take  no  pride  in  the  noble  achievements  of  remote  ancestors  will  never  achieve  anything  worthy  to  be 
remembered  with  pride  by  remote  descendants." — MACAULAY. 


CHICAGO 

THE    LEWIS    PUBLISHING   COMPANY 
1895 


NOTE;. 

Spanish  "accents,"  or  diacritical  marks,  not  being  English,  are  not  used  in  this  volume, 
although  some  names,  printed  with  ny  for  n,  seem  odd,  simply  on  account  of  their  unfamiliar 
appearance  ;  as,  Canyada  for  Canada.  With  the  form  canyon  the  reading  public  has  already 
become  familiar. 


ritoia  TBI  PRIM  or 

WILiON,  HDHPMRITt  *  CO.,    LO9AISPORT,  IKD. 


HISTORY  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


ZTLAN,  described  as  ' '  the 
bright  land  far  to  the 
north,"  is  the  name  given 
by  the  early  Spanish  his- 
torians, and  concurred  in 
by  modern  writers  of  re- 
pute, as  that  of  the  land 
whence  came  the  tribes 
found  in  the  valley  of  Mexico  by  their  Spanish 
conquerors.  Acosta,  one  of  the  historians  re- 
ferred to,  who  visited  the  city  of  Mexico  in 
1585,  and  whose  writings  on  New  Spain  were 
published  at  Seville  in  1589,  says:  "They 
came  from  distant  countries  toward  the  north, 
where  now  they  have  founded  a  kingdom  which 
they  call  New  Mexico."  Other  historians 
make  similar  statements. 

Humboldt,  who  approaches  the  subject 
with  doubts,  after  naming  the  banks  of  the 
Navajo,  the'Moqui  villages  and  the  Gila,  writes 
in  his  New  Spain:  "  We  are  tempted  to  be- 
lieve that  at  the  period  of  the  migration  sev- 
eral tribes  separated  from  the  great  mass  of 
the  people  to  establish  themselves  in  these 
northern  regions."  At  that  time,  indeed, 
there  were  other  signs  of  equal  import  cover- 
ing a  much  broader  country. 

Dr.  Brinton  says:  "  These  traditions,  the 
Maya  Chronicles,  go  to  show  that  the  belief 
among  the  Aztecs  was,  that  the  tribes  of  the 
Maya  family  came  originally  from  the  north  or 
northeast,  and  were  at  some  remote  period 
closely  connected  with  their  ancestors." 

This  land — "  Aztlan  " — which  was  for  an 
indefinite  period  the  home  of  the  aborigines 


who  became  the  masters  of  Anahuac,  the  Aztec 
empire,  and  who  were  found  and  subdued  by 
Cortez  in  1519-21,  is  a  land  still  occupied  in 
part  by  people  of  the  same  race  and  charac- 
teristics except  so  far  as  changed  by  the  vary- 
ing conditions  that  have  intervened  during  the 
centuries  since  elapsing. 

This  pre-Columbian  country  of  our  South- 
west, now  known  as  the  Territory  of  New 
Mexico,  is  peculiar  on  account  of  the  fact  that 
extremes  of  civilization  have  met  here,  and  are 
still  conspicuously  visible.  The  "free-for-all" 
race  of  modern  energy,  enterprise  and  prosper- 
ity, with  the  coming  of  steam  transportation  in 
its  mighty,  irresistible  course,  has  here  peace- 
ably met  face  to  face  the  medieval  conserva- 
tism and  the  crooked-stick  plows  and  industrial 
methods  of  "  ancient  times." 

(The  foregoing  paragraphs,  as  well  as  the 
following  up  to  the  year  1 540,  are  substantially 
from  the  authority  of  Hon.  William  G.  Ritch.j 

"  In  the  sixteenth  century  a  remnant  of  a 
party  of  explorers  found  themselves  stranded, 
wrecked  and  destitute,  upon  the  western  shores 
of  the  Gulf  of  Mexico.  This  party  was  Cabeza 
de  Vaca  and  three  companions.  Thousands 
of  miles  of  trackless  wilderness,  then  wholly 
unknown  to  Europeans,  and  beset  with  savages, 
lay  between  this  small  party  and  their  Spanish 
brethren  in  sparsely-settled  Mexico.  Nothing 
daunted,  this  intrepid  little  band,  with  nothing 
more  of  this  world's  goods  at  their  command 
than  the  indifferent  clothing  which  covered 
their  nakedness,  but  with  indomitable  energy, 
the  endurance  of  steel  and  their  own  good  tact, 


HTSTORT  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


entered  upon  the  hazards  of  traversing  this  un- 
explored and  trackless  continent,  in  the  forlorn 
hope  of  reaching  their  countrymen  and  friends 
somewhere  upon  the  other  side.  The  under- 
taking antedated  any  permanent  European  set- 
tlement within  the  bounds  of  what  has  since 
become  our  own  beloved  country,  the  United 
States.  It  was  less  than  a  decade  later  than 
the  conquest  of  Mexico  by  Cortez,  and  nearly 
a  century  previous  to  the  landing  of  the  Pil- 
grims upon  the  shores  of  Massachusetts  bay, 
that  these  Spartan  souls  departed  upon  the 
most  wonderful  and  successful  journey  known 
to  the  pages  of  history.  The  point  of  depart- 
ure was  upon  the  gulf  coast  of  either  Louisiana 
or  Texas,  as  known  to  modern  geographers. 

' '  These  wanderers  traversed  by  turns  the 
tangled  swamps  and  bayous  of  a  semi-tropical 
latitude;  the  deep  turbid  rivers  and  dense  for- 
ests of  the  coast  slope;  the  vast  arid  plains, 
coursed  by  canyons  of  dizzy  depth,  and  tower- 
ing, rugged  mountains  and  rushing  torrents  of 
the  interior;  and  finally  crossing  the  alkali 
plains,  sandy  desert  and  coast  range  before 
beholding  the  blue  waters  of  the  Pacific.  They 
lived  upon  roots  and  lizards  when  naught  else 
could  be  found,  and  slept  with  the  canopy 
of  heaven  only  as  their  covering,  except 
as  varied  by  the  elements,  and  ever  upon 
the  alert  for  wild  beasts  and  hostile  Indians. 
Traversing  the  streams  to  their  head-waters 
northwest  from  the  gulf,  and  as  laid  down  up- 
on the  maps  of  the  early  voyagers,  Vaca  and 
his  companions,  after  many  months  of  weary 
travel,  reached  the  waters  (according  to  some 
writers)  of  the  Canadian  river,  thence  pressing 
forward,  and  after  three  months  of  uncertain 
wanderings,  reached  the  Pueblo  Indian  villages 
of  New  Mexico,  twenty  degrees  of  latitude 
north  of  the  city  of  Mexico. 

"  Memorable  event!  Here  first  came  to  the 
knowledge  of  the  inhabitants  of  the  Old 
World  the  existence  of  a  people  living  in 
permanent  houses  and  homes  clustered  in  vil- 
lages, following  the  pursuits  of  peace  by  till- 
ing the  soil,  the  administration  of  wholesome 
laws,  in  making  provident  care  for  possible 


famines,  and  in  showing  kindness  and  hospi- 
tality to  these  pale-faced  strangers  in  distress. 
The  people  thus  met  and  described  by  Cabeza 
de  Vaca  and  his  companions  correspond  with 
those  who  were  found  and  described  by  subse- 
quent explorers  in  New  Mexico,  upon  the 
slopes  of  the  Rio  Grande,  at  Santa  Fe  and  at 
Zunyi.  These  were  the  first  towns,  the  first 
permanent  settlements  of  a  people  possessing 
habits  of  civilization,  within  the  borders  of 
this  great  nation  of  free  people,  who  had  thus 
attained  to  their  estate  many  generations  an- 
terior to  the  landing  of  Columbus.  The  same 
distinctive  people,  with  the  same  habits,  al- 
though greatly  reduced  in  numbers  by  wars, 
aggressive  and  defensive,  still  constitute  an 
important  element  in  the  population  of  New 
Mexico  in  this  last  quarter  of  the  nineteenth 
century. 

"Furnished  with  supplies  and  such  means 
of  comfort  as  was  possible  for  this  small  party 
to  carry  with  them,  after  still  another  period 
of  wandering,  in  all  probably  five  years,  they 
arrived,  in  the  spring  of  1536,  at  the  town  of 
San  Miguel,  upon  the  west  coast  of  Mexico, 
and  in  May  following  reported  to  the  viceroy 
at  the  city  of  Mexico.  The  stories  of  Cabeza 
de  Vaca  about  a  great  people  living  in  towns 
and  cities  far  to  the  north  were  in  confirmation 
of  traditions  and  statements  previously  made 
by  the  native  Mexican  people. 

"  As  a  consequence  expeditions  were  at 
once  fitted  out — the  first  under  the  lead  of 
Friar  Marcos  de  Niza,  who  took  with  him  as  a 
guide  Estevan,  a  blackamoor,  and  one  of  Vaca's 
party.  Niza  reached  only  the  Cibola  country 
(Zunyi).  Estevan  had  preceded  him  a  few 
days,  and  was  the  first  to  arrive  at  Zunyi;  but 
his  indiscretion  cost  him  his  life  and  came  well 
nigh  bringing  the  whole  party  into  difficulty, 
and  making  the  return  of  Niza  a  necessity;  the 
report  of  Niza  was  confirmatory. 

' '  The  expedition  of  General  Francisco  Vas- 
quez  de  Coronado,  governor  of  New  Galicia, 
under  the  patronage  of  the  viceroy,  followed 
in  July,  i  540,  from  the  southwest  with  assured 
hopes  of  finding  great  stores  of  gold  and  silver 


HISTORY   OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


among  the  people,  as  had  been  found  by  Piz- 
arro  in  Peru  and  by  Cortez  in  Mexico.  The 
expedition  was  composed  very  largely  of  scions 
of  royalty  and  persons  of  refinement  and  wealth, 
most  of  whom  were  illy  prepared  to  withstand 
the  toil  and  endure  the  privations  inseparable 
from  the  journey.  The  expedition,  however, 
arrived  in  good  spirits  at  Zunyi.  Coronado's 
journal  speaks  of  here  meeting  hostile  demon- 
strations, and  likewise  relates  of  discovering 
cities  larger  than  Granada  in  Spain;  of  one 
town  containing  500  houses  of  stone,  some  of 
them  five  lofts  high  and  of  excellent  construc- 
tion, and  of  another,  still  larger;  of  the  people 
complaining  of  Estevan,  and  of  their  killing 
him  because  of  insulting  their  women,  whom 
'  they  loved  dearly. '  The  food  of  the  people 
was  corn,  peas  and  venison.  They  had  good 
salt,  wore  turquoise,  emerald  and  garnets  for 
ornaments,  made  cloth,  had  mantles  of  cotton, 
painted,  and  had  other  articles  of  dress,  which 
were  embroidered  in  needlework.  Water  was 
brought  then,  as  now,  in  irrigating  ditches,  to 
their  fields  of  corn  and  vegetables.  Coronado 
also  tells  of  finding  gold  and  silver  that  was 
good." 

During  the  absence  of  one  of  his  party, 
Cardenas,  who  was  visiting  the  Moqui  towns 
and  Rio  Colorado,  a  party  of  natives  came 
from  their  province,  lying  eastward,  to  the 
Zunyi  towns,  with  gifts  of  various  leathern 
articles  and  offers  of  tribal  friendship  and  alli- 
ance. Their  chief  and  spokesman  was  called 
Bigotes  by  the  Spaniards,  on  account  of  his 
long  mustaches,  and  he  had  much  to  say  con- 
cerning the  buffaloes  of  his  country. 

Accordingly  Captain  Alvarado  was  or- 
dered, with  twenty  men,  to  accompany  the 
natives  on  their  return,  and  to  report  within 
eighty  days  respecting  their  country  and  its 
wonderful  animals.  In  a  journey  of  five  days 
Alvarado  came  to  Acuco  (now  Acoma),  a  town 
built  upon  a  rock,  and  accessible  only  by  a 
narrow  stairway,  terminating  in  mere  holes  for 
the  hands  and  feet.  At  first  the  inhabitants 
there  showed  signs  of  resistance,  but  were 
easily  subdued  by  threats  of  battle. 


The  explorers,  passing  Zunyi  for  the  east, 
passed  Acus  (Acoma),  a  town  upon  an  exceed- 
ing strong  hill,  whose  people  grew  cotton. 
Thence  they  journeyed  to  the  province  of 
Tiguex,  located  upon  the  banks  of  a  great  river, 
running  southward.  Here  they  found  large 
mantles,  feathers  and  precious  things,  and  the 
inhabitants  were  raising  melons  and  white  and 
red  cotton.  The  Tiguex  valley  seemed  to  be 
well  settled  to  a  distance  of  fifty  to  sixty  miles 
out  from  the  river,  and  contained  within  its 
bounds  twelve  towns,  which  were  along  this 
large  river.  The  province  afterward  became 
the  center  of  operations  upon  the  part  of  the 
Spanish.  Alvarado  at  once  recommended  it  as 
a  place  for  the  winter  quarters  of  his  general. 
Then  he  went  on  with  Bigotes  for  five  days 
further,  to  the  province  of  Cicuye  (probably  the 
pueblo  of  Pecos)  on  the  border  of  the  plains, 
the  inhabitants  of  which  made  to  the  Spaniards 
presents  of  hides,  cloth  and  turquoises. 

But  at  this  point  the  captain  was  particu- 
larly attracted  by  the  statements  of  an  Indian, 
who  claimed  to  be  a  native  of  a  province  about 
2,000  miles  to  the  southeast.  On  account  of 
his  appearance  the  Spaniards  called  him  "The 
Turk. "  He  spoke  at  length  concerning  the 
cities  of  his  country,  and  also  of  gold  and 
silver,  the  latter  being  particularly  attractive 
to  the  Spaniard.  After  receiving  such  news 
the  buffaloes  of  the  Rio  Grande  seemed  to  be 
of  little  importance.  Alvarado,  however,  carry- 
ing out  his  instructions,  made  a  trip  out  into  the 
plains  in  search  of  the  animals,  with  the  Turk 
as  a  guide,  and  he  found  the  buffaloes,  indeed, 
in  large  numbers.  In  this  tour  he  followed  the 
river  for  about  300  miles  toward  the  southwest. 
Then  he  returned  to  Tiguex  (Rio  Grande), 
where  he  found  that  Cardenas  had  arrived 
from  Cibola  (the  Zunyi  towns)  to  prepare 
winter  quarters  for  the  army  and  where  Alva- 
rado now  remained  to  await  the  general. 

Coronado,  after  dispatching  Alvarado  to  the 
east,  and  Cardenas  to  prepare  winter  quarters 
at  Tiguex,  remained  at  Cibola  to  await  the 
arrival  of  the  main  army  under  Arellano,  who 
carne  late  in  the  autumn  from  Sonora.  The 


PUS  TORT   OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


general,  ordering  the  army  to  rest  for  twenty 
days  before  following  him,  started  for  Tiguex 
with  thirty  men,  going  by  a  new  route  in  order 
to  make  new  discoveries.  His  party  suffered 
severely  for  want  of  water  on  the  way,  which 
they  could  find  only  in  the  mountains,  where 
they  suffered  from  cold  about  as  much  as  they 
had  previously  suffered  from  thirst.  Alvarado 
reached  the  Rio  Grande  in  the  province  of 
Tutahaco  (probably  in  the  vicinity  of  the  mod- 
ern Isleta),  with  its  eight  villages,  where  he 
heard  of  other  villages  further  south.  Thence 
he  followed  up  the  river  twelve  miles  to  Tiguex. 
At  this  place  Coronado  found  Cardenas 
and  Alvarado  awaiting  him,  together  with  the 
"Turk,"  to  whose  tales  of  eastern  wealth  he 
listened  with  the  greatest  pleasure  and  credul- 
ity, and  all  his  companions  immediately  be- 
came enthusiastic  in  their  hopes  of  a  grand 
conquest  in  the  near  future.  The  enthusiasm 
led  them  into  too  great  haste  in  their  dealings 
with  the  natives  at' Tiguex;  for  on  their  arrival 
there  they  at  once  turned  out  without  cere- 
mony the  inhabitants,  who  had  previously 
treated  them  so  kindly,  from  their  best  houses, 
in  order  to  occupy  them  for  their  own  rapa- 
cious purposes,  and  all  this,  too,  contrary  to 
the  viceroy's  instructions!  The  friendly  people 
at  Cicuye  received  no  better  treatment,  except 
that  as  yet  they  had  not  the  army  to  support. 
Alvarado,  being  sent  to  obtain  certain  gold- 
en bracelets  which  the  Turk  falsely  claimed  to 
have  left  at  Cicuye,  arrested  Bigotes  and  an- 
other chief  because  the  ornaments  were  not 
brought  forth,  and  brought  his  prisoners  in 
chains  back  to  Tiguex.  He  also  called  upon 
the  natives  for  a  large  quantity  of  clothing,  for 
the  army  soon  expected  to  arrive,  refused 
them  to  call  a  council  to  apportion  the  tax 
among  the  towns,  as  was  their  custom,  and 
sent  soldiers  to  take  the  clothing  by  force,  the 
Indians  being  obliged  in  many  cases  to  take 
the  garments  off  their  backs!  One  pueblo 
was  burned  for  some  offence  of  the  inhabitants 
not  clearly  specified,  and  many  other  outrages 
were  committed,  including  violations  of  chas- 
tity. Such  horrible  "truths"  as  these  we 


learn  from  the  practice  of  envious  and  revenge- 
ful Spaniards  "telling  on"  one  another.  Of 
course  it  was  impossible  for  the  untutored 
"heathen"  there,  far  more  virtuous  than  their 
invaders,  to  distinguish  Christianity  from  high- 
way robbery. 

When  Arellano  arrived  with  the  main  army 
from  Cibola,  in  December,  the  whole  province 
was  naturally  in  open  revolt,  and  the  succeed- 
ing winter  was  spent,  so  far  as  the  severity  of 
a  winter  to  which  the  unaccli  mated  invaders 
and  their  animals  were  unused  would  permit, 
in  efforts  either  to  reconcile  the  natives  to  the 
new  regime  or  to  conquer  them  by  force;  and 
force  they  finally  resorted  to,  even  massacring 
a  hundred  prisoners  at  one  time!  From  this 
time  on  the  Indians  refused  to  listen  to  any 
proposition  of  peace  from  a  race  they  could 
not  trust.  They  defended  themselves  by  bar- 
ricading their  towns  or  ran  away  to  the  moun- 
tains, and  to  every  offer  of  pardon  and  conso- 
lation they  simply  pointed  to  past  acts  of  bad 
faith.  Cardenas,  going  with  thirty  men  to  the 
pueblo  of  Tiguex  to  propose  terms,  was  re- 
quired to  advance  alone  and  unarmed,  and  be- 
ing knocked  down  was  with  difficulty  rescued, 
several  others  also  being  seriously  wounded. 
Nearly  all  the  natives  of  the  province  had 
taken  refuge  in  this  pueblo,  and  in  another 
three  or  four  miles  distant.  Some  authorities 
state  that  Cardenas  was  afterward  punished  by 
the  Spanish  government  for  his  cruelties  in  this 
country. 

Then  Coronado,  as  vicious  as  his  lieutanant, 
Cardenas,  attacked  Tiguex,  but  was  repulsed 
in  the  first  assault  by  the  stones  and  arrows  of 
the  defenders,  with  twenty  men  wounded, 
several  of  them  fatally.  Next  followed  a  siege 
of  fifty  days,  with  many  assaults  and  sorties, 
in  which  were  killed  some  200  Indians  and  a 
number  of  Spaniards.  The  besieged,  suffering 
for  want  of  water,  dug  a  well  inside  the  town, 
which  caved  in  and  buried  thirty  of  their  num- 
ber. A  little  later  they  were  allowed  to  send 
away  women  and  children,  about  2OO  of  whom 
departed;  and  after  about  two  weeks  more  of 
resistance  they  all  attempted  to  escape  by 


HIS  TORT  OF  NEW  MEXICO 


night.  The  movement  being  discovered,  the 
fugitives  bravely  attacked  their  foe  and  were 
either  cut  down  or  driven  to  perish  in  the  ice- 
cold  waters  of  the  Rio  Grande.  A  similar  fate 
befell  those  who  had  taken  refuge  in  the  other 
town,  and  all  the  villages  were  taken  and  plun- 
dered, the  inhabitants  being  killed,  enslaved  or 
driven  from  the  province.  Not  one  submitted, 
or  would  accept  the  conqueror's  permission  to 
return  to  his  home.  Some  of  the  provinces, 
however,  surrendered. 

In  May,  1541,  Coronado  marched  with  his 
entire  force  in  search  of  the  reported  wealth 
of  the  regions  beyond  Tiguex.  At  Cicuye  he 
was  received  in  a  friendly  manner,  and  a  guide 
was  obtained  there  named  Xabe,  who  claimed 
to  be  a  native  of  Quivira.  The  "Turk"  had 
been  discharged  on  account  of  his  unreliability 
and  general  depravity.  A  march  of  three  or 
four  days  over  a  mountainous  country  brought 
them  to  a  large  river,  which  they  named  Rio 
de  Cicuye,  and  may  have  been  what  is  now 
known  as  the  Gallinas,  the  eastern  and  larger 
branch  of  the  Pecos.  A  little  later  they  en- 
tered the  great  buffalo  plains,  and  in  ten  days 
came  to  the  first  habitation  of  the  wandering 
tribes.  They  continued  their  march  for  about 
two  weeks  more,  in  a  northeasterly  direction. 

On  this  trip  Coronado  left  the  main  army, 
and  went  northward  for  forty  days  over  the 
plains  until  he  reached  Quivira,  late  in  July, 
remained  there  twenty-five  days,  and  arrived 
at  Tiguex  on  his  return,  in  August  or  Septem- 
ber. Quivira  proved  to  be  one  of  several  In- 
dian villages  of  straw  huts  or  wigwams,  on  or 
near  a  large  river.  The  inhabitants  resembled 
the  roving  Querechos  and  Teyas  in  most  re- 
spects, but  were  somewhat  superior,  raising  a 
small  quantity  of  maize.  The  country  was  an 
excellent  one  in  respect  of  soil,  climate  and 
natural  productions,  but  the  people  had  no 
knowledge  of  the  precious  metals,  and  even  in 
their  reports  of  large  tribes  beyond  there  was 
but  slight  indication  of  either  wealth  or  civili- 
zation. Besides,  even  the  "Turk"  now  con- 
fessed that  all  his  tales  had  been  lies,  told  for 
the  purpose  of  decoying  the  Spaniards  upon  a 


route  to  suit  his  own  convenience,  and  also  for 
a  sort  of  patriotic  purpose.  The  general  put 
the  "Turk"  to  death,  and  returned  to  Cicuye, 
by  a  more  direct  route,  where  Arellano  came 
to  meet  him,  and  they  proceeded  together  to 
Tiguex. 

Coronado  and  his  associates  believed 
Quivira  to  be  in  latitude  forty  degrees,  and 
about  600  miles  northeast  of  Tiguex.  The 
point  they  reached  must  have  been  in  Kansas, 
between  the  Arkansas  and  Missouri  rivers. 
Lecturers  and  writers  upon  the  subject  in  vari- 
ous States  and  localities  have  been  ever  ready 
to  catch  upon  the  descriptions  of  the  country 
given  in  the  journals  of  the  expedition,  and 
who  ingeniously  credit  their  locality  with  being 
a  seat  entitled  to  a  chapter  on  early  Spanish 
explorations.  Thus,  Nebraska  has  a  theorist 
who  claims  that  the  southern  and  central  por- 
tion of  that  State  was  the  remotest  point 
reached  by  Coronado.  Another  theory  quotes 
Quivira,  the  outlying  terminus  of  the  expedi- 
tion, at  or  near  Kansas  City;  while  still  another 
locates  the  province  further  south,  possibly  in 
Arkansas.  However  all  this  theorizing  may  be, 
there  is  no  doubt  about  Coronado  having  ex- 
tended his  march  far  to  the  northeast,  over 
treeless  plains,  where  large  herds  of  buffalo 
roamed,  extending,  no  doubt,  to  some  point 
well  toward  the  Missouri  river.  Wherever 
Quivira  may  have  been  located,  we  are 
told  that  there  he  met  Tatarrax,  the  king  of 
the  province,  and  that  his  people  gave  no 
greater  sign  of  being  possessed  of  the  precious 
metals  of  which  they  were  in  search  than  a 
"jewel  of  copper  about  the  neck  of  the  king. " 
The  men  of  Quivira  lived  principally  upon 
buffalo  meat,  slept  in  tents  made  of  buffalo 
hides,  wore  shoes  and  clothing  made  of  buffalo 
leather,  and  "wandered  about  like  the  Arab." 

Brackenridge  says  that  the  first  explorer  of 
New  Mexico  was  Marcos  de  Nicia,  a  friar, 
about  the  year  1539,  coming  with  a  small 
party  from  Pitatlan,  on  the  gulf  of  California, 
in  latitude  twenty-four  degrees,  and  traveling 
east  and  north  until  he  heard  of  the  Pueblo 
Indians,  coming  within  sight  of  Cibola. 


8 


HIS  TORT   OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


Then  he  sent  a  negro  and  some  Indians  in  ad- 
vance. Some  of  the  latter  returned  after  a 
time,  and  reported  that  they  had  reached 
Cibola,  where  they  had  been  badly  treated, 
and  the  negro  killed.  Upon  this  Marcos  re- 
turned, and  published  an  account,  which  has 
generally  been  regarded  as  highly  exaggerated. 

Cibola  is  the  name  of  the  province  of  the 
pueblo  region.  The  pueblo  towns  did  not 
seem  to  be  mutually  interdependent  in  their 
government.  The  government  of  each  was  re- 
publican, the  supreme  governing  body  in  each 
being  elected  by  the  people.  They  were  not 
Aztecs.  The  roofs  of  the  houses  consisted  of 
unhewn  pines,  covered  with  a  thick  coating  of 
clay,  so  as  to  form  terraces.  The  walls  were 
perfectly  smooth.  The  central  portions  of  a 
pueblo  building  were  much  higher  than  the 
outer,  extending  sometimes  to  a  height  of  fifty 
feet  or  more.  These  buildings  were  sometimes 
in  groups,  connected  by  lower  structures.  One 
group  measured  800  feet  or  more  north  and 
south,  and  about  250  feet  east  and  west. 
There  seems  to  have  been  courts  within  the 
enclosure.  These  buildings,  had  their  doors 
only  in  the  roof,  or  at  least  high  up,  and  entry 
was  always  made  by  ladder, — a  custom  derived 
probably  from  the  effort  to  make  the  building 
a  kind  of  fort  difficult  to  enter  or  destroy  in 
case  of  war. 

Captain  Arellano  made  preparations  for 
passing  a  second  winter  at  Tiguex,  meeting 
with  many  difficulties  on  account  of  the  con- 
tinued hostility  of  the  natives,  who  still  re- 
fused to  occupy  their  towns.  Meanwhile  he 
caused  some  further  explorations  to  be  made. 
He  sent  Captain  Barrio-nuevo  northward,  who 
visited  the  province  of  Hemes  (or  Jemez),  with 
seven  towns,  one  of  which  still  retains  the 
name.  The  inhabitants  of  this  province  sub- 
mitted and  furnished  supplies;  but  those  of  an 
adjoining  province — Yuque-Yunque — did  not 
do  so,  but  fled  to  the  mountains,  leaving  con- 
siderable food  in  their  towns.  Their  fine  earth- 
enware had  such  a  glaze  as  indicated  the  exist- 
ence of  silver  mines  in  the  vicinity.  Sixty 
miles  further  up  the  river  Barrio-nuevo  came 


to  a  large  town  built  on  both  banks  of  the 
stream,  with  wooden  bridges  connecting  the 
two  divisions.  This  place  the  explorers  named 
Valladolid,  but  the  native  name  was  Braba  or 
Yuraba.  It  was  probably  Taos.  Barrio-nuevo 
returned  to  Tiguex,  leaving  the  northern  coun- 
try in  peace. 

Another  officer  was  dispatched  down  the 
river  to  explore  its  lower  branches.  Travel- 
ing about  240  miles  he  reached  a  point  where 
the  river  disappeared  under  ground,  to  reap- 
pear, the  natives  said,  further  down  larger  than 
ever.  On  this  journey  the  party  passed  the 
southernmost  pueblos,  which  were  abandoned 
during  the  wars  of  the  next  century.  They 
were  in  the  Socorro  region.  Tljis  concludes 
the  list  of  the  New-Mexican  pueblos  visited 
by  Coronado  or  his  officers.  The  group  of 
pueblos  between  Zunyi  and  Tiguex,  repre- 
sented by  Laguna,  Cebolleta,  Moquina  and 
Pujuaque,  did  not  exist  until  a  later  period. 

Captain  Arellano  set  out  with  forty  horse- 
men to  meet  General  Coronado  on  his  return 
from  Quivira,  the  report  concerning  which 
was  that  of  bitter  disappointment.  Xabe,  the 
new  guide,  failed  to  verify  his  reports  con- 
cerning the  existence  of  gold  and  silver  in  his 
country. 

During  the  succeeding  winter  the  Spaniards 
suffered  a  great  deal  for  want  of  clothing,  as 
the  natives  still  refused  to  occupy  their  towns 
and  furnish  supplies.  In  the  spring  (i  542)  the 
contemplated  expedition  into  the  plains  was 
abandoned  on  account  of  the  injury  received 
by  Coronado,  being  thrown  from  a  horse  by 
the  breaking  of  a  girth.  The  soldiery  became 
discouraged  and  induced  the  general  to  give 
them  permission  to  return  to  their  homes  ; 
but  Fray  Juan  de  Padilla  and  Padre  Luis,  a 
lay  brother,  resolved  to  remain  in  the  country 
and  make  an  attempt  to  convert  the  natives  of 
Cicuye  and  Quivira.  An  escort  was  furnished 
as  far  as  Cicuye,  where  Padre  Luis  remained, 
while  Fray  Juan,  accompanied  by  a  Portuguese 
named  Campo,  also  by  a  negro,  a  mestizo  and 
a  few  Mexican  Indians,  pressed  on  to  Quivira. 
A  number  of  sheep  were  afterward  sent  to 


HISTORT  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


Brother  Luis,  and  the  messengers  reported 
him  as  saying  that  he  had  been  well  received 
by  the  masses,  though  the  old  men  hated  him, 
and  would  probably  bring  about  his  death. 
After  the  departure  of  the  army  nothing  was 
ever  known  respecting  the  fate  of  this  pioneer 
missionary  of  Pecos  ;  but  the  Portuguese,  with 
some  of  his  companions,  is  said  to  have  found 
his  way  later  by  the  gulf  coast  to  Mexico, 
bringing  the  report  that  Padilla  had  received 
the  crown  of  martyrdom  at  the  hands  of  the 
Quivirans,  who  killed  him  because  he  insisted 
on  the  conversion  of  a  hostile  tribe.  Other 
writers  give  different  versions  of  the  matter. 

Coronado  began  his  return  march  with  his 
army  in  April,  i  542.  All  the  natives  of  Tiguex 
and  other  provinces  of  the  north  who  had 
been  enslaved  were  now  released,  for  fear  that 
if  they  were  carried  to  Mexico  their  fate  would 
be  avenged  on  the  friars  who  remained  at 
Cibola.  Between  Tiguex  and  Cibola  over 
thirty  horses  died,  though  apparently  in  good 
condition. 

It  may  be  observed  here,  by  the  way,  that 
the  horses  left  in  the  country  during  this  expe- 
dition were  probably  the  progenitors  of  the 
large  number  of  wild  horses  of  more  modern 
times.  Also  sheep  were  introduced  into  this 
section  of  America  for  the  first  time  by 
Coronado. 

When  the  party  reached  Chichilticale,  on 
the  Gila  river,  they  met  there  Captain  Galle- 
gos,  with  re-enforcements  and  supplies.  The 
latter  were  greatly  disappointed  at  meeting  a 
retreating  army  instead  of  joining  the  con- 
querors in  the  enjoyment  of  Quiviran  spoils. 
The  retreating  soldiers  would  listen  to  no  sug- 
gestion of  renewing  the  explorations  inland,  or 
even  to  wait  until  the  viceroy  could  be  con- 
sulted. Gallegos'  men  and  others  were  insub- 
ordinate, but  Coronado  had  lost  all  control, 
his  authority  both  as  general  and  governor  be- 
ing disregarded.  Most  of  the  force  disbanded 
at  Culiacan,  in  June,  and  Coronado  finally 
reached  Mexico  with  barely  a  hundred  men. 
Though  at  first  coldly  received  by  Mendoza, 
he  gave  explanations  which  were  satisfactory, 


was  honorably  relieved  of  his  command,  and 
as  soon  as  his  health  was  restored  resumed  his 
duties  as  governor  of  Nueva  Galicia. 

Thus  Coronado,  disheartened,  and  his  com- 
panions sorely  disappointed,  returned  after  two 
years  to  Mexico.  Stores  of  gold  and  silver  had 
not  yet  been  gathered  from  the.mines,  although 
known  to  exist,  but  not  as  found  and  appropri- 
ated without  labor  by  Cortez  and  Pizarro.  Had 
Coronado  prospected  and  set  his  men  at  work 
upon  the  mines  after  the  manner  of  this  gen- 
eration, he  could  have  made  returns  far  exceed- 
ing the  wealth  of  his  time. 

As  Bancroft  says,  "thus  ended  the  grand- 
est exploring  expedition  of  the  period,  in  which 
the  Spaniards  learned  in  a  sense  all  that  was 
known  of  Arizona  and  New  Mexico,  though 
they  did  not  find  the  wonders  they  had  sought, 
and  though  they  neither  remembered  nor  made 
any  use  of  their  discoveries.  The  great  Mixton 
revolt  prevented  any  immediate  resumption  of 
northern  enterprises,  which,  however,  would  very 
likely  not  have  been  prosecuted  in  any  event. 
Castenada,  writing  twenty  years  later,  expresses 
the  opinion  that  in  order  to  find  any  of  the 
great  things  believed  to  be  connected  in  some 
way  with  the  Indies,  they  should  have  directed 
their  course  to  the  northwest  instead  of  the 
northeast;  and  he  suggests  that  Quivira  and  the 
adjoining  regions  might  be  reached  by  a  better 
route  through  the  interior,  or  from  the  gulf 
coast,  with  the  aid  of  the  guides  who  had  es- 
caped in  that  direction  after  the  friar's  death." 

At  the  best,  the  reading  of  the  constant 
rapine  so  exclusively  indulged  in  by  the  Span- 
iards seems  to  modern  humanitarianism  to  be 
scarcely  anything  but  organized  highway  rob- 
bery of  innocent  and  peaceable  people.  The 
truth  of  this  observation  seems  to  be  corrobor- 
ated by  the  fact  that  the  results  of  the  expedi- 
tion added  almost  nothing  to  the  geographical 
or  other  scientific  knowledge  of  the  world. 

Less  important  expeditions  were  made  into 
the  region  of  New  Mexico  in  the  years  i  563-5. 
Francisco  de  Ibarra  with  a  party  proceeded 
from  some  point  in  old  Mexico,  and  after 
traveling  for  eight  days  saw  a  large  town  with 


IO 


HIS  TORT   OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


buildings,  some  of  which  were  several  stories 
high;  and  later  he  says  he  "  went  300  leagues 
from  Chametla,  in  which  entrada  he  found  large 
settlements  of  natives  clothed  and  well  provided 
with  maize  and  other  things  for  their  support; 
and  they  also  had  many  houses  of  several  stor- 
ies. But,  because  it  was  so  far  from  New 
Spain  and  the  Spanish  settlements,  and  be- 
cause the  governor  had  not  people  enough  for 
settlement,  and  the  natives  were  hostile,  using 
poisoned  arrows,  he  was  obliged  to  return." 
According  to  one  authority,  Ibarra  was  accom- 
panied by  fifty  soldiers,  by  Pedro  de  Tobar,  of 
Coronado's  expedition,  and  by  Padre  Acebedo 
and  other  friars.  His  course  was  to  the  right 
of  that  followed  by  Coronado  and  nearer  New 
Mexico.  •  He  reached  some  great  plains  adjoin- 
ing those  of  the  buffaloes,  where  he  discovered 
an  abandoned  pueblo  whose  houses  were  of 
several  stories  and  which  was  called  Paguemi. 
Traces  were  found  there  of  metals  having  been 
smelted. 

A  few  days  later,  the  same  story  runs, 
' '  Ibarra  reached  the  great  city  of  Pagme,  a 
most  beautiful  city  adorned  with  very  sumptu- 
ous edifices,  extending  over  three  leagues,  with 
houses  of  three  stories,  very  grand,  with  vari- 
ous and  extensive  plazas,  and  the  houses  sur- 
rounded with  walls  that  appear  to  be  of  ma- 
sonry." This  town  also  was  abandoned,  and 
the  people  are  said  to  have  gone  eastward. 
But  it  is  difficult  to  determine  precisely  what 
region  Ibarra  visited,  and  even  the  details  given 
are  to  be  taken  with  some  suspicion  of  their 
lack  of  faithfulness.  In  this  connection  Ban- 
croft adds:  "  It  is  perhaps  worthy  of  notice 
that  in  connection  with  Ibarra's  entrada  of 
i  563  the  province  of  Copala  is  mentioned,  a 
name  that,  though  here  applied  apparently  to 
Topia  or  an  adjoining  region  in  the  sierra, 
figured  later  in  the  mythic  northern  geography; 
and  especially  that  on  his  return  Governor  Ibarra 
boasted  that  he  had  discovered  a  '  new  Mexico ' 
as  well  as  a  new  Vizcaya.  It  is  not  unlikely 
that  from  this  circumstance  the  name  New 
Mexico  came  to  be  applied  in  later  years  to  a 
country  that  Don  Francisco  had  probably  never 


seen.  Another  noteworthy  circumstance  in  this 
connection  was  the  discovery,  in  1 568,  by  a 
party  of  mining  prospectors  from  Mazapil,  in 
northern  Zacatecas,  of  a  lake  which  was  form- 
ally named  Laguna  del  Nuevo  Mexico.  This 
lake  was  apparently  one  of  those  in  the  modern 
Coahuila;  but  the  tendency  to  find  a  'new 
Mexico'  in  the  north  is  noticeable." 

We  have  now  to  notice  the  more  pleasant 
and  fruitful  expeditions  of  other  parties  in 
1581-3. 

In  1580  a  missionary  named  Agustin  Rod- 
riguez (or  Ruiz),  hearing  of  a  people  living  in 
permanent  houses  far  to  the  north,  decided  to 
make  them  a  visit.  He  had  read  Cabeza  de 
Vaca's  narrative,  and  heard  from  the  Conchos 
new  reports  of  that  mysterious  people,  and 
his  desire  to  make  an  effort  to  plant  Christian- 
ity among  them  and  perchance  to  become  a 
martyr  led  him  to  undertake  a  small  expedi- 
tion. The  king  had  forbidden  new  expeditions 
except  with  royal  license;  yet  the  viceroy  took 
the  liberty  of  authorizing  the  organization  of  a 
volunteer  escort  not  exceeding  twenty  men, 
who  might  also  carry  along  some  articles  for 
barter.  The  padre  gave  the  required  permis- 
sion. 

Rodriguez  and  his  party  set  out  from  San 
Bartolome  on  the  6th  of  June,  1581,  and  fol- 
lowed the  Rio  Concha,  or  Conchos,  down  to 
its  junction  with  the  Rio  Grande,  marched  up 
the  latter  for  twenty  days,  to  the  first  group 
of  pueblos,  arriving  in  August.  This  group 
was  in  the  Socorro  region,  being  the  same  vis- 
ited by  Coronado's  officers.  Continuing  their 
journey  up  the  valley,  they  visited  most  of  the 
groups  on  the  main  river  and  its  tributaries 
near  by. 

The  friars  in  this  party  made  "  Puaray  " 
(probably  the  "Tiguex"  of  Coronado)  their 
headquarters,  while  the  soldiers  made  the  ex- 
ploring trips.  The  natives  were  everywhere 
friendly,  and  the  missionaries  made  no  objec- 
tion to  the  departure  of  their  escort.  Reports 
at  length  reaching  the  Mexican  authorities  that 
these  missionaries  had  been  killed,  measures 
were  undertaken  to  fit  out  another  expedition 


HISTORY  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


ii 


to  ascertain  the  fate  of  these  men,  and  also  to 
reconnoitre  for  mines  of  the  precious  metals 
and  for  data  upon  which  to  extend  the  domain 
of  the  Spanish  northward;  but  before  the  king 
could  be  consulted  and  all  the  red  tape  re- 
quired could  be  observed,  a  new  expedition 
was  planned  and  carried  out  independently  of 
the  national  authorities. 

Don  Antonio  Espejo,  a  wealthy  citizen  of 
Mexico,  who  chanced  to  be  at  the  Santa  Bar- 
bara mines  and  had  a  taste  for  adventure,  an- 
nounced that  he  would  not  only  command  the 
expedition,  but  also  pay  for  the  expenses  of 
the  same.  Time  to  consult  even  the  vice- 
roy was  not  taken,  and  the  alcalde  mayor  of 
Cuatro  Cienegas  took  it  upon  himself  to  issue 
the  needed  license  and  commission;  fourteen 
soldiers  volunteered  for  the  service;  a  number 
of  servants  were  obtained;  Espejo  fitted  out 
the  party  with  the  necessary  arms  and  sup- 
plies, including  1 1  5  horses  and  mules,  and  the 
start  was  made  from  San  Bartolome  on  the 
i Oth  of  November,  1582. 

Their  route  was  down  the  Concho  to  the 
Rio  Grande,  and  up  the  latter.  After  travel- 
ing for  twelve  days  up  the  Rio  Grande  they 
found  the  Jumanas  Indians,  who  were  at  first 
hostile,  but  soon  friendly,  after  an  explanation. 
In  several  respects  these  Indians  were  superior 
to  the  more  southern  tribes,  especially  in  their 
buildings,  many  of  which  were  flat-roofed  and 
probably  built  of  stone  or  adobes.  The  na- 
tives here  were  found  to  have  a  slight  knowl- 
edge of  Christianity,  which  they  said  they  ob- 
tained from  three  Christians  and  a  negro  many 
years  before.  These  Indians  probably  were  in 
a  region  south  of  the  present  boundary  line  of 
New  Mexico. 

The  Spanish  party  proceeded  northward, 
passing  two  other  populous  provinces,  eight 
days  apart,  concerning  which  little  could  be 
learned  for  want  of  an  interpreter;  not  even 
the  names  of  the  nations  could  be  learned.  In 
the  first  the  people  had  some  cotton  cloth  and 
feather-work,  which  they  were  understood  to 
have  obtained  by  bartering  buffalo  and  deer 
skins  with  a  western  people,  and  they  also,  on 


being  shown  samples  of  silver,  indicated  that 
plenty  of  that  metal  could  be  found  five  days 
westward.  In  the  second  province,  where  the 
rancherias  were  near  lagoons  on  both  sides  of 
the  Rio  del  Norte,  was  found  a  Concho  who 
told  of  a  large  lake  fifteen  days  westward,  on 
the  borders  of  which  were  many  towns  of 
houses  several  stories  high.  He  offered  to 
guide  the  Spaniards  thither,  but  their  duty 
called  them  to  the  north.  It  is  impossible  to 
determine  to  what  body  of  water  this  Indian 
referred  to,  for  probably  he  was  altogether 
mistaken  as  to  the  matter. 

For  fifteen  days  Espejo  continued  up  the 
Rio  Grande,  through  forests  and  prairies, 
without  meeting  any  inhabitants.  First  they 
came  upon  a  rancheria  of  straw  huts,  and 
next  the  first  group  of  pueblos,  where  the 
houses  were  two  to  four  stories  high.  In 
two  days'  journey  they  visited  ten  towns,  on 
either  side  of  the  river,  and  they  saw  others  in 
the  distance.  The  population,  estimated  at 
12,000,  was  all  friendly.  This  was  one  of  the 
groups  formerly  visited  by  Coronado  and 
Rodriguez,  and  lay  about  thirty-four  degrees 
north  latitude,  between  Fra  Cristobal  and  the 
mouth  of  the  Puerco.  The  region  probably 
included  Isleta,  or  Coronado's  Tutahaco. 

A  short  distance  beyond  they  entered  an- 
other pueblo  province,  that  of  Tiguex,  and 
next  Puara  (name  spelled  variously),  near  the 
site  of  the  modern  Bernalillo.  Here  it  was 
definitely  ascertained  that  Padres  Rodriguez 
and  Lopez  had  indeed  become  "martyrs,"  or 
at  least  had  been  killed  in  some  way.  The 
natives,  fearing  that  Espejo's  object  was 
revenge,  fled  to  the  mountains,  and  nothing 
could  induce  them  to  return.  Fortunately  for 
the  Spaniards,  however,  they  left  a  good  sup- 
ply of  food  in  their  town.  Espejo  adds  that 
here  he  also  learned  definitely  of  Coronado's 
visit  to  the  place,  and  that  the  natives  killed 
nine  of  his  soldiers  and  forty  horses;  and  that 
for  that  reason  Coronado  destroyed  their  prov- 
ince. 

Espejo,  a  Spanish  writer  of  1583,  says: 
' '  From  Conches,  situated  on  the  western 


12 


HISTORY   OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


border  of  Texas  (probably  around  where  the 
river  of  the  same  name,  on  modern  maps, 
empties  into  the  Rio  Grande),  the  men  of  his 
party  followed  their  journey  for  fifteen  days 
without  meeting  any  people,  all  that  while 
passing  through  woods  and  groves  of  pine 
trees  (pinyon)  bearing  such  fruit  as  those  of 
Castile.  At  the  end  of  this  journey,  having 
traveled,  in  their  judgment,  four-score  leagues, 
they  came  to  a  small  hamlet  (pueblo,  at  or 
near  El  Paso  del  Norte,  or  San  Elizario)  of  a 
few  people,  in  whose  poor  cottages,  covered  with 
straw,  they  found  many  deer-skins  as  well 
dressed  as  those  of  Flanders,  with  a  great  store 
of  excellent  white  salt.  They  gave  us  good 
entertainment  for  two  days,  while  they  re- 
mained here,  after  which  they  accompanied 
them  about  twelve  leagues,  to  certain  large 
towns,  in  their  journey  keeping  close  to  the 
Rio  del  Norte,  till  they  arrived  at  a  country 
called  by  them  New  Mexico.  All  along  this 
river  were  great  forests  of  poplar,  being  in 
some  places  four  leagues  broad,  besides  large 
numbers  of  walnut  trees,  and  vines  like  those 
of  Castile. 

' '  Having  traveled  two  days  through  these 
woods  they  came  to  ten  towns,  situated  on 
both  sides  of  said  river,  besides  others  visible 
at  a  little  distance;  and  in  those  they  visited 
there  were  about  10,000  persons.  In  this 
province  the  natives  received  our  party  very 
courteously  and  brought  them  to  their  towns, 
gave  them  a  plenty  of  food,  including  hens, 
etc.  Here  we  found  well-built  houses,  with 
good  lodgings,  and  in  most  of  them  were 
stores  for  the  winter  season.  Their  garments 
were  of  cotton  and  deer-skin,  and  the  attire  of 
both  men  and  women  was  of  the  fashion  of  the 
Indians  of  the  kingdom  of  Mexico.  But  the 
strangest  thing  of  all  was  to  see  both  men  and 
women  wear  shoes  and  boots  with  good  neat 
leather  soles,— a  thing  they  never  saw  in  any 
other  part  of  Mexico.  The  women  kept  their  hair 
well  combed  and  dressed,  wearing  nothing  else 
upon  their  heads. 

"  In  all  these  towns  they  had  chiefs,  who 
governed  their  people  like  the  Indian  chiefs  in 


Mexico,  with  sergeants  to  execute  their  com- 
mands, who  go  through  the  town  proclaiming 
with  a  loud  voice  the  mandates  and  announce- 
ments of  the  chiefs,  commanding  the  same  to 
be  executed. 

"  In  all  their  arable  grounds,  of  which  they 
had  plenty,  they  erect  at  one  margin  a  little 
cottage  or  shed,  standing  upon  four  posts, 
under  which  the  laborers  eat  and  pass  the  time 
during  the  heat  of  the  day;  for  they  are  a  peo- 
ple given  to  labor  and  industry.  Their  weap- 
ons are  strong  bows  and  arrows,  pointed  with 
flints  sufficiently  strong  to  pierce  through  a 
coat  of  mail,  and  also  war  clubs,  half  a  yard 
long,  so  set  with  sharp  flints  that  with  them 
one  can  cleave  a  man  asunder  in  the  midst. 
They  also  use  shields  of  raw  hide.  " 

As  the  main  object  of  the  expedition  was 
now  accomplished,  a  return  was  taken  into 
consideration;  but  it  seemed  to  the  leader  that 
other  friendly  provinces  existed  further  on,  and 
his  counsels  to  proceed  prevailed.  Accordingly 
in  two  days'  travel  they  arrived  at  the  province 
of  the  Maguas,  or  Magrias,  on  the  borders  of 
the  buffalo  plains,  where  they  found  eleven 
pueblos  of  some  40,000  inhabitants,  and  where 
Padre  Santa  Maria  had  been  killed.  It  was  a 
country  of  pine  woods,  without  running 
streams,  and  with  good  indications  of  metals 
in  the  mountains  on  the  way.  Thence  the 
party  returned  to  Puara,  on  the  Rio  del  Norte. 

A  day's  journey  was  next  made  by  the 
whole  company,  about  twenty  miles  up  the 
river,  to  the  province  of  the  Quires  (Coronado's 
Quirix),  with  its  five  pueblos  and  15,000  peo- 
ple, where  the  visitors  were  given  a  most 
friendly  reception.  Proceeding  some  forty-five 
miles  farther,  they  arrived  at  the  province  of 
the  Punames  (written  also  Pumames  and  Cu- 
names),  with  five  towns,  the  capital  being  Sia, 
of  eight  plazas,  and  houses  painted  and  plas- 
tered. This  is  the  Cia  of  modern  times.  The 
next  province,  twenty  miles  to  the  northwest, 
was  the  Jemes,  with  seven  pueblos  and  about 
30,000  souls.  From  this  point  Espejo  directed 
his  course  to  the  west  for  about  fifty  miles,  or 
sixty  miles  rather  southwest,  to  Acoma,  on  a 


HIS  TORT  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


rocky  steep  fully  i  50  feet  high,  accessible  only  by 
steps  cut  in  the  solid  rock;  its  population  was 
estimated  at  over  6,000.  In  four  days,  going 
westward,  they  reached  Zunyi,  with  its  six 
pueblos  and  over  20,000  people.  At  this  place 
they  found  not  only  crosses  standing  near  the 
towns,  but  also  three  Christian  Indians,  na- 
tives of  Mexico,  still  living,  who  had  come 
with  Coronado  forty  years  before.  They  told 
of  the  explorations  made  in  the  west  by  Coro- 
nado's  captains.  They  also  asserted  that  sixty 
days'  journey  to  the  west  was  a  great  lake, 
with  many  settlements  on  its  banks  and  hav- 
ing much  gold. 

At  this  point  some  of  Espejo's  soldiers  ob- 
tained permission  of  him  to  return  to  Mexico, 
while  he  resolved  to  visit  still  another  province 
not  far  distant.  Accordingly,  with  nine  sol- 
diers, the  three  Mexican  Indians  and  1 50 
friendly  Cibolans  (inhabitants  of  Zunyi),  he 
marched  westward  for  four  days,  reaching  the 
province  of  the  Moqui  towns,  where  were  five 
large  pueblos  and  over  5o,oooinhabitants.  These 
people  were  at  first  alarmed  at  the  approach  of 
the  Mexicans,  cautioning  them  not  to  enter 
upon  pain  of  death,  but  were  easily  convinced 
of  their  visitors'  friendly  intentions,  and  gave 
them  a  most  enthusiastic  welcome,  loading 
them  with  cotton  cloth  and  food,  besides  de- 
lighting their  ears  with  confirmation  of  the 
tales  respecting  wealth  in  the  far  west.  The 
horses  inspired  more  fear  than  the  men,  and 
Espejo  humored  the  terror  of  the  natives  by 
admitting  the  ferocity  of  the  animals,  thus  in- 
ducing the  chief  to  build  a  kind  of  stone  fort 
to  hold  the  monsters!  Remaining  here  six 
days,  visiting  all  the  pueblos,  the  com- 
mander became  so  firmly  convinced  of  the 
friendship  of  the  natives  that  he  left  in  the 
province  five  of  his  men  to  return  to  Zunyi  with 
the  baggage. 

Espejo  also  records  his  arrival  at  the  prov- 
ince of  "  Tiguez,  containing  sixteen  towns," 
one  of  which  was  named  "  Paola. "  This  is 
now  an  extinct  pueblo,  situated  west  of  the 
Rio  Grande,  near  Bernalillo.  He  likewise  vis- 
ited the  province  of  Quires  [Santo  Domingo 


and  vicinity],  having  14,000  souls;  of  Cia  or 
Zia,  having  20,000,  and  "containing  eight 
market  places  and  better  houses,  the  latter 
plastered  and  painted  in  divers  colors,"  and 
the  people  there  presented  the  travelers  with 
many  "curious  mantles,  and  victuals,  excellently 
well  dressed. "  Zia  was  • '  deemed  more  curious, 
of  a  rather  greater  degree  of  civilization  and 
better  government  than  any  other  pueblo  be- 
fore seen. " 

Amieies  (Jemez)  with  30,000  population, 
was  next  visited,  which,  "  like  their  neighbors 
of  the  former  province  of  Zia,  was  as  well 
provided  with  all  necessaries  as  they  were,  and 
of  as  good  government. "  The  next  was  Acoma, 
' '  situate  upon  a  high  rock,  and  reached  by 
steps  cut  in  the  rocks,"  and  having  a  popula- 
tion of  6,000.  Espejo  also  visited  Zunyi,  and 
another  great  province  west,  containing  50,000 
people.'  He  speaks  frequently  of  their  houses, 
and  of  some  that  were  four  stories  high,  and 
generally  writes  approvingly  of  their  cultiva- 
tion of  the  soil,  and  the  great  industry  and 
provident  care  of  the  people,  and  of  their  gen- 
erous hospitality  to  the  extent  of  feeding  and 
caring  for  his  whole  command  for  several  days. 

The  account  of  Espejo  proves  very  clearly 
that  the  pueblo  Indian  of  the  sixteenth  century 
was,  like  the  Indians  of  to-day,  within  the  bor- 
ders of  civilization,  and  in  part  civilized. 
These  people,  as  a  distinct  race,  now  number 
about  10,000,  residing  in  New  Mexico.  Orig- 
inally, according  to  Spanish  writers,  they  num- 
bered hundreds  of  thousands.  After  the  revo- 
lution of  1680,  numbers  of  them  emigrated  to 
the  Pacific  slope,  a  body  of  them  emigrated  to 
Moqui  and  founded  a  new  pueblo,  still  occu- 
pied and  known  by  its  original  name  of  Tegua. 
Some  joined  the  wild  tribes,  and  large  num- 
bers became  merged  into  the  civilization  of 
their  conquerors,  and  are  now  generally  known 
on  this  continent  as  Mexicans. 

With  four  of  his  soldiers  and  some  Moqui 
guides,  Espejo  set  out  to  discover  rich  mines 
reported  in  the  west,  and  after  a  journey  of 
about  135  miles  through  a  mountainous 
country,  he  found  the  mines  (in  the  vicinity 


HISTORY  Of  NEW  MEXICO. 


of  Bill  Williams  mountain,  north  of  Prescott, 
in  Arizona),  and  with  his  own  hands  obtained 
rich  samples  of  silver  ore.  Several  settle- 
ments of  mountain  tribes  were  visited,  where 
the  people  raised  corn  and  were  uniformly 
friendly.  They  also  told  of  a  great  river  be- 
yond the  mountains, — the  Colorado. 

From  the  mines  the  explorers  returned  by  a 
more  direct  route,  of  120  miles,  toZunyi.  Cor- 
onado,  forty  years  previously,  had  reached  the 
Colorado  by  a  westerly  or  northwestwardly 
course  from  Moqui;  and  it  is  probable  that 
Espejo's  route  was  rather  to  the  southwest,  as 
he  only  heard  of  the  great  river  beyond  the 
mountains. 

With  his  eight  remaining  companions  the 
commander  journeyed  up  the  Rio  Grande 
from  Zunyi,  and  in  ten  days  arrived  at  the 
Quires  province,  and  eastward  two  days  at 
that  of  the  Ubates  (or  Hubates),  with  some 
20,000  people,  in  five  pueblos  ;  next,  in  one 
day,  to  that  of  Tamos,  where  were  three 
large  pueblos  and  40,000  inhabitants.  One 
of  these  pueblos  was  Cicuique,  or  Pecos,  sit- 
uated half  a  league  from  Rio  de  las  Vacas. 
These  Ubates  were  probably  north  of  Santa  Fe. 

Inasmuch  as  the  Tamos  Indians  were  un- 
friendly to  the  Spaniards,  the  latter,  having 
but  a  small  force,  concluded  it  best  to  re- 
turn to  Mexico.  To  do  so  by  a  shorter 
route  than  that  by  which  they  came,  they 
employed  a  Pecos  Indian.  They  soon  reached 
the  Pecos  river,  down  which  they  traveled, 
and  finally  across  the  Rio  Grande  to  their 
home. 

On  this  expedition  Espejo  visited  altogether 
seventy-four  pueblos,  the  total  population  of 
which,  exclusive  of  the  Tiguas,  he  estimated 
at  253,000  ;  but  this  is  probably  a  great  ex- 
aggeration. It  is  remarkable  how  inaccurate 
all  the  early  Spanish  explorers  were  in  their 
reports,  especially  with  reference  to  direction 
traveled,  the  distance,  and  the  number  of  in- 
habitants in  any  given  community. 

Early  in  1583,  believing  that  the  Indians  of 
New  Mexico  were  unreasonably  hostile  and  had 
murdered  missionaries  without  provocation,  the 


Mexicans  induced  the  king  of  Spain  to  permit 
an  armed  force  to  invade  the  territory,  avenge 
the  deaths  of  their  countrymen  and  subdue  the 
whole  country.  They  even  put  in  their  pro- 
gram a  scheme  for  preventing  the  approach  of 
the  English  westward  from  the  northeastern 
portion  of  America,  having  very  vague  ideas 
concerning  the  geographical  limits  of  the  coun- 
try to  the  north  and  northeast.  Mexican  am- 
bition was  raised  to  a  white  heat,  especially 
among  rival  aspirants  for  the  glory  of  discovery 
and  conquest,  among  whom  were  Espejo  him- 
self and  Don  Antonio  and  Diaz  de  Vargas. 
Early  in  1589  Juan  Bautista  de  Lomas  y  Col- 
menares,  reputed  to  be  the  wealthiest  man  in 
Nueva  Galicia,  proposed  the  conquest  of  New 
Mexico,  requiring,  however,  far  greater  re- 
wards and  emoluments  than  any  of  the  others. 
He  was  recommended  to  the  king  by  the  vice- 
roy, but  the  application  failed  to  receive  at- 
tention at  the  Spanish  court.  In  1592  a  new 
viceroy  was  installed,  Lomas  revived  his 
scheme,  but  with  less  success  than  before;  and 
the  same  failure  attended  his  third  application 
to  a  subsequent  viceroy. 

Governmental  movements  being  too  slow 
for  the  excited  people  of  the  New  World,  one 
Caspar  Castanyo  de  Sosa,  who  had  been  alcalde 
mayor  at  San  Luis  Potosi  and  was  acting  as 
lieutenant  governor  of  Nuevo  Leon,  proposed 
an  expedition  without  the  royal  license.  How- 
ever, he  made  some  pretense  to  authority, 
under  a  license  to  explore  and  colonize  the 
Nuevo  Leon  region,  claiming  only  to  transfer 
his  authority  to  a  new  field  of  operation. 

Accordingly,  on  the  27th  of  July,  1590,  he 
started  from  the  villa  de  Almaden,  with  170 
persons,  including  women  and  children.  Pro- 
ceeding slowly  and  with  great  difficulty  and 
many  discouragements,  it  was  not  until  the  be- 
ginning of  winter  that  he  reached  the  pueblo 
region.  Approaching  a  town  called  Urraca, 
he  found  the  inhabitants  hostile,  and  took  the 
place  by  force,  with  no  great  casualties  on 
either  side.  During  the  second  night  the  peo- 
ple of  the  pueblo  evacuated.  The  Spaniards 
remained  five  or  six  days,  admiring  the  several- 


HISTORT  OF  NEW  MEXICO, 


storied  houses,  the  five  plazas,  the  immense 
stores  of  corn,  the  ingeniously  manufactured 
garments  of  both  men  and  women,  the  beauti- 
ful pottery  and  many  other  curious  things. 

In  January,  1591,  they  started  out  for  new 
conquests.  The  next  pueblo  readily  submitted 
to  the  Spanish  form  of  government  introduced 
by  this  party;  then  four  others  likewise,  in  the 
vicinity,  in  each  of  which  a  cross  was  set  up 
with  all  possible  ceremony  and  solemnity. 
These  pueblos  were  probably  in  the  neighbor- 
hood of  Santa  Fe.  Farther  on  still  more  pue- 
blos submitted,  in  the  vicinity  of  the  more 
modern  Santa  Ana,  San  Felipe  and  Santo  Do- 
mingo; and  so  on  until  about  thirty  pueblos 
were  induced  to  submit  to  the  Spanish  yoke 
and  to  Catholic  Christianity.  Other  pueblos 
were  deserted.  Of  course,  this  was  merely 
nominal,  as  no  sufficient  force  was  left  in  the 
country  to  carry  out  details,  but  the  movement 
served  as  an  entering  wedge  for  future  con- 
quests and  missionary  work,  which  on  subse- 
quent trials  could  be  made  more  thorough. 

During  the  month  of  March  Captain  Juan 
Morlete,  with  fifty  men,  arrived  with  royal 
authority  to  arrest  Castanyo,  which  they  did 
without  resistance,  and  thus  put  an  end  to  the 
schemes  of  the  ambitious  lieutenant  governor 
from  Nuevo  Leon. 

It  remained  for  Don  Juan  de  Onyate,  i  595- 
98,  to  establish  a  permanent  possession  and  gov- 
ernment of  the  territory  known  as  New  Mexico. 

In  the  autumn  of  1 595  Viceroy  Velasco  ac- 
cepted Onyate's  propositions.  The  new  ' '  em- 
presario"  agreed  to  raise  200  men  or  more, 
at  his  own  expense;  but  it  seems  that  he  was 
furnished  by  the  king  with  considerable  quanti- 
ties of  arms  and  ammunition,  and  even  a  sum 
of  money,  being  also  authorized  to  confiscate 
the  property  of  Bonilla  and  other  adventurers 
if  he  could  catch  them.  He  was  made  gov- 
ernor, adelantado  and  captain-general  of  the 
territories  he  should  colonize;  and  his  extrava- 
gant claims  for  honors,  titles,  lands  and  other 
emoluments  were  freely  granted  by  the  viceroy, 
Velasco,  so  far  as  the  royal  instructions  would 
permit.  On  the  whole,  Onyate  obtained  a  far 


better  outfit,  and  much  greater  political  influ- 
ence than  had  any  of  his  predecessors  in  New- 
Mexican  explorations  and  adventures.  Great 
enthusiasm  prevailed  among  his  men  and  his 
friends:  success  seemed  assured. 

But  directly  a  new  viceroy  was  appointed, 
jealousies  were  aroused,  and  difficulties  began 
to  multiply.  The  new  viceroy,  Monterey,  was 
considerably  influenced  by  Onyate's  enemies, 
and  delayed  sanctioning  the  contract  of  his 
predecessor,  in  hope  that  something  might  oc- 
cur that  would  cause  Onyate  to  abandon  the 
expedition;  but  at  length  he  gave  the  required 
sanction,  with  some  modifications,  among  which 
was  that  which  required  Onyate  to  be  subject 
to  the  audiencia  in  the  administration  of  jus- 
tice and  finance,  and  in  the  matter  of  war.  As 
these  new  conditions  became  known,  discon- 
tent arose,  and  enemies  renewed  their  assaults. 
Onyate  hastened  to  Zacatecas  to  make  final 
preparations  and  push  on  northward;  but  a  new 
series  of  delays  must  now  be  inaugurated  by  the 
viceroy  and  the  enemies  of  the  would-be  ex- 
plorer; and  fully  a  year  passed  before  the 
march  could  be  undertaken.  By  this  time  many 
of  the  soldiers  had  become  disgusted  and  de- 
serted, besides  others  of  the  party. 

At  length,  with  1 30  of  the  men  originally 
volunteering,  and  about  eighty  recruits,  Onyate 
made  his  start  to  the  North,  in  January,  1 598. 
At  Conchos  the  force  was  increased,  possibly 
to  about  400  men,  but  probably  many  of  these 
were  youths  and  other  irresponsible  persons. 
In  the  train  were  eighty-three  wagons  and 
7,000  head  of  cattle. 

On  the  last  day  of  April,  1 598,  a  few  leagues 
up  the  Rio  Grande,  on  the  western  bank, 
Onyate,  with  all  the  complicated  and  curious 
ceremonials  deemed  essential  in  such  cases,  to 
take  formal  possession  for  God,  the  king  and 
himself,  of  New  Mexico  "and  all  the  adjoin- 
ing provinces,"  as  appears  from  the  long  and 
verbose  act  of  possession  duly  certified  by  Juan 
Perez,  the  royal  scribe,  in  the  presence  of  the 
friars  and  all  the  army. 

On  the  4th  of  May  they  reached  El  Paso 
del  Norte,  crossing  to  the  east  side.  On  the 


i6 


HISTORY   OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


28th  they  reached  the  first  group  of  pueblos, 
amid  a  fearful  thunder-storm  that  drew  from 
the  padres  all  the  prayers  of  the  litany.  The 
natives  gave  a  kind  welcome  to  the  strangers, 
entertained  the  governor  in  their  towns,  and 
furnished  supplies  of  corn.  At  Santo  Domingo, 
July  7,  seven  chieftains,  representing  about 
thirty-five  pueblos,  assembled  to  acknowledge 
the  supremacy  of  the  new  masters,  temporal 
and  spiritual.  Tomas  and  Cristobal,  interpret- 
ers, who  had  been  left  in  that  region  in  a  pre- 
vious expedition,  were  now  found  to  be  of  great 
use  to  Onyate  in  the  promulgation  of  Christiani- 
ty, as  well  as  all  other  interests  of  the  explor- 
ers. On  the  9th  they  reached  a  point  at  the 
junction  of  Rio  Chama  with  the  Rio  Grande, 
named  variously  Caypa,  San  Juan,  San  Juan 
de  los  Caballeros  and  San  Gabriel. 

A  council  of  the  native  chiefs  of  all  this 
country  was  held  in  San  Juan  September  9, 
representing  the  pueblos  and  provinces  that 
had  before  submitted  to  the  Spanish  invasion 
and  renewed  their  submission,  after  listening 
to  a  new  explanation  of  the  system  by  which 
the  Almighty  was  represented  in  New  Mexico 
in  his  relation  to  temporal  matters,  through 
Onyate,  and  to  spiritual  things  through  the 
pope  and  the  fathers,  the  latter  now  repre- 
sented by  the  Padre  Comisario  Martinez.  They 
also  expressed  the  joy  with  which  they  would 
receive  the  friars  at  their  pueblos  as  spiritual 
teachers  and  masters,  after  listening  to  the 
cheering  assurances  that  if  they  refused  or 
disobeyed  the  padres  they  would  all  be  burned 
alive,  besides  burning  later  in  hell!  Villagra 
informs  us,  however,  that  while  they  readily 
submitted  to  the  king,  they  very  sensibly  told 
the  padre  comisario  that  so  far  as  the  new 
faith  was  concerned  they  had  no  objection  to 
adopting  it,  if  after  proper  instruction  they 
found  it  desirable,  adding  naively  that  of 
course  he  would  not  wish  them  to  embrace  a 
faith  they  did  not  fully  understand!  There- 
upon Martinez  proceeded  to  apportion  the 
pueblos  among  his  co-laborers. 

Thus  Onyate,  the  first  governor  and  a  native 
of  the  province  of  Zacatecas,  was  the  pioneer 


who  brought  the  first  organized  colony  for  set- 
tlement. These  colonists  were  nearly  all  en- 
listed from  the  same  section  of  Mexico,  and  the 
colony  was  planted  upon  the  Rio  Grande 
above  the  mouth  of  the  Chama.  The  admin- 
istration of  Onyate  as  governor  was  during  the 
formative  period,  and  while  beset  with  the 
trials  and  difficulties  of  the  situation,  these 
were  no  doubt  met  bravely  and  wisely.  Many 
priests  (Franciscan  friars)  came  to  New  Mexico 
with  Onyate  and  established  various  missions, 
among  them  San  Gabriel,  a  few  miles  up  the 
Rio  Chama  and  west  of  the  present  Indian 
pueblo  of  San  Juan,  and  El  Teguayo, — the  lat- 
ter believed  to  be  Santa  Fe.  Large  numbers 
of  the  natives  were  baptized  into  the  church. 
About  this  period  Pedro  Peralta  succeeded 
Onyate  as  governor. 

' '  One  of  the  main  objects  of  the  colonists 
was  searching  for  and  collecting  the  precious 
metals.  While  the  latter  were  not  found  in 
New  Mexico  in  ornaments  and  articles  of  util- 
ity, pure  and  free,  at  hand  for  the  appropriat- 
ing, as  had  been  found,  and  freely  appropriat- 
ed a  half  century  or  more  before,  in  Peru  and 
Mexico,  we  are  told  that  good  deposits  were 
found  in  the  mountains  near  Santa  Fe,  and 
along  the  Rio  Grande,  not  only  of  gold  and 
silver,  but  likewise  of  lead,  copper,  iron  mag- 
nets, turquoise,  salt,  alum  and  sulphur.  Labor, 
as  known  to  the  world  to-day,  was  then  re- 
garded as  degrading,  and  not  to  be  thought  of 
among  gentlemen  —  cavaliers  and  soldiers. 
Hence,  when,  after  a  decade  of  colonial  life  in 
the  new  province,  a  proposition,  favored  by 
Governor  Peralta,  was  made  by  a  party  of 
Flemish  miners  to  introduce  machinery,  and 
which  was  finally  introduced,  accompanied  by 
skilled  labor,  and  the  industrial  methods  of 
Flanders,  there  were  murmurings  and  opposi- 
tion, which  finally  resulted  in  the  incendiary 
destruction  of  the  machinery  by  fire.  Slave 
labor,  drawn  from  the  Indian  villages  by  treach- 
ery or  violence,  and  so  vividly  discussed  by  Las 
Casas,  was  the  particular  system  which  then 
found  favor  in  the  Spanish  colonies.  This  sys- 
tem was  peculiarly  unfortunate  for  New  Mexi- 


HISTORY  OP  NEW  MEXICO. 


co,  a  people  who,  before  Europeans  set  foot 
upon  the  soil,  had  perfected  systems  of  irriga- 
tion equal  in  use  to  those  of  the  present  day; 
who  cultivated  the  soil,  and  spun  and  wove; 
and  who  were  provident,  had  an  organized  gov- 
ernment, and  lived  in  permanently  built  towns. 
Wherever  this  slave  system  was  enforced  it 
brought  with  it  revolt  or  rumors  of  revolt,  in 
addition  to  that  general  absence  of  prosperity, 
which  is  inseparable  from  labor  degraded  and 
prevailing  idleness." — Ritch. 

In  the  autumn  of  1 599  the  general  (On- 
yate)  started  on  a  western  tour,  accompanied 
by  Martinez,  and  four  days  later  received  the 
submission  of  Acoma.  Here,  according  to 
one  historian,  he  had  a  narrow  escape  with 
his  life,  without  knowing  it  at  the  time.  A 
certain  chief,  who  had  not  been  invited  to  the 
general  conference  at  San  Juan,  had  harangued 
the  people  not  to  yield  to  the  haughty  Castillos 
(the  Spaniards  being  so  called  generally  by 
the  New  Mexicans  ;  the  name  is  probably  a 
corruption  of  Castellanos).  At  first  he  had 
some  success,  but  directly  the  people  were  per- 
suaded by  other  leaders  that  it  would  be  dan- 
gerous to  resist  the  invaders.  The  chief, 
however,  with  his  coadjutors,  conceived  a 
plan  to  entrap  and  kill  Onyate.  By  some 
pretence  they  were  to  induce  him  to  enter  a 
subterranean  council  chamber  (estufa),  where 
they  could  dispatch  him  ;  but  the  wily  explorer 
suspected  foul  play  on  the  sight  of  the  "hole 
in  the  ground,"  and  refused  to  enter,  for  any 
consideration.  No  ugly  event  happened. 
Onyate  was  well  pleased  with  the  ready  sub- 
mission of  the  inhabitants  and  the  prospects 
of  the  place,  and  pushed  on  westward  to  Zunyi 
and  to  Moqui,  gaining  full  sway  as  he  proceeded. 

A  pathetic  anecdote  is  related  in  this  con- 
nection. Captain  Villagra,  who  has  left  rec- 
ords of  Mexican  expeditions,  especially  of  this 
one,  relates  that  on  one  exciting  occasion  he 
slept  over  night  by  the  roadside,  awaking 
in  the  morning  in  a  snow-storm.  Soon  he 
fell  into  a  pitfall  that  the  treacherous  natives 
had  prepared  for  him,  and  leaving  his  horse 

dead    therein    he    plodded    on     through    the 
2 


snow  on  foot,  taking  the  precaution  to  re- 
verse his  boots  (?)  with  a  view  to  mislead  his 
pursuers.  After  suffering  intensely  from  hun- 
ger for  several  days,  at  last  he  killed  his  dog 
for  food  ;  but  as  the  faithful  animal,  with  the 
life  torrent  pouring  from  his  side,  turned  to 
lick  the  hand  of  his  slayer,  Villagra  had  no 
heart  to  eat  the  food  obtained  at  such  a  cost 
of  sentiment.  Soon  afterward,  when  just 
ready  to  perish,  he  was  rescued  by  three  of 
Onyate's  men,  who  were  searching  for  lost 
horses  in  the  Zunyi  region. 

.In  the  history  of  New  Mexico  the  sixteenth 
century  winds  up  with  a  well-told  tale  of  a  de- 
cisive battle  at  Acoma,  giving  to  the  Mexicans 
permanent  victory  over  all  this  territory. 

Zutucapan,  a  chief  at  Acoma  who  had 
planned  the  scheme  to  assassinate  Onyate  in  an 
under-ground  chamber,  related  in  a  preceding 
paragraph,  had  better  fortune  in  arousing  the 
natives  to  a  contest  with  the  invading  Chris- 
tians from  Mexico.  He  induced  the  people  to 
test,  for  the  first  time,  the  relative  military 
strength  of  the  parties,  although  they  had 
scarcely  anything  but  arrows,  clubs  and  stones 
with  which  to  oppose  the  Mexicans,  who  had 
guns.  The  plot  now  was  first  to  scatter  the 
Spaniards  on  their  first  approach  as  much  as 
possible,  and  then  rush  forward  in  the  attack. 
Accordingly,  when  the  newcomers  were  seen 
at  hand,  they  were  received  in  a  very  friendly 
manner  and  promised  provisions  at  various 
points  in  the  vicinity,  if  their  soldiers  would 
go  after  them.  While  therefore  the  Spanish 
were  scattered  around  the  neighborhood  gath- 
ering these  donations  and  purchases,  a  loud 
shout  from  certain  of  the  Indians  was  given  as 
the  signal  to  sally  forth.  The  Spanish  party 
lost  some  time  in  hesitation  and  difference  of 
opinion  as  to  what  was  best  to  do,— fight  or 
retreat;  but  fight  they  did,  after  retreat  be- 
came impossible,  and  were  driven  from  the 
field,  at  some  loss  of  life. 

When  this  disaster  was  announced  in  the 
Spanish  camp  the  scene  among  the  helpless 
women  and  children,  and  even  among  the  men 
that  were  with  them,  may  be  more  easily  im- 


i8 


HISTORY   OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


agined  than  described.  Onyate  was  sent  for, 
who  hastily  gathered  together  his  scattered 
bands  from  various  quarters,  and  retired  to 
San  Juan,  where  it  was  determined  that  Cap- 
tain Vicente  de  Zaldivar  should  take  Acoma  at 
all  hazards.  To  do  this  he  ingeniously  planned 
to  take  one  pinnacle  by  what  should  appear  to 
the  enemy  his  whole  army,  reserving  a  portion 
to  take  another  strategic  point  when  that 
should  be  vacated  in  the  affray.  The  plan 
succeeded  well,  and  the  Indians,  seeing  that 
their  ingeniously  laid  scheme  had  failed  and 
that  they  had  lost  not  only  their  beloved  town 
but  also  all  the  adjoining  country,  perhaps  for 
all  time  to  come,  became  so  desperate  that 
they  fell  to  killing  themselves  and  one  another 
rather  than  submit  to  any  fate  at  the  hands  of 
their  conquerors! 

Thus  ended  the  sixteenth  century,  and  thus 
ended  the  long  series  of  petty  explorations  that 
have  much  interest  to  the  historian,  as  nothing 
of  importance  occurred  for  the  next  eighty 
years,  as  it  was  in  1680  that  the  great  revolu- 
tion occurred,  which  we  soon  reach  in  our 
account. 

Onyate  wrote  a  rosy  report  concerning  the 
necessity  of  further  exploration  and  conquest 
in  the  North,  in  order  to  induce  the  authorities 
to  invest  still  further  in  his  schemes;  but  with 
no  signal  effect.  Scarcely  anything  more  is 
heard  of  him  after  his  return  from  the  West  in 
1605.  Probably  he  ceased  to  be  governor  in 
1608,  when  he  was  succeeded  by  Don  Pedro 
de  Peralta.  About  the  same  time,  when  8,000 
natives  were  reported  to  have  been  converted 
to  the  new  faith,  Padre  Alonso  Peinado  came 
to  succeed  Escobar  as  commissary,  accom- 
panied by  eight  or  nine  friars,  being  in  turn 
succeeded  by  Padre  Estevan  Perea  in  1614. 
The  names  of  Governor  Peralta's  successors 
for  a  dozen  years  or  more  are  not  known,  and 
the  history  of  this  whole  period  is  almost  a 
blank.  Yet  within  this  period  was  founded 
the  town  of  Santa  Fe,  perhaps  some  time  be- 
tween 1605  and  1616,  the  name  more  fully 
being  San  Francisco  de  la  Santa  Fe.  This  is 
not,  strictly  speaking,  the  oldest  town  built  by 


Europeans  in  the  United  States.  Whether  or 
not  it  is  erected  upon  an  old  pueblo  site  is  not 
determinable.  It  is  in  1617  that  the  first  men- 
tion is  made  of  the  place,  when,  on  January 
3,  a  petition  was  sent  to  the  king  for  aid  by  the 
council  of  the  village.  At  this  time  the  friars 
reported  that  they  had  erected  eleven  churches, 
and  converted  14,000  natives,  and  prepared  as 
many  more  for  conversion,  and  at  the  same 
time  there  were  but  forty-eight  soldiers  and 
settlers  in  the  province. 

In  1620,  or  earlier,  controversies  arose  be- 
tween the  political  and  ecclesiastical  anthori- 
ties,  the  custodio  assuming  the  right  to  issue 
excommunication  against  the  governor,  who 
claimed  authority  to  appoint  petty  Indian  offi- 
cials at  the  missions;  and  both  these  were 
charged  with  oppressive  exactions  of  labor  and 
tribute  from  the  natives.  The  authorities  rep- 
rimanded both  parties. 

About  this  time  Padre  Geronimo  de  Zarate 
Salmeron  entered  this  missionary  field,  where 
for  eight  years  he  toiled  chiefly  among  the 
Jemes  Indians,  of  whom  he  baptized  6,566, 
and  in  whose  language  he  published  a  small  re- 
ligious work.  He  also  served  at  Cia  and  San- 
dia,  among  the  Queres,  and  once  pacified 
Acoma  after  a  revolt.  He  was  delighted  with 
the  country,  but  disgusted  with  the  Spaniards 
there,  whose  highest  ambition  seemed  to  be  to 
smoke  tobacco,  apparently  under  a  vow  of 
poverty,  but  in  their  thirst  for  gold  by  short- 
cut routes  would  "enter  hell  to  get  it." 

In  1621  the  missions,  with  over  16,000  con- 
verts, were  formed  into  a  "custodia  de  la  con- 
version de  San  Pablo."  Padre  Alonso  Bena- 
vides  came  as  the  first  custodio,  bringing  with 
him  twenty-seven  friars.  By  the  year  1626, 
however,  when  it  was  claimed  that  over  34,000 
Indians  had  been  baptized  and  forty-three 
churches  built,  only  sixteen  friars  and  three 
laymen  were  left  in  the  field;  the  cause  of  this 
wonderful  decrease  has  not  been  explained. 
The  lack  of  imported  missionary  force  being 
reported  to  the  comisario  general,  more  men 
were  sent  into  the  field. 

Between  1620  and  1630  we  have  the  names 


HISTORY  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


of  two  governors, — Felipe  Zotylo  and  Manuel 
de  Silva.  Mere  names  thus  given  have  no  his- 
torical value,  however,  without  the  relation  of 
some  events  with  which  they  might  be  con- 
nected; but  historical  data  for  this  period  of 
New  Mexico's  career  are  remarkably  lacking. 

In  1630  the  Franciscan  cornisario  general 
represented  to  the  king  the  necessity  of  erect- 
ing a  bishopric  in  New  Mexico,  where  "half 
a  million  gentiles  had  been  converted  and  86,- 
ooo  baptized,  where  over  100  friars  were  at 
work,  in  1 50  pueblos,  where  there  were 
no  clergymen  and  none  authorized  to  ad- 
minister the  rite  of  confirmation."  A  bishop, 
he  claimed,  would  save  much  expense,  and 
would  easily  be  supported  by  tithes,  especially 
as  rich  mines  had  been  found,  and  the  popula- 
tion was  rapidly  increasing.  But  long  delays 
ensued,  until  apathy  was  fully  established,  and 
nothing  was  done  in  the  direction  desired  by  the 
comisario. 

In  these  days  of  modern  spiritualism  and 
theosophy,  when  so  many  believe  in  astral  trips 
being  made  by  the  adepts,  it  will  be  interesting 
to  notice  here  one  of  many  legends  apparently 
believed  in  with  sincerity  by  Roman  Catholic 
divines.  Padre  Benavides,  the  missionary  of 
New  Mexico,  on  his  return  to  Spain  in  1630. 
recounts  the  miraculous  conversion  of  the  Ju- 
manas,  living  about  300  miles  east  of  Santa 
Fe,  through  the  supernatural  visits  of  Sister 
Luisa  de  la  Asencion,  an  old  nun,  of  Carrion, 
Spain,  who  had  the  power  of  becoming  young 
and  beautiful,  and  of  transporting  herself  in  a 
state  of  trance  to  any  part  of  the  world  where 
there  were  souls  to  be  saved.  Sometimes  she 
made  the  round  trip  several  times  in  twenty- 
four  hours;  and  she  could  easily  speak  the  na- 
tive dialects  when  on  the  ground,  but  not  in 
Spain!  etc.,  etc.  During  the  dark  ages  of  the 
past  there  was  more  of  this  kind  of  literature 
than  of  any  other,  besides  the  multitudinous 
traditions  and  flying  stories  that  were  never 
put  in  print.  No  wonder  the  world  has  be- 
come sick  of  it! 

From  1630  to  1680  there  is  scarcely  any- 
thing to  record  except  a  list  of  governors, 


probably  incomplete,  a  few  references  to  ex- 
plorations on  the  eastern  or  Texas  frontier,  a 
few  uncertain  accounts  of  troubles  with  the 
Indians,  and  an  occasional  item  of  mission 
progress,  or  politico-ecclesiastical  controversy. 
The  governors  named  for  this  period  are  given 
in  the  list  elsewhere  in  this  volume.  It  ap- 
pears evident,  however,  that  there  were  many 
cases  of  slaughter  and  punishment,  both  of 
the  missionaries  and  of  the  natives,  by  way  of 
alternate  retaliation,  besides  many  attempts  of 
the  kind  which  did  not  prove  successful. 

We  now  quote  from  Hon.  Wm.  G.  Ritch  : 
"There  is  but  a  trifle  of  definite  or  import- 
ant knowledge  of  this  '  kingdom  of  the  prov- 
ince of  New  Mexico,'  as  it  is  often  called,  ex- 
cept in  relation  to  the  oppressions  and  revolts. 
The  holding  of  the  village  Indians  to  an  entire 
subordination,  and  to  that  enforced  labor  and 
bondage  of  soul  which  enabled  their  conquer- 
ors, like  all  conquerors  before  them,  to  live  for 
the  time  in  indolent  affluence  at  the  expense  of 
the  sweat,  blood  and  manhood  of  the  con- 
quered, brought  its  bitter  and  legitimate  re- 
sentments and  retaliations.  In  this  connec- 
tion one  is  peculiarly  reminded  of  the  inquiry 
of  Shylock  in  his  reply  to  Salvino.  Queries 
this  man  of  worldly  wisdom,  '  If  a  Jew  wrongs 
a  Christian,  what  is  his  humility? '  '  Revenge.' 
'  If  a  Christian  wrongs  a  Jew,  what  should  his 
sufferance  be  by  Christian  example?'  'Why, 
revenge.'  '  The  villainy  you  teach  me  I  will 
execute,  and  it  shall  go  hard;  but  I  will  better 
the  instruction. '  The  application  is,  of  course, 
apparent.  Murmurings  of  dissatisfaction,  amid 
patient  waiting  and  endurance,  became  loud 
and  deep,  and  finally  culminated  in  that  un- 
successful attempt  at  revolution  in  1640,  which 
proved  to  be  the  first  of  a  series  of  revolts  and 
warfare  which  continued,  nothing  daunting, 
through  the  remainder  of  the  century.  The 
immediate  cause  of  the  first  of  this  long  series 
of  revolutions,  as  stated  in  Governor  Davis' 
'  Conquest  of  Mexico,'  was  the  whipping,  im- 
prisoning and  hanging  of  forty  Indians,  be- 
cause, in  brief,  they  would  not  change  their  re- 
ligion. These  sanguinary  measures  were,  no 


20 


HISTORY  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


doubt,  the  work  of  the  Inquisition,  the  latter 
being  supreme  in  the  ecclesiastical  jurispru- 
dence of  New  Mexico  during  its  great  revolu- 
tionary period. 

' '  The  penalties  enforced  against  the  revo- 
lutionists, it  is  due  to  state,  were  of  much  the 
same  character  as  those  given  as  the  cause 
of  the  revolt.  At  this  distance  of  time,  hu- 
manity indeed  yearns  with  sympathy  at  the  sad 
condition  of  these  village  Indians. 

"The  more  important  of  the  revolts  that 
soon  followed  was  that  of  1650,  during  the  ad- 
ministration of  Concha,  in  which  five  pue- 
blos were  united,  including  Isleta  and  Jemez; 
and  the  wild  Apaches  were  their  allies.  The 
time  for  the  uprising  had  been  fixed  for  Thurs- 
day evening  of  Passion  week,  when  the  Span- 
iards would  be  generally  assembled  in  the 
churches  for  religious  worship.  The  plot  was 
discovered  and  defeated.  According  to  Davis, 
in  the  crushing  out  of  this  revolt,  the  ring- 
leaders were  secured,  and  nine  of  them  hung, 
many  imprisoned,  and  a  number  sold  into 
slavery  for  ten  years.  Whatever  may  have 
been  the  condition  of  the  country  during  the 
decade  following  1650,  the  data  are  not  at  hand 
to  compile  a  satisfactory  statement  of  the  facts. 
It  is  not  to  be  supposed,  however,  that  the  gen- 
tle pueblo  inhabitant  lay  slumbering  all  those 
years  at  the  feet  of  peace.  His  one  central, 
ever  present  idea  was  to  free  the  country  of 
his  oppressor;  to  this  end  he  bent  all  his  ener- 
gies; and  when  Shea,  in  his  '  Roman  Catholic 
Missions  in  America,'  expresses  his  opinion,  as 
he  does,  that  '  the  territory  must  have  been 
abandoned  before  1660,'  there  is  a  strong 
probability  for  the  belief,  if  Shea  be  correct, 
that  the  Pueblos  had  something  to  do  with 
forcing  that  abandonment,  although  the  con- 
trary is  claimed  as  true. 

"The  civil  authorities  seem  to  have  been 
embarrassed  by  the  interference  of  the  Inquisi- 
tion with  at  least  two  of  the  governors.  One  his- 
torian says  that  '  great  complaints  were  made 
to  the  viceroy  against  Dom  Bernardo  Lopez 
de  Mendizaval,  governor  of  New  Mexico,  whose 
greater  crime  was  his  falling  out  with  the  in- 


quisitors and  their  partisans. '  Nevertheless  he 
was  recalled,  and  the  count  of  Penyalosa  was 
selected  in  his  stead,  and  to  appease  the  trou- 
bles ordinary  in  that  country. 

"Don  Dionisio  de  Penyalosa  (count  of 
Penyalosa)  served  as  governor  from  1661  to 
1664,  and  was  in  an  eminent  degree  a  strong 
man,  and  for  this  reason,  no  doubt,  was  ap- 
pointed at  the  head  of  the  government  of  a 
province  beset  with  most  serious  complications. 
It  was  a  situation  which  demanded  wise  states- 
manship; and  the  new  governor  proved  himself 
the  man  for  the  occasion;  for  we  are  told  that 
he  '  appeased  the  trouble  in  New  Mexico,  made 
war  on  the  hostile  Apache,  whom  he  defeated 
and  compelled  to  sue  for  peace,  and  that  he 
founded  two  new  cities,  and  erected  public 
buildings.' 

"It  is  not  only  possible,  but  probable,  that 
the  erection,  after  Assyrian  methods,  of  the  old 
government  buildings  at  Santa  Fe,  known  as 
'the  palace,'  and  still  occupied  by  the  various 
branches  of  the  Territorial  Government,  was 
due  to  this  governor. 

"The  distinguishing  feature  of  the  adminis- 
tration of  Penyalosa  was  his  memorable  expe- 
dition to  '  Mischipi'  river.  This  expedition,  we 
are  told,  numbered  8,000,  — 1,000  Indians,  all 
well-armed,  1,100  horses  and  mules,  thirty-six 
carts  and  six  three-pound  guns.  Penyalosa 
speaks  of  the  Mischipi  as  a  beautiful  river,  run- 
ning through  delightful  prairies,  and  in  part,  at 
distances  of  a  few  leagues,  through  great  for- 
ests. He,  like  Coronado,  visited  Quivira,  made 
friends  of  some  of  the  native  tribes,  and  chas- 
tised others,  as  the  situation  demanded,  and 
altogether  made  discoveries  of  a  great  country, 
of  which  he  made  a  formal  report  to  his  gov- 
ernment. The  river  referred  to,  no  doubt,  was 
the  Missouri.  This  expedition  antedates  Mar- 
quette  and  Joliet's  explorations  in  tb 
sissippi  valley,  was  before  La  Salle  sailed  u; 
Chicago  river  in  an  Indian  canoe,  and  170 
years  before  the  foundation  of  the  great  me- 
tropolis of  the  great  lakes. 

"Like  his  predecessor,  Governor  Penyalo- 
sa became  involved  with  the  inquisitors.  The 


HISTORY   OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


21 


historian,  Shea,  informs  us  that  '  the  commis- 
sary general  of  the  inquisition  assumed  a  bound- 
less authority,  and  wished  to  dispose  sovereign- 
ly of  everything;  so  that,  to  check  his  tyranni- 
cal and  extravagant  enterprises,  he  (Penyalosa) 
was  compelled  to  arrest  him  as  a  prisoner  for  a 
week  in  a  chamber  of  the  palace,  after  which 
he  set  him  at  liberty,  in  the  hope  that  he  would 
be  more  moderate  in  the  future.' 

"  Returning  to  Mexico  in  1664,  to  propose 
to  the  viceroy  the  conquest  of  the  Mischipi 
country,  he  was  arrested  at  the  instance  of  the 
inquisition,  and  imprisoned  for  thirty-two 
months.  His  property  was  confiscated,  heavy 
fines  were  imposed,  he  was  deprived  of  the  gov- 
ernorship, and  declared  incapable  of  holding 
any  office  in  New  Spain. 

"On  the  3d  of  February,  1668,  the  tri- 
bunal of  the  inquisition  celebrated  an  auto  da 
fe  in  Santo  Domingo,  in  which  Penyalosa,  the 
late  governor  of  New  Mexico,  was  condemned 
to  penance  for  his  unrestrained  language  against 
the  priests  and  lords  inquisitors.  And  thus  we 
learn,  from  Shea's  Penyalosa,  the  fate  of  one 
of  the  most  enterprising,  prominent  and  best 
of  the  early  governors  appointed  over  New 
Mexico. 

' '  This  deposed  governor  sought  redress  in 
Spain,  but  in  vain.  Shea  says  '  his  misfor- 
tune, or  the  terror  and  artifices  of  the  inquisi- 
tion, were  so  great  that  up  to  the  present  time 
he  was  unable  to  obtain  redress.  Chagrinned 
and  mortified,  Penyalosa  joined  with  La  Salle 
in  an  unsuccessful  attempt  to  incite  a  revolt  in 
northern  Mexico  against  Spanish  government, 
for  the  purpose  of  obtaining  possession  of  the 
mines  for  the  benefit  of  France.  It  is  not  im- 
possible that  the  insurrection  of  1680  was 
quickened  by  Penyalosa  and  his  French  emis- 
saries, as  the  latter  was  contemporaneous  with 
his  engagement  with  La  Salle.' 

' '  Revolts  of  some  proportions  are  recorded 
as  occurring  during  the  succeeding  administra- 
tions, respectively  of  Villanueva  and  Fre- 
cinio, — the  latter  in  1675,  but  which  revolt 
was  suppressed  in  time;  and  death,  the  prison 
and  slavery  received  their  usual  harvest." 


The  famous  revolution  of  .1680  was  appar- 
ently brought  about  by  the  persistent  efforts  of 
the  missionaries  to  eradicate  the  last  vestige  of 
the  primitive  religious  faith  of  the  natives,  a 
portion  of  which  seemed  still  too  dear  to  them 
to  think  of  parting  with.  The  natives,  there- 
fore, headed  by  a  man  named  Pope,  at  length 
determined  to  rise  in  united  force  and  ' '  eradi- 
cate "  the  last  vestige  of  the  Spanish  religion 
and  customs  from  their  midst.  Making  Taos 
his  headquarters,  Pope  appealed  to  popular 
superstition  as  well  as  patriotism,  claimed  to 
have  formed  an  alliance  with  the  Great  Spirit 
(called  "Demon"  by  the  Spaniards),  and  in- 
troduced his  movement  in  all  the  pueblos  ex- 
cepting those  in  the  extreme  south;  the  reason 
why  they,  too,  were  not  invited  to  participate 
in  the  revolution,  is  not  related.  Only  a  few 
Pueblans  exhibited  any  reluctance.  According 
to  the  old  political  maxim,  the  period  made 
the  man,  the  man  drove  with  a  tight  rein,  and 
succeeded.  The  same  effort  at  any  other  time 
would  not  have  succeeded;  and  many  times, 
too,  success  is  dependent  upon  some  little  un- 
observed circumstance  rather  than  upon  the 
conspicuous  management  of  the  campaign. 

A  knotted  cord  carried  to  the  towns  was 
the  signal  for  the  general  uprising.  But,  al- 
though Pope  had  taken  extra  precautions  to 
keep  the  movement  a  secret,  the  plot  was  re- 
vealed to  the  Spaniards,  who  made  precipitate 
haste  to  flee.  The  precise  day  set  for  the  up- 
rising was  the  I3th  of  August,  but,  probably 
by  confession  of  a  convert  to  his  priest,  the 
plot  became  known  about  four  days  previously, 
and  Pope,  in  order  to  catch  the  Spaniards  un- 
prepared as  possible,  hurried  up  action,  com- 
mencing the  bloody  work  on  the  loth.  The 
plan  of  the  natives  was  a  thorough  one,  namely, 
utterly  to  exterminate  the  immigrants  by  taking 
their  lives,  sparing  no  adult  person,  man  or 
woman,  excepting  some  of  the  most  beautiful 
young  women,  to  be  held  as  captives.  The  num- 
ber of  victims  is  reported  at  a  little  over  400, 
including  twenty-one  missionaries  and  seventy- 
three  men  capable  of  bearing  arms.  Those 
who  escaped  are  numbered  at  1,950,  including 


22 


HISTORY  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


eleven  missionaries  and  155  men  capable  of 
bearing  arms. 

Santa  Fe,  commanded  by  one  Otermin  with 
less  than  1 50  men,  and  having  within  its  bound- 
ary about  a  thousand  people,  was  besieged  for 
five  days,  by  about  3,000  natives,  who  suc- 
ceeded first  in  destroying  the  suburbs,  burning 
the  church  and  convent,  cutting  off  the  water 
supply,  etc. ;  but  the  Spaniards,  becoming  des- 
perate, at  length  made  a  sortie  and  succeeded 
in  driving  off  the  natives,  killing  300  of  them 
and  taking  forty-seven  captives,  whom  they 
massacred.  During  this  whole  siege  only  five 
Spaniards  were  killed,  though  the  governor  and 
many  others  were  wounded. 

On  the  2  ist  the  Spaniards  determined  to 
go  to  Isleta,  to  defend  that  place,  and  the  na- 
tives in  the  vicinity  saw  them  depart,  without 
resistance.  On  arriving  at  Isleta  on  the  2jth 
they  found  that  Captain  Garcia  had  left  with 
the  Spaniards  there  about  two  weeks  previ- 
ously. The  Spaniards  rendezvoused  at  El  Paso 
del  Norte,  where  they  remained  unmolested. 
A  wagon  train  of  supplies  from  old  Mexico  ar- 
riving in  time  prevented  starvation. 

Father  Ayeta,  who  had  charge  of  the  wagon 
train  mentioned,  returned  to  Mexico  with  a 
full  report  of  the  revolution,  and  the  viceroy 
not  only  took  measures  to  relieve  the  immediate 
necessities  of  the  suffering  Spaniards  at  El 
Paso,  but  also  at  length  to  reconquer  New 
Mexico. 

Now  that  the  Spanish  were  out  of  the  way, 
the  New-Mexicans  were  again  masters  of  their 
own  country,  so  to  speak,  but  more  strictly,  as 
is  generally  the  case,  were  slaves  to  a  still 
greater  tyrant,  in  the  person  of  one  of  their 
own  countrymen,  Pope,  who  claiming  super- 
natural authority  levied  onerous  taxes  and 
proceeded  to  obliterate  every  vestige  of  Spanish 
religion  and  custom  from  the  realm.  He  even 
forbade  the  naming  of  children  Maria  or  Jesus 
or  by  any  other  Christian  name,  decreed  that 
all  who  had  been  married  by  the  Christian 
ceremony  should  put  away  the  wives  whom 
they  had  wedded  by  that  means  and  take  other 
wives,  that  all  Christian  names  be  dropped, 


estufas  be  reopened,  the  Spanish  language  to- 
tally abandoned,  etc.  He  traveled  from  place 
to  place  to  see  that  his  decrees  were  executed. 
He  proclaimed  that  the  Christian  God  was 
dead,  having  been  made  of  rotten  wood,  while 
the  native  gods  were  now  at  the  front  of  affairs; 
the  Castillos  were  not  to  be  feared,  as  he  had 
built  up  walls  to  the  skies  to  keep  them  away. 
On  his  tour  he  dressed  in  full  Indian  costume 
and  wore  a  bull's  horn  upon  his  head,  and 
everywhere  he  was  received  with  the  highest 
honors.  He  was  drunk  with  victory  and  car- 
ried forward  to  insane  lengths.  The  destruc- 
tion of  Christian  relics  was  attended  by  noisy 
demonstrations,  processions,  dances,  offerings 
to  heathen  deities,  and  every  conceivable  prof- 
anation of  all  that  the  missionaries  had  held 
most  sacred.  Of  course  we  are  indebted  only 
to  Christian  (Catholic)  authority  for  these 
details,  and  the  writers  may  have  exaggerated 
somewhat,  especially  as  to  the  dreadful  con- 
dition of  New  Mexico  in  material  prosperity 
during  the  period  of  native  rule. 

Pope's  reign  was  doubtless  oppressive  and 
inconsistent,  and  gradually  weakened  until  he 
was  deposed  and  another  king  was  elected  in 
his  place.  He  was  re-elected  in  1688,  but  died 
soon  afterward. 

In  the  autumn  of  i6gi  began  the  march  of 
Otermin's  army  of  146  men  and  112  Indians 
up  the  Rio  Grande  for  the  reconquest  of  New 
Mexico.  Arriving  at  the  southern  pueblos  and 
ranches  in  early  winter,  they  found  that  the 
country  had  been  abandoned  by  the  native 
Piros,  and  for  public  rites  nothing  left  but  a 
few  meager  heathen  ceremonies  and  articles 
used  in  their  worship  in  the  subterranean 
chambers  (estufas).  Neighboring  predatory 
tribes  of  Indians  had  aided  much  in  the  utter 
ruin  of  the  country. 

The  details  of  the  movements  in  the  recon- 
quest are  given  at  length  in  the  Mexican  ar- 
chives, but  are  rather  monotonous  for  popular 
entertainment.  Succinctly,  however,  we  ven- 
ture to  give  the  following  abstract: 

To  Diego  de  Vargas,  in  1692-4,  belongs  the 
glory  of  reconquering  the  country  and  bringing 


HISTORY  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


about  that  almost  continuous  peace  and  in- 
creased stability  in  the  government  which  fol- 
lowed the  ever  present  or  threatened  revolts  of 
the  Pueblo  Indians  during  the  preceding  two 
generations.  He  at  first  brought  with  him 
from  old  Mexico  an  army  of  only  200  soldiers. 
Possessed  of  that  strategy  and  generalship 
which  belongs  to  every  successful  military 
leader,  and  the  worldly  wisdom  of  the  diplo- 
mat, which  enables  him  to  take  advantage  of 
the  discouragements  and  temper  of  the  enemy, 
Vargas  readily  availed  himself  of  the  depres- 
sions and  jealousies  incident  to  twelve  years  of 
exhausting  warfare  with  a  great  government 
which  was  determined  to  regain  supremacy 
and  revenge  the  death  and  destruction  which 
had  preceded. 

Don  Diego  de  Vargas,  in  command  of  the 
army  for  reconquest,  found  the  old  villages, 
but  little  or  nothing  in  the  way  of  either  peo- 
ple or  property  to  "reclaim,"  proceeding  north- 
ward until  he  reached  Santa  Fe,  which  for  a 
time  he  made  a  sort  of  headquarters,  Gener- 
ally the  natives  offered  a  little  resistance  at 
first  or  fled  at  the  approach  of  the  Mexicans, 
but  were  soon  persuaded  to  submit  or  were 
subdued  by  a  little  effort.  Terms  of  submis- 
sion were  made  with  some  of  the  pueblos  al- 
ready tired  of  war,  and  a  few  enlistments  of 
friendly  Indians  were  added  from  time  to  time 
to  his  small  force.  Other  pueblos  were  brought 
to  terms  with  slight  resistance,  while  others, 
like  Ildefonso  and  Jemez,  held  out  bravely  and 
stubbornly  fought  to  the  end.  Victory  and 
peace  finally  came  in  1694,  but  not  until  Var- 
gas had  returned  to  Mexico  and  obtained  a 
larger  army — the  peace  being  stipulated  upon 
terms  which,  according  to  tradition  and  pub- 
lished statements  thought  by  many  to  be  true, 
involved  an  abandonment  of  the  working  of  the 
mines,  but  with  more  or  less  of  the  usual  pains 
and  penalties  upon  the  revolutionists.  But 
the  anxiety  of  the  Spaniards  to  obtain  the 
precious  metals  was  more  than  apparent,  and 
misgivings  and  discussions  followed.  Diplo- 
macy among  the  natives  was  exhibited  by  as- 
surances which  encouraged  them  to  look  for 


gold  and  silver  in  a  country  far  beyond.  By 
this  means  the  Indians  got  rid  of  an  expedi- 
tion which  had  quartered  itself  upon  the  coun- 
try, intending  to  remain  during  the  season. 

October  1 5  Vargas  wrote  to  the  viceroy 
that  he  had  ' '  conquered  for  the  human  and 
divine  majesties  "  all  the  pueblos  for  thirty-six 
leagues,  baptizing  nearly  1,000  children  born 
in  rebellion,  and  that,  to  hold  the  province  for 
the  king  he  must  have  100  soldiers  and  fifty 
families;  and  he  recommended  the  sending  of 
convict  mechanics  from  the  Mexican  jails  to 
serve  as  teachers  and  search  for  metals. 

By  the  setting  in  of  winter  all  the  pueblos 
along  the  Rio  Grande  where  the  people  could 
be  found  resident  hadresubmitted  to  the  Span- 
ish crown.  In  November  Acoma  and  Zunyi 
were  the  last  to  succumb,  after  the  usual  show 
of  resistance  and  suspicion.  Apache  Indians 
every  now  and  then  made  a  raid  upon  the 
Spaniards  for  booty  in  their  march  through  the 
country,  thus  materially  retarding  their  pro- 
gress. But  all  this  submission  to  Spanish  au- 
thority was  merely  formal,  in  order  to  get  rid 
of  the  invaders  as  smoothly  as  possible,  for  no 
Spanish  soldiers  were  left  in  the  wake  to  hold 
the  realm  or  execute  royal  mandates.  A  real 
battle  occurred  at  the  point  where  the  Tanos 
had  assembled,  but  they  were  subjugated  by 
force  of  arms,  after  some  loss  of  life.  Their 
women  and  children,  400  in  number,  were  dis- 
tributed as  hostages  until  the  viceroy  should 
decide  their  fate. 

The  Spaniards  now  had  good  accommoda- 
tions in  respect  to  shelter  for  the  winter,  as 
they  had  the  unoccupied  buildings  for  barracks; 
but  their  prospects  as  colonists  were  gloomy, 
as  they  were  confined  t'o  Santa  Fe,  all  beyond 
being  wild  and  savage.  Their  fighting  force 
was  now  small,  while  the  friendly  villages  in 
the  vicinity  had  all  they  could  do  to  protect 
themselves  against  raids  from  unfriendly  Indian 
tribes. 

Following  the  second  expedition  of  Vargas 
came  i ,  500  immigrants,  accompanied  by  sup- 
plies and  domestic  animals,  and  settled  at  San- 
ta Fe  and  other  important  points.  Garrisons 


BISTORT  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


were  established  according  to  the  necessities. 
No  attention  apparently  had  been  given  to 
agriculture  and  the  raising  of  supplies  by  the 
colonists;  dependence  was  placed  upon  sub- 
sistence being  brought  to  them  from  the  ad- 
joining provinces,  and  supplies  were  according- 
ly sent  in  large  quantities.  Famine  followed, 
however,  in  1696,  and  with  it  came  great  dis- 
tress, and  considerable  loss  of  life  by  starva- 
tion. Taking  advantage  of  the  situation,  an- 
other revolt  of  the  Indians  followed,  in  which 
fourteen  of  the  pueblos  joined.  Vargas  was 
equal  to  the  emergency,  and  again  met  the  in- 
surgents successfully,  and  with  a  vigorous  en- 
forcement of  the  penalties.  About  the  same 
time  charges  were  preferred  against  Vargas  for 
speculating  in  the  supplies  furnished,  and  was 
suspended  from  office.  He  seems,  however,  to 
have  been  vindicated  by  the  home  government, 
as  he  was  knighted  "  Marquis  de  la  Nava  de 
Brazinos,  conqueror,  pacificator  and  settler 
of  this  kingdom  of  New  Mexico,"  as  a  special 
recognition  of  his  services.  In  addition  to  this 
distinguished  consideration,  Vargas  was  re- 
turned as  governor.  Except  during  suspen- 
sion, he  was  governor  of  New  Mexico  from 
1692  to  1704,  in  the  spring  of  which  year  he 
died,  at  Bernalillo,  having  been  taken  sick  at 
that  point  while  returning  from  a  successful  ex- 
pedition against  the  Apaches  east  of  the 
mountains. 

And  thus  closed  the  career  of  one  of  the 
most  successful  and  distinguished  of  all  the 
long  line  of  Spanish  and  Mexican  governors, 
numbering  over  seventy,  who  have  occupied 
the  chair  of  the  chief  executive  of  New  Mexi- 
co. The  Marquis  de  la  Nava  evidently  was 
well-adapted  to  the  rough  vicissitudes  of  a  hos- 
tile extreme  frontier.  He  was  a  man  of  ex- 
pedients, a  diplomat,  and  at  the  same  time 
bold  and  aggressive  in  war.  Had  he  been  a 
man  of  less  versatile  powers,  at  his  distance 
from  his  base  of  supplies,  with  his  small  force, 
and  in  face  of  the  desperate  hostility  of  the 
vjllage^Indians,  the're-conquest  would  proba- 
bly have  been  deferred  indefinitely.  The  pu- 
eblos had  become  thoroughly  desperate,  had 


from  the  first  united  in  a  bold,  grand  effort, 
once  for  all  to  free  the  country  of  their  com- 
mon oppressor  and  enemy. 

In  the  spring  of  1696  there  were  indica- 
tions of  another  native  revolt,  as  the  mission- 
aries were  rather  poorly  supported  by  soldiers, 
and  there  was  really  danger  of  another  upris- 
ing like  that  of  1680.  The  padres  complain- 
ed, but  no  attention  was  paid  to  them,  and  in 
June  following  a  number  of  communities 
arose  against  the  Spaniards  and  put  a  number 
of  them  to  death,  and  immediately  fled  to  the 
mountains  to  avoid  punishment.  The  gov- 
ernor, with  his  small  force  at  hand,  immedi- 
ately began  to  punish  the  guilty  rebels  in  re- 
turn, putting  some  of  them  to  death.  A  num- 
ber of  other  campaigns  were  made,  with  sim- 
ilar results,  all  tending  to  reduce  the  country 
to  poverty  and  desertion.  In  May,  1697,  a 
report  gave  the  number  of  Spanish  families  in 
New  Mexico  as  313,  not  including  the  soldiers; 
the  total  number  of  Spaniards  in  the  territory 
probably  was  not  less  than  i ,  500. 

In  July,  1698,  it  was  decided  at  the  cap- 
ital of  Mexico  that  the  New-Mexican  colonists 
must  thereafter  depend  upon  their  own  exer- 
tions, and  very  little  was  sent  them  after  that. 
By  the  close  of  this  century  all  the  pueblos 
and  communities  had  made  a  formal  surrender 
to  the  Spanish  authorities,  but  in  religion  it 
was  very  imperfect  and  unreliable.  Pagan 
rule,  however,  had  gone  down  forever,  al- 
though it  could  not  be  known  at  any  time  that 
the  "country  was  safe." 

All  the  petty  movements  and  events  of  the 
first  half  of  the  eighteenth  century  may  be 
summarized  as  a  succession  of  governors,  po- 
litical controversies,  renewals  of  efforts  to 
Christianize  the  Moqui  Indians,  reports  of 
mission  progress  or  decadence,  unimportant 
and  fruitless  expeditions  out  into  the  plains  or 
mountains,  feeble  revivals  of  the  old  interest 
in  mysterious  regions  of  the  North,  rare  inter- 
course with  the  Texan  establishments,  fears  of 
English  or  French  encroachment,  etc.  The 
general  governmental  records  are  meager  and 
fragmentary, — but  personal  and  other  petty  de- 


HISTORY  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


tail, — far  too  bulky  for  popular  use.  Like  all 
other  Spanish-American  provinces,  New  Mexi- 
co now  settled  down  to  a  long  career  of  relig- 
ious monotony  and  lack  of  wordly  progress. 

During  the  first  quarter  of  the  eighteenth 
century  there  was  almost  constant  fighting  with 
the  Apache,  Comanche  and  Navajo  Indians, 
who  were  bent  on  obtaining  their  sole  subsist- 
ence by  robbery;  and  also  there  was  almost 
equally  constant  controversies  with  the 
Moquis,  partly  political  but  mostly  religious. 
After  about  1730  all  was  quiet  in  both  these 
respects, — at  least  so  far  as  the  records  in- 
form us.  In  1742  the  Spanish  population  of 
New  Mexico  was  given  at  9,747,  living  in 
twenty  four  towns,  besides  the  soldiers  and 
their  families.  At  this  time  also  there  were 
scarcely  any  domestic  quarrels  among  the 
local  Spanish  authorities;  all  was  a  dull  rou- 
tine, with  no  thought  of  wordly  advancement. 

The  Marquis  de  la  Nava  was  immediately 
succeeded  as  governor  by  Juan  Pais  Huertado, 
his  inspector  general  and  confidential  friend. 
Huertado  served  as  governor  frequently  for 
brief  periods  between  1704  and  1735.  He 
also  held  various  other  offices  with  credit,  in- 
cluding that  of  general  in  the  army  of  the 
viceroy.  He  especially  distinguished  himself 
in  the  several  campaigns  against  the  Navajo 
Indians. 

In  1706  the  Duke  of  Albuquerque,  whose 
name  has  come  to  be  familiar  as  a  representa- 
tive of  one  of  the  new  commercial  centers  of 
the  New  West,  became  governor  and  captain 
general,  and  thus  remained  continuously  and 
peaceably,  except  when  temporarily  absent, 
until  1710. 

Jose  Chacon  Medina  Salazar  y  Villasenor 
(El  Marquis  of  Penuela)  comes  as  a  successor. 
It  was  under  his  orders  as  governor  and  cap- 
tain general  that  Huertado  made  his  cam- 
paigns against  the  Navajos.  He  is  the  gov- 
ernor who  left  his  monument  in  the  rebuilt 
San  Miguel  church,  which  is  one  of  the  land- 
marks well  remembered  by  every  tourist  visit- 
ing Santa  Fe.  The  inscription  branded  upon 
the  beam  facing  the  front  entrance  to  this  old 


church  when  translated  reads:  "  Royal  Ensign 
Senor  Augustine  Flores  Vergara,  a  servant, 
constructed  this  edifice  under  the  Marquis  de 
Penuela,  in  the  year  1710." 

As  governor  of  New  Mexico  in  1712,  and 
at  the  same  time  as  viceroy  of  New  Spain 
(Mexico),  was  "Duke  Fernando  de  Alencas- 
tre,"  who  was  viceroy  from  1711  to  1716. 
His  full  name  and  titles  were  Don  Fernando 
de  Alencastre  Noreno  y  Silva,  Duke  of  Lan- 
aras,  Marquis  of  Valdefuentes  of  Govea,  Count 
of  Portoalegre,  Grand  Commander  of  the  Or- 
der of  Santiago  of  Portugal,  Lord  of  His 
Majesty's  Bed-chamber,  and  of  His  Council, 
his  Viceroy,  Lieutenant  Governor  and  Captain 
General  of  New  Spain  and  President  of  the 
Royal  Audience,  etc."  He  was  a  very  respett- 
able  personage,  and  was  for  a  few  weeks  hon- 
ored in  New  Mexico  by  becoming  its  chief 
executive,  while  he  was  at  the  same  time 
viceroy, — the  ruler  with  regular  authority  of 
New  Spain  and  its  provinces.  (Nearly  all  of 
the  governors  of  New  Mexico  down  to  the  era 
of  the  Mexican  Republic  possessed  a  name  and 
title  as  long  as  the  one  just  quoted,  or  even 
longer.) 

Following  the  long  line  of  distinguished 
personages  who  have  served  New  Mexico  as  its 
chief  executive,  we  read  names  representing 
the  ancestors  of  many  families  in  the  Territory 
to-day,  as  familiar  to  every  community  in  the 
Territory  as  household  words.  Thus  we  have 
Mogollon,  Balverde,  Martinez,  Estrada,  Bus- 
tamente,  Cruzate,  Olavida,  Mendoza,  Roeval 
and  Huemes. 

In  1737,  as  recorded  upon  Inscription  Rock 
near  Zunyi,  Don  Martin  de  Lizo  Cochea,  bishop 
of  Durango,  made  an  official  visit  to  New 
Mexico.  All  these  names  run  through  a  period 
of  thirty-seven  years,  and,  so  far  as  appears  to 
the  contrary,  years  of  peace  and  good  govern- 
ment, and  without  important  events  to  mark 
the  period  save  an  expedition  in  considerable 
force  to  the  Missouri  river  in  1720,  which, 
upon  arriving  at  the  river  was  massacred  by 
the  Pawnees,  none  surviving  to  tell  the  tale 
except  a  single  priest,  who  lived  to  return  to 


26 


HISTORY  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


Santa  Fe  to  disclose  the  horrors  to  the  fami- 
lies and  loved  ones  of  the  unfortunates! 

As  nearly  all  the  country  was  unknown 
excepting  directly  along  the  thoroughfares 
between  the  towns,  in  1747  the  governor 
undertook  to  send  out  a  few  expeditions  to 
reconnoitre,  which  he  did  under  great  diffi- 
culties and  with  but  little  success. 

In  1746  Apache  hostilities  were  renewed, 
and  contests  with  them,  and  occasionally  with 
other  hostile  tribes,  were  of  irregular  occur- 
rence from  that  time  onward. 

In  1749  the  Spanish  population  of  this  ter- 
ritory was  given  by  one  authority  as  3,779, 
the  number  of  Christian  Indians  as  12,142,  be- 
sides about  i  ,400  Spaniards  and  the  same  num- 
bet  of  Indians  at  El  Paso. 

The  conversion  of  the  Moqui  Indians  to 
Christianity  proved  to  be  more  tedious  than 
that  of  any  other  tribe  in  America,  and  the 
measures  connected  with  that  mission  naturally 
became  permanent  elements  in  public  policy. 
Priests  frequently  visited  their  towns,  were  re- 
ceived in  a  friendly  manner,  and  even  per- 
mitted to  preach;  but  whenever  the  people 
showed  any  signs  of  yielding  altogether  to  the 
Spanish  regime,  a  "demon-inspired"  chief 
would  quench  them,  urging  specially  the 
tyranny  of  alcalde  government.  The  priests 
were  good  men,  he  would  admit,  but  his  peo- 
ple were  too  strong  and  sensible  to  become 
slaves  of  such  a  foreign  power. 

As  a  specimen  of  the  friction  generally  ex- 
isting between  the  political  and  ecclesiastical 
authorities,  we  may  relate  here  that  Governor 
Cachupin,  in  1751,  marched  against  the  Com- 
anches,  and  afterward  reported  to  the  viceroy 
that  he  succeeded  in  driving  145  of  them  into 
a  tule. swamp,  set  fire  to  the  tules,  and  killed 
101  of  the  Indians,  and  captured  the  rest,  and 
the  padres  claimed  that  the  governor's  reports 
of  campaigns  had  no  foundation  in  fact.  Ca- 
chupin's  report,  however,  pleased  the  viceroy, 
and  the  latter  forwarded  it  to  the  king  with 
evident  satisfaction. 

The  leading  event  during  the  rule  of  Don 
Francisco  Antonio  del  Valle,  from  1754  to 


1 760,  was  the  visit  of  a  Mexican  bishop,  who 
confirmed  over  11,000  persons.  Don  Manuel, 
succeeding  Valle,  distinguished  himself,  if  we 
take  his  word  for  it,  by  killing  400  Comanches 
in  a  fight  at  Taos  in  December,  1761.  He  had 
hoped  that  this  victory  would  permanently  sub- 
due the  Comanches  remaining  at  large  and 
strike  terror  upon  all  gentile  raiders,  but  was 
disappointed  at  finding  his  successor  averse  to 
energetic  and  warlike  methods,  and  the  country 
consequently  not  yet  saved. 

This  successor,  Cachupin  (serving  a  second 
term,  despite  the  influence  of  the  padres), 
made  a  specialty  of  prosecuting  certain  Indians 
accused  of  witchcraft  at  Abiquiu,  and  thus  ex- 
hibited on  the  part  of  the  Spaniards  a  greater 
superstition  than  that  which  he  was  endeavor- 
ing to  eradicate.  One  effect  of  the  alleged 
sorcery  seems  to  have  been  a  sad  condition  of 
the  padre's  stomach.  Over  100  pages  were 
filled  with  testimony,  and  the  result  was  the 
condemnation  of  seven  or  eight  Indians  to  be- 
come servants  of  Spanish  families. 

In  1767  a  great  flood  at  Santa  Fe  turned 
the  course  of  the  river  into  the  Rio  Chiquito 
and  threatened  the  safety  of  the  public  build- 
ings. 

In  1771  the  governor,  Pedro  Fermtn  de 
Mendinueta,  announced  the  conclusion  of  a 
treaty  with  the  Comanches,  on  the  3d  of  Feb- 
ruary, but  he  declared  to  the  viceroy  that  the 
force  of  eighty  soldiers  at  Santa  Fe  was  not 
sufficient  to  protect  so  broad  a  territory,  raid- 
ed by  savage  foes  from  every  side.  There  were 
250  men  among  the  settlers  capable  of  bearing 
arms,  but  they  did  not  have  the  "  arms,"  and 
besides  they  dared  not  leave  their  homes  un- 
protected to  engage  in  distant  campaigns.  The 
governor's  proposed  remedy  was  a  new  presi- 
dio at  Taos,  and  an  enforced  law  requiring  the 
Spaniards  to  live  in  compact  pueblos  like  the 
Indians.  The  establishment  of  properly  dis- 
tributed militia  about  the  country  engross- 
ed the  attention  of  the  governor,  but,  being  at 
so  great  a  distance  from  the  capital,  his  en- 
treaties had  but  little  weight. 

In   1776  an  expedition  for  the  discovery  of 


HISTORY  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


a  more  practicable  route  to  the  Moquis  went 
as  far  as  Utah  lake,  to  find  that  the  northern 
route,  recommended  by  Padre  Escalente,  was 
impracticable. 

In  1776-7  the  northern  provinces  of  Mex- 
ico were  organized  as  the  Provincias  Internas, 
under  the  Caballero  de  Croix  as  comandante 
general,  independent  of  the  viceroy;  but  this 
change  and  the  following  complications  of  the 
military  and  civil  status  of  the  various  districts 
had  but  slight  effect  upon  affairs  in  New  Mex- 
ico, the  principal  change  being  the  taking  of 
the  title  of  captain  general  from  the  governor 
and  at  times  subordinating  him  to  the  comand- 
ante instead  of  the  viceory. 

In  1778-9  Governor  Juan  Bautista  de  Anza, 
an  experienced  Indian  fighter,  made  a  great 
campaign  against  the  Comanches  200  to  250 
miles  to  the  east  and  northeast,  and  succeeded 
in  killing  a  Comanche  chieftain  and  four  of  his 
leading  sub-chiefs,  and  some  of  the  other  high- 
est officers  of  that  Indian  tribe.  Next  he  turned 
his  attention  to  the  Moquis,  whc  were  now 
•suffering  from  a  failure  of  crops,  and  were 
probably  in  a  condition  to  be  persuaded,  by  an 
appeal  to  their  stomachs,  to  adopt  Christiani- 
ty. These  Indians  had  already  begun  to  abandon 
their  towns  to  live  with  other  tribes,  where 
they  could  obtain  something  to  eat,  and  it  was 
feared  by  the  Spaniards  that  possibly  all  the 
Moquinos  would  at  length  leave  their  old  habi- 
tation, and  the  governor  consequently  made 
haste  to  obtain  assistance  from  the  comand- 
ante of  the  Provincias  Internas.  The  latter 
did  not  favor  the  use  of  force,  but  advised  that 
Anza,  on  some  pretext,  as  for  instance  an 
Apache  campaign,  should  visit  the  Moquis, 
give  them  some  food,  and  persuade  them,  if 
possible,  to  settle  in  New  Mexico,  and  thus  pave 
the  way  for  future  conversion.  The  governor 
continued  his  efforts,  and  in  August,  1780,  a 
message  came  that  forty  families  were  ready  to 
emigrate  if  he  would  come  in  person  to  bring 
them.  Accordingly,  in  September,  with  Fa- 
thers Fernandez  and  Garcia,  he  repaired  thith- 
er, and  visited  all  the  towns,  two  of  which 
were  completely  abandoned.  Two  weeks  pre- 


viously the  forty  families  had  been  forced  by 
hunger  to  go  to  the  Navajo  country,  where  the 
men  had  been  killed  and  the  women  and  chil- 
dren made  slaves. 

Moqui  affairs  were  in  a  sad  condition  in- 
deed. Of  the  7,494  population  reported  in 
1775,  only  798  now  remained,  with  no  pros- 
pect of  immediate  relief.  At  length  thirty 
families  agreed  to  return  with  the  governor.  It 
is  not  definitely  known  what  ultimatelybecame 
of  these  families,  but  it  is  supposed  that  they 
became  the  founders  of  the  town  of  Moquino. 

In  1780-1  smallpox  carried  off  5,025 
Indians  of  the  mission  pueblos,  and  the  num- 
ber of  missions  was  reduced  by  consolidation 
by  the  governor,  contrary  to  the  wishes  of  the 
friars. 

In  1786  Viceroy  Galvez,  in  his  instructions 
to  General  Ugarte,  introduced,  as  a  new 
policy,  the  method  of  extermination  of  the  In- 
dians in  the  north,  but  it  was  not  carried  out. 

During  the  last  decade  of  the  eighteenth 
century  the  Spaniards  were  at  peace  with  all 
the  neighboring  Indian  tribes  excepting  that  of 
the  Apaches,  with  whom  almost  constant  war- 
fare was  waged,  generally  with  unsatisfactory 
results. 

As  to  the  religious  status  of  the  church  in 
New  Mexico  during  the  eighteenth  century, 
Bancroft  aptly  condenses  a  long  account  into 
the  following  brief  statement: 

"  Before  1750  the  padres  were  charged  by 
secular  and  ecclesiastic  authorities  with  culp- 
able neglect  of  their  duties  as  missionaries, 
notably  in  their  failure  to  acquire  the  native 
languages,  continuing  to  speak  Spanish  only, 
through  interpreters,  the  result  being  that  their 
preaching  and  religious  instruction  had  no  real 
effect, — that  the  neophytes  were  Christians 
only  in  name,  and  that  confession  of  sins 
through  interpreters  was  generally  postponed 
until  the  approach  of  death.  While  this  mat- 
ter did  not  in  this  half  century  assume  a  con- 
troversial aspect,  yet  the  charges  are  sustained 
by  such  evidence  as  exists.  Bishop  Tamaron, 
in  his  visit  of  1760,  had  occasion  at  many 
points  to  administer  severe  reproof;  and  the 


HISTORY  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


friars,  while  making  various  excuses  for  their 
retnissness,  denying  some  of  its  worst  results, 
and  even  promising  reforms,  did  not  claim  the 
ability  to  communicate  with  their  neophytes 
except  through  interpreters.  Charges  of  neg- 
lect in  other  matters,  of  oppressing  the  natives, 
of  being  frequently  absent  from  their  posts, 
and  of  undue  fondness  for  trade, — are  not  sup- 
ported by  any  evidence  of  this  period. 

"It  should  be  noted  that  the  New-Mexican 
missions  were  radically  different  from  the  Cali- 
fornia establishments  of  later  years.  Practi- 
cally, except  in  being  subject  to  their  provin- 
cial and  paid  by  the  king,  instead  of  being 
under  a  bishop  and  supported  by  parochial 
fees,  these  friars  were  mere  parish  priests  in 
charge  of  Indian  pueblos.  There  were  no 
mission  estates,  no  temporalities  managed  by 
the  padres,  and,  except  in  petty  matters  of  re- 
ligious observance,  the  latter  had  no  authority 
over  the  neophytes.  At  each  pueblo  the  padre 
had  a  church,  where  he  preached  and  taught 
and  said  mass.  With  the  performance  of  these 
routine  duties,  and  of  those  connected  with 
baptism,  marriage  and  burials,  he  was  gener- 
ally content.  The  Indians,  for  the  most  part 
willingly  tilled  a  little  piece  of  land  for  him, 
furnished  also  a  few  servants  from  week  to 
week  for  his  household  service  and  that  of  the 
church.  He  was  in  most  instances  a  kind- 
hearted  man,  a  friend  of  his  Indians,  spend- 
ing much  of  his  salary  on  them  or  on  the 
church.  If  sometimes  reproved  by  conscience 
for  having  lost  something  of  the  true  Francis- 
can spirit,  he  redoubled  his  zeal  in  petty  parish 
duties  for  a  time,  bethought  him  of  adverse 
circumstances  and  of  the  custom  of  the  coun- 
try, and  relapsed  into  the  customary  inertia. 
If  reproved  by  the  governor  or  bishop  or  pro- 
vincial,— for  even  the  latter  occasionally  com- 
plained that  the  New-Mexican  friars  were  be- 
yond his  control, — he  had  stored  up  in  his 
memory  no  end  of  plausible  excuses  and  coun- 
ter-charges. The  Indians  were  in  no  sense 
Christians,  but  they  liked  the  padres  in  com- 
parison with  other  Spaniards,  and  were  willing 
to  comply  with  certain  harmless  church  formali- 


ties, which  they  neither  understood  nor  cared 
to  understand.  They  had  lost  all  hope  of  suc- 
cessful revolt,  but  were  devotedly  attached  to 
their  homes  and  their  ancestral  ways  of  pueblo 
life;  dreaded  apostasy  because  it  involved  a 
precarious  existence  among  hostile  tribes  of 
savages;  and  thus,  as  a  choice  of  evils,  they 
lived  and  died  as  nominal  Christians  and 
Spanish  subjects,  or,  perhaps  more  properly, 
slaves." 

Another  authority  adds,  substantially:  Re- 
ports from  the  New-Mexican  friars  were  diffi- 
cult to  obtain,  but  they  were  efficient  as  mis- 
sionaries. At  Santa  Fe  the  padre  was  sup- 
ported by  fees;  elsewhere  by  a  salary  of  $330 
a  year.  The  reduction  of  the  number  of  mis- 
sions was  a  wrong  to  the  friars  and  interfered 
considerably  with  mission  discipline.  The  pu- 
eblo was  ruled  in  local  matters  by  a  native 
governor,  or  alcalde,  war  captain  and  various 
subordinates  elected  each  year  under  the  super- 
vision of  the  alcalde  mayor,  with  the  approval 
of  the  governor.  These  officials  also  rendered 
aid  against  the  gentile  foe.  In  internal  affairs 
they  often  acted  arbitrarily.  There  was  no 
community  property  or  formal  distribution  of 
lands,  each  family  regarding  as  its  own  the 
land  held  by  its  ancestors,  cultivating  it  ac- 
cording to  needs  or  fancies;  yet,  as  the  pueblo 
lands  were  the  best,  the  Indian  obtained  a 
livelihood  more  easily  than  the  Spaniard,  the 
latter  having  sometimes  to  rent  land  of  the  In- 
dian, or  even  to  work  for  them  in  bad  years. 
The  Indians  did  not  generally  dress  in  Spanish 
style  or  speak  Spanish,  though  many  of  them 
understood  it.  They  hunted  deer  and  buffalo,  or 
bartered  for  them  with  the  gentiles.  There  were 
no  brotherhoods  or  other  social  organizations. 

The  churches  generally,  during  the  century, 
were  in  a  state  of  decadence,  and  the  Indians 
died  ignorant  of  the  faith.  The  child  is  bap- 
tized, but  does  not  keep  his  baptismal  name. 
He  attends  catechetical  instruction  from  the 
age  of  six  or  seven  years,  but  after  marriage 
soon  forgets  the  little  he  has  learned,  and  for 
the  most  part  dies  like  the  pagans.  The  Span- 
iards were  but  little  better. 


HISTORY  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


29 


Bancroft  continues: 

"Countercharges  of  the  friars  against  the 
governors  and  alcaldes  mayores  were  repeated 
in  this  period,  especially  in  an  exhaustive  re- 
port of  the  provincial.  .  .  .  The  last  gov- 
ernors, Cachupin,  Marin  del  Valle  and  Men- 
doza,  are  represented  as  the  worst,  but  all  as 
speculating  tyrants,  without  skill  or  experience 
in  Indian  warfare  or  civil  government,  habit- 
ually sending  to  Mexico  reports  of  campaigns 
never  performed,  bent  only  on  enriching  them- 
selves, treating  the  pueblo  Indians  most  inhu- 
manly as  slaves,  using  their  women  and  all  fe- 
male captives  for  the  gratification  of  their 
lusts,  cheating  the  gentiles,  and  by  outrageous 
treatment  keeping  alive  their  hostility.  The 
alcaldes  are  mere  tools  or  accomplices  of  the 
governors,  and  even  the  justices  are  in  the  ring 
of  oppressors.  The  Indians  are  the  chief  vic- 
tims of  these  rascals;  but  the  Spanish  settlers 
are  hardly  less  unfortunate,  and  even  the  sol- 
diers are  cheated  out  of  half  their  pay.  The 
padres  are  the  objects  of  hatred;  and  if  they 
open  their  mouths  in  protest  are  by  perjured 
and  suborned  testimony  made  the  victims  of 
outrageous  calumnies,  their  reports  to  Mexico 
being  intercepted  on  the  way. 

"The  partisan  bitterness  and  prejudice  of 
the  writers,  with  their  allusions  to  offenses  ter- 
rible only  in  the  eyes  of  the  friars,  and  the 
sickening  cant  and  priestly  verbiage  in  which 
they  clothe  their  charges,  indicate  clearly 
enough  that  the  accusations  are  too  sweeping 
and  grossly  overcolored;  yet  enough  of  candor 
and  honest  evidence  remains  to  justify  the  con- 
clusion that  New-Mexican  affairs  were  in  a  sad 
plight,  and  that  the  pueblo  Indians  were  little 
better  than  slaves.  With  all  their  shortcom- 
ings, the  padres  were  better  men  than  their 
enemies." 

During  the  last  half  of  the  eighteenth  cen- 
tury the  population  of  the  pueblo  Indians  de- 
creased by  about  2,400. 

The  missionary  history,  as  before  intimated, 
was  rather  monotonous  for  entertaining  study, 
as  about  all  the  events  in  that  direction  were 
of  too  small  moment  to  deserve  mention  in  a 


work  for  general  reading.  In  1 767  the  four 
establishments  of  Santa  Fe,  La  Canyada,  Al- 
buquerque and  El  Paso  were  ordered  to  be  put 
under  secular  curates,  and  this  was  probably 
done,  although  friars  still  continued  to  be  sta- 
tioned at  these  places. 

The  founding  of  a  missionary  college  was 
ordered  by  the  king  and  pope  in  1777-9,  but 
nothing  further  in  that  direction  was  accom- 
plished. In  consequence  of  the  smallpox  epi- 
demic of  1780-1  the  number  of  missions  was 
reduced  by  consolidation  in  1782,  resulting  in 
an  annual  saving  of  about  $4,000.  The  friars, 
of  course,  were  displeased  by  this  act,  and 
were  persistent  to  the  end  of  the  century  in 
their  endeavors  to  obtain  an  increase  of  help  or 
of  salary,  but  in  vain. 

During  this  period  the  industries  of  New 
Mexico  consisted  of  agriculture,  stock-raising 
and  barter.  There  was  no  mining,  though 
indications  of  mineral  wealth  were  occa- 
sionally found.  In  the  line  of  manufactures 
there  was  nothing  excepting  the  making  of  cot- 
ton and  woolen  cloth  in  small  quantities,  and 
the  preparation  of  skins  for  home  use  or  a 
southern  market,  and  the  manufacture  of  what 
pottery  was  needed  for  home  use.  On  the 
farms  were  raised  corn,  wheat  and  beans  in  the 
northern  portion  of  the  territory,  and  fruit  in 
the  southern  portion.  They  raised  what  cot- 
ton they  desired  to  manufacture  for  home  con- 
sumption, and  also  an  inferior  species  of  to- 
bacco. Sheep  constituted  the  chief  portion  of 
the  live  stock. 

The  principal  bartering  was  done  at  inter- 
tribal conventions  at  Taos,  in  July  or  August, 
when  a  sort  of  fair  was  held.  Trade  elsewhere 
was  limited,  and  even  sometimes  forbidden  by 
edict.  The  value  of  each  year's  exports  was 
estimated  in  1788  at  $30,000.  The  departure 
and  return  of  the  caravan  were  the  great  events 
of  the  year.  As  yet  there  was  no  trade  with 
the  Spaniards  in  Texas  or  the  French  in  Louis- 
iana. As  the  reader  must  know  before  reach- 
ing these  lines  that  there  was  little  or  no  money 
in  the  country,  the  traders  for  their  accounts 
invented  a  sort  of  imaginary  currency,  includ- 


HISTORY  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


ing  four  kinds  of  dollars  (pesos),  worth  re- 
spectively ten,  twenty,  thirty  and  forty  cents. 
The  simplicity  of  this  system  enabled  the  peo- 
ple to  readily  understand  the  relative  cost  and 
proceeds  of  an  article,  the  value  being  always  ex- 
pressed in  multiples  (twofold  ratio)  of  the  real, 
which  was  equivalent  to  five  cents  in  United 
States  money.  The  profits  of  these  fairs  were 
generally  enormous,  for  great  advantage  was 
taken  of  the  Indians  on  account  of  their  weak- 
ness for  showy  trifles.  Through  debt,  there- 
fore, the  natives  became  practically  slaves, 
besides  losing  their  land.  While  the  settlers 
and  pueblo  Indians  were  always  in  debt  to  the 
traders,  the  latter  in  turn  were  debtors  to  or 
agents  for  Chihuahua  merchants,  who  monopo- 
lized the  profits,  leaving  scarcely  anything  for 
the  residents  in  New  Mexico,  except  certain 
traders,  who  as  alcaldes  mayores  utilized  their 
political  authority  for  private  gain. 

The  present  century  opened  with  nothing 
remarkable  in  the  career  of  the  people  of  New 
Mexico.  They  always  either  had  a  governor 
or  acting  governor,  who  was  subject  to  the 
comandante  general  of  the  Provincias  Inter- 
nas.  Governor  Chacon  ruled  until  the  spring 
of  1805,  when  he  was  succeeded  by  Colonel 
Joaquin  del  Real  Alencaster  (Mexican  method 
of  writing  Lancaster),  whose  name  does  not 
appear  after  1808;  but  his  place  may  have 
been  represented  by  an  acting  governor  for 
four  years  longer. 

During  this  period  troubles  with  the  Indi- 
ans were  much  less  serious  and  constant  than 
in  former  years.  The  combined  efforts  of  the 
frontier  garrisons,  with  a  consistent  system  of 
treaties,  etc.,  seemed  to  be  producing  excel- 
lent results.  The  Comanches  in  particular 
were  friendly,  and  were  zealous  in  bringing  in 
information  and  rumors  concerning  the  move- 
ments of  Americans  in  the  northeast,  and  were 
eager  to  aid  Spain  in  crushing  the  insurgents 
under  Hidalgo.  Other  tribes  were  often  in 
the  same  mood.  The  Navajos,  however,  were 
hostile,  intrenching  themselves  in  the  canyon 
de  Chelly,  since  famous  for  its  ruined  pueblos; 
but  after  several  expeditions  were  sent  against 


them  they  were  reduced  to  submission,  and 
even  to  friendship.  Narbona  reported  to  his 
governor  that  on  one  occasion  he  with  his  force 
killed  ninety  bucks,  with  twenty-five  women 
and  children,  besides  capturing  thirty-six,  with 
thirty  women  and  children;  also  thirty  horses 
and  350  sheep. 

In  1806  100  dragoons  and  500  militia  were 
sent  out  as  an  exploring  expedition  into  the 
northeastern  plains,  also  to  conciliate  the  na- 
tives and  to  look  out  for  American  explorers 
and  filibusters.  The  intention  of  the  United 
States  Government  to  explore  the  Western 
country  had  been  announced,  and  Lewis  and 
Clarke  had  actually  made  their  famous  trip  to 
the  Pacific  coast.  Burr's  conspiracy  was 
thought  also  to  affect  the  Spanish  frontier. 

In  1811  Jose  Rafael  Sarracino  made  an 
expedition  to  the  Yuta  (Ute?)  country  to  in- 
vestigate the  truth  of  their  reports  respecting 
a  Spanish  people  dwelling  in  the  far  northwest. 
In  three  months  he  reached  a  region  where  the 
natives  had  knives  and  other  implements  of 
European  manufacture,  obtained,  as  they 
said,  from  a  people  living  beyond  a  great 
river,  which  Sarracino  did  not  cross. 

In  1818-9  the  Navajos  renewed  their  hos- 
tilities, but  after  several  military  campaigns 
against  them  a  treaty  was  signed.  The  sys- 
tem of  treaties  and  gifts,  as  before  intimated, 
was  still  having  a  good  effect  generally  upon 
the  surrounding  tribes  of  Indians,  and  peace 
and  prosperity  prevailed. 

On  one  occasion  the  Navajos,  when  hard 
pressed,  settled  near  the  Moqui  towns,  whose 
inhabitants  feared  them  and  sent  to  the  Span- 
iards for  aid  in  repelling  them  from  their  prox- 
imity, and  the  Spaniards  found  this  a  most 
favorable  opportunity  of  effecting  an  entire 
submission  of  the  Moquis  to  their  authority, 
after  a  resistance  of  139  years;  but  we  find  no 
record  of  any  great  results  of  this  peaceable 
victory. 

Under  the  decree  of  the  Central  Council  of 
the  Spains,  dated  February  14,  1810,  New 
Mexico  was  entitled  to  a  representative  (diputa- 
do)  in  the  Spanish  Cortes  (royal  court  or  parlia- 


HIS  TORT  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


3< 


ment  at  Madrid).  Accordingly,  August  11,  that 
year,  the  alcaldes  and  leading  men  of  the  prov- 
ince (there  being  yet  no  ayuntamientos)  as- 
sembled at  Santa  Fe,  Governor  Manrique 
presiding,  to  select  the  delegate.  From  the 
three  highest  candidates  receiving  the  highest 
number  of  votes  the  delegate  was  chosen  by 
lot,  and  the  honor  fell  to  Pedro  Bautista  Pino, 
an  old  and  influential  resident.  Provided  with 
instructions,  he  made  his  journey  to  the 
mother  country,  taking  along  with  him  his 
grandson.  He  had  to  bear  the  expenses  of  the 
trip,  but  the  patriotic  people  contributed 
$9,000  to  the  cause  of  Fernando  VII.  In  his 
report  to  the  Cortes  Pino  made  a  thorough 
and  tolerably  exact  statement  of  the  history 
and  condition  of  the  people  of  New  Mexico, 
and  in  order  to  arouse  his  home  government 
to  do  something  vigorous  to  establish  its  re- 
gime in  New  Mexico  in  such  a  way  as  to  hold, 
he  related  in  emphatic  language,  probably 
with  some  exaggeration,  the  efforts  of  the 
United  States  people  in  the  West  to  obtain  the 
good  wishes  of  the  people  of  New  Mexico  with 
a  view  of  ultimately  obtaining  possession  of 
the  country.  Accordingly  Pino  demanded  the 
transfer  of  southern  garrisons  to  the  northern 
frontier,  a  separate  bishopric,  a  college  and 
system  of  schools  to  be  supported  by  tithes, 
and  a  civil  and  criminal  court  at  Chihuahua, 
that  of  Guadalajara  being  too  distant;  but  it 
appears  that  no  special  attention  was  paid  to 
the  delegate's  demands,  excepting  tha:  a  bish- 
opric was  established  the  next  year. 

Pino  returned  to  his  home  in  this  country, 
and  was  re-elected  for  1820-1.  The  sum  of 
$6,000  was  sent  to  Mexico  to  pay  his  expenses, 
but  on  reaching  Vera  Cruz  he  could  obtain 
only  enough  of  this  to  pay  for  his  journey  to 
that  point. 

All  of  the  old  Louisiana  Territory  west  of 
the  Mississippi,  ceded  by  France  to  Spain  in 
1762-3,  and  returned  to  France  in  1800,  was 
finally  ceded  to  the  United  States  in  1803. 
From  this  date  to  1819  the  question  of  bound- 
ary between  United  States  territory  and  Span- 
ish possessions  was  an  unsettled  one,  princi- 


pally in  these  Western  plains  and  mountains, 
an  unexplored  region,  for  which  they  had  no 
use  for  the  time  passing.  A  final  settlement 
was  reached  in  1819,  when  the  proposition  of 
Spain  was  accepted,  making  the  Arkansas  river 
the  boundary  line  down  to  longitude  23  de- 
grees. 

The  first  Anglo-American  to  visit  New  Mex- 
ico, so  far  as  known,  was  a  trapper  named 
James  Pursley,  a  carpenter  by  trade  and  a  na- 
tive of  Kentucky.  Meeting  Indians  upon  the 
Platte  river  near  its  source,  probably  not  far 
from  Denver,  he  learned  of  the  Mexican  settle- 
ments to  the  south.  He  finally  set  out  with  a 
party  of  Indians  for  Santa  Fe,  where  he  ar- 
rived in  1805,  and  remained  until  his  death. 
But  the  first  considerable  importation  of  mer- 
chandise from  the  United  States  occurred  in 
1804,  when  William  Morrison,  of  Kaskaskia, 
Illjnois,  dispatched  a  Creole  trader  named  Bap- 
tiste  Lalande,  up  the  Platte  river,  with  in- 
structions to  take  the  goods  to  Santa  Fe,  with 
a  view  to  test  the  commercial  prospects  in  that 
direction.  Obeying  his  instructions,  Lalande 
succeeded  in  being  arrested  by  the  Spaniards, 
and  taken  to  the  capital.  The  New  Mexicans 
liked  the  goods,  and  Baptiste  liked  the  country 
so  well  that  he  resolved  to  settle  there.  He 
observed  the  formality  of  accounting  to  Morri- 
son for  the  consignment,  but  his  creditor  and 
employer  never  afterward  heard  from  the 
treacherous  Creole. 

Zebulon  M.  Pike,  a  lieutenant  of  the  Sixth 
United  States  Infantry,  after  having  made  an 
exploration  of  the  upper  Mississippi,  while  Lew- 
is and  Clarke  were  making  their  journey  to  the 
Pacific,  was  sent  with  twenty-two  men,  in 
1806,  to  explore  the  country  of  the  Red  and 
Arkansas  rivers,  and  to  establish  a  good  under- 
standing with  the  Indians,  especially  the  Co- 
manches.  In  October  he  was  on  the  Arkansas, 
where  he  found  traces  of  a  recent  visit  from 
the  Spaniards.  At  the  end  of  the  month 
Lieutenant  Wilkinson,  with  a  portion  of  the 
men,  embarked  in  boats  on  the  river  to  follow 
it  down  to  the  Mississippi,  while  Pike,  with  the 
rest  of  the  party,  started  up  the  river  for  the 


HISTORY  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


mountains,  intending,  according  to  his  instruc- 
tions, to  return  by  the  Red  river  to  Natchi- 
toches.  Pike  had  no  serious  troubles  with  the 
Indians,  but  neither  did  he  accomplish  any- 
thing in  the  direction  of  obtaining  their  good 
will.  Late  in  November  he  was  at  the  base  of 
the  lofty  peak  which  has  since  borne  his  name. 
Then  followed  two  months  of  winter  wander- 
ings in  the  snows  and  mountains  and  parks  of 
what  is  now  Colorado,  marked  by  the  most 
terrible  sufferings  from  cold  and  hunger.  Cross- 
ing the  range  in  the  vicinity  of  the  modern 
Leadville  he  thought  he  was  on  Red  river;  but, 
after  a  perilous  descent  through  the  canyon  he 
found  himself  back  at  his  old  camp  on  the  Ar- 
kansas. Again  he  struggled  on,  over  another 
series  of  ranges,  and  at  the  end  of  January, 
1807,  succeeded,  with  a  number  of  his  com- 
panions (the  rest  being  left  behind  with  frozen 
feet)  in  reaching  another  large  river,  which  he 
thought  must  surely  be  the  Red  river.  His 
plan  was  to  reach  Natchitoches  by  boats  or 
rafts  on  this  river. 

He  fortified  a  camp  for  the  purpose  of  con- 
structing the  required  boats.  Although  he  was 
cautioned  in  his  instructions  not  to  encroach 
upon  Spanish  soil,  he  made  the  mistake  of  pitch- 
ing this  camp  five  miles  up  a  branch  of  the  Rio 
Grande,  on  the  Mexican  side,  and  here  he 
raised  the  stars  and  stripes.  He  really  desired 
to  extend  his  explorations  somewhat  into 
Spanish  territory,  or  at  least  to  learn  his  geo- 
graphic relation  to  Santa  Fe.  He  had  a  good 
pretext,  as  he  had  Morrison's  bill  against  La- 
lande  with  him,  and  this  he  sent  by  Dr.  Robin- 
son to  Santa  Fe  alone,  February  7.  Ten  days 
later  a  Spanish  dragoon  and  an  Indian  made 
their  appearance — regarded  by  Pike  as  spies — 
who  said  they  had  come  from  Santa  Fe  in  four 
days,  and  that  Robinson  had  arrived  in  safety. 
They  learned  the  location  of  Pike's  fort  and  his 
intention  to  descend  the  river  to  Natchitoches, 
and  departed.  After  another  ten  days,  there 
came  a  force  of  fifty  dragoons  and  as  many 
militia,  under  lieutenants,  who  informed  Pike 
that  he  was  not  on  the  Red  river  but  on  the 
Rio  del  Norte,  his  camp  being  on  the  Conejos 


just  above  the  junction;  whereupon  he  at  once 
lowered  his  flag.  The  Spaniards  were  court- 
eous and  kind,  supplying  the  half-starved  and 
half  naked  explorers  with  food  and  blankets; 
but  the  officers  soon  admitted  that  they  had  to 
take  the  American  party  to  Santa  Fe.  Accord- 
ingly on  the  27th,  they  started  for  the  city  of 
Holy  Faith,  leaving  a  part  of  the  Spanish  force 
behind  to  bring  on  the  eight  explorers  who  had 
not  yet  reached  the  fort. 

The  renegade  Lalande  and  another  French- 
man endeavored  to  gain  Pike's  confidence,  but 
were  regarded  by  him  as  spies.  Solomon 
Colly,  one  of  the  famous  Nolan  party  of  trad- 
ers between  the  United  States  and  Mexico 
through  Texas,  was  living  at  Santa  Fe,  and 
served  as  interpreter. 

The  party  arrived  at  Santa  Fe  March  3, 
and  were  questioned  by  Governor  Alencaster, 
whose  conduct  was  courteous  and  dignified,  but 
who  said  that  Pike  and  his  men  must  appear 
before  General  Salcedo  at  Chihuahua.  Pike 
denied  that  Robinson  was  a  member  of  his 
party,  attempted  by  a  ruse  to  prevent  the  ex- 
amination of  his  papers,  pretending  that  he 
was  sadly  deceived  when  the  governor  shrewdly 
prevented  the  success  of  his  trick,  and  occasion- 
ally deemed  it  his  duty  as  a  free-born  Ameri- 
can to  be  suspecting,  independent  and  disagree- 
able to  the  verge  of  insolence.  As  men  Pike 
and  his  party  were  courteously  treated,  but  as 
Americans  they  deemed  that  they  had  a  griev- 
ance, and,  although  assured  that  he  was  not  a 
prisoner,  he  insisted  on  having  a  certificate 
that  he  was  obliged  to  go  to  Chihuahua.  To 
that  city  they  went,  and  after  an  examination 
were  escorted  out  of  the  country  through 
Coahuila  and  Texas,  reaching  Natchitoches  in 

July- 

Pike  published  an  account  of  this  western 
expedition  in  book  form  in  1810,  was  promoted 
to  the  rank  of  brigadier  general,  and  finally  lost 
his  life  at  the  taking  of  Toronto  in  1813. 

In  1812  one  Robert  McKnight.  with  a  party 
of  nine  or  ten,  crossed  the  plains  to  Santa  Fe, 
with  a  consignment  of  goods,  which,  however, 
were  confiscated,  and  they  were  arrested  and 


HISTORY  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


taken  to  Chihuahua,  where  and  in  Durango 
they  were  held  as  prisoners  until  1822,  when 
they  were  released  by  order  of  Iturbide.  Efforts 
had  been  made  by  influential  Americans  to 
have  the  men  released  earlier,  but  in  vain. 

In  1815  Auguste  P.  Choteau  and  Julius  de 
Mun,  in  partnership,  went  with  a  large  party 
to  the  upper  Arkansas  to  hunt  and  trade  with 
the  Indians.  They  claimed  to  have  confined 
their  operations  to  American  territory,  but 
probably  they  did  not.  Visiting  Taos  and  Santa 
Fe  in  1816.  they  were  most  favorably  received 
by  Governor  Mainez,  a  very  polite  old  gentle- 
man, who  said  there  would  be  no  objection  to 
their  trapping  and  trading  east  of  the  moun- 
tains and  north  of  Red  river;  he  even  thought 
he  might  obtain  for  them  a  license  from  the 
general  to  hunt  beaver  on  the  branches  of  the 
Rio  Grande.  Retiring  to  the  north  to  await 
the  desired  permission,  they  were  often  visited 
by  parties  from  the  settlements  who  came  to 
trade. 

But  early  in  1817,  after  Governor  Allande's 
accession,  there  was  a  decided  change  of  Span- 
ish policy.  A  force  of  200  men,  under  the 
command  of  Salazar,  marched  out  to  discover 
an  American  fort  said  to  exist  on  the  Rio  de 
las  Animas,  with  cannon  and  20,000  men. 
Such  a  fort  of  course  was  not  found.  In  June, 
however,  another  force  was  sent  out  under  the 
command  of  Bernal  to  arrest  the  above-men- 
tioned Americans,  and  not  only  did  they  bring 
in  Choteau,  De  Mun  and  twenty-four  men  as 
prisoners,  but  also  opened  their  caches  on  the 
upper  Arkansas  and  took  goods  to  the  value  of 
$30,380.744.  At  Santa  Fe  the  prisoners  were 
tried  by  court  martial,  kept  for  forty-eight 
hours  in  jail  and  then  dismissed  without  their 
property. 

In  1821-2  Mexico  became  an  independent 
government  and  Santa  Fe's  foreign  trade  be- 
came more  legitimate  and  free.  Captains 
Glenn,  Becknell  and  Stephen  Cooper  at  this 
time  visited  Santa  Fe  with  small  parties, 
making  large  profits  on  the  limited  amount  of 
goods  they  succeeded  in  bringing  so  far,  and 
they  laid  the  foundation  for  future  success. 

3 


During  these  twenty-two  years  (1800  to 
1822)  the  foreign  population,  including  the 
Spaniards,  increased  from  19,000  to  30,000  in 
New  Mexico,  while  the  number  of  pueblo  In- 
dians remained  about  the  same, —  between 
9,500  and  10,000.  The  city  of  Santa  Fe 
reached  a  population  of  about  6,000. 

In  1805  the  viceroy  decreed  that  all  goods 
bartered  by  New-Mexicans  at  the  annual  fair 
in  San  Bartolome  valley  from  the  i8th  to  the 
23d  of  December  should  be  free  from  taxes  or 
duties.  Down  to  about  1798  no  coin  was  in 
circulation;  but  later  the  salaries  of  officers  and 
soldiers  were  paid  in  money.  The  revenue  on 
tobacco  and  powder  was  oppressive.  The  total 
value  of  imports  during  the  first  years  of  this 
century  was  reported  at  about  $112,000  a 
year;  while  the  exports,  chiefly  wool,  peltries 
and  wine,  amounted  only  to  about  $60,000. 
Pino,  in  his  report  to  the  Spanish  Cortes  al- 
ready mentioned,  thought  that  the  opening  of 
ports  on  the  Texas  and  Sonora  coasts  would 
greatly  enhance  the  production  and  value  of 
goods  to  be  exported.  He  also  stated  that 
many  mines  could  be  profitably  opened,  both 
for  copper  and  silver,  and  that  old  silver  mines 
were  closed  up,  with  the  tools  inside.  Prob- 
ably these  were  the  prospect  holes  made  by  the 
Spaniards  before  1680,  at  which  time  the  rev- 
olutionary natives  undertook  to  obliterate  all 
signs  of  Spanish  occupation,  as  described  on  a 
.former  page.  But  there  is  nothing  to  show 
that  any  practical  mining  was  done  under 
Spanish  rule.  Even  stone  was  not  used  for 
building,  but  only  adobes.  A  semi-transparent 
gypsum  was  quarried  near  Santa  Fe  for  win- 
dow panes,  which  was  necessarily  a  small  in- 
dustry. 

There  were  no  colleges  or  schools,  and  no 
professional  man,  except  in  the  military  pro- 
fession, or  priest  had  ever  been  produced  in 
New  Mexico.  The  only  medical  man  in  the 
country  was  the  presidial  surgeon  at  Santa  Fe. 
Of  social  manners  and  customs  during  this  pe- 
riod there  is  but  little  left  to  be  said.  Pike 
made  a  few  superficial  observations,  to  the  ef- 
fect that  the  Spaniards  were  brave,  industrious, 


34 


HISTORY  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


polite  and  hospitable,  but  were  loose  in  their 
ideas  of  morals.  The  old  predatory  instinct 
of  the  invading  Spaniards  of  the  time  of  Cortez 
still  remained  in  a  measure,  to  exhibit  itself  on 
favorable  occasions. 

The  government  was  still  essentially  mili- 
tary, the  governor  himself  being  the  military 
chief.  There  were  no  village  councils  or  courts 
of  any  kind  excepting  those  of  the  alcaldes,  no 
taxes  and  no  municipal  funds.  The  alcaldes 
were  responsible  only  to  the  governor,  and  the 
only  appeal  was  to  the  audiencia  at  Guadala- 
jara. A  court  of  this  kind  at  Chihuahua  was 
considered  an  urgent  necessity.  The  governor, 
with  a  salary  of  $4,000,  had  no  legal  adviser, 
being  aided  only  by  two  lieutenants  and  two 
alfereces.  The  alcaldes  were  vicinos,  who  re- 
ceived no  salary.  A  lieutenant  of  the  governor 
in  his  military  capacity  ruled  at  El  Paso,  for  a 
salary  of  $2,000.  The  regular  military  force 
supported  by  the  royal  treasury  was  121  men, 
forming  the  presidial  company  (garrison)  at 
Santa  Fe.  Pino  stated  that  an  average  force 
of  1,500  men  had  been  required  to  defend  the 
province,  which  the  settlers  had  furnished  with' 
out  pay,  and  even  armed  and  equipped  at  their 
own  cost,  thus  saving  the  king  $43,090,000  in 
the  preceding  118  years! — -probably  an  exag- 
geration. He  thought  that  his  province  de- 
served the  same  governmental  footing  that  was 
enjoyed  by  the  other  provinces.  Some  efforts 
to  improve  the  political  condition  of  New  Mex- 
ico were  ostensibly  made  after  the  urgent  re- 
quests of  Pino  were  made,  but,  childlike,  they 
permitted  other  passing  events  to  engross  their 
attention  until  the  needs  of  a  suffering  people 
in  a  distant  province  were  entirely  forgotten. 
During  the  period  comprised  in  the  present 
sketch  there  were  from  nineteen  to  twenty-two 
Franciscan  friars  in  charge  of  the  missions  of 
New  Mexico,  and  they  lived  chiefly  at  the 
places  having  a  large  Spanish  population. 
Pino  said  that  in  1811,  in  nineteen  purely  In- 
dian pueblos,  there  were  but  five  missionaries. 
There  was  but  one  secular  priest  at  Santa  Fe, 
and  there  the  friars  were  supported  by  fees; 
the  rest  were  supported  by  a  salary  of  $330 


from  the  royal  treasury.  Lieutenant  Pike  found 
the  natives  virtually  slaves,  and  cruelly  treated 
by  the  Spanish  officers.  Friction  continued 
between  the  friars  and  the  secular  authorities, 
each  charging  the  other  with  the  greater  num- 
ber of  shortcomings,  and  even  crimes.  No 
bishop  visited  the  province  after  1760,  and 
therefore  no  confirmations  were  made.  Dele- 
gate Pino,  a  New-Mexican  fifty  years  of  age, 
had  never  seen  a  bishop  until  he  went  to  Spain 
in  1812. 

During  the  revolutionary  period  from  1 8 1 1 
to  1821,  New  Mexico  was  but  little  excited,  as 
its  distance  from  the  center  of  the  controversy 
extinguished  nearly  all  interest  in  the  passing 
of  the  events;  but  the  Spaniards  there  could 
exhibit  a  degree  of  demonstrative  enthusiasm 
comparable  with  that  of  the  Frenchman  on 
certain  occasions,  as  for  example  the  entry  of 
Iturbide  into  Mexico,  and  his  fall  a  little  later, 
were  each  hailed  with  shouts  of  joy  for  the 
long-looked-for  day  of  liberty!  As  Bancroft 
puts  it,  "there  was  nothing  mean  or  one- 
sided in  New-Mexican  patriotism!" 

Under  the  regime  of  the  Republic  of 
Mexico,  from  1823  to  1837,  the  ruler  at  Santa 
Fe  had  the  title  of  Jefe  Politico,  and  thereafter 
that  of  Gobernador.  [See  elsewhere  a  list  of 
the  rulers  of  this  period.]  There  is  scarcely 
anything  known  concerning  the  peculiar  fea- 
tures of  their  respective  administrations  or  of 
the  circumstances  of  their  accession  to  power. 

Until  1824  New  Mexico  was  one  of  the 
Provincias  Internas;  then  it  was  joined  to  the 
provinces  of  Chihuahua  and  Durango,  to  form 
the  Estado  Interne  del  Norte;  but,  as  Durango 
protested  against  this  arrangement  because 
the  capital  was  fixed  at  Chihuahua,  the  two 
southern  provinces  were  made  States,  and  from 
July  6  New  Mexico  became  a  "Territory"  of 
the  Republic.  At  the  same  time  the  El  Paso 
district  was  joined  to  Chihuahua,  but  no  east- 
ern or  western  bounds  were  assigned  to  New 
Mexico,  it  being  understood  that  the  Territory 
extended  in  those  directions  far  out  beyond  the 
settlements,  and  in  the  north  to  the  Arkansas. 
Under  the  new  constitution  of  December,  1836, 


HISTORY  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


the  Territory  became  a  "Department,"  and 
was  so  termed  to  the  end  of  the  Mexican  rule. 
During  the  varying  forms  of  republican 
government  there  was  practically  no  change 
in  the  local  government,  all  branches  being 
somewhat  arbitrarily  controlled  by  the  gover- 
There  was  a  kind  of  legislature  or  execu- 


nor. 


tive  council,  of  four  or  six  members,  known  as 
the  Diputacion  Provincial,  or  Territorial, 
from  1824,  Junta  Departamental  from  1837, 
and  sometimes  Asainblea  in  1844-5;  but  this 
body  is  said  to  have  been  a  nullity. 

Instead  of  the  alcaldes  rnayores  of  Spanish 
times  there  were  ayuntamientos  at  a  few  of  the 
larger  towns,  with  ordinary  alcaldes  at  the 
smaller  ones.  Justice  was  administered,  rather 
crudely,  however,  by  the  alcaldes,  or  the  arbi- 
tration of  "good  men,"  appeals  to  the  gover- 
nor, penalties  of  fine  and  imprisonment,  with 
the  absence  of  all  the  legal  forms  of  court 
routine,  exemptions  under  the  military  and 
ecclesiastical  fueros;  and  consequently  petty 
thefts,  etc.,  were  prevalent.  In  1826,  for  ex- 
ample, it  is  stated  that  there  was  not  a  pro- 
fessional lawyer  in  the  whole  province,  and 
litigation  in  the  higher  courts  had  to  be  carried 
on  at  enormous  cost  in  Chihuahua  and  Dur- 
ango.  But  in  all  these  matters  New  Mexico 
was  not  unlike  the  distant  provinces. 

Down  to  1839  the  Territory  was  under  the 
military  rule  of  a  comandante,  called  militar 
principal  or  de  armas,  who  was  subordinate 
to  the  comandante  general  of  Chihuahua. 
Sometimes  the  civil  and  military  functions  of 
the  government  were  exercised  by  one  man, 
and  sometimes  by  two.  Characteristic  of  Mexi- 
can regime,  however,  both  these  governments 
were  more  nominal  than  real,  especially  at  the 
remote  points,  while  the  military  outfit  scarcely 
existed  excepting  on  paper. 

The  following  paragraphs  are  quoted  from 
Hon.  W.  G.  Ritch: 

"  Among  the  last  acts  of  the  Spanish  regime 
was  to  arrest  and  imprison,  for  a  time,  David 
Merriweather,  of  Kentucky,  who  subsequently 
became  United  States  Senator  from  his  own 
State,  and  was  governor  of  New  Mexico  from 


1853  to  1857.  At  that  time  Merriweather  was 
out  with  an  exploring  party,  and  came  to 
Santa  Fe  as  a  matter  of  curiosity,  and  inciden- 
tally to  learn  something  of  the  country. 
Facunda  Melgares  was  the  last  governor  under 
the  Spanish  regime,  and  was  succeeded  July  5, 
1822,  by  Francisco  Xavier  Chaves,  the  first 
governor  under  the  Republic  of  Mexico. 
Chaves  was  the  father  of  a  large  family  of 
boys,  two  of  whom — Mariano  and  Jose — sub- 
sequently served  as  governors  of  the  Territory; 
another  son  was  a  member  of  Congress. 
Among  the  first  acts  of  the  administration  of 
Governor  Chaves  was  the  enactment  of  a 
public-school  law,  the  schools  to  be  estab- 
lished '  as  soon  as  possible,  according  to 
the  circumstances  of  the  community;'  and  a 
special  feature  of  his  administration  was  the 
encouragement  of  trade  with  the  East. 

''In  1821  Captain  Beckwith  and  four  men, 
while  on  a  trading  excursion  with  the  Coman- 
ches,  fell  in  with  a  party  of  Mexican  rangers 
and  accompanied  them  to  Sante  Fe.  Dispos- 
ing of  his  small  stock  at  large  profits,  this  In- 
dian trader  confidently  returned  at  once,  and 
alone,  to  St.  Louis,  and  in  May  of  the  next 
year,  accompanied  by  Col.  Cooper  and  thirty 
men,  and  $5,000  in  merchandise,  returned  by 
way  of  Taos  to  Sante  Fe.  Thus,  in  the  sum- 
mer of  1822,  following  the  liberal  policy  that 
came  with  the  Republic,  also  came  the  virtual 
establishment  of  the  overland  trade  between 
the  United  States  and  Mexico,  having  Taos 
first  and  Santa  Fe  afterward  as  the  port  of 
entry  and  the  great  distributing  point  for 
Chihuahua,  Durango  and  all  northern  Mexico. 
Thus,  with  Mexican  liberality  came  toleration, 
the  establishment  of  direct  commercial  rela- 
tions with  the  United  States,  and  the  substan- 
tial progress  over  the  ascetic  and  oppressive 
methods  of  Spanish  rule. 

"  The  prisoners  arrested  as  spies  in  1812 
having  been  released,  McKnight  engaged  with 
Andrew  Curcier,  a  Chihuahua  merchant,  in 
working  the  Santa  Rita  copper  mines,  of  our 
Grant  county,  while  Beard  and  Chambers  im- 
mediately returned  to  St.  Louis,  and  late  in 


HISTORY  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


1822  started  for  Santa  Fe  with  a  train  of  mer- 
chandise. They  were  caught  in  a  violent  snow- 
storm at  the  Arkansas  crossing,  near  what  is 
now  known  as  Dodge  City,  and  lost  their  ani- 
mals. Nothing  daunting  our  courageous  trad- 
ers, the  at  once  proceeded  to  cache  (bury)  their 
goods  and  then  went  to  Taos,  where  a  new 
stock  of  animals  was  obtained,  and  with  them 
the  cached  goods  were  brought  to  Santa  Fe 
the  following  spring  and  disposed  of  at  liberal 
profits,  despite  the  great  delay  and  expense  at- 
tending the  transportation. 

"Up  to  1824  all  goods  had  been  trans- 
ported upon  pack  animals:  this  year  heavy 
freight  wagons  were  introduced  from  Pittsburg, 
Pennsylvania,  and  thus  came  to  the  front  the 
'  prairie  schooner. ' 

"Franklin,  now  Booneville,  upon  the  Mis- 
souri river,  900  miles  away,  was  in  1832  made 
an  outfitting  point  for  caravans  engaged  in  the 
Santa  Fe  trade.  This  remained  only  a  few 
years,  as  Independence,  a  point  379  miles  from 
St.  Louis,  up  the  river,  superseded  the  point 
lower  down  the  river  about  1832,  and  main- 
tained the  trade  for  many  years,  and  until 
Westport  Landing  (Kansas  City)  came  in  suc- 
cessful competition  in  1848. 

"The  first  caravan  of  wheeled  vehicles  to 
cross  the  plains  was  brought  to  Taos  in  1824 
by  Colonel  Marmaduke,  of  Missouri,  and  con- 
sisted of  eighty  men,  twenty-five  wagons  and 
teams,  and  $30,000  in  merchandise,  besides  a 
number  of  pack  animals.  The  same  year 
James  O.  Pattie,  of  Kentucky,  author  of  the 
'  Narrative '  bearing  his  name,  came  with  a 
party  of  trappers  to  the  Territory  by  the  way 
of  the  Platte  river.  The  party  were  attacked 
by  the  Indians  as  they  came  near  the  moun- 
tains and  lost  their  goods.  Tarrying  for  a  time 
at  Santa  Fe,  they  obtained  permits  from  Gov- 
ernor Bartolome  Baca,  and  proceeded  to  the 
Gila  river,  and  for  several  months  were  en- 
gaged in  trapping.  The  party  finally  reached 
the  Pacific  coast,  where,  after  numerous  ad- 
ventures and  hairbreadth  escapes  from  Indians 
and  Mexicans,  the  older  Pattie,  father  of  the 
author,  died.  Mr.  Pattie  also  visited  northern 


and  central  Mexico,  and  upon  his  return  home 
published  his  narrative,  giving  one  of  the 
earlier  and  interesting  accounts  of  the  country 
and  of  his  adventures. 

"  Following  the  establishment  of  the  over- 
land trade,  came  in  quick  succession  the  Anglo- 
American  pioneers  who  have  so  prominently 
figured  in  the  history  and  development  of  the 
Territory.  Thus,  in  1824,  among  others  came 
Charles  Beaubien,  one  of  the  three  first  judges 
under  the  succeeding  regime;  Antoine  Robi- 
deaux,  trapper  and  merchant;  Henry  Connelly, 
merchant,  and  governor,  in  1861-5;  Gervacio 
Nolan  and  Ewing  Young,  a  trader  at  Taos.  In 
1826-8  came  Kit  Carson,  trapper,  guide  and 
soldier;  Charles  Conklin,  Hugh  Stevenson, 
David  J.  Waldo,  merchant  at  Taos  and  prefect 
of  the  county;  John  Sculley,  a  merchant  at 
Santa  Fe;  and  Colonel  James  L.  Collins,  a 
trader. 

"In  1830-1  came  Charles  Bent,  the  first 
governor  under  the  United  States,  and  ap- 
pointed as  such  by  General  Kearny.  He  was 
killed  in  the  insurrection  of  1847.  Colonel  St. 
Vraine,  and  the  old  trappers  Fitzpatrick  and 
Bridger  also  appear,  and  Josiah  Gregg,  the 
author  of  '  Commerce  of  the  Prairies, '  the  same 
year  brought  into  Santa  Fe  his  first  caravan. 
Gregg  started  out  a  consumptive  in  a  desperate 
stage,  and  upon  his  first  trip  so  far  regained 
his  health  that  he  engaged  in  the  trade  con- 
tinuously for  several  years. 

"In  1842  Bent  and  St.  Vraine  engaged  in 
trade  at  Taos,  the  outfitting  of  trappers  being 
their  chief  business.  The  same  year  Albert 
Pike,  subsequently  an  eminent  Mason,  visited 
Santa  Fe,  coining  by  a  new  trail  from  the 
State  of  Arkansas  direct;  also  there  came  Levi 
J.  Keithly,  member  of  the  legislature  in  1851, 
still  (1885)  living  at  Las  Vegas;  also  Lawrence 
L.  Waldo,  who  was  killed  at  Mora  in  the  in- 
surrection of  1847;  he  was  the  father  of  the 
late  Chief  Justice  Waldo. 

"  In  1835  came  Richard  Dallum,  merchant; 
Stephen  Lee,  a  distiller,  killed  in  the  insurrec- 
tion at  Taos;  and  the  venerable  Samuel  B. 
Watrous,  a  ranchman,  still  (1885)  residing  at 


HISTORT  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


37 


the  railway  station  in  Mora  county  bearing  his 
name.  Mr.  Watrous  first  settled  at  the  new 
placers  in  Santa  Fe  county. 

"The  Rev.  Antonio  Jose  Martinez,  a 
Mexican  philanthropist,  who  established  a 
school  at  Taos,  in  1826,  was  subsequently 
made  vicar  of  Taos.  The  same  year  he 
brought  to  the  Territory  the  first  printing 
office,  and  published  his  own  school-books  and 
the  first  newspaper  ever  printed  west  of  St. 
Louis.  Colonel  Albino  Perez,  of  the  Mexican 
army,  and  recognized  for  his  culture  and 
ability,  was  appointed  governor  of  New 
Mexico  at  this  time. 

' '  Taxes,  as  we  know,  are  inseparable  from 
all  well  regulated  governments.  In  the  en- 
forcement of  a  new  revenue  system,  the  op- 
ponents, including  a  predecessor  of  Governor 
Perez,  jealous  and  hostile,  found  a  fertile  ex- 
cuse for  inspiring  and  organizing  an  opposition, 
which,  whether  intended  or  not,  early  in  Aug- 
ust of  1837,  culminated  in  a  formidable  revo- 
lution and  in  the  assassination  of  the  governor 
and  principal  officers,  besides  other  persons. 
A  public  meeting  was  held  a  few  days  later  in 
the  interest  of  order,  at  which  a  number  of 
prominent  citizens  were  present.  Loyalty  to 
the  home  government  was  declared,  and  a 
provisional  governor  elected  in  the  person  of 
Jose  Gonzales,  a  man  of  great  popularity,  as- 
serted by  some  to  have  been  a  Pueblo  Indian. 
A  committee  was  appointed  to  prepare  an  ad- 
dress and  to  proceed  in  person  to  present  the 
same  to  the  supreme  government.  In  the 
meantime,  as  resolved,  all  were  to  yield  obedi- 
ence to  Governor  Gonzales  until  such  time  as 
the  committee  should  report. 

"Governor  Manuel  Armijo,  one  of  the 
committee,  who  ten  years  before  had  served 
for  a  time  as  governor,  proceeded  to  organize 
against  the  provisional  government,  and  in 
January,  1838,  appeared  at  Santa  Fe  in  force 
and  drove  Gonzales  from  the  capitol.  Follow- 
ing the  retreating  governor,  the  latter  was 
overtaken  and  captured  at  Santa  Cruz  by 
Armijo,  and  summarily  shot,  a  half-hour  being 
allowed  for  confession.  Armijo  having  ef- 


fected his  coup  d'etat,  then  assumed  the 
office  of  governor,  and  finally  succeeded 
in  having  himself  appointed.  He  gave  sta- 
bility to  the  government,- — at  least  it  was 
free  from  revolt, — and  held  the  office  most 
of  the  time  up  to  the  occupation  by  the 
United  States,  at  which  time  he  retreated 
with  a  few  soldiers  to  Mexico.  In  1848  he 
was  captured  near  Chihuahua  by  General 
Price,  and  paroled,  after  which  he  returned  to 
his  home  at  Limitar,  where  he  remained  until 
his  death,  in  1854.  He  was  married,  but  had 
no  children  except  an  adopted  daughter. 
There  was  a  numerous  family  of  brothers  and 
sisters,  some  of  whom,  with  their  descendants, 
still  reside  in  Bernalillo  county.  They  are 
generally  intelligent  and  influential  people, 
frequently  called  to  positions  of  trust.  Several 
of  the  brothers  and  descendants  are  wealthy. 

""The  governors  of  the  Territory  during 
the  Mexican  regime  not  otherwise  named,  were 
Alejo  Garcia  Conde  (Mexican  boundary  com- 
missioner in  1850)  ad  interim;  Antonio  Vis- 
cari,  who  effected  a  treaty  with  the  Navajo 
Indians  about  1825;  Antonio  Narbona,  a  Can- 
adian by  birth;  Santiago  Abreu,  who,  with  his 
brother  Ramon,  was  killed  in  the  insurrection 
of  1.837.  The  Abreus  were  members  of  the 
Masonic  fraternity,  and  are  spoken  of  as  good 
men,  liberal  and  progressive.  A  number  of 
their  descendants,  who  reside  in  the  northern 
counties,  are  good  citizens.  Francisco  Sarra- 
cino  was  governor  in  1833-5,  and  resided  near 
Albuquerque  until  his  death,  in  1850.  Antonio 
Sandoval,  Pedro  Munyoz  and  Mariano  Martinez, 
each  acted  as  governor  for  a  few  months,  be- 
tween 1840  and  1845. 

"During  1837-9  John  A.  Sutter,  of  Cali- 
fornia gold  fame,  and  William  S.  Meservy,  ap- 
pear, engaged  in  the  Santa  Fe  trade.  Meservy 
was  secretary  of  the  Territory,  in  1853-4,  and 
governor  also  in  the  latter  year;  and  while  in 
that  office  he  was  specially  active  in  organizing 
and  contributing  Territorial  militia  in  the  war 
upon  the  Jicarilla  Apaches,  and  in  the  end 
made  the  punishment  of  the  Indians  effective, 
which  ever  afterward  also  proved  effective. 


HISTORY  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


"  In  the  '405,  previous  to  the  Anglo-Ameri- 
can occupation,  there  came  to  New  Mexico 
many  who  will  be  readily  remembered  by  all 
old  residents,  some  of  whom  are  still  living  in 
the  Territory,  and  nearly  all  of  whom  were  en- 
gaged in  merchandising.  Among  these  were 
Lucien  B.  Maxwell,  trapper,  hunter  and  trader, 
and  of  land-grant  fame;  Reuben  Gentry,  mer- 
chant at  Santa  Fe;  Joab  Houghton,  the  first 
chief  justice  of  the  supreme  court;  Eugene 
Leitensdorfer,  S.  J.  Spiegelberg,  James  and 
Samuel  McGoffin,  James  L.  Johnson,  Henry 
O'Neil,  Ennis  J.  Vaughn,  merchant  at  New 
Placers,  and  the  first  sheriff  of  Santa  Fe  coun- 
ty; James  J.  Webb,  Preston  Beck,  Samuel 
Wethered,  Peter  Joseph,  most  of  whom  were 
engaged  in  the  Santa  Fe  trade;  and  F.  X.  Au- 
brey, guide  and  trapper,  came  during  these 
years.  He  will  be  remembered  as  winning  a 
wager  of  $10,000  that  he  could  ride  on  horse- 
back from  Santa  Fe  to  the  Missouri  river  within 
six  days.  Colonel  John  C.  Fremont  also  visit- 
ed Santa  Fe  in  the  '403.  In  1841-2  the  Texas- 
Santa  Fe  expedition,  under  General  McLeod, 
of  the  Texas  army  took  place.  Their  capture 
and  march  to  the  City  of  Mexico,  by  order  of 
Governor  Armijo,  formed  an  exciting  episode 
in  the  history  of  Texas. 

"August  19,  1846,  occurred  the  Anglo- 
American  occupation  of  New  Mexico,  the  old 
Adobe  Palace,  the  capitol  building  of  the  old 
Spanish  and  Mexican  regime,  being  formally 
surrendered  by  Acting  Governor  Juan  Bautiste 
Vigil  y  Alarid  to  General  Stephen  W.  Kearny, 
commanding  the  United  States  forces,  without 
shedding  a  drop  of  blood  or  the  firing  of  a 
musket.  For  this  peaceable  occupation,  much 
is  due  to  the  practicable  spirit  and  influence 
exercised  by  Don  Donaciana  Vigil,  in  accept- 
ing the  inevitable.  Vigil  was  appointed  the 
first  secretary,  and  the  second  governor  of 
the  Territory.  The  only  force  showing  any 
opposition  was  that  under  General  Manuel 
Armijo,  stationed  at  Apache  canyon,  which, 
upon  the  approach  of  General  Kearny,  dis- 
persed and  returned  to  their  homes,  General 
Armijo,  with  a  small  command,  as  before 


stated,  retreating  down  the  Rio  Grande  to  Old 
Mexico." 

During  the  period  from  1823  to  1846  the 
principal  points  in  the  career  of  New  Mexico 
may  be  summarized  as  follows: 

1823:  Vizcarra,  Chavez  and  Baca,  govern- 
ors. Treaty  of  peace  with  the  Navajos. 

1824:  Baca,  governor.  New  Mexico,  a 
province  of  the  Estado  del  Norte,  and  a  Ter- 
ritory from  July.  Beginning  of  the  Santa  Fe 
trade  and  first  use  of  wagons.  United  States 
overtures  to  Mexico. 

1825:  Baca  and  Narbona,  governors.  Sur- 
vey of  a  United  States  road  for  the  Santa  Fe 
trade  begun.  Navajos  again  troublesome. 

1826:  Narbona,  governor.  Mexican  de- 
cree for  increase  of  military  force. 

1827:     Narbona  and  Armijo,  governors. 

1828:  Armijo,  Vizcarra  and  Chavez,  gov- 
ernors. Under  the  Mexican  law  expelling  Span- 
iards, according  to  one  historian,  all  the  friars 
were  forced  to  depart  except  two,  Albino  and 
Castro,  who,  by  reason  of  their  extreme  age 
and  by  the  payment  of  $500  each,  were  per- 
mitted to  remain.  It  is  also  stated  that  many 
of  the  expelled  Spaniards  came  to  the  United 
States  with  the  Santa  Fe  caravans  of  1828-9. 
Discovery  of  the  old  gold  placers. 

1829:  Chavez,  governor.  Proposition  of 
John  D.  Bradburn  to  navigate  the  Rio  Grande 
and  colonize  New  Mexico  declined  by  the  Mex- 
ican government.  Bent's  fort,  on  the  Arkansas, 
built. 

1830:  Chavez,  governor.  New  decree  for 
the  establishment  of  a  bishopric,  but  nothing 
further  done.  Communication  with  California 
opened  by  Baca  and  Ewing  Young. 

1831:  Chavez  and  Abreu,  governors.  Wolf- 
skill,  Jackson  and  Young  visit  California. 

1832:  Abreu,  governor.  Publication  of  a 
meritorious  little  work  describing  the  resources 
and  possibilities  of  New  Mexico.  Fr.  Juan 
Felipe  Ortiz,  vicar-general  of  New  Mexico. 

1833:  Sarracino,  governor.  Visit  of  the 
bishop  of  Durango,  whose  reception  is  described 
as  very  enthusiastic. 

1834:      Sarracino     and     Ortiz,    governors. 


HIS  TORT  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


39 


Grand  demonstration  of  civil  and  military  au- 
thorities on  August  i,  in  favor  of  Santa  Anna 
and  pronunciamento  of  Cuernavaca. 

1835:  Sarracino,  Chavez  and  Perez,  gov- 
ernors. First  newspaper  in  New  Mexico,  El 
Crepuculo,  published  at  Taos  by  Padre  Mar- 
tinez, for  four  weeks.  Founding  of  Las  Vegas. 
The  Mora  grant.  War  with  the  Navajos. 

1836:  Perez,  governor.  Under  the  new 
central  system  New  Mexico  was  to  be  a  depart- 
ment, and  the  ruler  a  governor  instead  of  polit- 
ical chief. 

1837:  Perez,  Gonzalez  and  Munoz,  gov- 
ernors. Revolution,  described  more  at  length 
elsewhere.  Fatal  typhoid  epidemic,  which, 
with  the  smallpox  following,  carried  off  one- 
tenth  of  the  inhabitants  in  1840.  Custom- 
house opened  at  Taos. 

1838:  Arrnijo,  governor  to  1844.  Trouble 
between  the  Americans  and  the  governor  in 
1838-9  on  account  of  the  murder  of  a  man 
named  Daley. 

1839:  New  Mexico  made  a  separate  Co- 
mandancia  General.  Discovery  of  the  new 
gold  placers. 

1840:  Foreigners  in  trouble  on  account  of 
the  "accidental  "  murder  of  a  Mexican. 

1841:  Sandoval,  acting  governor.  Texan- 
Santa  Fe  invasion  of  1841-2,  resulting  in 
disaster. 

1842:  Settlement  of  La  Junta.  Treaty 
with  Mescalero  Apaches. 

1 843-5 :  Continued  troubles  with  the  Tex- 
ans. 

1844:  Martinez,  acting  governor.  De- 
structive fire  at  Santa  Fe. 

1845:  Chavez  and  Armijo,  governors. 
Pronunciamento  of  the  governor  in  favor  of 
Santa  Anna. 

1846:  Armijo  and  Vigil,  governors.  Oc- 
cupation of  New  Mexico  by  the  United  States. 

During  the  period  above  comprised,  the  In- 
dians, especially  the  Navajos  and  Apaches, 
continued  to  be  somewhat  troublesome,  but 
there  was  no  great  outbreak.  The  govern- 
ment of  New  Mexico  continued  to  be,  at  least 
nominally,  at  peace  with  all  the  tribes,  and 


found  it  to  their  interest  to  continue  their  sys- 
tem of  treaties  and  bribes.  History  concern- 
ing these  raids  and  repulses  is  very  meager,  but 
doubtless  there  were  many  interesting  episodes 
and  romantic  experiences. 

A  sort  of  revolution  took  place  in  New- 
Mexican  affairs  in  1837-8,  consisting,  in  its 
essential  principle,  of  a  rising  against  central- 
ism and  the  new  constitution  of  Mexico.  Di- 
rect taxation  was  the  exciting  cause,  but.  ac- 
cording to  a  chief  characteristic  of  human 
nature,  other  points  would  be  brought  up  in 
issue  during  the  progress  of  the  contest. 

In  1836  the  revenue  officials  were  arrested 
for  peculation  and  were  brought  to  trial  before 
the  district  court.  Two  of  the  judges  were  ac- 
cused of  being  accomplices  and  not  allowed  to 
sit  in  judgment;  but  the  other  judge,  Juan 
Estevan  Pino,  found  the  accused  guilty,  where- 
upon Governor  Perez  took  the  case  out  of 
court  and  restored  the  administrador  de  rentas 
to  his  place,  which  had  been  temporarily  filled 
by  Manuel  Armijo.  The  latter,  moved  chiefly 
by  ambition,  but  also  by  dissatisfaction  at  hav- 
ing been  removed  from  his  situation  as  custom- 
house officer,  is  held  by  historians  as  responsi- 
ble for  instigating  the  revolt,  in  which  his  lead- 
ing associates  were  Pino  and  Juan  Rafael  Ortiz. 
Also,  the  spirit  of  unrest  in  Texas,  caused  by 
the  introduction  of  people  from  the  United 
States,  had  doubtless  its  influence  upon  the  ex- 
citable and  rebellious  element  in  New  Mexico. 
"  Americans,"  happening  to  be  passing  or  so- 
journing in  this  Territory,  would  naturally  en- 
courage criticism  of  the  Mexican  government 
and  thus  fan  the  flame. 

The  first  overt  act  of  this  insurrection  was 
the  release  by 'a  mob  of  an  imprisoned  alcalde 
in  a  northern  town.  A  large  crowd,  composed 
in  great  part  of  pueblo  Indians,  soon  assembled 
at  La  Canyada,  where,  on  the  3d  of  August, 
the  scheme  of  the  insurgents  was  published, 
the  practical  points  in  which  was  resistance  to 
the  "departmental  plan"  and  to  all  taxation; 
but  three  of  the  five  articles  of  their  platform 
were  mere  platitudes  concerning  God,  country 
and  liberty,  accompanied  with  the  usual  resolu- 


4o 


HISTORY   OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


tions  to  ' '  spill  every  drop  of  blood,  if  neces- 
sary,"  in  the  sacred  cause. 

Governor  Perez,  with  all  the  force  he  could 
raise,  —  about  150  militia,  the  presidial  com- 
pany not  appearing, — marched  northward  and 
met  the  foe  at  the  mesa  of  San  Ildefonso;  but 
most  of  his  men  passed  over  to  the  rebels, 
and  he  was  obliged  to  flee  with  about  twenty- 
five  companions,  first  to  Santa  Fe,  and  almost 
immediately  from  that  place.  Within  a  few 
days,  and  at  different  points,  the  party  break- 
ing up  for  self-preservation,  the  governor  and 
a  dozen  or  more  of  his  associates  were  killed, 
the  head  of  Perez  being  carried  as  a  trophy  to 
the  insurgent  headquarters,  and  the  bodies  of 
Santiago  Abreu  and  others  being  barbarously 
mutilated. 

The  insurrectionists  took  possession  of 
Santa  Fe  on  August  the  gth  or  loth,  but  com- 
mitted no  excesses  beyond  the  confiscation 
of  the  property  of  the  victims.  They  elected 
Jose  Gonzalez,  a  pueblo  Indian  of  Taos,  as 
governor  pro  tcinfore,  until  such  time  as  the 
committee  appointed  to  prepare  and  present 
an  address  to  the  supreme  government,  could 
report.  Manuel  Armijo,  characteristic  of  Mexi- 
can nature,  being  a  member  of  this  committee 
and  not  being  preferred  as  governor,  decided 
to  take  vengeance  as  an  insurgent  against  the 
insurgents,  Issued  a  proclamation  at  Tome  on 
the  8th  of  September,  and,  raising  a  force,  with 
the  aid  of  Curate  Madariaga,  marched  to  the 
capital  to  "suffocate  the  rebellion."  Gonza- 
lez retired  up  the  river,  and  Armijo  easily  made 
himself  recognized  as  governor  and  coman- 
dante  general.  What  occurred  as  a  sequel 
here  is  scarcely  known,  as  the  data  of  history 
are  meager  and  obscure;  but  at  all  events  the 
rebels  seemed  to  be  held  at  bay  by  a  truce 
until  additional  forces  arrived  from  the  supreme 
government  and  loyal  peace  was  restored.  At 
remote  points  from  Santa  Fe,  however,  rebel- 
lious sympathies  and  feeble  efforts  to  organize 
and  operate  continued.  For  example,  at  or 
near  La  Canyada,  they  engaged  in  battle  on 
January  27,  1838,  and  were  defeated.  Gon- 
zalez and  his  associates  were  captured  and 


shot,  and  Armijo,  in  recognition  of  his  services, 
was  given  the  rank  of  colonel,  and  confirmed 
for  eight  years  in  his  assumed  positions  of  gov- 
erner  and  comandante  general. 

As  to  the  magnitude  of  this  battle  it  is  re- 
ported that  the  government  troops  numbered 
582,  under  the  direct  command  of  Armijo; 
that  four  dragoons  were  killed  and  others 
wounded  in  an  ambush;  that  the  rebels  num- 
bered over  1,300,  and  lost  twenty  killed,  many 
wounded  and  eight  prisoners;  and  that  Antonio 
Vigil,  their  commander,  was  killed  in  the  first 
attack.  But  other  historians  deviate  at  some 
points  from  this  account. 

In  1841  Mirabeau  Lamar,  president  of  the 
Republic  of  Texas,  with  a  few  others,  advised 
an  expedition  to  New  Mexico,  with  the  view 
of  making  this  territory  a  part  of  that  realm. 
They  had  the  weakness  to  be  influenced  by 
malcontents  of  no  influence  from  this  Terri- 
tory, so  far  as  to  believe  that  the  people  here 
were  generally  anxious  to  rise  up  against  the 
Mexican  government  and  be  either  independent 
or  join  the  Republic  of  Texas.  The  Texans, 
too,  had  a  theory  that  according  to  their  treaty 
with  Mexico  they  had  a  right  to  this  section  of 
the  country,  although  remote  from  the  settle- 
ments near  the  gulf.  Several  hundred  miles 
of  desert  intervened  between  them  and  the  set- 
tlements here,  and  the  scheme  of  an  expedition 
to  this  remote  point  was  a  fearful  undertaking, 
opposed  from  the  start  by  nearly  all  the  lead- 
ing statesmen  of  Texas. 

In  the  spring  of  this  year  (1841)  Lamar 
fitted  out  an  expedition  of  about  300  men,  in 
six  companies,  under  the  command  of  Hugh 
McLeod,  as  brevet  brigadier  general.  Three 
commissioners  were  sent  along  with  them  to 
establish  Texan  authority  in  this  northwestern 
country,  well  provided  with  proclamations  ex- 
plaining the  advantages  of  the  proffered  free- 
dom; and  a  number  of  traders  and  travelers 
also  joined  them  in  quest  of  gain  or  adventure. 
The  commissioners  were  men  well  known  in 
Texas  history,  namely,  William  G.  Cooke, 
Jose  Antonio  Navarro  and  Richard  F.  Bren- 
ham.  According  to  one  historian,  the  purport 


HIS  TORT  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


of  the  proclamation  to  be  made  to  the  New 
Mexicans  was  that  the  expedition  was  sent  for 
the  purpose  of  trading,  and  that,  if  the  inhabit- 
ants were  not  disposed  to  join  peacefully  the 
Texan  standard,  the  expedition  was  to  retire 
immediately.  This  and  the  other  proclama- 
tions were  printed  in  both  English  and  Spanish, 
and  not  a  doubt  existed  that  the  liberal  terms 
offered  would  be  at  once  accepted  by  a  "  peo- 
ple living  within  the  limits  of  Texas,  who  had 
long  been  groaning  under  a  misrule  the  most 
tyranical." 

Although  so  peaceful  in  its  ostensible  in- 
tention, the  expedition,  comprising  warlike 
men  and  many  desperate  characters,  should 
have  been  known  by  its  leaders  that  it  would 
be  regarded  as  an  invading  force  and  would  be 
resisted  by  force  of  arms. 

This  force  left  Austin  in  June,  and  after  a 
tedious  and  exhausting  march  along  one  of  the 
worst  routes  in  the  country,  arrived  at  the  New 
Mexican  frontier  in  September,  thoroughly 
worn  out.  Mexico  was  ready  for  it,  and  easily 
suppressed  the  invasion.  Of  course  there  was 
some  disaffection  in  some  quarters  of  New 
Mexico,  but  the  masses  of  the  people  knew 
nothing  of  the  character  of  the  people  or  of 
the  government  they  were  invited  to  join,  and 
the  rulers  themselves  were  naturally  loyal  and 
under  every  obligation  to  do  their  utmost  to 
repel  every  armed  force  from  abroad.  All  for- 
eigners were  watched,  and  a  number  of  arrests 
were  made.  McLeod's  force,  now  about  2OO 
in  number,  finally  surrendered  to  Archuleta,  at 
Laguna  Colorada,  on  the  5th  of  October,  and 
on  the  1 6th  Armijo  was  given  a  public  and 
most  enthusiastic  reception  at  the  capital. 
The  next  day  the  prisoners  left  San  Miguel  on 
their  tedious  march  to  Mexico,  where  they  ar- 
rived in  several  divisions  early  next  year.  In 
April  a  few  were  released,  at  the  intercession 
of  foreign  ministers,  on  the  plea  that  they  were 
not  Texans  and  had  joined  the  expedition  with- 
out knowing  its  real  objects.  The  rest,  after 
a  confinement  at  different  Mexican  prisons, 
some  of  them  being  compelled  to  work  on  the 
roads  in  chains,  were  finally  released  by  Santa 


Anna,  June  13.  The  only  exception  was  Na- 
varro,  who  was  at  one  time  condemned  to  death, 
but  finally  escaped  and  returned  to  Texas.  As 
to  the  treatment  accorded  by  the  Mexicans  to 
the  prisoners,  from  the  original  capture  to  their 
release,  the  usual  charges  of  barbarity  have 
been  made  against  them,  but  how  far  they  are 
true  it  is  impossible  to  ascertain. 

The  Texans  were  naturally  disappointed  at 
the  signal  failure  of  their  expedition,  and  made 
vigorous  threats  of  vengeance  for  what  they  re- 
garded as  treachery  on  the  part  of  the  New 
Mexicans;  and  immediately  on  the  return  of 
the  captives,  in  1841,  began  to  make  prepara- 
tions to  carry  out  a  retaliatory  measure,  even 
invading  Mexico  to  effect  a  secession  of  Chihua- 
hua and  possibly  other  States.  For  this  pur- 
pose several  hundred  men  were  to  be  raised 
and  sent  forward  under  the  command  of  Colonel 
Jacob  Snively.  Such  was  the  feeling  among 
the  Texans,  especially  among  the  more  adven- 
turous and  desperate  class,  that  it  was  difficult 
to  keep  the  number  down  to  the  required  quota. 
Traders  at  Santa  Fe  immediately  made  known 
the  project,  and  the  Mexicans  were  again  on 
the  alert  in  due  time. 

But  this  great  "  patriotic  "  army  soon  re- 
duced itself  to  a  predatory  band  to  raid  on 
Santa  Fe  caravans.  Some  of  the  ruffians 
committed  unjustifiable  outrages  upon  inno- 
cent parties,  and  Snively's  force  was  soon  di- 
vided and  scattered.  With  only  about  180 
men  he  reached  the  Arkansas  late  in  May,  to 
lie  in  wait  for  the  traders.  The  caravan  of  the 
year,  composed  of  both  Mexicans  and  Ameri- 
cans, bound  to  Santa  Fe  from  Independence, 
was  approaching,  escorted  by  two  companies  of 
United  States  dragoons  under  Captain  Cooke; 
and  Governor  Armijo,  with  500  men  or  more, 
marched  from  the  capital  to  meet  the  caravan 
at  the  Arkansas.  On  June  igth  the  Texans 
succeeded  in  cutting  off  an  advance  party  of 
Armijo's  force,  about  100  militiamen  and  In- 
dians, killing  about  twenty  and  making  prison- 
ers of  the  rest,  excepting  one  or  two  who 
escaped  to  the  governor's  camp.  Ten  days 
later,  as  the  force  was  considered  too  small  to 


HISTORY  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


attack  Armijc,  and  as  it  was  thought  that  the 
caravan  might  have  turned  back  through  fear, 
about  eighty  of  the  Texans  started  homeward; 
but  Captain  Cooke  soon  came  up  and  forced 
one  detachment  of  the  remaining  100  to  give 
up  their  arms,  claiming  that  they  were  on 
United  States  ground.  About  fifty  now  started 
for  the  Missouri,  while  the  remainder,  failing 
to  agree  upon  any  course  of  action  until  the 
caravan  had  crossed  the  river  and  gone  on 
their  way  unmolested,  started  for  their  Texan 
homes,  losing  some  men  on  the  way  in  fights 
with  the  Indians. 

During  this  summer  the  Mexican  minister 
complained  that  the  United  States  Govern- 
ment was  responsible  for  the  so-called  Texan 
invasion,  but  without  specifying  any  admitted 
reason. 

As  we  should  give  more  information  as  to 
the  extent  and  character  of  Santa  Fe  trade 
and  of  the  famous  "Santa  Fe  trail,"  we  quote 
the  following  condensed  account  from  H.  H. 
Bancroft's  History  of  Arizona  and  New 
Mexico: 

"With  the  end  of  Spanish  rule  (in  1822) 
ceased  all  opposition  to  the  traffic  on  the  part 
of  Mexican  authorities,  and  a  profitable  market 
was  assured  for  goods  from  the  United  States. 
The  eastern  rendezvous  was  Franklin,  Mis- 
souri, down  to  1831,  and  later  Independence 
(now  an  eastern  suburb  of  Kansas  City). 
From  this  point  in  May  of  each  year  set  out 
the  trains,  or  caravans,  of  pack  animals  in 
1823,  but  subsequently  of  wagons,  drawn  at 
first  by  horses  and  mules,  but  later  by  mules 
or  oxen,  four  pairs  usually  to  each  wagon,  but 
sometimes  five  or  six  pairs,  with  a  load  of 
about  5,000  pounds.  Cotton  goods  were  the 
staple  articles  of  traffic,  but  there  was  also 
carried  a  miscellaneous  assortment  of  dry 
goods  and  hardware. 

' '  The  route,  of  over  800  miles,  lay  in  an 
almost  direct  line  west-south-west  to  San 
Miguel  del  Bado,  and  thence  northwest  to 
Santa  Fe,  nearly  corresponding  with  the  pres- 
ent line  of  the  great  Santa  Fe  railroad.  The 
arrival  of  the  caravan  at  Santa  Fe  was  gener- 


ally in  July,  and  the  return  departure  in  Au- 
gust. The  selling  price  of  goods  was  on  an 
average  about  double  the  cost,  and  at  this  rate 
was  for  a  time  sufficiently  low  to  control  the 
market  as  against  foreign  goods  imported  by 
way  of  Vera  Cruz  or  Chihuahua;  and  indeed  a 
large  portion  of  the  Missouri  goods  were  sent 
from  Santa  Fe  to  the  south  by  the  regular 
autumn  caravan.  Duties,  after  an  '  under- 
standing '  with  custom-house  officers,  were  from 
twenty-five  to  fifty  per  cent  of  cost,  and  the 
traders'  net  profit  was  as  a  rule  from  twenty  to 
forty  per  cent,  though  some  cargoes  were  sold 
at  a  loss.  The  goods  were  paid  for  mainly  in 
gold  or  silver  coin,  though  a  considerable  quan- 
tity of  furs  and  blankets  was  taken,  and  the 
wagons  were  sometimes  partly  laden  with  wpol, 
there  being  no  duty  on  exported  products." 

The  experiences,  pleasures  and  perils  con- 
nected with  these  great  journeys  must  have 
burnt  themselves  into  Ihe  memory  of  each 
trader  and  driver  with  so  great  intensity  as  to 
become  actually  burdensome;  but  they  have 
furnished  the  material  for  many  a  romantic 
tale,  and  could  have  furnished  a  hundred-fold 
more  than  have  actually  been  told. 

Quotation  continued:  "  Before  many  years 
Santa  Fe  merchants  of  the  Spanish  race  fitted 
out  regular  caravans  and  controlled  a  large 
portion  of  the  trade. 

"Freight  was  carried  by  pack  animals  till 
1824,  when  wagons  were  introduced,  as  an  ex- 
periment, and,  making  the  trip  without  serious 
difficulty,  were  used  exclusively  after  1825. 
These  first  wagons  seem  to  have  taken  the 
Taos  route,  which  is  described  by  Storrs  as 
follows:  From  Fort  Osage  west-south-west 
to  the  Arkansas;  up  the  Arkansas  north  of 
west  240  miles;  south  to  the  Citnarron;  up  the 
Cimarron  west  100  miles;  and  southwest  to 
Taos;  but  Gregg  implies  that  the  wagons 
reached  Santa  Fe,  while  his  map  shows  no 
route  to  Taos. 

"By  the  success  of  this  first  experiment 
with  wagons  was  attracted  the  attention  of 
wealthier  men  than  any  that  had  previously 
engaged  in  the  trade;  and  these  men  lost  no 


HISTORT  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


43 


time  in  bringing  the  matter  before  the  Govern- 
ment. Memorials  were  sent  to  Congress  by 
the  people  and  authorities  of  Missouri,  de- 
manding protection  for  the  new  industry,  by 
treaties  with  Indian  tribes,  the  marking  out  of 
a  new  road,  establishing  of  a  fort  on  the  Ar- 
kansas, and  the  appointment  of  agents  at  San- 
ta Fe  and  Chihuahua  to  prevent  extortion  in 
the  collection  of  duties.  Senator  Benton  took 
up  the  project  with  his  customary  zeal,  and 
laid  before  the  Senate  the  statement  of  Au- 
gustus Storrs  on  the  history  and  prospects 
of  the  prairie  commerce.  Finally,  in  Janu- 
ary, 1825,  a  bill  was  passed  authorizing  the 
marking  out  of  a  road,  and  appropriating 
$30,000  for  this  purpose,  and  that  of  obtain- 
ing the  Indians'  consent  to  the  road,  and  its 
unmolested  use.  The  only  objection  urged  in 
Congress  was  to  the  survey  of  a  road  in  Mexi- 
can territory. 

"The  New-Mexicans  were  not  less  eager 
than  the  Americans  for  the  protection  and  de- 
velopment of  trade;  and  in  June,  1825,  Manu- 
el Simon  Escudero,  of  Chihuahua,  was  com- 
missioned by  Governor  Baca  to  visit  St.  Louis 
and  Washington;  but  little  is  definitely  stated 
as  to  the  nature  and  results  of  this  mission. 
The  assurances  from  United  States  authorities 
were  encouraging.  The  same  year  a  treaty 
was  made  with  the  Osages  by  the  payment  of 
a  small  sum,  and  the  survey  of  the  road  was 
begun,  to  be  completed  from  Fort  Osage  to 
Taos  two  years  later.  The  route  was  partially 
marked  by  a  series  of  mounds.  But  it  does 
not  appear  that  the  traders  ever  made  use  of 
the  road  as  surveyed,  preferring  to  follow  the 
earlier  trail,  with  such  modifications  as  the  con- 
dition of  grass  and  water  suggested." 

Trade  grew,  and  the  caravans  made  their 
yearly  trips,  without  remarkable  adventures 
except  that  the  Indians  became  increasingly 
hostile,  and  the  smaller  parties,  especially  if 
insufficiently  armed  or  were  off  their  guard, 
were  frequently  captured,  or  at  least  robbed. 
Sometimes  a  massacre  would  take  place;  and 
after  two  or  three  cases  of  this  kind  occurred 
the  citizens  arrested  again  called  the  attention 


of  Congress  to  the  necessity  of  protection  to 
our  prairie  trade.  As  a  result  one  caravan  was 
escorted  to  the  Mexican  frontier. 

Oxen  were  first  used  in  1830,  by  the  trad- 
ers, the  experiment  having  been  successfully 
tried  the  year  before  by  a  Government  supply 
train.  Gregg  made  his  first  trip  in  1831. 

The  revolt  of  1837  did  some  injury  to  the 
American  traders,  since  the  property  of  their 
richest  customers  was  confiscated.  The  cus- 
tom-house at  Taos  was  opened  to  trade  in  1837. 
From  1838  the  Missouri  traders  secured  a  cus- 
tom-house on  the  Missouri  river,  with  the  priv- 
ilege of  drawback  and  debenture  for  foreign 
goods,  claiming  that  the  trade  had  constantly 
diminished  since  1828,  and  could  in  no  other 
way  be  restored.  A  bill  in  their  favor  was  not 
passed  till  1845. 

The  caravans  of  the  Santa  Fe  train  came  to 
Santa  Fe  and  were  all  unloaded  in  the  plaza, 
which  was  then  open  ground,  no  park  improve- 
ments having  been  made. 

In  1839  an  attempt  was  made  by  Mexicans, 
with  the  aid  of  H.  Connelly,  an  American 
merchant,  to  divert  the  course  of  trade  from 
Santa  Fe  to  Chihuahua  direct.  A  caravan  of 
100  men  made  the  trip  through  Texas,  and  re- 
turned to  Chihuahua,  in  1840,  without  any  se- 
rious casualty;  but  the  attempt  was  not  re- 
peated, on  account  of  the  heavy  expenses  and 
fears  of  disastrous  experiences.  During  this 
period,  also,  Armijo  tried  for  a  short  time  the 
experiment  of  collecting  as  duties  $500  on 
each  wagon-load  of  goods;  but  the  size  of  the 
wagons  that  began  to  be  used  soon  induced 
him  to  return  to  the  ad-valorem  system. 

August  7,  1843,  f°r  military  reasons,  Santa 
Anna  closed  the  custom-house  at  Taos,  thus 
putting  an  end  to  the  Santa  Fe  trade  and  cre- 
ating considerable  disappointment  and  disgust 
both  at  Santa  Fe  and  in  Missouri.  At  that 
time  Gregg  remarked  that  if  the  obnoxicrus  de- 
cree were  repealed  trade  would  be  renewed 
with  greater  vigor  than  ever;  and,  sure  enough, 
almost  before  it  had  gone  into  effect,  on  March 
31,  1844,  it  was  repealed,  and  in  1844-6  trade 
was  carried  on  as  great  as  ever,  though  the  net 


44 


HISTORY  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


profits  had  been  constantly  diminishing  for  fif- 
teen years. 

The  celebrated  John  A.  Sutter.  of  Califor- 
nia-gold-discovery fame,  was  a  trader  in  Santa 
Fe  in  1835-7,  while  on  his  way  to  ghe  Golden 
State.  In  1841  the  Workman-Rowland  party 
took  many  foreign  and  native  New  Mexicans  to 
southern  California.  In  1842  a  large  trading 
party  under  Vigil  comprised  about  twenty 
families  in  search  of  homes,  most  of  whom  re- 
turned to  settle  in  the  San  Bernardino  region. 

During  this  period,  1822-46,  there  was  but 
little  change  in  the  local  industries  of  New 
Mexico.  There  was  an  apparent  decrease  in  a 
few  lines,  especially  in  sheep  husbandry,  but  it 
is  impossible  to  determine  this,  as  the  earlier 
records  are  so  unreliable,  thereby  preventing  a 
satisfactory  comparison.  In  mining  nothing 
marked  occurred:  no  silver  mines  were  worked 
at  all. 

In  educational  matters  a  slight  increase  of 
interest  is  observed.  A  college  was  talked  of, 
some  primary  schools  were  kept  at  several  of 
the  towns,  etc.,  but  in  1834  there  was  no 
school  at  Santa  Fe.  In  1834  a  printing-press 
was  brought  into  the  country,  and  with  it,  as 
already  noted,  in  1835,  Padre  Martinez  issued 
for  four  weeks,  at  Taos,  the  Crepusculo.  The 
missions  continued  along  in  the  old  ruts, 
every  feature  of  them  being  merely  formal  or 
nominal. 

By  the  year  1 846  there  were  probably  in 
New  Mexico  a  population  of  about  80,000 
whites,  >and  about  9,000  pueblo  Indians. 

We  have  now  arrived  at  the  period  of  the 
Mexican  war,  1846-8,  which  resulted  in  the 
segregation  of  New  Mexico  and  other  portions 
from  the  old  country  of  Mexico.  This  war 
was  inaugurated,  in  fact,  by  the  Texans,  whose 
rights  had  been  often  and  seriously  trampled 
upon  by  the  Mexican  government,  first  when 
Texas 'was  a  part  of  the  mother  country,  and 
afterward  while  it  was  an  independent  Repub- 
lic, 1836-46. 

The  "Army  of  the  West"  was  organized 
at  Fort  Leavenworth,  under  Colonel  Stephen 
W.  Kearny,  on  the  part  of  the  United  States, 


to  occupy  the  broad  territory  stretching  from 
New  Mexico  to  California  inclusive,  and  also 
to  act  in  co-operation  with  other  armies  further 
south.  The  advance  division  of  Kearny's  force 
consisted  of  300  regulars  under  Major  Edwin 
V.  Sumner,  which  was  a  regiment  of  mounted 
volunteers  called  out  by  Governor  Edwards,  of 
Missouri,  for  this  campaign,  and  commanded 
by  Colonel  Alexander  W.  Doniphan,  and  five 
additional  companies  of  volunteers.  A  second 
and  a  reserve  division  comprised  another  regi- 
ment of  Missouri  volunteers  under  Colonel 
Sterling  Price,  besides  two  battalions.  In  the 
advance  division  were  1,700  men,  and  in  the 
reserve  1,800. 

The  advance  army  left  Fort  Leavenworth 
in  June,  1846,  and  their  long  supply  train  of 
over  1,000  mules  was  soon  augmented  by  the 
400  wagons  of  the  annual  Santa  Fe  caravan. 
After  a  tedious  march  across  the  plains  they 
arrived  at  Bent's  Fort  on  the  Arkansas.  From 
this  fort  Lieutenant  Decourcy  was  sent  with  a 
detachment  of  twenty  men  to  Taos  to  learn 
the  disposition  of  the  people,  and  they  reported 
that  a  resistance  might  be  expected  at  any 
point.  Similiar  reports  had  been  previvously 
received. 

From  Bent's  Fort  Captain  Cooke  also, 
with  twelve  picked  men,  was  sent  in  advance, 
ostensibly  to  effect  a  treaty  with  Governor 
Armijo  for  the  peaceful  submission  of  eastern 
New  Mexico,  but  really  to  escort  James  Ma- 
goffin,  the  true  ambassador,  on  a  secret  mis- 
sion to  Santa  Fe.  It  was  indeed  a  hazardous 
undertaking  to  send  an  army  of  only  i ,  700  men 
a  thousand  miles  across  the  plains  amid  hostile 
savages  to  invade  a  country  as  populous  and 
well  fortified  as  was  New  Mexico.  American 
traders  had  so  long  and  so  uniformally  insisted 
at  Washington  that  the  inhabitants,  by  trade, 
had  become  so  familiar  with  the  people  of  the 
United  States,  and  so  friendly  disposed  toward 
them,  that  little  or  no  resistance  would  be 
made  to  the  approach  of  Kearny's  army,  and 
that  this  expedition  would  occupy  rather  than- 
conquer  New  Mexico. 

Magoffin,  named   by  the  Spanish  of   New 


HISTORY  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


45 


Mexico  Don  Santiago,  was  a  Kentuckian  of 
Irish  ancestry,  a  man  of  wealth  long  known  in 
the  Santa  Fe  trade,  and  had  many  acquaint- 
ances and  friends  in  that  country  as  well  as  in 
this.  He  was  a  lover  of  wine  and  could  speak 
the  Spanish  language  well.  At  Washington  he 
was  introduced  by  Senator  Benton  to  the  presi- 
dent of  the  United  States,  James  K.  Polk,  and 
to  the  secretary  of  war;  and  at  the  request  of 
these  three  gentlemen  he  (Magoffin)  agreed  to 
accompany  the  expedition  to  Santa  Fe,  pro- 
fessing his  ability  to  prevent  any  armed  resist- 
ance on  the  part  of  Governor  Armijo  and  his 
officers. 

Cooke's  party  arrived  at  Santa  Fe  August 
12,  and  were  hospitably  received  by  the  gov- 
ernor, who  seemed  to  think  that  the  approach 
of  the  army  was  rather  rapid.  In  return  he 
sent  Dr.  Connelly  back  with  Cooke.  In  the 
meantime  Magoffin  persuaded  Arrnijo  to  make 
no  defense  at  Apache  canyon,  a  strategic  point 
on  the  way  to  Santa  Fe;  but  with  Archuleta, 
the  second  in  command,  he  had  more  difficulty; 
however,  by  appealing  to  his  ambition,  sug- 
gesting that  he  could  have  the  command  of 
western  New  Mexico,  against  which  Kearny 
had  no  designs,  he  at  length  overcame  his  ob- 
jections also,  and  thus  secured  an  open  road 
for  the  army.  It  is  probable,  however,  as  the 
historian  Bancroft  suggests,  that  not  so  much 
of  this  success  is  due  Magoffin  as  the  above 
simple  narration  of  facts  would  imply,  for  there 
were  evidently  other  agencies  at  work  in  the 
same  direction. 

Armijo,  in  order  to  preserve  his  credit  as  a 
Mexican  officer,  made  a  show  of  resistence  by 
calling  for  a  number  of  volunteers  to  join  their 
little  regular  army,  but  no  fighting  was  done, 
as  it  was  now  indeed  too  late  to  go  to  battle  at 
the  best  advantage.  He  went  out  toward  Apache 
canyon  with  the  avowed  intention  of  meeting 
the  enemy;  but,  on  the  last  day,  in  conse- 
quence of  differences  of  opinion  between  the 
general  and  his  officers,  the  former  dismissed 
the  auxiliaries  to  their  homes,  and  with  his 
presidial  troops  retreated  to  the  south  by  way 
of  Galisteo,  near  which  place  he  left  his  can- 


non. Of  course  Armijo  was  blamed  by  some 
of  his  countrymen,  who  saw  that  he  was  not 
sufficiently  energetic. 

Kearny's  army  left  Bent's  Fort  August  2, 
proceeding  by  the  old  Santa  Fe  trail,  not  far 
from  the  present  Santa  Fe  railroad.  The  march 
was  a  tedious  one,  the  men  suffering  many 
privations.  The  season  being  unusually  dry, 
the  army  had  to  advance  in  several  divisions, 
by  different  routes,  in  order  to  utilize  the 
scanty  supply  of  grass  and  water.  Small  par- 
ties of  Mexican  scouts  were  frequently  cap- 
tured, or  came  voluntarily  into  camp,  and  after 
being  set  at  liberty  they  returned  to  the  Mexi- 
cans with  exaggerated  accounts  of  the  United 
States  forces,  and  taking  along  with  them  also 
copies  of  Kearny's  proclamation. 

At  the  principal  points  along  the  route 
Kearny,  by  this  time  brigadier  general,  made 
speeches  from  house-tops  absolving  the  people 
from  their  allegiance  to  Armijo  and  promising 
protection  to  the  life,  property  and  religion  of 
all  who  should  peacefully  submit;  and  the  al- 
calde, and  in  some  cases  the  militia  officers 
also,  were  induced  more  or  less  willingly  to 
take  the  oath  of  allegiance  to  the  United  States 
and  continue  in  office. 

On  arriving  at  San  Miguel  Kearny  learned 
of  the  flight  of  Armijo,  and  on  entering  the 
city  of  the  Holy  Faith  itself,  no  opposition 
whatever  was  encountered,  the  acting  gover- 
nor, Juan  B.  Vigil,  receiving  him  in  a  friendly 
manner.  The  United  States  flag  was  raised 
at  sunset  August  18.  General  Kearny  slept 
the  first  night  in  the  old  "  Palace,"  while  the 
army  encamped  on  an  eminence  in  the  vicinity. 

Thus  was  New  Mexico  "occupied,"  with- 
out the  shedding  of  blood,  in  fulfillment  of  the 
hopes  and  promises  of  those  zealous  Americans 
who  had  encouraged  the  invasion.  These 
events  took  place  while  General  Taylor  was  on 
his  way  with  his  army  to  capture  Monterey. 

The  next  day  the  general  assembled  the 
people  in  the  plaza  and  made  a  speech  to 
them,  through  an  interpreter.  Then  the  act- 
ing governor,  secretary,  alcaldes  and  other 
officials  took  the  required  oath  of  allegiance, 


46 


HISTORY  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


Governor  Vigil  also  delivering  a  brief  address 
and  reading  the  general's  earlier  proclama- 
tion. The  people  of  New  Mexico,  as  subjects 
of  the  United  States  Government,  were  as- 
sured full  protection  for  their  lives,  property 
and  religion  not  only  against  American  depre- 
dators but  also  against  the  Mexican  govern- 
ment and  Indian  foes.  Three  days  afterward 
he  issued  the  following  procalomation,  setting 
forth  fully  the  status  of  affairs: 

PROCLAMATION. 

As  by  the  act  of  the  Republic  of  Mexico  a 
state  of  war  e.xists  between  that  government 
and  the  United  States;  and  as  the  undersigned, 
at  the  head  of  his  troops,  on  the  i8th  took 
possession  of  Santa  Fe,  he  now  announces  his 
intention  to  hold  the  department,  with  its 
original  boundaries  (both  sides  of  the  Del 
Norte),  as  a  part  of  the  United  States,  and 
under  the  name  of  the  Territory  of  New  Mexi- 
co. The  undersigned  has  come  to  New  Mexico 
with  a  strong  military  force,  and  an  equally 
strong  one  is  following  close  in  his  rear.  He 
has  more  troops  than  is  necessary  to  put  down 
any  opposition  that  can  possibly  be  brought 
against  him,  and  therefore  it  would  be  folly 
and  madness  for  any  dissatisfied  or  discontented 
person  to  think  of  resisting  him.  The  under- 
signed has  instructions  from  his  government  to 
respect  the  religious  institutions  of  New  Mexi- 
co, to  protect  the  property  of  the  church,  to 
cause  the  worship  of  those  belonging  to  it  to 
be  undisturbed,  and  their  religious  rights  in  the 
amplest  manner  preserved  to  them;  also,  to 
protect  the  persons  and  property  of  all  quiet 
and  peaceful  inhabitants  within  its  boundaries 
against  their  enemies,  the  Utes,  Navajos  and 
others.  And,  while  he  assures  all  that  it  will 
be  his  pleasure  as  well  as  his  duty  to  comply 
with  those  instructions,  he  calls  upon  them  to 
exert  themselves  in  preserving  order,  in  promot- 
ing concord,  and  in  maintaining  the  authority 
and  efficiency  of  the  laws;  to  require  of  those 
who  have  left  their  homes  and  taken  up  arms 
against  troops  of  the  United  States,  to  return 
forthwith  to  them,  or  else  they  will  be  con- 
sidered as  enemies  and  traitors,  subjecting  their 
persons  to  punishment  and  their  property  to 
seizure  and  confiscation  for  the  benefit  of  the 
public  treasury. 

It  is  the  wish  and  intention  of  the  United 
States  Government  to  provide  for  New  Mexico 
a  free  government  with  the  least  possible  de- 


lay, similar  to  that  in  the  United  States,  and 
the  people  of  New  Mexico  will  be  called  on 
to  exercise  the  rights  of  free  men  in  electing 
their  own  representatives  to  the  Territorial 
legistature;  but  until  this  can  be  done  the  laws 
hitherto  in  existence  will  be  continued  until 
changed  or  modified  by  competent  authority; 
and  those  persons  holding  office  will  continue 
in  the  same  for  the  present,  provided  they  will 
consider  themselves  good  citizens  and  willing 
to  the  take  the  oath  of  allegiance  to  the  United 
States. 

The  undersigned  hereby  absolves  all  persons 
residing  within  the  boundary  of  New  Mexico 
from  further  allegiance  to  the  Republic  of 
Mexico,  and  hereby  claims  them  as  citizens  of 
the  United  States.  Those  who  remain  quiet 
and  peaceable  will  be  considered  as  good 
citizens  and  receive  protection.  Those  who 
found  in  arms,  or  instigating  others, 


are 


against   the    United   States,  will  be  considered 
traitors    and     treated    accordingly.       Don 


as 


Manuel  Armijo,  the  late  governor  of  this  de- 
partment, has  fled  from  it.  The  undersigned 
has  taken  possession  of  it  without  firing  a  gun 
or  shedding  a  drop  of  blood, — in  which  he  most 
truly  rejoices;  and  for  the  present  will  be  con- 
sidered as  governor  of  this  Territory. 

Given  under  my  hand  and  seal  this  22d 
day  of  August,  A.  D.,  1846. 

By  the  Governor, 

S.  W.  KEARNY, 
Brigader  General,  U.  S.  A. 

It  is  to  be  noted  that  in  the  above  procla- 
mation the  territory  claimed  is  assumed  to  be  on 
"  both  sides  of  the  Del  Norte,"  and  that  by 
some  slip  of  the  tongue  or  pen,  the  people  still 
found  in  arms  against  his  troops  are  considered 
"traitors."  Either  this  was  an  inadvertency  or 
unnecessarily  cruel;  but  we  recall  that  in  times 
of  war  this  word  "traitor  "  is  very  commonly 
used  in  an  improper  sense  in  the  superfluous 
zeal  of  ignorant  people  to  appear  loyal. 

After  the  occupation  representatives  of 
other  towns  and  of  the  Indian  pueblos,  and 
even  of  several  of  the  principal  Indian  tribes 
in  the  vicinity,  came  in  to  listen  to  the  gener- 
al's explanations  of  United  States  policy  and  to 
offer  peaceful  submission  to  his  authority. 
Many  who  had  fled  from  their  homes  on  the 
approach  of  the  American  army  for  fear  of  law- 
less depredations  soon  witnessed  the  dignity 


HISTORY  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


47 


and  sincerity  of  Kearny  and  his  men  and  re- 
turned contented. 

A  flagstaff  was  erected  on  the  plaza,  and 
Fort  Marcy,  on  an  adjoining  hill,  was  con- 
structed and  named  in  honor  of  the  secretary 
of  war.  Rumors  of  Mexican  forces  coming  to 
repulse  Kearny  caused  the  general  to  go  south 
for  several  days  with  a  portion  of  his  army  to 
reconnoiter,  but  he  found  no  signs  of  enemies 
marching  towards  Santa  Fe. 

On  account  of  want  of  supplies  and  too 
close  military  discipline,  there  was  much  suf- 
fering and  still  more  complaint  among  the 
American  soldiery  during  their  sojourn  at  Santa 
Fe.  Later  they  went  on  to  California,  while 
other  United  States  forces  passed  along  to 
Mexico  in  the  prosecution  of  the  war  in  that 
direction.  Doniphan  took  possession  of  El 
Paso  December  27,  and  passed  on  into  Chihua- 
hua. During  this  campaign  there  were  a  few 
skirmishes. 

From  the  first  day  of  occupation  of  New 
Mexico  at  Santa  Fe  by  General  Kearny,  Cap- 
tain Waldo,  of  the  volunteers,  was  set  at  work 
translating  all  the  Spanish  and  Mexican  laws 
into  English  that  could  be  found  at  Santa  Fe, 
while  Colonel  Doniphan,  a  lawyer  by  profes- 
sion, aided  by  Willard  P.  Hall,  devoted  his 
time  to  the  preparation  of  a  code  of  laws, 
which  was  published  September  22,  and  is  still 
in  force.  It  was  printed  in  both  English  and 
Spanish  with  the  old  press  and  type  found  at 
the  capital.  This  code  was  submitted  to  the 
Government  at  Washington,  together  with  "an 
organic  law  of  the  Territory  of  New  Mexico," 
which  provided  for  a  permanent  Territorial 
organization  under  the  laws  of  the  United 
States,  naming  the  first  Monday  in  August, 
1847,  as  the  day  for  electing  a  delegate  to 
Congress. 

As  Kearny  in  his  proclamations  and  pro- 
ceedings went  a  little  farther  than  the  letter  of 
his  instructions  would  allow,  and  as  by  the 
progress  of  events,  various  matters  were  taken 
up  by  the  North  and  South  against  each  other, 
with  reference  to  the  war  with  Mexico,  issues 
regarding  the  occupation  of  New  Mexico,  and 


the  establishment  of  a  government  therein 
were  introduced  into  Congress  and  between  the 
great  political  parties  of  the  country,  thus  de- 
laying many  measures  of  public  policy,  which 
might  otherwise  have  been  promptly  and  satis- 
factorily adopted. 

After  the  departure  of  Doniphan  from  San- 
ta Fe  rumors  of  plots  against  the  Americans 
became  rife,  and  investigations  instituted,  with 
the  result  of  discovering  one,  planned  on  a 
large  scale,  in  which  many  of  the  leading  citi- 
zens were  accomplices.  Even  a  time  was  set 
for  a  simultaneous  uprising  at  night  to  prose- 
j  cute  a  general  massacre  of  Americans;  but  the 
revelations  made  by  a  mulatto  woman  led  to 
its  extinguishment.  Two  of  the  chiefs  in  the 
plot,  Ortiz  and  Archuleta,  fled  to  the  South. 
There  were  a  number  of  favorable  conditions 
for  a  revolt, — the  sickness  and  want  of  sup- 
plies suffered  by  the  United  States  forces,  ex- 
cesses by  some  of  the  soldiers,  the  remoteness 
of  the  United  States  army  from  the  base  of 
supplies,  exaggerated  news  from  the  war  in 
Mexico,  etc. ;  yet,  with  all  these,  the  mass  of 
the  people  remained  quiet,  patiently  waiting  a 
reasonable  length  of  time  for  the  fulfillment  of 
the  promises  made  by  Kearny. 

Soon  after  the  above  occurrence  a  revolt 
was  actually  inaugurated  at  Taos,  and  a  num- 
ber killed,  but  that  little  storm  immediately 
passed  over.  It  had  been  the  belief  of  the  in- 
stigators of  this  sally  that  it  would  become 
general,  but,  like  nearly  all  schemes  designed 
for  popularity,  the  people  in  general  did  not 
respond.  The  plotters  fortified  themselves  in 
the  pueblo  at  Taos,  and  were  taken  by  General 
Price,  with  a  loss  of  about  1 50  Indians  killed, 
and  seven  killed  and  forty-five  wounded  among 
the  Americans.  Tomas  and  Pablo  Montoya, 
leaders  in  this  conspiracy,  were  killed,  while 
Manuel  Cortes,  another  leader,  was  permitted 
to  live.  The  latter  afterward  continued  his 
raids  east  of  the  mountains  at  times  during  the 
following  season. 

The  Taos  insurrection  extended  to  Mora, 
where  300  or  400  established  themselves  for 
fight;  they  were  driven  from  that  place  and 


HISTORY  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


overtaken  in  a  deep  canyon  of  the  Red  river, 
where  a  fight  took  place,  and  during  the  inter- 
vening night  they  fled,  and  were  not  again  over- 
taken. 

In  June,  1847,  there  was  trouble  at  Las 
Vegas.  Lieutenant  Robert  T.  Brown  and  three 
men,  pursuing  horse-thieves,  were  killed;  where- 
upon Major  Edmondson  made  an  attack,  killed 
ten  or  twelve  men,  found  indications  of  a  new 
revolt,  captured  the  town  and  sent  some  fifty 
prisoners  to  Santa  Fe.  In  July  a  party  of 
thirty-one  soldiers  was  attacked  at  La  Cienega, 
not  far  from  Taos,  Lieutenant  Larkin  and  five 
others  being  killed.  On  the  approach  of  re- 
enforcements,  however,  the  enemy  fled.  In  the 
same  month  Edmonson  found  about  400  insur- 
gents at  La  Cuesta,  and  took  fifty  captives, 
the  rest  fleeing  to  the  mountains. 

Of  the  prisoners  sent  in  to  Santa  Fe  by 
Price  and  later  by  his  officers,  fifteen  or  more 
were  tried  by  court  martial,  and  being  found 
guilty  were  executed.  These  included  six  of 
the  murderers  of  Brown  and  his  party.  Others 
were  flogged  and  set  at  liberty,  while  still 
others  were  turned  over  to  the  civil  authorities. 

During  these  first  days  of  United  States 
rule  in  New  Mexico,  the  humiliated  and  indig- 
nant Mexicans,  especially  at  remote  points, 
naturally  stirred  up  prejudice  among  the  In- 
dians, who  in  turn  would  naturally  render 
themselves  more  reckless  and  predatory,  and 
thus  a  great  deal  of  trouble  was  caused  to  the 
overland  traders.  These  little  plots  and  revolts 
and  predatory  raids  were  nothing  more  than 
the  old  habit  kept  up  from  time  immemorial. 
Such  a  disposition  has  ever  been  characteristic 
of  the  people;  it  is  their  nature,  and  always 
will  be.  Excuse  or  no  excuse,  prospect  or  not 
of  final  victory,  fighting  and  robbing  constitute 
their  "normal"  employment. 

For  some  time  after  the  suppression  of 
the  revolts  just  alluded  to,  the  government  of 
New  Mexico  was  a  poor  one,  and  the  people 
were  actually  suffering  more  than  before 
American  occupation.  The  military  was  badly 
demoralized,  Indians  continued  to  make  their 
characteristic  raids  upon  the  natives,  believing 


that  the  United  States  people  were  in  sym- 
pathy with  them  as  against  the  natives,  and 
the  civil  government  was  weak,  having  no  au- 
thority back  of  it  excepting  the  military.  In 
the  records  extant  many  small  details  of 
troubles  are  given  concerning  this  period,  but 
all  of  them  can  be  classified  under  the  above 
heads.  They  were  all  small  affairs,  but  numer- 
ous and  continuous. 

The  treaty  of  Guadalupe  Hidalgo,  finally 
ratified  May  30,  1848,  was  the  forced  agree- 
ment signed  as  the  final  result  of  the  great  war 
with  Mexico;  and  by  this  treaty  New  Mexico, 
as  well  as  Arizona  and  California,  became  a 
portion  of  the  United  States.  Not  before  this 
could  our  general  Government  recognize  New 
Mexico  as  a  Territory  of  the  United  States  and 
establish  a  civil  government  therein.  The 
south  boundary  of  the  Territory  was  described 
in  the  treaty  as  the  Rio  Grande,  the  upper 
Gila,  and  a  line  uniting  these  two  rivers  just 
above  the  latitude  of  El  Paso. 

The  establishment  of  a  form  of  civil  gov- 
ernment with  all  its  necessary  machinery  was 
naturally  a  slow  process,  irritating  the  feelings 
of  those  residents  of  the  Territory  who  were 
well-wishers  of  'the  public  welfare.  The  peo- 
ple were  given  a  choice  of  citizenship  between 
the  two  republics,  and  pending  a  decision  were 
assured  full  protection.  The  immediate  effect 
of  the  treaty  had  scarcely  any  visible  effect 
upon  New  Mexican  affairs.  The  military  regime 
was  properly  at  an  end,  and  the  civil  form  of 
government  it  had  been  keeping  up  was  or- 
dered to  be  continued  by  Congress  until  a 
Territorial  government  could  be  established. 
The  governors  of  this  realm,  therefore,  had  a 
perplexing  task  before  them. 

On  the  advice  of  Senator  Benton  the  people 
of  the  Territory  held  a  convention  to  devise  a 
simple  and  cheap  government  to  serve  until 
Congress  could  provide  for  them;  but  they  did 
little  else  than  to  send  a  memorial  to  Congress 
asking  for  a  speedy  organization  of  civil  gov- 
ernment, also  protesting  against  dismember- 
ment in  favor  of  Texas  and  against  the  intro- 
duction of  slavery.  In  September,  1849,  an- 


HISTORY  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


49 


other  convention  assembled  at  Santa  Fe,  con- 
sisting of  nineteen  delegates  elected  by  the 
people  under  a  proclamation  issued  by  Lieu- 
tenant Colonel  Beall,  acting  as  governor  in 
Major  Washington's  absence.  This  body  elec- 
ted Hugh  N.  Smith  as  a  delegate  to  Congress, 
and  also  adopted  a  plan  for  a  Territorial  gov- 
ernment, the  establishment  of  which  he  was  to 
urge  at  Washington,  and  prepared  a  series  of 
instructions  for  his  guidance.  In  these  instruc- 
tions no  notice  was  taken  of  slavery  or  of 
Texan  encroachments,  as  was  done  in  former 
documents,  the  Territory  simply  was  to  be 
bounded  on  the  east  by  Texas;  but  Congress, 
after  a  long  debate,  finally  refused,  by  a  vote 
of  ninety-two  to  eighty-six,  to  admit  Smith  as 
a  delegate.  Even  before  this  vote  was  taken, 
however,  according  to  advice  from  Washing- 
ton, the  local  authorities  of  the  people  of  New 
Mexico  attempted  organization  as  a  State. 
By  proclamation  of  Governor  Monroe,  in 
April,  1850,  a  convention  assembled  at  Santa 
Fe  on  the  i  5th  of  May,  under  the  presidency 
of  James  H.  Quinn,  and  after  a  session  of  ten 
days  framed  a  constitution  for  the  "State  of 
New  Mexico. "  This  document  prohibited 
slavery  and  fixed  as  the  eastern  and  western 
boundaries  the  looth  and  iiith  meridians, 
respectively.  This  constitution  was  submitted 
to  the  people  by  the  military  governor's  order 
of  May  28,  requiring  an  election  to  be  held 
June  20,  at  which  time  the  people  were  to 
elect  State  officers,  representatives  to  Con- 
gress, etc.,  and  representatives  to  a  State 
legislature. 

The  election  resulted  in  the  adoption  of 
this  constitution  by  a  vote  of  8,371  to  39,  and 
Henry  Connelly  was  elected  governor  by  a 
large  majority  over  an  opposing  candidate. 
The  legislature  met  and  elected  Francis  A. 
Cunningham  and  Richard  H.  Weightman  Unit- 
ed States  senators,  appointments  were  made, 
and  almost  everything  done  necessary  to  set  in 
motion  a  fully  manned  State  government.  But 
the  military  governor  could  not  allow  a  recog- 
nition of  these  proceedings,  as  New  Mexico 
had  not  yet  been  admitted  into  the  Union  as  a 

4 


State,  and  this  position  he  successfully  main- 
tained to  the  end. 

In  regard  to  the  political  condition  of  the 
newly-acquired  territory  from  Mexico  there 
were  three  theories,  thus  summarized  by  the 
historian  Bancroft: 

"First,  that  the  treaty  put  an  end  to  the 
Mexican  system  and  to  the  temporary  system 
of  the  military  regime,  leaving  no  government 
at  all,  but  a  right  on  the  part  of  Congress  to 
impose  a  government,  and  on  the  part  of  the 
people,  pending  Congressional  action,  to  or- 
ganize one  for  themselves.  This  was  the  set- 
tlers' theory. 

' '  Secondly,  that  the  laws  of  New  Mexico, 
that  is,  the  Mexican  laws,  not  inconsistent 
with  the  constitution  and  treaties  of  the  Unit- 
ed States,  were  still  in  force,  and  must  still 
continue  in  force  till  changed  by  competent 
authority,  that  is,  by  that  of  Congress;  mean- 
while the  military  commandant  was  civil  gov- 
ernor. This  was  the  position  assumed  1847 
to  1850  by  the  military  governor,  Bennett  B. 
Riley,  of  California,  where  the  status  of  simi- 
lar territory  was  the  same. 

' '  Thirdly,  that  the  temporary  system  of 
the  military  interregnum,  virtually  the  Mexican 
law  as  modified  by  necessity,  remained  in  force 
as  a  de  facto  government  with  the  consent  of 
the  people, — a  consent  presumed  as  an  alter- 
nate of  a  state  of  anarchy,  and  could  be  changed 
only  by  Congress.  This  theory,  in  a  practical 
sense  not  differing  much  from  the  second,  was 
that  held  by  the  administration  at  Washing- 
ton, and  inculcated  in  various  instructions  to 
officers  in  New  Mexico  and  California,  and  it 
was  virtually  the  one  maintained  to  the  end  in 
the  former  Territory." 

The  irrepressible  slavery  question  was  na- 
turally introduced  into  national  politics  con- 
cerning the  Territories,  which  caused  long 
delays  in  reaching  a  conclusion;  but  at  no 
time  was  there  a  decision  as  to  which  one  of 
the  above  theories  concerning  the  status  of 
the  Mexican  territories  lately  ceded  to  the 
United  States  was  correct.  Nor  did  Con- 
gress, or  even  the  people  of  the  North  gen- 


HIS TON T   OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


erally,  seem  fully  to  realize  the  pressing  needs 
of  the  people  of  New  Mexico,  so  absorbed  were 
they  in  the  general  question  of  slavery. 

The  eastern  boundary  of  this  Territory  was 
an  unsettled  question,  seriously  affecting  the 
people.  Texas  has  ever  claimed  the  Rio 
Grande  from  its  mouth  to  its  source  as  her 
western  boundary,  and  such  a  claim  included 
New  Mexico;  but  this  claim  was  never  recog- 
nized as  legitimate  by  all  the  parties  concerned; 
nor  had  Texas  ever  exercised  her  authority  in 
this  section,  her  jurisdiction  here  being  always 
nominal.  Her  only  attempted  invasion  of  this 
realm  proved  a  most  disastrous  failure.  The 
general  government,  however,  seemed  to  side 
with  Texas,  at  least  temporarily.  The  secre- 
tary of  war,  for  example,  gave  the  following 
instructions  to  the  commandant  of  New  Mexi- 
co, March  26,  1849: 

"In  regard  to  that  part  of  what  the  Mexi- 
cans called  New  Mexico,  lying  east  of  the  Rio 
Grande,  the  civil  authority  which  Texas  has 
established  or  may  establish  there  is  to  be  re- 
spected, and  in  no  manner  interfered  with  by 
the  military  force  in  that  department,  other- 
wise than  to  lend  aid  on  proper  occasions  in 
sustaining  it.  It  is  not  expected  that  Texas 
will  undertake  to  extend  her  civil  government 
over  the  remote  region  designated;  but  should 
she  do  so  you  will  confine  your  action  to  ar- 
ranging your  command  in  such  a  manner  as 
not  to  come  in  conflict  with  the  authorities  so 
constituted.  On  the  claim  of  Texas  to  any  or 
the  whole  of  New  Mexico  east  of  the  Rio 
Grande,  it  is  not  necessary  to  give  an  opinion, 
as  Congress  and  that  State  alone  have  the 
power  of  adjusting  it." 

Texas  went  so  far  as  to  organize,  on  paper, 
the  Territory  of  New  Mexico  into  a  county  of 
that  State;  and  in  1850  sent  Robert  S.  Neigh- 
bors as  a  commissioner  here  to  divide  the 
country  east  of  the  Rio  del  Norte  into  several 
counties,  for  that  State,  and  to  hold  elections 
in  them  for  county  officers.  His  mission  be- 
coming known  here,  it  was  loudly  denounced  in 
public  meetings  throughout  the  Territory.  He 
issued  a  proclamation  appointing  the  time  and 


places  for  an  election,  but  no  one  went  to  the 
polls,  and  the  movement  fell  to  the  ground. 

Previous  to  the  above  occurrence,  as  early 
as  1847,  Texas  had  sent  Judge  Beard  to  New 
Mexico  to  hold  court  here,  but  Colonel  Munroe 
paid  no  attention  to  him,  proceeding  to  order 
an  election  for  a  delegate  to  Congress. 

In  1850,  the  prospect  of  a  conflict  of  arms 
becoming  imminent,  Congress  was  led  to  a 
compromise  with  references  to  the  slavery 
question  in  the  settlement  of  the  Territorial 
status  of  New  Mexico.  By  this  compromise  a 
more  stringent  fugitive-slave  law  was  adopted 
on  the  one  hand,  while  on  the  other  the  slave 
trade  was  prohibited  in  the  District  of  Colum- 
bia, and  California  was  admitted'  as  a  free 
State.  New  Mexico  and  Utah,  embracing  all 
the  rest  of  the  newly  acquired  domain,  were 
admitted  as  Territories  without  conditions  pro- 
hibiting slavery;  and  Texas  was  paid  $10,000,- 
ooo,  about  half  of  which  amount  may  be  con- 
sidered as  payment  for  her  claim  to  New  Mexi- 
co. This  last  measure  was  probably  brought 
about  by  the  creditors  of  that  State,  which 
was  deeply  in  debt. 

This  adjustment,  due  mostly  to  the  wisdom 
of  the  great  statesman,  Henry  Clay,  was  satis- 
factory to  all  the  sections  concerned.  The 
South  won  the  main  point  at  issue,  by  defeat- 
ing all  measures  designed  to  prohibit  slavery  in 
the  Territories,  but  lost  a  possible  chance  of 
making  southern  California  a  slave  State;  while 
the  North,  though  forced  to  recede  from  its 
original  uncompromising  position,  gained  a  free 
State  and  made  no  permanent  concessions  to 
slavery. 

In  August  and  September,  this  year  (1850), 
both  the  Texas  boundary  bill  and  the  one  or- 
ganizing the  Territory  of  New  Mexico  were 
passed  by  Congress  and  approved  by  the  pres- 
ident; but  they  were  not  to  go  into  effect  until 
Texas  had  formally  accepted  the  boundary, 
which  she  did  November  24.  The  boundary 
was  as  follows: 

"  Beginning  at  a  point  in  the  Colorado 
river  where  the  boundary  line  with  the  Repub- 
lic of  Texas  crosses  the  same;  thence  east- 


HIS  TORT  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


wardly  with  the  said  boundary  line  to  the  Rio 
Grande;  thence  following  the  main  channel  of 
the  said  river  to  the  parallel  of  the  thirty-second 
degree  of  north  latitude;  thence  east  with  said 
degree  to  its  intersection  with  the  one  hundred 
and  third  degree  of  longitude  west  of  Green- 
wich; thence  north  said  degree  of  longitude  to 
the  parallel  of  thirty-eight  degrees  north  lati- 
tude; thence  west  with  said  parallel  to  the 
summit  of  the  Sierra  Madre;  thence  south  with 
the  crest  of  said  mountains  to  the  thirty-seventh 
degree  of  north  latitude;  thence  west  with  the 
said  parallel  to  its  intersection  with  the  bound- 
ary line  of  the  State  of  California;  thence  with 
said  boundary  line  to  the  place  of  beginning." 

That  part  lying  west  of  longitude  one  hun- 
dred and  nine  degrees  was  detached  in  1863  to 
form  Arizona;  and  that  part  above  latitude 
thirty-seven  degrees  in  1 867  to  form  Colorado. 
In  1854  a  large  addition  was  made  by  the 
Gadsden  purchase,  most  of  which  was  detached 
from  New  Mexico  with  Arizona.  Utah,  as  or- 
ganized in  1850,  included  what  is  now  Nevada 
and  those  parts  of  Colorado  and  Wyoming 
which  lie  south  of  latitude  forty-two  degrees 
and  west  of  the  Rocky  mountains.  A  small 
strip  of  the  territory  acquired  from  Mexico 
lying  between  latitude  thirty-eight  degrees,  the 
mountains  and  the  Arkansas  river,  does  not 
seem  to  have  been  provided  for  in  the  final 
settlement  of  1850.  Congress  reserved  the 
right  to  divide  the  Territory,  or  attach  any 
portion  of  it  to  any  other  Territory  or  State. 

The  new  government  of  New  Mexico  did 
not  get  into  actual  operation  until  March, 
1851. 

The  treaty  with  Mexico  brought  within  the 
limits  of  the  United  States  government  about 
120,000  Indians,  over  one-fourth  of  which 
number  were  in  New  Mexico.  Our  Govern- 
ment assumed  the  responsibility  of  protecting 
the  province  from  the  incursions  of  hostile 
tribes, — an  obligation  it  was  impossible  to  ful- 
fill, especially  for  a  number  of  years.  The 
Navajos  and  Apaches  were  particularly  trouble- 
some. The  Navajos,  rich  and  prosperous  and 
excellent  warriors,  made  the  stealing  of  live 


stock  a  regular  business,  boasting  that  they 
would  have  exterminated  the  Mexicans  long 
previously  did  they  not  find  them  profitable  as 
shepherds;  and  the  Apaches  came  to  regard 
their  raids  as  a  legitimate  occupation,  keeping 
on  friendly  terms  with  disreputable  traders  of 
American  or  Mexican  nativity.  They  would 
sometimes  steal  women  and  children  for  the  sake 
of  obtaining  money  or  property  as  a  ransom. 
The  pueblo  Indians  continued  peaceable,  but 
their  political  status  presented  several  perplex- 
ing problems  to  the  statesman. 

The  first  Indian  agent  for  this  Territory, 
James  S.  Calhoun,  who  arrived  in  July, 

1849,  was    an    intelligent    and    conscientious 
man,  and  made  a  thorough  report   of   the   In- 
dians here  .to  the  Government.    He  was  not  fur- 
nished  means  to   do    much    more   than    this. 
Many  other  reports  were  also   made   by  other 
parties,  all  of   which  constitute   a  voluminous 
mass  of   monotonous  material.      Indians  con- 
tinued to  be  Indians,  despite   all   treaties  and 
bribes. 

The  survey  of  the  boundary  line  between 
the  United  States  and  Mexico  under  the  treaty 
of  Guadalupe  Hidalgo  took  place  in  the  west 
from  the  Pacific  to  the  Colorado  previous  to 

1850.  In  November,  this   year,   John  Russell 
Bartlett,  the  new  commissioner,  arrived  at  El 
Paso,  where  he  was  met  by  the  Mexican  com- 
missioner, General  Pedro  Garcia   Conde,   and 
they  proceeded  to  adopt  the  necessary  prelim- 
inaries. 

Early  the  next  year  (1851)  the  survey  be- 
gan; and,  after  some  vexatious  delays,  caused 
by  differences  of  opinion  concerning  some 
minor  matters  and  the  tardy  arrival  of  Gray 
and  Graham,  by  September  the  region  from 
El  Paso  to  the  San  Pedro  had  been  explored 
and  the  boundary  line  partly  surveyed  by  the 
Americans,  and  to  its  full  extent  by  the  Mexi- 
cans. Dissensions  between  Bartlett  and  other 
Americans  served  to  delay  the  completion  of 
the  work  until  some  time  in  1853,  when  Rob- 
ert H.  Campbell  as  commissioner,  and  W.  H. 
Emory  as  astronomer  and  surveyor,  finished  the 
survey. 


HISTORY  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


According  to  the  treaty  of  1848  the  na- 
tional boundary  line  was  to  follow  up  the  Rio 
Grande  "to  the  point  where  it  strikes  the 
southern  boundary  of  New  Mexico;  thence 
westward  along  the  whole  southern  boundary 
of  New  Mexico  (which  runs  north  of  the  town 
called  Paso)  to  its  western  termination;  thence 
northward  along  the  western  line  of  New  Mex- 
ico until  it  intersects  the  first  branch  of  the 
river  Gila  (or  if  it  should  not  intersect  any 
branch  of  that  river,  then  to  the  point  on  the 
said  line  nearest  to  said  branch,  and  thence  in 
a  direct  line  to  the  same);  thence  down  the 
middle  of  said  branch  and  said  river  until  it 
empties  into  the  Rio  Colorado." 

It  appears  from  all  before  us  that  the  west- 
ern boundary  of  New  Mexico  was  not  defi- 
nitely fixed,  or  even  thought  of;  but  had  not 
the  map  of  Disturnell  been  finally  referred  to 
in  the  above  document  its  western  boundary 
would  naturally  have  been  the  same  meridian 
as  divides  Chihuahua  and  Sonora,  at  about 
1 08  degrees  30  minutes.  The  reference  to  this 
map  caused  all  the  confusion  that  followed  in 
regard  to  the  matter.  Bartlett  consented  to 
set  the  initial  monument  where  latitude  32  de- 
grees 22  minutes  crosses  the  Rio  Grande,  by 
way  of  compromise;  but  it  seems  that  his  sur- 
vey was  rejected  by  the  Government,  and  a 
line  adopted  on  latitude  31  degrees  54  minutes 
40  seconds  from  the  Rio  Grande  west  to  longi- 
tude 109  degrees  37  minutes,  and  on  that 
meridian  north  to  the  Santo  Domingo  river. 

Before  the  agreement  was  made  between 
the  United  States  and  Mexican  commissioners 
upon  the  initial  point  of  the  survey,  a  few  set- 
tlers from  Donna  Ana,  a  little  further  north, 
had  entered  the  valley;  and  afterward  a  colony 
from  Chihuahua  also  settled  there,  and  a  dis- 
pute was  raised  concerning  the  propriety  of 
the  Bartlett  line,  not  settled  until  the  Gadsden 
purchase  naturally  put  an  end  to  the  contro- 
versy. The  Senate  of  the  United  States  re- 
ported against  the  Bartlett  line,  and  in  the 
appropriation  bill  forbade  the  spending  of  any 
more  money  on  the  survey  until  it  should  ap- 
pear that  the  line  was  not  farther  north  of  El 


Paso  than  was  indicated  on  Disturnell's  map. 

In  New  Mexico  there  was  an  intense  feel- 
ing on  this  subject,  and  in  the  press  there 
seemed  to  be  a  considerable  breeze  to  the  effect 
that  there  might  be  another  war  with  Mexico. 
The  only  trouble  left  in  later  years  was  the 
dispute  concerning  the  validity  of  the  Mexican 
colony  grants  made  after  1848,  and  therefore 
not  protected  by  the  treaty  of  Guadalupe 
Hidalgo. 

As  to  citizenship,  according  to  the  treaty, 
the  people  of  fiew  Mexico  had  their  choice, 
either  to  remain  as  American  citizens  or  return 
to  Mexico,  or  if  they  remained  in  the  Terri- 
tory over  a  year  they  were  to  be  considered 
American  citizens  any  way.  Of  course,  some 
went  to  Mexico,  probably  about  1,200  alto- 
gether, although  the  Mexicans  made  consider- 
able effort  to  induce  an  exodus  of  about  80,000. 

The  Congressional  act  organizing  the  Ter- 
ritory of  New  Mexico  had  no  unusual  features. 
A  few  Territorial  officers  were  provided  for,  at 
low  salaries.  The  first  officials  appointed  by 
the  president  in  1851  were:  James  S.  Calhoun, 
governor  (for  some  years  previously  superin- 
tendent of  Indian,  affairs);  Hugh  N.  Smith, 
not  confirmed  by  the  Senate  and  replaced  by 
William  S.  Allen,  secretary;  Grafton  Baker, 
chief  justice,  with  John  S.  Watts  and  Horace 
Mower  as  associates;  Elias  P.  West,  attorney; 
and  John  G.  Jones,  marshal. 

Governor  Calhoun  ordered  an  election  of 
members  of  a  legislature,  which  body  was 
ready  to  work  by  the  month  of  June,  1851. 
He  was  a  politician  of  considerable  executive 
ability,  honorable  in  his  intentions  and  popular, 
but  intemperate.  He  was,  on  account  of  ill- 
ness, for  some  time  unable  to  attend  to  official 
duties,  and  he  died  in  June,  1852,  on  his  way 
to  the  States.  His  place  was  then  filled  by  the 
military  commander,  Colonel  E.  V.  Sumner, 
in  the  absence  of  the  secretary,  the  official 
successor  to  the  governor.  William  Carr  Lane, 
appointed  by  the  president,  arrived  in  Septem- 
ber, assuming  the  office  of  governor.  Sum- 
ner's  assumption  of  the  executive  office  was 
criticised  by  many  as  unwarranted. 


HISTORT  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


53 


In  his  report  to  the  Government  Sumner 
was  very  "pessimistic."  According  to  him  no 
civil  government  emanating  from  the  United 
States  could  be  maintained  without  an  army, 
making  it  virtually  a  military  government, 
costly  and  burdensome  to  the  nation,  without 
helping  the  New-Mexicans  even  then;  and  they 
would  in  turn  become  all  the  more  worthless 
as  public  money  was  spent  in  the  country. 
Said  he,  "Withdraw  all  the  troops  and  civil 
officers  and  let  the  people  elect  their  own  civil 
officers  and  conduct  their  government  in  their 
own  way,  under  the  general  supervision  of  our 
Government.  It  would  probably  assume  a 
similar  form  to  the  one  found  here  in  1846, 
viz.,  a  civil  government,  but  under  the  entire 
control  of  the  governor.  This  change  would 
be  highly  gratifying  to  the  people.  There 
would  be  a  pronunciamento  every  month  or 
two,  but  these  would  be  of  no  consequence,  as 
they  are  very  harmless  when  confined  to  Mex- 
icans alone!  " 

The  controversies  among  the  leading  citi- 
zens of  New  Mexico  continued  meanwhile  along 
the  old  lines,  namely,  between  those  who 
favored  and  those  who  opposed  military  re- 
gime, etc. 

The  secretary  of  war  at  Washington  went 
even  so  far  as  to  advise  the  Government  to 
buy  all  New  Mexican  property,  either  for 
money  or  in  exchange  for  other  lands,  and 
abandoning  the  Territory,  as  much  cheaper 
than  employing  a  military  force  at  an  annual 
cost  of  nearly  half  the  total  value  of  the  real 
estate.  Certainly,  it  would  have  been  cheaper, 
but  was  not  practical  on  account  of  treaty 
rights,  etc.  Congress  could  not  entertain  such 
radical  and  drastic  measures,  but  continued  to 
pursue  its  old  policies. 

Governor  Lane  was  a  gentleman  of  supe- 
rior ability,  but  his  rule  ended  with  his  futile 
attempt  to  be  elected  a  delegate  to  Congress, 
when  Padre  Gallegos  was  chosen  instead. 

The  first  legislative  assembly  convened  at 
Santa  Fe  June  2,  1851.  A  large  majority  of 
the  members  were  natives  of  the  Territory, 
and  elected  by  the  very  extensive  and  influen- 


tial families  to  which  they  belonged,  while  the 
masses  of  the  people  took  little  or  no  interest 
in  public  affairs. 

The  members  were,  as  a  rule,  patriotic  and 
able  men,  rarely  accused  of  corruption.  In 
session  they  puffed  their  cigarettes  and  indulged 
in  other  peculiarities  of  conduct  unknown  to 
American  assemblies,  but  their  work  was  of 
as  good  quality  as  the  average  of  similar  bodies 
in  the  United  States.  Their  proceedings  were 
conducted  in  the  Spanish  language,  and  the 
laws  published  in  both  Spanish  and  English. 
As  might  be  expected,  some  of  the  members  of 
this  first  legislature  were  very  ignorant.  Fol- 
lowing are  two  amusing  instances: 

Upon  one  occasion,  during  an  election 
for  officers  of  the  house  (lower  branch  of  the 
legislative  council)  the  vote  was  being  taken 
for  engrossing  clerk,  when  one  of  the  mem- 
bers, when  his  name  was  called,  came  forward 
to  the  speaker's  chair  and  asked,  "What  do 
you  want  with  me,  sir? "  He  was  told  that 
his  name  was  called  that  he  might  vote  on  the 
question  before  the  house,  when  he  returned 
to  his  seat.  In  a  few  minutes  his  name  was 
called  again,  when  as  before  he  demanded, 
' '  What  do  you  want  with  me,  sir? "  He  was 
again  instructed  as  to  what  was  required  of 
him,  and  a  second  time  he  took  his  seat.  His 
name  was  now  called  a  third  time,  and,  as  be- 
fore, he  asked  the  same  question,  desiring  to 
know  why  his  name  was  called  so  many  times. 
At  this  stage  of  the  proceedings  a  friend  caught 
the  obtuse  member  by  the  coat-tail  and  direct- 
ed him  for  whom  to  vote. 

Upon  another  occasion,  when  a  vote  was 
being  taken  viva  voce,  a  member  (an  Ameri- 
can) who  felt  no  interest  in  the  question,  re- 
plied to  the  call  of  the  clerk,  "  Blank."  The 
next  member  called  was  a  Mexican,  who,  sup- 
posing that  his  predecessor  had  voted  for  a 
bona  fide  person,  and  having  confidence  in  his 
choice,  replied,  "  I  also  vote  for  Mr.  Blank!  " 

Down  to  1869-70  the  sessions  of  the  legis- 
lature were  held  annually.  In  1866-7  a  bill 
was  passed  by  the  house  amending  the  organic 
act  and  providing  for  biennial  sessions,  and 


54 


HISTORY  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


this  became  a  law  for  all  Territories  in  1869; 
and  from  1871  the  New  Mexico  assembly  met 
biennially,  though  in  1873-4,  and  again  in 
1876,  memorials  in  favor  of  yearly  sessions 
were  sent  to  Congress. 

By  act  of  Congress  in  1871  the  legislature 
was  authorized  to  meet  on  the  first  Monday  in 
December;  but  in  1876  this  date  was  changed 
to  the  first  Monday  in  January.  The  same 
body  again  changed  the  time  from  the  even  to 
the  odd  years,  beginning  with  1883,  and  mem- 
bers were  elected  accordingly;  but  for  want  of 
an  appropriation  from  Congress  no  change  was 
made.  Very  nearly  the  same  effect,  however, 
was  accomplished  by  an  act  of  1884,  changing 
the  date  from  January  to  December,  1886. 

By  an  act  of  1869  $5  a  day  was  added  to 
the  pay  of  the  members  of  the  legislative  as- 
sembly, to  be  received  from  the  Federal  Gov- 
ernment, which  in  1878  was  fixed  by  Congress 
at  $4,  with  $6  for  the  president  and  the  speaker. 
At  the  same  time  the  number  of  councilmen 
was  limited  to  twelve  and  of  representatives  to 
twenty-four. 

In  1 880  the  sessions  were  limited  to  sixty 
days. 

In  the  composition  of  the  legislative  assem- 
blies Spanish  names  occur  rather  more  often 
than  previously. 

In  politics  the  legislature  has  been  nomi- 
nally Republican,  though  political  considera- 
tions have  always  been  secondary  to  those  of 
a  local  and  personal  nature. 

In  1 884  there  was  a  wrangle  over  the  or- 
ganization of  the  legislature,  when  the  council- 
men  from  Bernalillo  and  Santa  Fe  were  re- 
fused their  seats  on  allegations  of  fraudulent 
election,  and  the  contestants  were  sworn  in  by 
the  secretary,  without  certificates,  on  the  vote 
of  the  other  members  that  they  were  entitled 
prima  facie  to  seats.  This  led  to  the  organ- 
ization of  a  rival  council,  under  the  manage- 
ment of  J.  F.  Chavez,  and  to  much  contro- 
versy. 

The  laws  of  chief  public  interest  adopted 
by  the  first  several  legislatures  are  as  follows: 

1851-2:     Declaring  a  bill  of  rights;  mak- 


ing Santa  Fe  the  capital;  providing  that  exist- 
ing laws  not  repugnant  to  those  of  the  United 
States  and  the  organic  act  be  still  in  force,  ex- 
cept the  registry  of  lands  under  the  Kearny 
code;  for  publication  of  laws  in  English  and 
Spanish,  500  copies;  for  a  board  of  commis- 
sioners to  compile  a  code;  the  legislature  to 
meet  the  first  Monday  in  December;  organiz- 
ing the  militia;  defining  judicial  districts;  pro- 
viding for  the  election  of  delegates  to  Congress, 
and  thirteen  councilmen,  on  the  first  Monday 
in  September  every  two  years  from  1853;  of 
twenty-six  representatives  yearly  from  1852, 
and  of  county  officers  yearly  from  1851;  voters 
must  be  white  men  and^connected  with  the 
army;  resolution  asking  Congress-  for  the  pro- 
tection of  wood  and  timber,  salt  marshes,  etc. , 
and  perpetuation  of  Mexican  mining  law; 
memorial  asking  for  a  road  from  Taos  to  Santa 
Fe,  and  for  a  geological  and  mining  survey  of 
the  Territory;  dividing  the  Territory  into  nine 
counties  and  apportioning  the  number  of  legis- 
lators; establishing  an  annual  fair  of  eight  days 
from  August  8  at  Las  Vegas;  repealing  the  ad- 
valorem  tax  on  merchandise,  which  according 
to  the  Kearny  code  was  one-fourth  of  one  per 
cent;  for  all  who  pay  the  present  license  tax; 
making  occupation  and  improvement  on  public 
land  a  transferrable  interest;  providing  for  pub- 
lic irrigating  ditches  and  retention  of  old  regu- 
lations; making  six  per  cent  the  legal  interest; 
establishing  justices'  courts;  licensing  gambling 
houses  at  county  seats  at  $600;  resolution 
asking  for  military  aid  against  the  Indians;  ex- 
tending session  to  ninety  days,  and  protesting 
against  any  treaty  with  the  Navajos  not  in- 
cluding a  restoration  of  Mexican  captives  and 
indemnity  for  past  injuries. 

1852-3:  Forbidding  sale  of  liquor  to  Indi- 
ans excepting  the  Pueblos;  enabling  owners 
to  obtain  property  recovered  from  Indians  by 
traders,  paying  not  less  than  ten  per  cent; 
establishing  an  annual  fair  of  eight  days  from 
February  2  at  Donna  Ana;  relating  to  robbery, 
punishment  of  drunkards,  etc. ;  pimps  to  get 
thirty  lashes  in  public  and  ride  on  an  ass  on 
feast  day  accompanied  by  the  town  crier; 


HISTORY  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


55 


authorizing  the  erection  of  public  buildings, 
and  punishing  vagrancy;  resolution  asking  for 
a  regiment  of  rangers;  claiming  the  right  to 
hunt  buffalo  and  other  game  on  the  plains  ad- 
joining New  Mexico,  lately  interfered  with  by 
the  military  in  behalf  of  the  Indians;  memor- 
ials, asking  that  judges  be  familiar  with  the 
Spanish  language;  asking  for  a  penitentiary  to 
cost  $50,000;  for  a  yearly  appropriation  for 
education,  for  roads  to  other  States  and  Terri- 
tories, especially  to  the  Missouri  State  line, 
for  mail  facilities  and  for  wells  on  the  Jornada. 

1853-4:  Establishing  annual  fairs  at  Las 
Cruces,  Albuquerque  andSocorro;  and  memor- 
ials on  roads,  geological  survey,  artesian  wells 
in  the  Jornada,  archives,  Indians,  Mexican 
land  grants,  public  buildings  and  Fort  Atkin- 
son; resolutions  on  route  from  Independence 
to  California,  and  bridges  across  the  Rio 
Grande. 

1854-5:  Acts  establishing  annual  fairs  at 
Mesilla,  eight  days  from  March  i ;  at  Tome, 
twelve  days  from  September  i ;  and  at  Santa 
Fe,  eight  days  from  July  4;  authorizing  the 
governor  to  call  out  i  ,000  volunteers  for  Indian 
service  when  expedient;  attaching  the  Gads- 
den  purchase  to  Donna  Ana  county;  and  per- 
mitting probate  judges  to  issue  gambling 
licenses  in  and  out  of  county  seats. 

Trading  at  these  fairs  was  free  from  all  tax- 
ation, and  gambling  was  permitted  by  the  pay- 
ment of  a  small  license.  At  Santa  Fe  all  the 
prohibited  games  might  be  played  free  of 
license,  and  the  occasion  was  also  to  be  dis- 
tinguished by  the  delivery  of  an  oration  and 
other  literary  exercises;  and  the  pueblo  Indians 
were  invited  to  attend  and  give  their  character- 
istic dances.  But  the  acts  establishing  these 
fairs  were  repealed  in  1856-7. 

In  regard  to  agricultural,  pastoral,  mining 
and  other  industrial  interests  of  the  Territory, 
the  general  method  was  to  continue  the  old 
Mexican  regime.  Most  of  these  old  regulations 
were  superceded  in  later  years  by  general 
legislation. 

At  the  first  session  of  the  legislature  the 
capital  was  fixed  at  Santa  Fe,  where  it  had  al- 


ways been,  and  has  since  remained,  without 
controversy.  In  1850  Congress  appropriated 
$20,000  for  the  erection  of  public  buildings, 
with  which  the  foundations  of  a  grand  capitol 
were  laid,  on  a  lot  adjoining  the  old  palacio. 
In  1854  another  appropriation,  of  $50,000, 
was  obtained,  and  with  it  the  walls  of  an  awk- 
ward and  ill-planned  structure  were  raised  a 
story  and  a  half,  to  stand  in  that  condition  for 
over  thirty  years!  During  this  time  the  old 
adobe  palace  served  all  public  purposes. 

At  its  subsequent  session  the  first  legisla- 
ture divided  New  Mexico  into  nine  counties, — 
Taos,  Rio  Arriba,  Santa  Fe,  San  Miguel,  San- 
ta Ana,  Bernalillo,  Valencia,  Socorroand  Don- 
na Ana, — with  the  names  and  bounds  sub- 
stantially as  in  earlier  days.  In  1854-5  tne 
Gadsden  purchase  was  added  to  Donna  Ana 
county,  but  in  1859-60  was  organized  into  a 
new  county  of  Arizona.  In  1861-2,  however, 
on  the  organization  of  Arizona  Territory,  the 
county  act  was  repealed,  and  all  of  Arizona  re- 
maining in  New  Mexico  was  restored  to  Donna 
Ana  county.  In  1860  the  county  of  Mora 
was  created  in  the  northeast,  with  the  seat  of 
government  at  San  Gertrudes  de  Mora.  In 
1 86 1  San  Juan  county  was  created  in  the  north- 
west, with  its  capital  at  Baker  City;  but  the 
next  year  this  act  was  repealed. 

As  the  Territorial  officers  and  the  members 
of  the  legislature  were  paid,  during  the  period 
above  considered,  by  the  United  States  Gov- 
ernment, the  burdens  of  taxation  upon  the  citi- 
zens of  New  Mexico  were  not  heavy.  The 
total  valuation  of  property  in  1850  was  $5,- 
174,471,  and  in  1860  $20,838,780.  During 
the  latter  year  the  total  taxation  was  $29,790; 
and  in  this  year  the  Territorial  debt  was  only 
$3.673,  which  was  constantly  diminished  until 
1863,  by  which  time  there  was  a  surplus  in  the 
treasury  of  $3,080. 

As  to  popular  education,  this  was  at  a  lower 
stage  than  anywhere  else  in  the  whole  United 
States.  In  1850,  according  to  the  census, 
there  were  25,085  adults  in  the  Territory  who 
could  neither  read  nor  write,  and  in  1860,  32,- 
785.  In  1860  there  were  600  pupils  (though 


HISTORY  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


one  table  makes  the  attendance  1,466)  being 
educated,  in  four  colleges,  academies  or  private 
schools,  with  33  teachers  and  a  revenue  of  only 
$13,149.  Practically  there  were  no  public 
schools  at  all.  The  priests,  while  they  dimly 
saw  some  advantage  in  public  education,  such 
were  their  prejudices  and  old  habits  that  they 
practically  stood  in  the  way  of  any  new  meas- 
ure that  might  be  proposed.  At  the  session  of 
1854-5  the  legislature  passed  an  act  establish- 
ing a  system  of  public  schools,  to  be  supported 
by  a  tax  of  fifty  cents  for  each  child,  the  justice 
of  the  peace  to  employ  a  teacher  and  require 
attendance  from  November  to  April,  and  the 
probate  judge  to  act  as  county  superintendent; 
and  this  was  the  system  for  many  years. 

During  the  period  above  mentioned  all  in- 
dustries were  at  a  standstill.  Indian  depreda- 
tions were  worse  than  ever.  Merchandise  was 
brought  from  Missouri  over  the  Santa  Fe  trail. 
Davis,  in  El  Gringo,  estimates  that  the  annual 
amount  of  this  merchandise  was  three  quarters 
of  a  million  dollar's  worth,  the  freight  costing 
nine  to  ten  cents  a  pound.  The  trains  arrived 
in  August,  after  a  trip  of  forty-five  to  sixty 
days.  The  circulating  medium  was  gold  from 
California  and  silver  from  Mexico,  the  mer- 
chants making  their  drafts  obtained  of  United 
States  officials.  Merchants  paid  a  license  for 
transacting  business. 

During  the  decade  ending  in  1 860  there  was 
a  marked  increase  in  the  number,  size  and 
value  of  the  farms,  though  a  diminution  in  cul- 
tivated acreage,  showing  that  the  herding  in- 
terests were  expanding. 

The  first  artesian  well  was  bored  in  1858-9 
near  Galisteo,  as  an  experiment,  to  the  depth  of 
1,300  feet,  resulting  in  obtaining  good  water, 
which,  however,  did  not  rise  to  the  surface,— 
an  aid  to  travelers  but  worthless  for  irrigation. 

All  irrigable  lands  were  owned  by  private 
parties  and  but  slowly  improved,  and  as  immi- 
gration was  very  slow,  the  importance  of  im- 
proving them  or  of  opening  up  public  lands 
was  not  pressing.  In  1853  Congress  gave  to 
every  citizen  residing  here  previous  to  that 
period,  or  settling  here  before  1858,  a  donation 


of  1 60  acres  of  land,  to  be  patented  after  four 
years'  occupation.  The  usual  grant  of  two 
sections  in  each  township,  Nos.  16  and  36  for 
schools,  and  two  townships  for  a  university, 
was  also  made. 

At  this  time  also,  under  provision  made  by 
Congress,  a  survey  of  the  public  lands  was 
commenced.  Surveyor  General  Pelham  ar- 
rived in  December,  1853,  and  in  the  following 
April  established  an  initial  point  for  base  and 
meridian  lines  at  a  hill  on  the  west  bank  of  the 
Rio  Grande,  in  latitude  30  degrees  19  minutes. 
From  this  beginning  the  surveys  were  slowly 
advanced  from  year  to  year,  the  appropriations 
for  the  work  being  small.  The  authorities  at 
Washington  deemed  it  not  expedient  to  pro- 
ceed with  the  work  to  a  great  extent  until  cer- 
tain private  and  Indian  claims  could  be  settled. 
Besides,  the  remoteness  of  the  public  lands 
from  the  settlements  rendered  the  work  of  sur- 
veying particularly  dangerous.  Although  a 
land  office  was  established  at  Santa  Fe  in  1858, 
down  to  1863  there  were  no  sales.  About  100 
donation  claims  were  filed,  but  only  a  few 
patented.  The  total  area  surveyed  during  this 
period  was  2,293,142  acres,  the  area  of  the 
whole  territory  being  77,568,640  acres,  or 
121,201  square  miles. 

The  best  lands,  which  were  along  the  water- 
courses, had  been  for  centuries  occupied  by  a 
people  who  had  a  careless  method  of  describ- 
ing the  boundaries  of  their  possessions  and 
wording  their  title  deeds;  and  hence  there  has 
been  an  infinite  amount  of  trouble  in  settling 
many  claims  which  have  come  within  the  juris- 
diction of  New  Mexico  from  old  Mexican  times. 

There  was  scarcely  any  mining  done  in  the 
period  1851-63.  On  account  of  slight  immi- 
gration, and  especially  constant  Indian  hostili- 
ties, the  conditions  were  unfavorable  for  mining 
industries;  yet  the  soldiers  and  others  did  some- 
thing incidentally  in  the  way  of  prospecting, 
making  some  good  discoveries.  The  census 
reports  of  1860  mention  only  one  silver  mine 
and  three  of  copper,— all  in  Dona  Ana  county, 
employing  390  workmen  and  producing  $212,- 
ooo;  but  the  governor,  in  his  message  of  1861-2, 


HISTORY  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


57 


alludes  to  thirty  gold  lodes  at  Finos  Altos,  em- 
ploying 300  miners  and  producing  $40  to  $350 
per  ton  of  ore;  also  to  rich  gold  placers  near 
Fort  Stanton,  and  to  work  at  Placer  mountain 
near  Santa  Fe,  besides  the  copper  mines  at 
Santa  Rita  and  Hanover.  But  all  work  was 
suspended  during  the  Confederate  invasion  of 
1861-2;  after  that  the  industry  in  a  small  way 
was  revived. 

In  some  cases  of  election  of  delegates  to 
Congress  charges  of  fraud  were  freely  made,  the 
strife  being  principally  between  two  factions  of 
the  Catholic  church, — one  headed  by  Bishop 
Lamy,  of  French  ancestry,  whose  party  were 
regarded  as  newcomers  and  intruders  by  the 
old  Spanish  element.  Father  Gallegos,  of  the 
latter  class,  was  elected  in  1853,  and  his  elec- 
tion was  unsuccessfully  contested  by  ex-Gover- 
nor Lane,  who  claimed,  among  other  things, 
that  the  votes  of  pueblo  Indians  for  himself  had 
been  illegally  rejected.  In  1855  Gallegos  was 
was  again  elected,  according  to  the  governor's 
certificate,  but  this  time  his  seat  was  success- 
fully contested  by  Otero.  The  principal  claim 
made  in  this  contest  was  the  voting  of  men  who, 
after  the  treaty  with  Mexico,  had  chosen  to  re- 
main citizens  of  that  country,  but  had  now 
changed  their  minds,  yet  had  made  their  choice, 
as  was  claimed,  not  in  due  legal  form.  The 
controversy  lasted  many  years. 

These  delegates  were  men  of  fair  ability, 
and  probably  did  as  well  by  their  constituency 
as  the  circumstances  would  allow;  for  Congress 
could  not  be  induced  to  take  great  interest  in 
New-Mexican  affairs. 

United  States  explorations  for  the  purpose 
of  discovering  the  best  railroad  routes  and  for 
other  (scientific)  purposes,  were  made  through 
and  near  New  Mexico  as  follows:  In  1851, 
by  Sitgreaves,  and  by  Captain  John  Pope  from 
Santa  Fe  to  Fort  Leavenworth  by  way  of  the 
Cimarron  river  and  Cedar  creek;  in  1852,  by 
Captains  Marcy  and  McClellan;  in  1853,  by 
Major  J.  H.  Carleton,  with  a  detachment  of 
100  men,  from  Albuquerque  to  Casa  Colorada, 
Abo,  Quarra  and  Gran  Quivira;  in  1853-4,  by 
Whipple;  in  1854,  by  Captain  Pope,  a  railroad 


survey  of  the  thirty-second  parallel  from  the 
Red  river  to  the  Rio  Grande;  in  1854-5,  by 
Parke;  in  1857,  by  Beale;  in  1858,  by  Ives;  and 
in  1859,  by  Captain  Macomb,  in  the  north- 
western portions  of  the  Territory  and  in  the 
adjoining  parts  of  Colorado  and  Utah. 

From  1851  to  1863  New  Mexico  was  the 
Ninth  Military  Department  of  the  United 
States.  In  1851  it  was  commanded  by  Col- 
onel John  Monroe;  in  1851-2,  by  Colonel  E. 
V.  Sumner;  1852-4  Colonel  Thomas  J.  Faunt- 
leroy;  1854-8,  General  John  Garland;  1858-9, 
Colonel  B.  L.  E.  Bonneville;  1859-60,  Faunt- 
leroy  again;  1860-1,  Colonel  W.  H.  Loring; 
1861-2,  Lieutenant  Colonel  E.  R.  S.  Canby; 
and  in  1862-3,  by  General  James  H.  Carleton. 

The  force  under  these  commanders  up  to 
1858  was  from  1,400  to  1,800  men,  and  after- 
ward from  2,000  to  4,000,  distributed  gener- 
erally  at  Forts  Union,  Marcy,  Defiance,  Craig, 
Stanton,  Fillmore,  Bliss  and  Sumner. 

The  military  headquarters  was  successively 
at  Santa  Fe,  Fort  Union,  Albuquerque,  and 
from  1852  again  at  Santa  Fe. 

The  above  described  force  was  utterly  in- 
adequate to  carry  out  the  promise  of  pro- 
tection made  by  General  Kearny  in  1846,  when 
he  first  took  possession  of  New  Mexico  in  behalf 
of  the  United  States.  The  Indians  were  as 
bad  as  during  the  Mexican  period,  if  not  even 
worse,  as  indeed  was  claimed  by  many  resi- 
dents. 

Owing  to  the  want  of  a  definite  policy  at 
Washington  concerning  the  best  method  of 
treating  the  Indian  question,  the  people  here 
in  the  Territory,  in  their  helplessness,  enter- 
tained a  variety  of  theories,  some  for  exter- 
mination, some  for  enforced  residence  within 
reservations,  and  some  for  a  combination  of 
the  last  method  with  that  of  feeding  the  red 
men  at  Government  expense,  etc.  The  Gov- 
ernment dallied  along,  sending  the  soldiery  out 
after  the  Indians  on  occasions,  to  chastise  or 
j  recover  plunder,  but  establishing  no  effectual 
method  of  "  protecting"  the  people  from  pred- 
atory incursions. 

During  this  period  the  number  of  wild  In- 


HISTORY  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


dians  in  New  Mexico  was  about  17,000,  be- 
sides the  7,000  peaceable  Pueblos.  This  num- 
ber comprises  about  10,000  Navajos  in  the 
northwest,  2,000  Utes  in  the  north,  and  5,000 
Apaches  in  the  rest  of  the  Territory.  Other 
tribes,  of  course,  often  extended  their  raids 
into  New  Mexico,  and  also  some  of  the  same 
tribes  as  those  mentioned  who  generally  made 
their  sojourn  without  the  limits  of  the  Terri- 
tory. In  their  raids  they  seldom  took  life 
simply  for  the  sake  of  killing  people,  but  only 
incidental  to  their  plundering.  Women  and 
children  were  sometimes  captured  and  made 
slaves,  and  as  such  were  sometimes  sold  to 
distant  tribes.  The  number  of  whites  who  lost 
their  lives  at  the  hands  of  the  Indians  was 
probably  between  200  and  300,  while  the 
property  lost  may  have  amounted  to  a  million 
dollars. 

Colonel  Sumner  assumed  command  in  July, 
1851,  and  was  somewhat  successful  in  carry- 
ing out  his  instructions,  selecting  new  sites  for 
military  posts,  reducing  military  expenses  and 
in  chastising  the  most  hostile  Indians.  During 
the  interval  of  peace,  1 8  5  2-3,  some  progress  was 
made  with  civil  affairs,  at  great  expense;  but 
the  methods  proposed  were  not  approved  by 
Congress,  and  soon  the  "  hostiles  "  were  again 
on  the  war-path.  General  Garland  and  his 
officers  made  active  campaigns  in  all  directions 
with  detachments  of  the  soldiery,  often  accom- 
panied by  volunteers,  especially  against  the 
Mescaleros,  Jicarillas  and  Utes;  treaties  were 
made  by  Governor  Merriwether,  but  not  ap- 
proved, and  thus  were  crippled  the  efforts  of 
the  department  to  perfectly  subdue  the  hostile 
Indians.  From  1858-61  there  were  many 
fights  with  the  Indians,  with  varying  results. 

Following  is  a  summary  of  Indian  affairs 
from  1864  to  1884,  according  to  Bancroft's 
History: 

1864:  Depredations  much  less  frequent 
and  serious  than  in  former  years,  though  the 
Apaches  are  still  hostile.  The  superintendent 
declares  that  hostilities  might  have  been  pre- 
vented by  more  liberal  supplies  of  food.  The 
Commissioner  of  Indian  Affairs  notes  no  im- 


provement under  military  management,  but 
thinks  some  experience  is  being  gained  for 
future  guidance.  A  member  of  the  legislature 
gives  losses  at  the  hands  of  Indians  in  the  past 
fifteen  months  at  99  killed,  47  wounded,  18 
captured,  and  property  stolen  to  the  value  of 
$448,683. 

1865:  Superintendent  complains  of  want 
of  funds;  commissioner,  that  most  agents  can- 
not speak  English.  The  governor,  in  a  pro- 
clamation of  May  4,  forbids  expeditions  by 
citizens,  and  all  trade  in  captives. 

1866:  The  settlement  of  claims  of  citizens 
for  Indian  depredations,  breaking  up  of  peon- 
age and  captive  slavery,  and  suspension  of 
raids  by  citizens,  are  urged.  Agents  should  be 
Americans,  and  their  salaries  not  less  than 
$2,500  instead  of  $1,500.  A  special  commis- 
sion should  select  reservations,  and  whites 
should  be  strictly  excluded.  A  few  bad  In- 
dians spoil  the  reputation  of  a  whole  tribe. 
The  Apaches  may  be  made  self-sustaining  in 
three  years  by  liberal  appropriations  and  good 
management.  The  governor  says  the  Indians 
must  be  conquered  and  their  right  to  roam 
taken  away  by  treaty,  their  reservation  defined, 
and  to  be  at  a  distance  from  the  white  settle- 
ments; that  the  United  States  should  be  lib- 
eral in  the  donation  of  cloth,  seeds,  imple- 
ments, etc.,  for  ten  years,  and  education  be 
enforced  at  an  industrial  school  on  each  reser- 
vation. 

1867:  Expenditures  since  United  States 
occupation,  $4,000,000  a  year;  it  would  have 
been  much  cheaper  to  buy  the  whole  Territory 
and  turn  it  over  to  the  Indians. 

1868:  The  report  to  the  Government  is 
devoted  chiefly  to  an  argument  against  turning 
over  Indian  affairs  to  the  War  Department. 
Arny  was  sent  to  Washington  on  a  mission 
connected  with  Indian  affairs.  The  governor 
is  bitter  against  the  United  States  for  not  send- 
ing more  troops,  now  that  the  war  of  the  Re- 
bellion is  over;  also  against  the  Peace  Com- 
mission. He  complains  of  constant  depreda- 
tions, and  says  the  settlements  must  defend 
themselves,  as  it  is  not  best  to  call  out  the 


HISTORY  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


59 


militia.  The  Utes  and  Jicarillas  are  peaceful, 
but  constitutionally  dishonest.  Other  Apaches 
are  hostile,  and  there  is  little  hope  for  the 
Navajos.  The  latter,  7,304  in  number,  were 
removed  this  year  to  their  old  habitat  as  a  reser- 
vation in  the  northwestern  corner  of  the  Terri- 
tory. Since  then  they  have  lived  more  quietly, 
increasing  in  numbers  and  wealth,  being  more 
inclined  to  raise  live-stock  than  most  other 
Indians. 

1869:  The  commission  disapproves  of 
treaties  with  Indians  as  sovereign  powers.  No 
decided  improvement.  The  superintendent 
says  that  nothing  can  be  done  till  Congress 
furnishes  means  to  carry  out  the  policy  of  feed- 
ing as  cheaper  than  fighting. 

1871:  Larger  appropriations  wanted. 
Commissioner  thinks  that  Grant's  peace  policy 
has  improved  the  character  of  the  agents,  etc. 
Collyer  says  that  for  fifteen  years  the  Apaches 
have  desired  peace,  but  the  agents  have  had 
no  means  of  feeding  them. 

1872:  Some  general  progress,  excepting 
that  it  is  impossible  to  control  the  Apaches. 
While  it  is  cheaper  to  feed  than  to  fight  them, 
it  is  better  to  do  both,  by  the  hands  of  discreet 
men.  Superintendent  should  have  authority 
to  investigate  all  claims. 

1873:  Superintendent  reports  matters  gen- 
erally in  a  satisfactory  condition.  Better 
agents  should  be  secured,  at  a  higher  salary. 
Prompt  appropriations  would  secure  lower 
prices  for  all  goods.  The  commissioner  thinks 
the  plan  of  appointing  agents  on  the  recom- 
mendation of  religious  bodies  is  working  well. 
The  governor  says  that  Indian  depredations  no 
longer  amount  to  anything,  a  false  impression 
having  gone  abroad  concerning  that  matter. 

1874:  Superintendent  Dudley  at  Wash- 
ington reports  that  not  a  single  white  person 
had  been  killed  during  his  term. 

1875:  Agents'  reports  show  no  troubles. 
"Petition  of  citizens  for  the  removal  of  the 
Indians. 

1876:  Commissioner  urges  concentration, 
allotment  of  lands  in  severalty,  extension  of 
United  States  court,  jurisdiction  over  the 


Indians  and  the  removal  of  New  Mexican 
Indians  to  Indian  Territory. 

1877-80:  Nothing  new,  except  that  at  the 
end  of  1 879  Apaches  begin  troubles  again. 

1881:  The  commissioner  says:  "  To  allow 
the  Indians  to  drag  along  year  after  year  and 
generation  after  generation  in  their  old  super- 
stitions, laziness  and  filth,  when  we  have  the 
power  to  elevate  them,  would  be  a  lasting  dis- 
grace." No  change  to  be  expected  as  long  as 
the  Indians  are  simply  fed.  All  the  Indians  of 
southern  New  Mexico  should  be  removed 
north,  away  from  the  frontier.  On  this  latter 
proposition  the  military  authorities  were 
agreed. 

1882-3:     Nothing  of  general  importance. 

1884:  The  governor  thinks  no  more  raids 
like  those  of  1880-2  in  the  south  are  likely  to 
occur.  The  legislature  protests  against  dis- 
crimination against  New  Mexico  in  the  pur- 
chase of  supplies,  and  asks  that  New  Mexico 
be  made  a  military  department,  with  head- 
quarters at  Santa  Fe. 

The  invasion  of  Confederate  forces  from 
the  South  in  1861,  during  the  great  Civil  war, 
put  an  end  to  all  efforts  of  the  civil  depart- 
ment in  behalf  of  the  Apaches,  and  all  of 
them,  including  the  Mescaleros,  after  the  aban- 
donment of  Fort  Stanton,  threw  off  every  re- 
straint, and  freely  gave  themselves  up  to  hos- 
tile raids.  The  Pueblos  continued  to  live  peace- 
ably. 

During  the  war  "between  the  States"  the 
people  of  New  Mexico  were  loyal  to  the  Fed- 
eral Government,  only  a  few  men  of  southern 
origin  and  thoroughly  imbued  with  the  senti- 
ments of  the  South,  sympathizing  with  the 
Confederacy.  Being  remote  from  the  seat  of 
war,  however,  they  were  not  enthusiastic. 
There  were  no  negro  slaves  in  the  Territory  ex- 
cepting a  few  body  servants.  Two  other  forms 
of  slavery  were  prevalent,  however,  namely: 
Peonage  and  that  of  Indian  captives.  By  the 
former  term  is  meant  volunteer  servitude 
for  debt, — generally  for  debt  which  increased 
as  fast  as  liquidated  or  faster.  It  involved  no 
loss  of  civil  rights,  no  sale  or  transfer  of  serv- 


6o 


HISTORY   OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


ice,  and  no  legal  obligation  of  the  children. 
The  Indian  captives  were  bought  and  sold,  one 
or  more  serving  in  the  family  of  each  citizen  of 
the  wealthier  class.  This  slavery  existed  by 
mere  popular  sufferance,  and  not  by  law.  It 
was  abolished  by  the  president's  emancipation 
proclamation  of  1865,  and  orders  issued  in 
consequence  of  that  measure.  But  peonage 
was  not  abolished  until  1867.  This  system  of 
slavery  was  very  oppressive,  and  by  both  usage 
and  law  was  becoming  more  and  more  so.  For 
example,  to  liquidate  a  debt  of  $60,  a  m.an 
binds  himself  to  his  creditor  to  labor  for  him 
continually  for  $2  a  month  until  paid,  mean- 
while feeding  and  clothing  himself!  To  pay 
this  small  sum,  therefore,  would  require  a  life- 
time, not  allowing  anything  for  periods  of  sick- 
ness. This  form  of  servitude  was  sanctioned 
by  Territorial  law.  An  act  of  1851  regulated 
contracts  between  masters  and  servants,  pre- 
venting the  latter  from  quitting  the  former's 
service  while  in  debt.  An  amendment  in  1853 
made  the  regulations  still  more  stringent,  au- 
thorizing the  sheriff  in  certain  cases  to  contract 
the  debtor's  services  to  the  highest  bidder;  and 
in  1859  an  act  provided  for  the  arrest  of  fugi- 
tive servants,  and  prohibited  the  courts  from 
interfering  in  the  correction  of  servants  by 
their  masters  unless  administered  "in  a  cruel 
manner  with  clubs  or  stripes." 

But  African  slavery  the  people  of  New 
Mexico  never  desired.  The  Territory,  by  its 
organic  act,  was  left  open  to  have  such  slavery 
or  not,  as  the  people  might  desire  when  they 
proposed  a  State  constitution,  and  thus  this 
Territory  was  constantly  in  the  minds  of  the 
politicians  of  both  North  and  South,  serving  as 
a  bone  of  contention. 

In  1857  a  law  was  enacted  prohibiting,  un- 
der a  severe  penalty,  the  residence  of  free  ne- 
groes or  mulattoes  in  the  Territory  for  a  period 
of  thirty  days.  Any  owner  of  a  slave  who 
might  free  him  here  was  required  to  transport 
him  beyond  the  Territory  within  thirty  days. 
The  law  did  not  apply  to  permanent  colored 
residents,  except  in  requiring  them  to  give  bond 
for  good  behavior.  In  1859  an  act  was  passed 


"to  provide  for  the  protection  of  property  in 
slaves  in  this  Territory,"  comprising  measures 
about  as  stringent  as  those  existing  in  the  old 
slave  States  east.  It  is  stated  that  this  ultra 
pro-slavery  act  was  adopted  for  a  political  pur- 
pose, namely,  to  disgust  the  people,  and  espe- 
cially Congress,  with  the  slave  laws  of  this 
Territory,  so  that  that  body  would  annul  all 
of  them.  A  resolution  to  that  effect  passed 
the  house,  but  not  the  senate.  The  act  was 
repealed  in  December,  1861,  on  account  of  its 
severity.  In  1865-6  the  act  of  1857  against 
free  negroes  was  repealed,  and  in  1866-7  an 
act  was  passed  abolishing  all  involuntary  serv- 
itude in  the  Territory. 

The  southern  statesmen  naturally  expected 
that  New  Mexico  would  ultimately  join  them, 
but  instead  of  that  she  favored  the  Union  and 
furnished  5,000,  or  6,000  troops,  volunteers 
and  militia,  to  resist  the  Confederate  invasion, 
more  probably,  however,  with  the  idea  that 
the  invasion  was  from  Texas  rather  than  from 
the  Southern  Confederacy  generally. 

The  .Confederacy  naturally  desired  to  take 
under  itsaegis  all  of  Spanish  America  within  the 
domain  of  the  United  States, — New  Mexico, 
Arizona  and  California,  and  indeed  it  came 
within  one  breath  of  acquiring  the  latter  State. 
Many  considerations  were  in  favor  of  Southern 
hopes, — the  predominancy  of  citizens  from 
the  old  South,  the  neglect  of  that  portion  of 
the  Union  by  the  general  Government,  the 
prejudice  of  the  Indians  against  the  United 
States,  distance  from  Washington,  military 
stores  easily  seized,  etc. ;  but  probably  the  two 
simple  reasons,— hatred  of  African  slavery  and 
of  the  Texans, — led  the  majority  of  the  peo- 
ple of  New  Mexico  to  side  with  the  Union. 
By  shrewd  management  Colorado  was  saved 
to  the  Union,  and  from  that  Territory  a  force 
was  sent  down  into  New  Mexico  to  clear  out 
the  Rebel  element. 

Attempts  were  made  in  the  autumn  of 
1861  by  Colonel  W.  H.  Loring  of  the  mounted 
rifles, — of  later  fame  in  Egypt  as  Loring  Pasha, 
— temporarily  in  command  of  the  department, 
with  the  aid  of  Colonel  George  B.  Crittenden, 


HISTORY  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


commanding  an  expedition  against  the  Apaches, 
to  attach  the  New  Mexican  troops  to  the  Con- 
federate cause,  but  their  plan  was  defeated  by 
Lieutenant  Colonel  B.  S.  Roberts.  Many  of 
the  subordinate  officers  made  haste  to  join  the 
Southern  leaders. 

Loring  was  succeeded  by  Canby,  he  by 
Crittenden  and  the  latter  by  Major  H.  H.  Sib- 
ley,  in  command  of  the  New  Mexico  military 
department.  About  the  same  time  (June, 
1861)  the  Territorial  secretary,  Alexander  M. 
Jackson,  resigned  his  office  to  go  South,  and 
the  project  of  invasion  began  to  assume  defi- 
nite shape.  Major  Sibley  was  made  brigadier 
general,  and  ordered  to  Texas  in  July  to  or- 
ganize and  command  the  expedition;  ex-Secre- 
tary Jackson  became  his  assistant  adjutant 
general  of  the  "  Army  of  New  Mexico;"  and 
the  order  for  the  brigade  to  advance  from  San 
Antonio  was  given  on  November  16. 

But  operations  began  here  before  Sibley 's 
arrival.  Lieutenant  Colonel  John  R.  Baylor, 
C.  S.  A.,  occupied  Fort  Bliss,  on  the  Texas 
side,  in  July,  and  crossed  into  New  Mexico 
and  occupied  Mesilla  on  the  25th  of  that 
month.  On  August  i  he  issued  a  proclama- 
tion as  governor,  taking  possession  in  the  name 
of  the  Confederate  States;  he  was  then  in  what 
is  now  Arizona,  taking  possession  of  all  south 
of  latitude  34  degrees.  He  declared  all  offices 
vacant,  organized  a  military  government,  fixed 
the  capital  at  Mesilla,  divided  the  Terri- 
tory into  two  judicial  districts,  and  in  a  proc- 
lamation the  second  day  appointed  civil  of- 
ficials, including  James  A.  Lucas  as  secretary, 
M.  H.  McWille  as  attorney  general,  E.  Anger- 
stein  as  treasurer,  and  George  M.  Frazier  as 
marshal. 

At  this  time  Isaac  R.  Lynde,  of  the  Sev- 
enth Infantry,  United  States  Army,  in  com- 
mand of  the  Southern  District  of  New  Mexico, 
had  a  force  of  about  700  men  at  Fort  Fillmore. 
Although  from  the  North  by  birth  and  educa- 
tion, his  Southern  sympathies  were  so  strong 
that  in  the  latter  part  of  July  he  surrendered 
his  whole  force  as  prisoners  of  war  to  Bay- 
lor. A  short  time  previously,  according  to 


order,  Forts  Buchanan  and  Breckenridge  in 
Arizona  were  surrendered  to  the  Confederacy. 

On  the  march  of  the  garrisons  from  these 
forts,  about  450  strong,  they  heard  of  the  un- 
expected surrender  of  Major  Lynde,  and  di- 
rected their  course  to  Fort  Craig.  In  Decem- 
ber Baylor's  Confederate  force  was  estimated 
by  Canby  at  800  Texans,  besides  200  or  300 
volunteers  from  the  floating  Mexican  popula- 
tion of  Mesilla  valley. 

About  the  middle  of  December  General 
Sibley  arrived  with  his  Texan  rangers,  and  is- 
sued his  proclamations,  declaring  martial  law 
and  taking  possession  of  the  Territory.  Col- 
onel Canby  at  the  same  time  was  endeavoring 
to  organize  his  forces  and  provide  means  of 
defense,  being  greatly  embarrassed,  however, 
by  the  want  of  supplies.  He  reported  the  peo- 
ple loyal  but  apathetic, — too  indifferent  indeed 
to  be  relied  upon  for  much  aid. 

The  legislature  authorized  the  governor  to 
call  into  service  the  whole  force  of  the  Terri- 
tory to  resist  invasion;  volunteers  rapidly  en- 
rolled, and  Governor  Connelly  in  his  message 
afterward  congratulated  the  people  on  their 
patriotism,  announcing  that  the  'Confederates 
had  not  come  north  of  the  Jornada  and  that 
the  Federal  force  was  sufficient  to  repel  them. 

At  the  beginning  of  1862  Canby  established 
his  headquarters  at  Fort  Craig,  where  he  had 
a  force  of  nearly  4,000  men,  of  whom,  how- 
ever, 1,000  were  useless  militia,  and  less  than 
1,000  regular  troops.  Sibley  had  about  2,500 
men,  Texan  rangers,  accustomed  to  Indian 
warfare  and  good  fighters. 

Passing  over,  at  this  point,  any  notice  of 
the  campaign  in  Arizona,  we  proceed  with  an 
account  of  operations  directly  in  the  field  of 
New  Mexico. 

In  February,  1862,  Sibley  proceeded  up 
the  Rio  Grande  on  the  western  side,  by  way 
of  Mesilla  and  Fort  Thorn,  reaching  the  vicin- 
ity of  Fort  Craig  on  the  i8th.  Next  day 
Canby  sent  an  artillery  force,  supported  by 
volunteers,  to  occupy  the  bluff  on  the  eastern 
bank,  and  here  on  the  2Oth  there  was  some 
firing.  Major  Roberts,  with  infantry  and  two 


62 


HISTORY  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


batteries,  was  sent  to  Valverde,  a  ford  seven 
miles  above,  to  hold  that  point,  the  Confeder- 
ates on  the  other  side  making  for  the  same 
point,  where,  early  on  the  2ist,  a  fight  oc- 
curred, in  which  Roberts  had  the  advantage 
and  repulsed  the  Confederates.  The  forces 
engaged  in  this  preliminary  conflict  were  about 
700  on  each  side. 

Canby  arriving  about  noon,  the  battle  was 
renewed,  resulting  in  a  victory  for  the  Confed- 
erates, although  at  fearful  expense  of  life.  The 
latter  then  marched  up  the  river  to  Albu- 
querque, without  opposition,  leaving  their  sick 
and  wounded  at  Socorro.  Santa  Fe  was  at 
length  occupied,  probably  without  resistance. 
The  main  force  of  the  Confederates  marched 
on  to  Fort  Union,  where  there  were  stores  to 
the  value  of  about  $300,000,  and  where  Major 
Donaldson  also  arrived,  March  10,  with  a  train 
of  twenty  wagons  from  Albuquerque.  The 
Texan  advance  (a  portion  of  Sibley's  com- 
mand) under  Major  W.  R.  Scurry,  reached 
Apache  canyon  on  the  25th.  This  point  was 
sufficiently  garrisoned  by  the  Federals  barely 
in  time  to  save  it. 

A  regiment  of  "Pike's  Peakers,"  good 
fighting  men  from  Colorado,  marched  to  Fort 
Union,  arriving  March  11-13.  At  one  time 
they  marched  sixty-four  miles  in  twenty-four 
hours.  At  this  fort  the  united  forces  were 
placed  under  command  of  Colonel  Slough.  On 
the  22d  these  forces,  numbering  1,342  troops, 
including  300  regulars,  started  for  Santa  Fe. 
On  the  way  they  found  scouts  of  the  enemy, 
and  at  Apache  canyon  the  enemy  posted  in 
force,  who  opened  a  battery  upon  Slough's 
army;  but  after  a  desperate  struggle  theTexans 
there  were  dislodged.  In  this  encounter  Cap- 
tain and  his  immediate  successor,  Lieutenant 
Nelson,  were  most  conspicuous  for  bravery. 
Major  Chivington  was  also  a  brave  commander 
on  this  occasion. 

Deciding  to  move  around  to  the  rear  of  the 
enemy,  over  the  mountain,  Major  Chivington, 
with  the  aid  of  Manuel  Chavez  as  guide,  suc- 
ceeded, after  considerable  difficulty,  in  reach- 
ing the  point;  and  after  several  desperate  en- 


counters with  the  Confederates,  and  meeting 
with  some  reversals  of  fortune,  succeeded  in 
routing  the  boastful  Texans  with  his  non- 
boasting  Pike's  Peakers;  and  Sibley,  seeing 
that  his  main  reliance  was  broken,  was  obliged 
to  retreat  altogether  from  the  seat  of  war. 
Thus  passed  the  high  tide  of  the  Confederate 
war  in  New  Mexico,  and  the  credit  of  the  vic- 
tory is  mainly  due  to  Major  Chivington,  a  pre- 
siding elder  of  the  Methodist  Episcopal  Church 
in  Colorado. 

Slough  was  now  to  protect  Fort  Union  at 
all  hazards,  to  which  point  the  army  fell  back 
on  April  2;  but  on  the  5th  this  army,  under 
Colonel  Paul,  Slough  having  resigned,  was  or- 
dered south.  The  Confederates  had  mostly 
fallen  back  to  Albuquerque.  Against  this 
place  Canby  then  made  a  demonstration  on 
the  8th,  with  but  slight  effect.  On  the  i3th 
he  was  joined  by  Colonel  Paul,  and  the  next 
day  Major  Chivington  was  appointed  Colonel 
of  the  Colorado  regiment,  and  the  united  army 
marched  down  the  Rio  Grande  on  one  side, 
while  the  retreating  Confederates  marched 
down  the  other  side  and  finally  disappeared 
from  the  Territory  altogether.  Thus  ended 
the  Confederate  invasion  of  1861-2  in  New 
Mexico. 

The  New  Mexico  legislature,  during  its 
session  following  the  above  described  war, 
passed  resolutions  thanking  ' '  the  brave  Cali- 
fornia and  Colorado  troops  for  their  timely  aid 
in  driving  the  traitors  and  rebels  from  our  soil," 
with  an  added  paragraph  especially  compli- 
mentary to  General  Carleton  and  the  Cali- 
fornians,  whose  march  across  the  desert  was 
regarded  as  "one  of  the  most  remarkable 
achievements  of  the  age."  This  paragraph 
brought  out  a  letter  from  Governor  Evans  of 
Colorado,  complaining  of  injustice  done  to  the 
Colorado  troops,  as  the  Californians  did  not 
arrive  until  the  campaign  was  virtually  over. 
Accordingly  at  the  next  session  the  legislature 
attempted  to  set  the  matter  right,  solemnly 
affirming  that  it  was  "not  the  intention  to 
place  these  brave  soldiers  second  to  none!  " 
The  Californians,  however,  deserve  extraordi- 


HISTORY  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


nary  credit   for  making  so  long  a  march  in  so 
short  a  time,  against  so  many  obstacles. 

From  this  point  onward  it  will  be  more 
convenient  to  treat  the  history  of  New  Mexico 
by  topics  instead  of  the  chronological  method, 
taking  all  topics  at  once.  This  is  an  illustra- 
tion of  the  modern  doctrine  of  "differentia- 
tion," which  inculcates  the  law  of  multiplica- 
tion of  organ  and  function  from  the  "  simple 
and  homogeneous  to  the  complex  and  hetero- 
geneous." As  the  stream  of  history  divides  in- 
to several  channels  on  entering  the  delta,  we 
must  consider  each  stream  separately.  There- 
fore we  will  consider  the  outline  of  political 
government,  Indian  affairs,  material  industries, 
education  and  public  institutions,  etc.,  in 
separate  sections,  each  to  its  conclusion,  as 
being  by  far  the  most  satisfactory  method. 

THE    PRINCIPAL  ACTS    OF    CONGRESS 

with  reference  to  Mexico  have  been  as  follows: 

1864-5:  Joint  resolution  to  facilitate  com- 
munication with  New  Mexico.  Joint  com- 
munication of  delegates  of  the  Territories  ap- 
proving the  constitutional  amendment  abolish- 
ing slavery.  Act  to  establish  post  roads. 

1865-6:  Bill  to  confirm  land  claim  of  J. 
S.  Ramirez  passed  by  the  senate. 

1866-7:  Bill  to  abolish  peonage  passed 
Congress;  also,  after  much  discussion,  a  bill  to 
prohibit  restriction  of  suffrage  on  account  of 
race  or  color.  Bill  to  provide  for  bienniaf  ses- 
sions of  the  legislature  passed  the  house. 

1867:  Act  legalizing  the  acts  of  the  legis- 
lature at  its  session  of  1866-7.  Bill  to  settle 
private  land  claims  referred  to  committee,  as 
also  were  many  other  bills  earlier  and  later  on 
this  subject;  and  also  bills  on  war  and  Indian 
claims. 

1867-8:  Resolution  for  the  relief  of 
Navajo  captives  held  as  peons,  passed  both 
houses.  Several  bills  on  lands,  railroads, 
claims  and  other  subjects  introduced  by  Dele- 
gate Clever,  but  not  finally  acted  on.  Bill  for 
relief  and  reservation  of  Navajos  at  Bosque 
Redondo,  passed  by  the  house  and  amended 
by  the  senate. 


1868-9:  Act  on  the  Vigil  and  St.  Vrain 
land  grants  for  the  benefit  of  settlers.  Act 
providing  for  biennial  sessions  of  the  legislature; 
also  amending  the  organic  acton  the  passing  of 
bills  over  the  governor's  veto  by  a  two-thirds 
vote ;  also,  making  the  governor  the  superintend- 
ent of  public  buildings,  at  a  salary  of  $1,000; 
also,  making  the  salary  of  the  secretary 
$2,000  from  1867. 

1869:  Act  repealing  the  acts  of  the  legis- 
lature to  impose  a  capitation  tax  on  bovine 
cattle  introduced  from  other  States  and  Terri- 
tories. 

1869-70:  Bill  to  annul  part  of  a  New- 
Mexico  law  on  execution  and  mortgages;  also, 
bill  to  authorize  a  State  constitution,  referred 
to  a  committee.  Act  increasing  the  salary  of 
justices  to  $3,000. 

1870-1:  Bill  to  authorize  a  State  consti- 
tution under  the  name  of  Lincoln,  reported  by 
the  senate  committee,  but  again  referred  to 
the  senate  committee  in  1871.  Bill  to  pay 
volunteers'  claims,  tabled  in  the  house.  Bill 
to  confirm  Rio  Grande  land  claim,  passed  both 
houses  apparently,  but  referred  to  the  house 
committee  in  1871. 

1871:  Act  to  authorize  the  legislature  to 
meet  on  the  first  Monday  in  December,  and 
authorizing  an  election. 

1871-2:  Bill  to  enable  land  claimants  to 
test  the  validity  of  their  claims,  referred  to  the 
senate  committee.  State  of  Lincoln  bill  ta- 
bled in  the  house.  Act  to  pay  the  salary  of 
the  secretary  as  superintendent  of  public  build- 
ings to  June,  1872,  but  repealing  the  act  of 
1868,  which  gave  that  salary.  Act  granting 
the  right  of  way  to  the  New  Mexico  &  Gulf 
railroad 

1872-3:  Act  for  completing  the  military 
road  from  Santa  Fe  to  Taos.  Bill  to  survey 
private  land  grants  at  Government  expense,  re- 
ferred to  the  house  committee.  Bill  to  donate 
ten  sections  of  land  for  finding  water  in  the 
desert,  tabled.  Bills  to  extend  the  time  of 
voting  on  the  State  constitution  and  to  create 
a  new  land  district,  referred  to  a  committee. 

1873-4:     Bill    for    a    State    constitution, 


HISTORY  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


passed  by  the  house  and  referred  by  the  sen- 
ate. Act  creating  a  new  land  district. 

1874-5:  Bill  for  a  State  constitution, 
passed  by  the  senate,  with  amendments. 

1876:  Bill  for  a  State,  passed  by  the  sen- 
ate, and  referred  by  the  house. 

1876-7:  House  bill  to  pay  Indian  depreda- 
tion claims,  tabled. 

1877:  Bill  to  attach  Grant  county  to  Ari- 
zona, referred  to  a  house  committee. 

1877-8:  Bill  to  annul  the  act  of  the  legis- 
lature incorporating  the  Society  of  Jesuits, 
passed  by  the  senate,  and  referred  by  the 
house.  Bill  for  the  relief  of  mounted  volun- 
teers, passed  by  the  senate,  and  referred  by 
the  house. 

1878:  Act  providing  that  the  legislature 
shall  not  exceed  twelve  councilmen  and  twenty- 
four  representatives,  at  $4  a  day,  the  president 
and  speaker  each  to  receive  $6. 

1878-9:  Act  annulling  the  act  of  the  leg- 
islature incorporating  the  Society  of  Jesuits. 

1 880- 1 :  Act  limiting  sessions  of  the  legis- 
lature to  sixty  days. 

1 88 1 -2:  Act  legalizing  the  election  of  the 
legislature  of  November,  1880. 

1883-4:  Act  legalizing  the  legislature 
elected  November,  1882,  to  meet  in  February, 
1884. 

Thus  it  is  seen  that  Congress  did  little  else 
than  to  pass  a  few  bills  of  a  routine  nature, 
most  others  being  referred  to  committees  to 
die,  or  were  tabled.  The  annual  appropria- 
tions for  government  expenses  amounted  to 
$33,000  to  $40,000  for  the  years  in  which  the 
legislature  met,  and  about  half  as  much  for 
the  other  years,  while  much  larger  amounts 
were  devoted  to  Indian  and  military  matters, 
— about  $3,000,000  to  the  military  alone. 

Congress  has  been  singularly  negligent  of 
the  claims  of  New  Mexico  citizens  for  dam- 
ages in  the  revolt  of  1847,  Indian  depredations 
and  the  Confederate  invasion  of  1861-2,  and 
of  those  who  rendered  military  service  from 
time  to  time  in  these  various  emergencies. 


CHRONOLOGICAL     SUMMARY      OF      NEW-MEXICAN 
HISTORY. 

1540-97:     Discovery  and  exploration. 

1  535~6:  Cabeza  de  Baca,  passing  through 
Texas  and  Chihuahua,  hears  of  the  New  Mex- 
ican pueblos. 

1540-2:  Coronado's  army  enters  by  way 
of  Sinaloa,  Sonora  and  Arizona,  spending  two 
winters  in  the  Rio  Grande  valley. 

1581:  Fr.  Agustin  Rodriguez  enters  New 
Mexico  from  Chihuahua. 

1582-3:      Espejo's  expedition. 

1583-95:  Several  projects  of  conquest 
without  results. 

1594-6:  Expeditions  of  Bonilla  and  Hu- 
manya. 

1  598-9:  Spanish  conquest  and  occupation, 
by  Juan  de  Onyate. 

1601-5:  Onyate's  expedition  to  Quivira 
and  the  mouth  of  the  Colorado. 

1615:  Santa  Fe  founded  about  this  time 
or  a  little  later.  (This  is  entirely  too  late,— 
i  599  is  more  like  it.) 

1630:  Fifty  to  a  hundred  missionaries 
serving  in  ninety  to  one  hundred  pueblo  mis- 
sions. 

1640:  Beginning  of  dissensions  between 
the  government  and  the  missionaries. 

1650:  Beginning  of  serious  troubles  with 
the  Indians. 

1664  and  afterward:  Penyalosa's  filibust- 
ering schemes. 

1670  and  afterward:  Apaches  begin  their 
raids.  Navajos  mentioned.  Spanish  popula- 
tion about  2,400,  converted  Indians  20,000. 

1680:  Successful  revolt  of  the  Pueblos, 
expelling  the  Spaniards,  but  killing  400.  El 
Paso  founded. 

1681-2:     Otermin's  vain  efforts  to   recon- ( 
quer  the  province. 

1692-6:     Reconquest  by  Diego  de  Vargas. 

1706:     Founding  of  Albuquerque. 

1709:  First  important  war  and  treaty  with 
the  Navajos. 

1712  and  afterward:  Efforts  to  conciliate 
or  conquer  the  Moquis,  who  refused  to  submit. 


HISTORT  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


1716  and  afterward:  First  troubles  with 
the  Comanches. 

1730-42:  Controversies  of  Franciscans 
with  the  church  and  with  the  Jesuits. 

1730:     First  visit  by  the  bishop. 

1750:  Spanish  population  4,000;  Indian 
converts,  12,000. 

1760:     Tour  of  Bishop  Tamaron. 

1760-1800:  "  A  period  of  dissension,  ras- 
cality and  decadence." 

1774-6:  Active  efforts  for  exploration  in 
the  West  and  for  the  conversion  of  the  Moquis. 
Expedition  of  Dominguez  and  Escalante  to 
Utah. 

1776-7:  Organization  of  the  Provincias 
Imternas,  including  New  Mexico. 

1780-1:  Ravages  of  small-pox,  leading  to 
the  consolidation  of  the  missions. 

1786:     New  Apache  policy. 

1800:  Spanish  population,  18,000;  In- 
dian, 9, 700. 

1803:  Louisiana  ceded  to  the  United 
States. 

1 804-5 :  Beginnings  of  the  Santa  Fe  trade. 
Working  of  the  Santa  Rita  copper  mines. 

1806-7:     Pike's  exploring  expedition. 

1810:  Pino  sent  to  the  Spanish  court  by 
New  Mexico. 

1819:  Boundary  treaty  with  the  United 
States. 

1821:     New  Mexico  supports  Iturbide. 

1822:  Spanish  population,  30,000;  In- 
dian, 10,000. 

1822:  New  Mexico  becomes  a  Mexican 
province. 

1824:  New  Mexico  a  territory  of  the  Mex- 
ican Republic.  Beginning  of  the  legal  Santa 
Fe  trade. 

1828:  Expulsion  of  Spaniards  and  partial 
secularization  of  the  missions.  Discovery  of 
the  gold  placers. 

1833:     Visit  of  the  bishop. 

1835:   First  printing-press  and  newspaper. 

1836:  New  Mexico  a  department  under  a 
governor. 

1837-8:  Rebellion  of  Gonzalez  and  acces- 
sion of  Governor  Armijo. 

5 


1839:  New  Mexico  a  separate  comandan- 
cia.  Discovery  of  the  new  placers. 

1841:     Texan  Santa  Fe  invasion. 

1844:  Department  divided  into  districts 
and  partidos. 

1845:  Population  about  70,000;  Indian, 
10,000.  Texas  annexed  to  the  United  States. 

1846-7:  Mexican  war.  Occupation  of  New 
Mexico  by  General  Kearny. 

1847:  Revolt  of  the  New  Mexicans.  First 
legislature  and  first  newspaper  in  English. 

1848:  Treaty  between  the  United  States 
and  Mexico,  the  latter  ceding  New  Mexico  and 
California.  Territorial  convention. 

1849-50:  State  convention.  Debates  in 
Congress  on  slavery  and  Texan  boundary. 

1850:  New  Mexico  admitted  as  a  "Terri- 
tory." Population,  61,000.  'Vicarate  of  San- 
ta Fe  established;  Lamy,  titular  bishop. 

1850-1:     Mexican  boundary  survey. 

1851:  Organization  of  the  Territorial  gov 
ernment,  and  meeting  of  the  first  legislature. 

1851-9:  Several  railroad  and  other  explora- 
tions, for  thoroughfare  and  scientific  purposes. 

1853-4:  Dispute  with  Mexico  for  posses- 
sion of  the  Mesilla  valley. 

1854-5:  Gadsden  purchase  annexed  to 
New  Mexico.  Indian  wars. 

1855:  Surveyor  general's  office  estab- 
lished. 

1858-60:  Pueblo,  private  and  town  land 
claims  confirmed  by  Congress. 

1 86 1 :    Cimarron  Indian  agency  established. 

1858-63:  Navajo  wars,  ending  with  the 
expedition  of  1863-4  by  Carleton  and  Carson. 

1861-2:    Confederate-Texan  invasion.  Ter-    V 
ritory  of  Colorado  cut  off. 

1863:  Arizona  cut  off.  Fort  Sumner  and 
Bosque  Redondo  reservation  established. 

1864:  Governor  Connelly.  General  Carle- 
ton.  Indian  Superintedent  Steck.  Navajos 
at  Bosque  Redondo. 

1865:  Publication  of  the  revised  statutes. 
Indian  Superintendent  Delgado. 

1866:  Governor  Mitchell.  Indian  Super- 
intendent Norton.  Repairs  on  the  Palacio. 


66 


HISTORY  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


Mescaleros  quit  the  Bosque  Redondo  reserva- 
tion. 

1867:  Generals  Sykes  and  Getty.  Indian 
Superintendent  Webb.  Discovery  of  Moreno 
mines.  Peonage  abolished.  Death  of  Padre 
Antonio  J.  Martinez.  Decision  of  supreme 
court  that  the  Pueblo  Indians  are  citizens.  Sol- 
diers' monument  dedicated  at  Santa  Fe. 

1868:  First  daily  mail  from  the  East.  Na- 
vajos  removed  from  the  Bosque  Redondo  to 
their  old  home  in  the  northwest.  First  mili- 
tary telegraph  in  operation.  Death  of  Kit  Car- 
son. Chavez,  contestant,  seated  as  a  delegate 
in  Congress.  Fort  Sumner  abandoned. 

1869:  Governor  Pile.  Indian  Superin- 
tendents Gallegos  and  Clinton.  Archives  sold 
for  waste  paper.  Earthquakes. 

1870:  Indian  Superintendent  Pope.  Popu- 
lation, 90,573.  Forts  Cummings  and  McRae 
garrisoned.  Apaches  at  Canyada  Alamosa 
moved  by  Colyer  to  Tularosa.  First  National 
bank  at  Santa  Fe. 

1871:  Governor  Giddings.  General  Grang- 
er (also  1875).  Biennial  sessions  of  the  legis- 
lature. Water  found  by  Martin  in  the  Jornada 
del  Muerto.  Filing  of  land  claims  resumed. 

1872:  Indian  Superintendent  (the  last) 
Dudley.  State  constitution  formed.  New  pub- 
lic school  law. 

1873:  General  Gregg.  Jesuit  school  at 
Albuquerque. 

1874:  General  Devin.  Mescaleros  on  the 
reservation  at  Fort  Stanton.  Apaches  moved 
to  Hot  Springs.  New  land  district  in  the  south 
at  Mesilla.  Protestant  Episcopal  missionary 
district. 

1875:  Governor  Axtell.  Military  telegraph 
from  Santa  Fe  to  Mesilla.  Archdiocese  of 
Santa  Fe  created.  Rev.  F.  J.  Tolby  mur- 
dered in  Colfax  county.  Jesuit  schools  at  Las 
Vegas  and  La  Junta. 

1876:  Colonel  Wade  and  General  Hatch. 
Telegraph  to  Tucson.  Prefect  system  of  coun- 
ty government  abandoned.  Murder  of  Hon. 
Louis  Clark  in  Rio  Arriba.  Fort  Selden  aban- 
doned. 

1877:     Apaches  removed  to  San    Carlos, 


Arizona.  Telegraph  to  San  Diego.  Survey 
of  land  claims  resumed.  Grand  lodge  of  Ma- 
sons organized. 

1878:  Governor  Wallace.  Railroad  crosses 
New  Mexican  line  at  Raton  mountain.  War 
of  stockmen  begins  in  Lincoln  county.  Santa 
Fe  Academy  incorporated.  Jicarillas  removed 
to  reservation  in  the  northwest.  Utes  re- 
moved to  Colorado. 

1878-82:     Apache  raids  at  Victorio. 

1879:  Act  incorporating  Jesuits  annulled 
by  Congress.  Beginning  of  a  boom  in  mines. 
White  Oak  mines  discovered.  Los  Cerillos 
camps.  Railroad  reaches  Las  Vegas.  Hot 
Springs  hotel  opened.  First  Protestant  Epis- 
copal Church  in  New  Mexico  dedicated  at  Las 
Vegas.  Albuquerque  Academy  incorporated. 

1880:  Railroad  reaches  Santa  Fe.  Street 
railroad  at  Albuquerque  and  Isleta:  Narrow- 
gauge  railroad  from  the  north  enters  the  Ter- 
ritory. General  incorporation  act.  Bureau 
of  Immigration  and  Historical  Society  organ- 
ized. Founding  of  New  Albuquerque.  Las 
Vegas  Academy.  Fire  at  Las  Vegas.  Victorio 
killed  in  Mexico.  Visit  of  General  Grant  and 
President  Hayes.  Gas  at  Santa  Fe.  Popula- 
tion of  the  Territory,  109,793. 

1881:  Governor  Sheldon.  Generals  Brad- 
ley and  Mackenzie.  Railroad  completed  to 
Deming,  El  Paso  and  California;  also,  the 
Denver  &  Rio  Grande  Railroad  in  the  north, 
and  the  Atlantic  &  Pacific  to  the  Arizona  line. 
First  Territorial  fair  and  Congregational  church 
at  Albuquerque.  First  volume  of  the  New 
Mexico  Supreme  Court  Reports  published. 
Telephone  at  Santa  Fe.  Educational  associa- 
tion organized.  Indian  school  at  Albuquerque. 

1883:  Tertio-millennial  celebration  at  San- 
ta Fe.  Atlantic  &  Pacific  Railroad  reaches 
Colorado  river.  Jicarilla  Indians  removed  to 
the  Mescalero  reservation. 

1884:  Navajo  reservation  extended  and 
consolidated  with  that  of  the  Moquis.  Appro- 
priation of  $200,000  for  completing  public 
buildings.  Wrangle  about  the  organization  of 
the  legislature. 


HISTORY   OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


1885:  Governor  Ross.  Publication  of  the 
Compiled  Laws. 

1886:     Fire  at  Socorro. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

In  1856  a  "  Revised  Code  of  New  Mexico" 
was  prepared,  but  never  printed.  In  1862  the 
governor,  authorized  by  an  act  of  1859,  ap- 
pointed Kirby  Benedict,  C.  P.  Clever  and 
Facundo  Pino  to  codify  the  laws;  but  their 
work  was  delayed  by  Pino's  death  and  other 
causes,  and  other  efforts  were  made  in  1864, 
1871-2,  1875-6  and  1880,  but  nothing  accom- 
plished. Judge  Prince  prepared  a  compilation 
of  several  laws,  published  in  1882  and  again  in 
1884,  and  referred  to  the  Supreme  Court  opin- 
ions. 

Almost  ever  since  the  organization  of  the 
Territory  of  New  Mexico  efforts  have  been 
made  to  bring  it  into  the  Union  as  a  State, 
but  without  avail  up  to  date,  1895.  For  a 
long  time  there  has  been  a  sufficient  popula- 
tion, but  several  things  have  stood  in  the  way, 
as  national  politics,  unassimilated  natives,  com- 
plications with  Indian  affairs  and  frontier  con- 
troversies. 

In  1874  the  question  was  "State  or  no 
State";  and  the  politicians  of  the  Territory 
were  divided  into  Territory  men  and  "  States- 
men." The  delegate  in  Congress  introduced  a 
bill  for  an  enabling  act  to  become  a  State. 
The  people  were  already  "  able  "  to  support  a 
State  government,  but  did  not  yet  understand 
American  institutions  sufficiently  to  be  pre- 
pared for  State  autonomy  according  to  the 
Federal  constitution. 

Financially,  the  Territory  has  never  been 
greatly  in  debt.  The  rate  of  taxation  has 
never  been  high.  Of  the  total  rate  of  \\\ 
mills  on  the  dollar  in  1884,  five  mills  were  for 
the  Territory,  three  for  schools,  two  and  a  half 
for  the  counties  and  the  rest  for  interest. 
The  poll  tax  of  $i  is  for  the  benefit  of  schools. 

CENSUS. 

Some  idea  of  the  comparative  growth  of 
the  various  people  in  New  Mexico  may  be  ob- 
tained from  the  following  brief  table: 


9,471  ["*» 

5,173  J 


I860.       1870.  1880.          1890. 

Total  population  .....  80,567     90,573  109,793     153,593 

Indians  ........................................ 

Colored  ....................         180  1,015        1,956 

Chinese  .........................  57     ....... 

Natives  of  N.  Mexico  .......    82,193  92,2711 

Born  in  other  parts  of  ' 

the  United  States  ........      2,760  9, 

Natives  of  (old)Mexico  ......       3,903  5, 

Natives     of      foreign 

countries  .................       1,717  2,878      11,259 

While  the  United  States  census  is  generally 
behind  the  times  and  at  any  one  time  seems  to 
be  far  behind  the  local  calculations,  yet  a  little 
study  of  them  presents  some  curiosities  and 
often  serves  pretty  well  for  comparison  of 
one  region  or  municipality  with  another  at  the 
period  referred  to. 

According  to  the  census  of  1  890,  we  have 
the  following  table  of  population  in  New 
Mexico: 

COUNTIES.  POPULATION. 

Colfax  ...........................  7.974 

Bernalillo  .....  ...................  20,913 

Donna  Anna  ......................  9.  !9J 

Grant  ............................  9,657 

Lincoln  ..........................  7,081 

Mora  ............................  10,618 

RioArriba  ........................  ",534 

San  Juan  .........................  1,980 

San    Miguel  .......................  24,  204 

Santa  Fe  ........................  1  3,  562 

Sierra  ...........................  3.630 

Socorro  ........................  9,  595 

Taos  ............................  9.868 

Valencia  .........................  1  3,  876 


Total 153.593 

Of  the  above  there  were  native  citizens 
142,334;  foreign  born,  11,259;  white,  142,- 
719;  negroes,  1,956. 

The  religious  denominations  were  repre- 
sented as  follows  : 

Catholics   100, 576 

Congregationalists 175 

Disciples 65 

Adventists 172 

Baptists 39.760 

Jews 5° 

Mormons 456 


68 


HISTORY   OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


Lutherans 64 

Methodists  of  all  kinds ,2,360 

Presbyterians 1.275 

Protestant  Episcopal 375 

The    total    membership    of    all    religious 
bodies  together  was  reported  at  100,749. 

GOVERNORS    OF    NEW    MEXICO. 

Juan  de  Onate,  1598-1608. 

Pedro  de  Peralta,  1608. 

Felipe  Zotylo,  1621-8. 

Manuel  de  Silva,  1629. 

Fern,  de  Arguello,  1640.  (?) 

Luis  de  Rosas,   1641. 
-  Valdes,  1642. 

Alonso  Pacheco  de  Heredia,  1643. 

Fern,  de  Arguello,  1645. 

Luis  de  Guzman,  1647. 

Hernando  de  Ugarte  y  la  Concha,  1650. 

Juan  de  Samaniego,  1653-4. 

Enrique  de  Avila  y  Pacheco,  1656. 

Bernardo  Lopez  de  Mendizabal.  to  1661. 

Diego  de  Penyalosa  Briceno,  1661—4. 

Fern,  de  Villanueva. 

Juan  de  Medrano. 

Juan  de  Miranda. 

Juan  Francisco  de  Trevino,  1675. 

Antonio  Otermin,   1679-83. 

Domingo  Jironza  Petriz  Cruzat,  1683-6. 

Pedro  Reneros  de  Posada,  1686-9. 

Diego  de  Vargas  Zapata  Lujan  Ponce  de 
Leon,  1691-7. 

Pedro  Rodriguez  Cubero,  1697-1703. 

Diego  de  Vargas,  etc. ,  Marques  de  la  Nava 
de  Brazinas,   1703-4. 

Juan  Paez  Hurtado,  acting,  1704-5. 

Francisco  Cuervo   y   Valdes,   ad    interim, 
1705-7. 

Jose  Chacon  Medina  Salazar  y  Villasenor, 
Marques  de  la  Penuela,  1707-12. 

Juan  Ignacio  Flores  Mogollon,   1712-15. 

Felix  Martinez,  ad  interim,  1715—17. 

Juan  Paez  Hurtado,  acting,  1717. 

Antonio    Valverde    y    Costo,    ad    interim, 
1717-22. 


Juan  de  Estrada  y  Austria  (?),  ad  interim, 


Juan   Domingo  de  Bustamente,    1722-31. 
Gervasio  Cruzat  y  Gongora,  1731-6. 
EnriquedeOlavide  y  Michelena,  ad  interim, 

1736-9. 

Caspar  Domingo  de  Mendoza,  1739-43. 

Joaquin  Codallos  y  Rabal,  1743-9. 

Francisco  de  la  Rocha,  1747. 

Tomas  Velez  Cachupin,  1749-54. 

Francisco  Antonio  Marin  del  Valle,  1754-60. 

Mateo  Antonio  de  Mendoza,  acting,  1  760. 

Manuel   Portillo  Urrisola,  acting,    1761-2. 

Tomas  Velez  Cachupin,  1762-7. 

Pedro  Fermin  de  Mendinueta,  1767-78. 

Francisco  Trebol  Navarro,  acting,  1778. 

Juan  Bautista  de  Anza.,  1778-89. 

Manuel  Flon,  1785. 

Fernando  de  la  Concha,  1789-94. 

Fernando  Chacon,  1794-1805. 

Joaquin  del  Real  Alencaster,  1805-8. 

Alberto  Mainez,  1807-8. 

Jose  Manrique,   1810-14. 

Alberto  Mainez,  1815-17. 

Pedro  Maria  de  Allande,   1816-18. 

Facundo  Melgares,  1818-22. 

Francisco  Javier  Chavez,  1822-3. 

Antonio  Vizcarra,  1822-3. 

Bartolome  Baca,  1823-5. 

Antonio  Narbona,  1825-7. 

Manuel  Armijo,   1827-8. 

Antonio  Vizcarra,  acting,  1828. 

Jose  Antonio  Chavez,  1828-31. 

Santiago  Abreu,  1831-3. 

Francisco  Sarracino,  1833-5. 

Juan  Rafael  Ortiz,  acting,   1834. 

Mariano  Chavez,  acting,  1835. 

Albino  Perez,  1835-7. 

Pedro  Munoz,  acting,  1837-8. 

Jose    Gonzalez,     revolutionary    governor, 

1837-8. 

Manuel  Armijo,  1838-40. 

Antonio  Sandoval,  acting,  1841. 

Mariano    Martinez    de    Lejanza,     acting, 
1844-5. 

Jose  Chavez,  acting,   1845. 

Juan  Bautista  Vigil  y  Alarid,  acting,  1846. 


HISTORT  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


69 


Of  the  governors  of  New  Mexico  since  an- 
nexation to  the  United  States  the  following 
observations  may  be  made: 

Governor  Connelly  was  a  weak  man,  of 
good  intentions,  who,  notwithstanding  his  loyal 
sentiments,  made  no  very  brilliant  record  as  a 
"  war  "  governor.  He  died  in  office. 

W.  F.  M.  Arny,  the  secretary,  was  prom- 
inent in  Indian  affairs  and  other  public  mat- 
ters, involved  in  many  controversies,  but  of 
good  repute. 

Governor  Mitchell  incurred  the  enmity  of 
the  legislature  to  such  an  extent  as  to  call  out 
from  that  body  a  resolution  for  his  removal. 
He  was  accused  of  having  absented  himself 
during  the  session,  removing  on  his  return  the 
officials  appointed  by  Secretary  Heath,  and  re- 
fusing to  sanction  a  memorial  passed  in  his 
absence.  He  even  had  the  audacity  to  ap- 
point a  delegate  to  Congress  to  fill  a  vacancy! 
It  was  resolved  to  send  laws  not  approved  by 
him  to  Congress  for  confirmation,  at  the  same 
time  asking  for  an  abrogation  of  the  governor's 
absolute  veto  power,  which  was  granted  by  an 
amendment  of  the  organic  act  in  1868.  There 
was  a  controversy  between  the  governor  and 
secretary,  the  latter  being  denounced  in  public 
meetings  at  the  capital,  but  sustained  by  two 
resolutions  of  the  assembly. 

Governor  Pile,  1869-71,  committed  the 
stupid  blunder  by  which  half  the  old  Spanish 
archives  were  lost.  By  his  order  they  were 
sold  for  wrapping-paper.  Governor  Giddings 
boxed  up  about  five  cords  of  such  remnants  as 
could  be  rescued,  to  protect  them  from  the 
weather  and  from  further  loss. 

Governor  Giddings  died   in   office  in  1875. 

Win.  G.  Ritch,  who  as  secretary  of  the 
Territory  was  acting  governor  in  1875,  was 
president  of  the  Bureau  of  Immigration  in 
1882-3,  author,  and  since  1873  one  of  the 
most  active  and  successful  workers  for  the 
benefit  of  the  Territory. 

Governor  Lew  Wallace  was  famous  as  a 
general  and  as  an  author.  He  was  appointed 
in  place  of  Governor  Axtell,  removed  on  ac- 
count of  dissatisfaction  of  the  administration 


with  the  latter.  This  brought  him  into  im- 
mediate opposition  to  Governor  Axtell's  friends 
and  entire  harmony  was  never  restored.  He 
was  self-reliant  and  fearless.  He  went  per- 
sonally to  the  scene  of  the  disturbances  in  Lin- 
coln county,  and  succeeded  in  bringing  them 
to  an  end.  He  organized  the  militia  and  used 
it  actively.  He  had  the  satisfaction  of  leaving 
the  Territory  perfectly  quiet  and  free  from 
Indians  or  desperadoes.  The  railroad  came 
during  his  term  and  the  influx  of  population 
built  up  the  new  town. 

Apart  from  other  matters,  his  residence  in 
Santa  Fe  is  connected  with  the  writing  of 
"Ben  Hur, "  which  was  finished  at  the 
"Palace." 

Lionel  A.  Sheldon,  appointed  governor  of 
New  Mexico  in  1881,  is  of  Norman  descent, 
his  ancestors  settling  in  Yorkshire,  England, 
about  the  time  of  the  conquest,  one  of  whom 
was  afterward  appointed  Lord  Mayor  of  Lon- 
don, another  Bishop  of  Canterbury,  and  a 
third  Lieutenant  General. 

In  1646  three  brothers  of  this'  family  emi- 
grated to  America,  and  from  one  of  them  Lio- 
nel descended.  He  was  born  in  Worcester, 
New  York,  August  30,  1831.  After  receiving 
a  thorough  legal  training,  at  the  age  of  twen- 
ty-one, he  was  elected  a  Justice  of  the  Peace, 
and  soon  afterward  Probate  Judge  for  Lorain 
county.  At  the  expiration  of  his  term  he  be- 
gan the  practice  of  law  and  to  take  an  active 
part  in  political  and  military  affairs.  In  1858 
he  was  appointed  Brigadier  General  of  militia, 
and  at  the  outbreak  of  the  war  joined  the 
Union  army  as  Captain  of  a  cavalry  company, 
soon  afterward  being  promoted  to  a  Colonelcy 
and  Brevet  Brigadier  General,  and  taking  part 
in  a  number  of  engagements.  In  1868,  and  again 
in  1870  and  1872,  he  was  chosen  for  Congress 
from  New  Orleans,  and  later  was  attorney  for 
the  Government  in  the  Alabama  claims.  In 
1880  he  was  a  member  of  the  Chicago  conven- 
tion, which  nominated  Garfield  for  the  presi- 
dency, and  for  several  days  was  his  guest  at 
the  White  House. 

Gov.  Sheldon  had  been  in  the  war  with  Gar- 


7° 


BISTORT  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


field's  regiment,  and  was  afterward  member  of 
Congress  from  New  Orleans  in  reconstruction 
times.  He  was  appointed  governor  by  Gar- 
field,  and,  probably  relying  on  his  influence  with 
the  president,  he  antagonized  resident  leaders 
in  the  Republican  party,  and  thereby  injured 
his  influence  in  legislation,  and  caused  divi- 
sions, which  gave  the  delegateship  to  the  Demo- 
crats for  ten  years.  He  devoted  much  atten- 
tion to  the  militia,  and  called  them  out  to  aid 
in  putting  down  an  Indian  uprising  in  1884. 
His  most  cherished  project  was  to  erect  a  peni- 
tentiary, instead  of  having  prisoners  kept  in 
outside  institutions,  and  in  this  he  succeeded, 
and  the  penitentiary  was  built. 

Governor  Ross,  previous  to  his  appointment 
as  the  chief  executive  of  the  Territory  of  New 
Mexico,  had  been  a  major  in  the  war,  and  sen- 
ator from  Kansas  to  fill  an  unexpired  term.  By 
his  negative  vote  he  saved  Andrew  Johnson 
from  impeachment.  He  was  a  practical  printer 
and  editor,  and  a  politician  whose  most  notice- 
able characteristic  was  great  firmness,  called  by 
some  obstinacy,  which  led  him  to  prefer  an- 
tagonism to  any  compromise.  This  resulted 
in  quarrels  with  Democratic  leaders  and  with 
the  legislature,  and  resulted  in  his  failure  to 
have  any  of  his  important  appointments  con- 
firmed at  either  session,  as  also  in  the  singular 
fact  that  of  the  last  hundred  laws  enacted  in 
1 889  only  twenty  were  with  his  approval,  sev- 
enty-two became  laws  by  limitation  without 
signature,  and  eight  were  passed  over  his  ve- 
toes. He  was  sternly  honest,  and  always 
meant  to  do  right,  but  was  devoid  of  tact  and 
ability  to  carry  his  ideas  and  wishes  into  prac- 
tical operation. 

Governor  L.  Bradford  Prince  had  the  ad- 
vantage of  long  residence  and  familiarity  with 
the  country  and  people,  hence  his  appointment 
to  the  leading  office  was  unusually  satisfactory. 
During  his  term  the  university,  school  of 
mines,  agricultural  college,  insane  asylum, 
etc.,  were  erected  and  commenced  operations, 
normal  schools  were  established  and  advanced 
public  school  laws  passed  and  successfully  in- 
augurated. He  was  the  active  friend  of  all 


progressive  movements,  and  succeeded  in  get- 
ting the  army  post  at  Santa  Fe  restored  when 
it  was  abandoned,  and  in  having  U.  S.  Land 
Court  established.  During  his  term  of  office 
there  were  no  Indian  uprisings  or  other  dis- 
turbances; peace  and  prosperity  prevailed. 

Governor  Thornton  has  served  in  the 
Confederate  army  and  in  the  Missouri  legis- 
lature. Having  lived  in  New  Mexico  twenty 
years  he  was  familiar  with  the  peoples'  needs 
and  the  country.  He  is  especially  interested  in 
mines,  being  superintendent  of  the  Bennett- 
Stevenson  mine  through  first  half  of  official 
term.  He  is  active  and  energetic,  taking 
active  measures  to  put  down  crime  and  vio- 
lence, and  was  specially  successful  in  Mora 
county. 

DOMESTIC    CUSTOMS. 

It  is  interesting  to  observe,  by  the  way, 
some  of  the  peculiar  customs  of  the  Span- 
iards and  their  descendants  (Mexicans)  in  New 
Mexico  during  the  age  just  past. 

The  internal  arrangement  of  a  Mexican 
house  is  as  different  from  that  of  an  American 
as  the  building  itself.  The  style  is  essentially 
Spanish,  blended  with  which  are  observed 
many  traces  of  the  Moors,  their  early  an- 
cestors. 

All  the  rooms  open  into  the  patio,  except 
some  which  communicate  directly  with  the  sala 
and  with  each  other.  It  is  a  very  rare  thing 
to  see  a  board  floor  in  a  Mexican  house,  the 
substitute  being  earth, — cheaper  in  the  first 
place  and  more  easily  repaired.  A  coating  of 
soft  mud  is  carefully  spread  over  the  earth, 
which  when  dry  makes  a  firm  and  comfortable 
floor.  The  common  covering  for  the  floors, 
when  they  are  covered  at  all,  is  a  coarse  arti- 
cle of  domestic  woolen  manufacture,  called 
gerga,  which  answers  the  purpose  of  a  carpet. 
The  inside  walls  are  whitened  with  calcined 
gypsum,  which  is  used  instead  of  lime,  but  it 
does  not  adhere  to  the  walls  with  the  same 
tenacity,  and  comes  off  on  every  article  that 
touches  it.  To  prevent  this  the  rooms  are 


HISTORY  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


lirfed  with   calico  to  the  height  of  four  feet, 
generally  with  bright  colors. 

The  ceiling  is  never  plastered,  but  in  the 
buildings  of  the  wealthier  classes  the  beams 
that  support  the  roof  are  planed  and  painted 
in  various  colors,  and  sometimes  an  artificial 
ceiling  is  made  by  tacking  bleached  muslin  to 
them.  In  some  sections  a  choice  room  is  or- 
namented by  sticks  painted  blue,  red  and 
green,  and  attached  to  the  beams  in  herring- 
bone style. 

The  fire-place  occupies  a  small  space  in 
the  corner  of  the  room.  Its  mouth  is  some- 
what in  the  shape  of  a  horse-shoe,  not  gener- 
ally more  than  eighteen  inches  or  two  feet  in 
height,  and  the  same  in  width  at  the  bottom. 
The  use  of  andirons  is  unknown,  the  wood  be- 
ing placed  on  end  against  the  back  of  the  fire- 
place. No  shovels  or  tongs. 

When  a  house  becomes  dingy  outside  a 
new  coat  of  mud  is  given  it;  and  when  dingy 
inside  a  new  coat  of  the  calcined  gypsum  is 
given  it,  followed  by  a  new  floor  with  the 
same  sort  of  soft  mud  as  before.  This  reno- 
vation suffices,  instead  of  the  semi-annual 
house-cleaning  which  causes  American  house- 
wives so  much  annoyance. 

Few  chairs  or  wooden  seats  of  any  kind 
are  used,  but  in  their  stead  mattresses  are 
folded  up  and  placed  around  the  room,  next  to 
the  wall,  which,  being  covered  with  blankets, 
make  a  pleasant  seat  and  serve  also  the  place 
of  sofas.  This  is  an  old  Moorish  custom.  At 
night  they  are  rolled  out  and  used  for  beds, 
and  this  in  the  sitting-room.  Bedsteads  are 
almost  unknown.  The  mattress,  if  raised  at 
all  above  the  floor,  is  placed  upon  a  low 
wooden  frame. 

Trunks  and  antiquated  chests  take  the 
place  of  the  American  bureau  and  dresser. 
The  kitchen  utensils  are  equally  meager.  The 
people  cook  almost  universally  in  earthen  ves- 
sels, and  never  use  a  stove.  The  sala  is  the 
principal  room  of  the  house, — being  parlor, 
sitting-room  and  bed-room.  This,  the  family 
room,  is  adorned  with  a  number  of  rude  en- 


gravings of  saints,  among  which  the  Virgin  of 
Guadalupe  is  always  conspicuous. 

The  tortilla  and  the  frijole  constitute  the 
staff  of  life.  The  former  is  a  thin  cake  made 
of  corn  as  follows:  The  corn  is  boiled  in  water 
with  a  little  lime,  to  soften  the  skin  so  that  it 
can  be  peeled  off,  when  they  grind  it  into  a  paste 
upon  an  oblong  hollowed  stone.  The  oper- 
ator kneels  down  behind  it,  and  takes  in  both 
hands  another  long,  round  stone  like  an  ordi- 
nary rolling-pin,  between  which  and  the  hol- 
lowed stone  she  mashes  the  corn.  To  bake 
this,  the  paste  is  spread  upon  thin  sheets  of 
tin  or  copper,  and  in  a  few  minutes  it  is  ready 
for  use.  It  is  quite  palatable  when  warm,  but 
as  tasteless  as  sawdust  when  cold.  The  frijole 
is  a  preparation  of  beans. 

The  people,  of  all  classes,  receive  their 
friends  with  demonstrative  affection,  and  it  is 
customary  to  embrace  each  other  when  they 
meet.  They  will  embrace  a  friend  with  a  hug, 
irrespective  of  sex;  and  they  are  distinguished 
for  politeness  and  suavity. 

The  following  account  concerning  courtship 
and  marriage  is  substantially  from  Bancroft's 
history: 

In  New  Mexico  the  method  of  wooing  and 
winning  a  helpmeet  for  life  is  widely  different 
from  that  practiced  in  the  States.  Here  the 
institution  of  marriage,  at  best,  is  little  more 
than  a  mere  matter  of  convenience  rather  than 
affection.  It  always  serves  as  a  cloak  to  hide 
numerous  irregularities  that  many  of  the  mar- 
ried females  are  prone  to  indulge  in,  which  can 
be  practiced  with  more  facility  in  the  wedded 
than  in  the  single  state. 

One  great  obstacle  in  the  way  of  marriage, 
and  more  especially  among  the  poorer  classes, 
is  the  high  rate  of  fees  which  the  priests  charge 
for  performing  the  marriage  ceremony.  Thus 
many  are  tempted  more  than  naturally  into 
illicit  intercourse.  In  some  instances  several 
hundred  dollars  have  been  paid  for  performing 
the  ceremony,  that  being  the  regular  fee  of 
the  curate  and  not,  of  course,  the  voluntary 
gift  of  the  bridegroom.  The  lowest  price  paid, 


HISTORY  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


where  the  parties  are  married  in  church  and 
the  simplest  rites  performed,  is  about  $20. 

As  to  the  pleasures  of  courtship,  there  are 
none  in  New  Mexico.  The  young  people  have 
no  moonlight  walks  and  sentimental  chats 
along  the  bank  of  a  pleasant  stream  in  sum- 
mer; no  strolls  in  the  fields,  in  spring  time,  to 
gather  early  flowers  to  present  to  each  other 
as  emblems  of  their  own  budding  affection;  no 
pleasant  drives  through  shady  groves,  when 
the  horse  goes  so  slow,  and  the  afternoon  is  so 
warm  that  it  is  impossible  to  return  home  be- 
fore night,  when  the  moon  will  be  up  to  light 
the  road.  Here  there  are  no  pleasant  eve- 
nings passed  in  each  other's  society,  to  study 
character  and  disposition  and  absorb  the  pleas- 
ant emanations  of  each  other's  presence,  when 
the  eyes  speak  volumes  though  the  tongue  be 
silent;  no  sweet  good-bys  at  the  door-step, 
away  from  ma's  searching  eyes,  when  a  sly  and 
gentle  pressure  of  the  hand  is  given  and  re- 
ceived in  token  of  that  affection  which  is  as 
deep  as  it  is  silent.  These  little  maneuverings 
and  heart  episodes  are  strangers  in  all  the  land 
of  New  Mexico  in  connection  with  the  business 
of  marrying  and  giving  in  marriage.  The  ac- 
commodating parents  relieve  the  young  people 
of  all  these  burdens.  A  girl  can  scarcely  put 
her  head  outside  the  door  without  an  old  wo- 
man tagging  after  her  to  stand  guard  over  her 
heart. 

The  old  Spanish  custom  is  still  adhered  to. 
In  the  first  place  all  proposals  of  marriage  are 
made  to  the  father,  or,  if  he  be  dead,  to  the 
mother,  who  is  supposed  to  be  the  rightful 
keeper  of  the  daughter's  affection.  If  a  lad 
"falls  in  love  "  he  unbosoms  his  troubled  soul 
to  his  father,  who  thereupon  writes  a  plain, 
cold  business  note  to  the  father  of  the  young 
lady,  and  without  more  ado  asks  the  hand  of 
his  daughter  in  marriage  for  his  son.  The 
matter  is  then  duly  considered  by  the  parents 
of  the  young  lady;  and  if  the  match  is  viewed 
as  an  advantageous  one,  in  nine  cases  out  of 
ten  the  proposal  is  accepted  without  consulting 
the  wishes  of  the  daughter,  who,  as  a  dutiful 
child,  is  presumed,  as  a  matter  of  course,  to 


do  just  as  pa  wishes.  It  is  beneath  the  pride 
of  a  Spaniard  to  regard  the  inclination  or  pre- 
ference of  the  child  in  such  matters,  and,  if 
he  is  pleased  with  the  proposed  alliance,  that 
is  deemed  all-sufficient.  The  length  of  time 
given  the  parents  to  sit  in  council  over  the 
matter  is  generally  a  month,  at  the  end  of 
which  time  the  affair  is  concluded  and  an  an- 
swer is  given  in  due  form.  It  is  very  seldom 
that  a  young  lady  thinks  seriously  of  matri- 
mony unless  it  is  proposed  by  the  father,  and 
it  sometimes  happens  that  the  parties  have 
never  met  until  the  day  of  marriage. 

Per  contra,  there  are  some  advantages  in 
this  system  of  wooing  and  marrying  compared 
with  the  usual  Yankee  style.  The  young  lady 
is  saved  a  deal  of  trouble  and  anxiety,  to  say 
nothing  of  the  jealousy,  which,  under  our  sys- 
tem, in  spite  of  all  she  can  do,  will  now  and 
then  creep  into  the  heart.  She  is  relieved  of 
the  necessity  of  always  being  "fixed  up"  in 
proper  trim  in  order  to  receive  her  lover  should 
he  come  at  an  unexpected  hour.  And  then, 
under  the  Spanish  regime,  there  are  none  of 
the  heart-burnings  and  uncertainties  as  to 
whether  her  love  is  returned,  as  is  often  ex- 
perienced under  our  system.  There  is  no  time 
lost  in  rides  and  walks,  and  expensive  outfits 
for  occasions;  no  sleep  lost  in  thinking  and 
planing,  not  to  mention  also  a  cause  for  law- 
suits, for  damages  resulting  from  a  broken  heart, 
etc.  For  the  lad  it  saves  even  more  trouble 
than  for  the  lass.  It  economizes  even  his 
breath,  which  is  thus  not  wasted  in  long-drawn 
sighs,  and  last,  though  not  least,  it  is  a  great 
blessing  to  hired  horses.  Even  the  firey  ordeal 
of  "popping  the  question,"  the  greatest  bug- 
bear of  all,  is  dispensed  with! 

BENCH  AND  BAR. 

The  history  of  the  bench  of  New  Mexico, 
may  be  said  to  commence  with  the  following 
notice,  issued  by  General  Kearny  on  Septem- 
ber 22,  1846, — only  four  days  after  the  oc- 
cupation of  Santa  Fe.  It  was  printed  on  a 
little  sheet  only  six  and  one-half  by  eight  and 


HIS  TORT  OF  NE  W  MEXICO. 


73 


one-half  inches  in  size,  the  first  half  occupied 
by  the  Spanish  "Aviso,"  and  the  remainder 
by  the  following,  in  English: 

NOTICE. 

Being  duly  authorized  by  the  President  of 
the  United  States  of  America,  I  hereby  make 
the  following  appointments  for  the  Govern- 
ment of  New  Mexico,  a  Territory  of  the  United 
States;  the  officers  thus  appointed  will  be 
obeyed  and  respected  accordingly: 

Charles  Bent  to  be  Governor. 

Donaciano  Vigil,  Sec',  of  Territory. 

Richard  Dallam,  Marshall. 

Francis  P.  Blair,  U.  S.  D.  At'y. 

Charles  Blummer,  Treasurer. 

Eugene  Leitensdorfer,   Aud.   of  Pub.   Ace. 

Joal  Houghton,  Antonio  Jose  Otero,  Charles 
Beaubien,  to  be  Judges  of  "the  Superior 
Court." 

Given  at  Santa  Fe,  the  Capitol  of  the  Ter- 
ritory of  New  Mexico,  this  22d  day  of  Septem- 
ber, 1846,  and  in  the  jist  year  of  the  Inde- 
pendence of  the  United  States. 

S.  W.  KEARNY, 
Brig.  General  U.  S.  Army. 

The  haste  with  which  this  historic  docu- 
ment was  printed  is  evident  from  the  fact  that 
no  less  than  four  mistakes  occur  in  the  spelling 
of  the  names  of  the  officials. 

Simultaneously  with  the  issuance  of  this 
decree,  the  celebrated  "  Kearny  code"  was 
promulgated.  This  is  one  of  the  most  extra- 
ordinary documents  ever  produced  when  the 
circumstances  of  its  construction  are  con- 
sidered. 

As  soon  as  it  was  evident  that  the  United 
States  would  soon  be  in  possession  of  New 
Mexico  it  became  apparent  that  one  of  the 
most  important  and  yet  difficult  and  delicate 
tasks  which  had  to  be  performed  was  with  re- 
gard to  the  civil  law  to  be  observed  and  en- 
forced under  the  new  regime.  This,  of  course, 
required  immediate  action,  and  General  Kearny 
committed  the  work  of  preparing  a  code  to 
Colonel  A.  W.  Doniphan  and  Willard  P.  Hall, 
of  the  Missouri  volunteers.  Just  as  this  work 
was  being  completed,  and  while  he  was  actually 
engaged  in  a  room  in  the  Palace  in  transcrib- 


ing part  of  the  laws,  Mr.  Hall  received  the  in- 
telligence of  his  election  as  a  member  of  Con- 
gress from  the  district  in  Missouri  in  which  he 
resided.  As  preliminary  to  the  work  the  gen- 
eral directed  a  translation  to  be  made  of  all 
the  laws  and  decrees  found  in  the  official  ar- 
chives at  Santa  Fe, — a  work  which  was  rapidly 
accomplished  by  Captain  David  Waldo  (the 
uncle  of  Hon.  Henry  L.  Waldo,  afterwards 
chief  justice  of  New  Mexico).  This  code,  much 
of  which  has  remained  as  the  law  of  the  Terri- 
tory for  nearly  fifty  years,  contained  a  bill  of 
rights  quite  similar  to  those  in  many  of  the 
States,  proclaiming  the  broadest  principles  of 
liberty,  and  was  made  up  largely  from  Missouri 
statutes  and  existing  Mexican  laws.  It  was  to 
be  promulgated  in  both  Spanish  and  English, 
and  the  labor  of  translation  was  confided  to 
Captain  Waldo,  whose  varied  accomplishments 
and  scholarship  were  frequently  of  much  value 
in  similar  matters.  Considerable  difficulty  was 
experienced  in  printing  the  work,  the  only  press 
in  the  Territory  being  a  small  one  which  had 
been  used  by  the  former  government  in  printing 
proclamations,  public  notices,  manifestoes, 
etc.  The  type  was  worn,  and  ink  and  other 
materials  difficult  to  obtain;  but  finally  the 
work  was  accomplished.  The  type  being  Span- 
ish, and  consequently  containing  no  w,  we  are 
told  that  whenever  that  letter  occurred  in  the 
book  the  compositor  had  to  substitute  two  v's. 
This  "Kearny  code"  was  promulgated  on 
September  22d,  and  took  effect  immediately. 

Thus  on  one  and  the  same  day  a  complete 
set  of  new  laws,  to  take  the  place  of  all  the 
Spanish  system  which  had  existed  for  over  250 
years,  was  proclaimed;  and  the  officers  to  en- 
force those  laws  were  appointed. 

Our  interest  is  with  the  three  men  named 
as  judges  of  the  Supreme  Court.  They  were 
all  residents  of  the  Territory  and  stood  high  in 
the  estimation  of  the  people.  It  was  a  very 
important  matter,  at  that  critical  period,  when 
a  new  government  was  being  established  among 
people  whose  prejudices  had  been  excited  by 
every  kind  of  misrepresentation  against  the  in- 
vaders, that  the  officers  selected  to  enforce  the 


74 


HISTORY  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


new  laws  should  possess  the  confidence  of  the 
old  population;  and  the  tact  and  good  judg- 
ment of  General  Kearny  are  nowhere  more 
evident  than  in  his  selection  of  these,  judges. 
The  population  of  New  Mexico  was  mainly 
Spanish,  but  there  was  a  considerable  admix- 
ture of  French,  mainly  from  St.  Louis.  To 
them  was  now  added  the  new  American  ele- 
ment. 

In  the  formation  of  the  Supreme  Court  all 
these  nationalities  were  represented :  the  Span- 
ish by  Judge  Otero,  the  French  by  Judge  Beau- 
bien  and  the  Anglo-American  by  Judge  Hough- 
ton.  That  the  selections  gave  at  least  reason- 
able satisfaction  is  evident  from  the  fact  that 
no  change  was  made  until  it  became  necessary 
by  the  entire  alteration  of  the  system  after  the 
regular  organization  of  New  Mexico  as  a  Ter- 
ritory. As  these,  judges  will  always  head  the 
column  of  the  judiciary  of  New  Mexico,  it  may 
be  interesting  to  say  something  of  their  lives 
and  character. 

Joab  Houghton  was  born  in  the  year  181 1, 
in  the  State  of  New  York,  and  grew  to  man- 
hood in  that  State.  He  received  a  common- 
school  as  well  as  a  collegiate  education.  He 
was  by  profession  a  civil  engineer.  When 
thirty-three  years  of  age  he  came  to  New  Mex- 
ico, and  in  the  year  1845  was  appointed  Unit- 
ed States  consul  at  Santa  Fe.  About  the  same 
time  he  engaged  in  merchandising  with  a  man 
by  the  name  of  Leitensdorfer,  and  from  1846 
to  1848  theirs  was  one  of  the  leading  mercan- 
tile houses  west  of  the  Missouri  river.  The 
firm  had  its  store  on  the  corner  of  what  was 
known  as  the  Galisteo  road  and  the  present 
San  Francisco  street.  After  his  appointment 
by  General  Kearny,  Judge  Houghton  held  his 
first  term  of  court  for  Santa  Fe  county  in  De- 
cember, A.  D.  1846,  and  continued  to  hold 
court  at  the  regularly  appointed  terms  up  to 
his  retirement  from  the  bench  in  1852.  He 
was  not  educated  to  the  bar,  and  the  records 
of  his  court  from  1846  to  1850  clearly  demon- 
strate, from  the  crude  manner  in  which  the 
entries  are  made,  and  from  the  decidedly  pe- 
culiar and  irregular  method  of  entering  up  or- 


ders, judgments  and  decrees,  that  Judge 
Houghton's  experience  in  dispensing  justice  in 
those  turbulent  and  troublous  times  was  any- 
thing but  satisfactory,  either  to  himself  or  to 
litigants. 

During  the  war  of  the  rebellion,  he  was  a 
stanch  Union  man,  asserting  his  sentiments 
when  it  required  nerve  to  maintain  his  patriot- 
ism. In  1862  Judge  Houghton  was  an  acting 
United  States  district  attorney,  and  as  such 
drew  several  indictments  for  treason  against 
prominent  citizens.  In  the  year  1865,  when 
Judge  Houghton  was  again  appointed  to  the 
bench,  he  was  assigned  to  the  Third  Judicial 
District,  and  while  officiating  as  Judge  had  be- 
fore him  various  suits  brought  under  the  act  of 
Congress  of  March  3,  1863,  authorizing  the 
confiscation  of  property  in  certa'in  cases.  By 
his  rulings  in  these  cases  Judge  Houghton  laid 
himself  open  to  the  severest  criticism,  much  of 
which  was  brought  about  through  his  lack  of 
legal  knowledge.  The  ' '  New  Mexican, "  of  De- 
cember 15,  1865,  says:  "It  is  now  clear  that 
Judge  Houghton  is  wanting  in  all  the  essentials 
necessary  to  a  speedy  and  satisfactory  admin- 
istration of  justice,  and  his  appointment  to  the 
bench  is  but  another  evidence  that  those  not 
bred  in  the  law  should  not  be  intrusted  with' its 
administration." 

His  court  was  called  a  "prize  court;"  and 
so  great  was  the  indignation  in  certain  quarters 
against  the  judge,  the  United  States  attorney 
and  the  marshal,  that  on  December  5,  1865, 
they  were  denounced  to  their  faces  as  unmiti- 
gated scoundrels.  It  is  impossible  now  to  real- 
ize how  overwhelming  was  the  excitement  and 
prejudice  of  those  days.  The  exercise  of  calm 
judgment  seems  to  have  been  almost  an  im- 
possibility. In  his  two  official  terms  Judge 
Houghton  appears  to  have  filed  but  one  written 
opinion:  that  was  in  the  case  of  Archibeque  v. 
Miera,  in  1869.  In  that  year  he  was  succeed- 
ed by  Judge  Bergen,  appointed  by  President 
Grant. 

After  his  retirement  from  the  bench  Judge 
Houghton  practiced  law  and  lived  in  Santa  Fe 
until  February,  1876.  He  drew  the  original 


HISTORY  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


75 


plans  of  the  capitol,  which  was  commenced  by 
the  United  States  Government  before  the  war, 
and  which  twenty-five  years  afterward  was  com- 
pleted as  the  "  Federal  building"  at  Santa  Fe. 

In  1876  he  married  a  daughter  of  Captain 
Shoemaker,  military  storekeeper  and  ordinance 
officer  at  Fort  Union. 

Antonio  Jose  Otero  was  a  native  of  Valen- 
cia county,  New  Mexico,  having  been  born  in 
the  plaza  of  Valencia  on  the  I3th  day  of  March, 
1809.  His  father's  name  was  Vicente  Otero, 
his  mother's  maiden  name.  Gertrudes  Chaves. 
His  grandfather  was  Don  Pedro  Otero,  who 
came  to  Santa  Fe  about  the  year  1776,  and 
afterward  moved  to  Valencia.  Judge  Otero 
lived  at  Peralta,  in  the  county  of  Valencia,  when 
the  Americans  took  possession  of  New  Mexico, 
and  was  35  years  old  when  Kearny  made  him 
judge.  He  presided  over  the  third  circuit 
court,  which  at  that  time  comprised  everything 
south  of  Santa  Fe  and  all  of  what  is  now  the 
Territory  of  Arizona.  He  was  a  man  of  large 
views  and  commanding  influence,  and  was  held 
in  high  esteem  by  those  who  knew  him  per- 
sonally. 

He  received  a  portion  of  his  education  at 
Laguna,  New  Mexico,  where  he  was  taught  by 
Father  Penol,  a  Franciscan  friar.  He  also 
studied  with  one  of  New  Mexico's  most  cele- 
brated citizens,  the  eminent  Father  Jose  An- 
tonio Martinez,  of  Taos.  Judge  Otero  was  en- 
dowed by  nature  with  fine  intellectual  powers, 
all  of  which  were  developed  and  strengthened 
by  a  discipline  which  enabled  him  to  compre- 
hend readily  and  accurately  the  important  ques- 
tions demanding  his  attention  in  after  years. 

On  the  whole,  viewed  from  any  standpoint, 
Judge  Otero  seems  to  have  given  far  greater 
satisfaction  than  did  Judge  Houghton.  He 
was  an  excellent  man,  and  a  just  and  impar- 
tial judge.  He  died  in  1870,  about  sixty-one 
years  of  age,  honored  and  respected  by  all. 
Though  the  population  of  New  Mexico  is  so 
largely  Spanish,  Judge  Otero  is  the  only  man 
of  Spanish  origin  who  ever  held  a  place  in  the 
Supreme  Court  of  this  Territory. 

Charles    Beaubien,    the    third    member  of 


the  court,  had  come  to  New  Mexico  as  early 
as  1822,  and  settled  at  Taos.  In  1826  he 
married  Pabla  Valdez,  a  sister  of  Don  Pedro 
Valdez,  a  well-known  citizen  of  the  Territory. 
He  was  widely  known  and  highly  respected. 
In  the  court  he  seems  to  have  had  no  desire 
to  be  conspicuous,  and  he  did  not  write  a 
single  opinion.  He  was  one  of  the  two  per- 
sons to  whom  the  celebrated  "Beaubien  and 
Miranda  Grant, "  afterward  more  widely  known 
as  the  "  Maxwell  Grant,"  was  conceded,  Jan- 
uary ii,  1841.  This  immense  tract  embraces, 
over  1,800,000  acres,  lying  principally  in  New 
Mexico,  but  partly  in  Colorado,  and  is  the  largest 
area  of  land  ever  owned  by  a  single  individual 
or  corporation  in  the  United  States. 

Judge  Beaubien  was  the  father  of  Narciso 
Beaubien,  who  was  killed  at  the  time  of  the  Taos 
revolt,  January  14,  1847;  of  Pablo  Beaubien, 
who  is"  still  living  at  Fort  Sumner,  and  of  five 
daughters,  all  of  whom  married  prominent  citi- 
zens. One  of  them,  Maria de  la  Luz,  became  the 
wife  of  Lucien  B.  Maxwell,  and  it  was  in  this 
way  that  the  latter  ultimately  became  the 
owner  of  the  grant  which  has  given  celebrity 
to  his  name. 

Judge  Beaubien  was  a  French-Canadian  by 
birth,  having  been  born  at  St.  Nicolet,  Canada, 
in  1796.  He  died  at  Taos,  where  he  had 
lived  for  forty  years,  in  1862. 

Such  were  the  judges  who  introduced  the 
administration  of  law  according  to  the  Ameri- 
can system  into  the  newly-acquired  territory  of 
New  Mexico. 

It  was  a  peculiar  transitional  condition  of 
society  from  the  Mexican  to  the  American  in 
nationality,  from  the  Spanish  to  the  English  in 
language.  There  was  grave  doubt  as  to  the 
boundary  line  between  the  powers  of  the  civil 
officials,  including  the  courts,  and  those  of  the 
army  officers,  of  whom  the  military  governor 
was  chief.  This  rendered  the  duties  of  the 
judges  peculiarly  delicate  and  difficult.  To 
maintain  their  own  official  dignity  and  yet  not 
come  into  a  conflict  with  the  military  authori- 
ties,— in  which  case  the  rule  that  "might 
makes  right  "  would  very  likely  have  prevailed, 


HIS  TORT  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


— was  no  easy  task,  and  required  a  modera- 
tion and  tact  not  commonly  found.  Taken 
altogether,  the  judicial  officials  performed  their 
peculiar  duties  wisely  and  well,  and  opened 
with  as  little  friction  as  possible  the  new  regime 
in  the  old  province  of  the  "  Conquistadores. " 

Those  who  were  in  the  practice  from  the 
beginning  of  the  court  established  by  Kearny 
were  few  in  number,  and  all  of  them,  with 
possibly  one  exception,  were  officers  or  soldiers 
or  volunteers  in  the  American  army,  who  had 
studied  law  before  being  called  away  by  the  ex- 
citement of  the  war.  They  were:  James  H. 
Quinn  (called  Santiago  Quinn  in  New  Mexico), 
William  Z.Angney,  Murray  F.  Tuley,  Theodore 
D.  Wheaton,  Hugh  N.  Smith,  Frank  P.  Blair, 
Jr.,  and  Palmer  J.  Pillan.  There  was  also  a 
Captain  Chouteau,  who  was  admitted  to  the 
bar,  but  seldom,  if  ever,  practiced. 

The  judicial  history  of  New  Mexico  may  be 
divided  into  three  epochs: 

The  first  is  that  which  has  been  already 
referred  to  under  the  Kearny  code,  and  before 
the  passage  of  the  act  in  1850  which  gave  to 
New  Mexico  a  regular  ' '  Territorial  "  govern- 
ment. 

The  second  epoch  extends  from  1850  to 
the  opening  of  the  Territory  to  new  immigra- 
tion and  influence  by  the  coming  of  the  first 
railroad  in  1879. 

The  third  epoch  commences  at  the  latter 
date  and  includes  all  the  period  to  the  present. 

During  the  second,  which  covers  nearly 
thirty  years,  communication  with  the  outside 
world  was  slow  and  difficult;  there  were  no 
telegraphs  or  means  of  rapid  travel.  It  re- 
quired at  least  thirty  days  for  a  letter  to  reach 
the  older  portions  of  the  country.  Newspapers 
were  few  and  usually  were  strong  party  or 
personal  organs,  scarcely  calculated  to  build 
up  a  high  and  impartial  sentiment.  The  judges 
laboriously  journeyed  from  county  to  county, 
followed  by  the  court  officers,  attorneys,  liti- 
gants and  witnesses.  They  were  largely  a 
law  unto  themselves,  some  of  them  holding 
court  in  a  very  injudicial  fashion,  and  indulging 
in  practices  which  would  scarcely  be  con- 


sidered dignified  or  proper  in  localities  where 
public  opinion  holds  stronger  sway.  There  are 
many  odd  anecdotes  regarding  events  that 
occurred  in  the  courts  of  those  days  which  are 
still  current.  The  war  came  in  the  middle  of 
this  period  and  brought  with  .it  sharp  divisions 
and  animosities.  It  also  brought  many  new 
men,  some  from  the  East,  and  others  who 
crossed  from  the  Pacific  in  the  celebrated 
"California  column,"  and  who  a  little  later 
became  prominent  at  the  bar  and  in  other 
walks  of  life.  This  period  embraced  the  con- 
tests of  cattlemen  and  cowboys,  culminating  in 
the  so-called  Lincoln  county  war,  which  found 
a  kind  of  counterpart  in  the  north  in  the  out- 
rages and  murders  which  made  Cimarron  and 
Colfax  county  notorious  for  some  years.  All 
these  things  gave  rise  to  litigation,  both  civil 
and  criminal,  in  which  large  bodies  of  the 
people  arrayed  themselves  as  bitter  partisans. 

During  this  period  appeals  to  the  Supreme 
Court  of  the  Territory  were  comparatively  few, 
except  from  the  First  Judicial  District,  as  the  ex- 
pense of  sending  counsel  from  the  other  dis- 
tricts to  Santa  Fe  was  too  great  to  be  afforded, 
except  in  important  cases. 

The  Territory  continued  during  all  these 
thirty  years,  and  for  ten  years  after,  to  be  di- 
vided into  three  districts,  corresponding  to  the 
three  judges  of  the  Supreme  Court,  and  the 
chief  justice  always  resided  at  Santa  Fe,  where 
the  Supreme  Court  sessions  were  held.  From 
1846  to  1860  the  districts  were  divided  as  fol- 
lows: 

First  District:  The  counties  of  Santa  Fe, 
San  Miguel  and  Santa  Ana.  Court  held  at 
Santa  Fe. 

Second  District:  The  counties  of  Berna- 
lillo  and  Valencia,  and,  as  soon  as  organized, 
the  counties  also  of  Socorro,  Donna  Ana  and 
Arizona.  Court  held  at  Albuquerque, — some- 
times, under  special  order  of  the  court,  at  So- 
corro. 

Third  District:  The  counties  of  Taos  and 
Rio  Arriba.  Court  held  at  Fernandez  de  Taos. 

In  1860  a  new  distribution  of  districts  took 
place,  the  southern  part  of  the  Territory  hav- 


HISTORT  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


77 


ing  meanwhile  increased  in  population  and  busi- 
ness importance.  Under  this,  the  great  bulk 
of  business  was  thrown  into  the  First  District, 
which  covered  all  the  northern  half  of  the  Ter- 
ritory, and  embraced  seven  counties  until  the 
extinction  of  Santa  Ana  county,  and  afterward 
six,  thus  necessitating  a  great  amount  of  travel 
on  the  part  of  the  judge. 

The  courts  in  this  district  were  arranged  to 
take  place  in  succession,  forming  a  regular 
circuit,  so  that  the  court  officers  and  lawyers 
could  start  from  Santa  Fe  and  proceed  in  turn 
to  San  Miguel,  Mora  and  Colfax,  crossing  the 
Rocky  mountains  to  Taos  and  thence  proceed- 
ing down  the  west  side  to  Rio  Arriba  and 
back  to  Santa.  Fe,  the  whole  circuit  occupying 
a  little  less  than  three  months.  The  courts 
of  the  other  districts  were  arranged  so  as  not 
to  interfere  with  this  circuit,  but  to  follow  it  in 
such  order  that  the  lawyers,  nearly  all  of 
whom  lived  at  Santa  Fe,  could  attend  all  the 
courts  of  the  Territory. 

Under  the  new  arrangement  of  districts  in 
1860,  the  counties  were  divided  as  follows: 

First  District:  Counties  of  Santa  Fe, 
Santa  Ana,  San  Miguel,  Mora,  Colfax,  Taos 
and  Rio  Arriba. 

Second  District:  Bernalillo,  Valencia,  and 
Socorro. 

Third  District:  Donna  Ana,  Grant  and 
Lincoln. 

During  these  first  two  epochs,  down  to  the 
entrance  of  the  railroad  into  Las  Vegas  in 
July,  1879,  the  number  of  opinions  delivered 
by  the  judge  was  very  limited.  In  fact,  dur- 
ing the  entire  thirty-three  years  before  that 
date,  all  of  the  opinions  rendered  by  the  Su- 
preme Court,  when  put  together,  make  exactly 
one  volume!  New  Mexico  Reports,  Vol.  I, 
contains  reports  of  eighty-one  cases,  in  which 
eighty-four  opinions  were  rendered,  commenc- 
ing in  1852  and  running  to  1879.  In  1852  two 
cases  are  reported;  in  1853,  ten;  in  1854, 
three;  in  1855,  two;  in  1856,  none.  Even  in 
the  later  years  the  opinions  rendered  are  very 
few.  In  1875  there  is  one;  in  1876,  one;  in 
1877  and  1878,  none  at  all;  in  1879,  three. 


Several  of  the  judges  never  wrote  any  opinion 
at  all;  several  others  only  one  during  their 
terms  of  office. 

The  only  judge  who  showed  a  special  de- 
sire to  make  his  views  matter  of  record  was 
Judge  Benedict,  whose  reported  opinions  num- 
ber twenty-two.  Judge  H.  L.  Johnson  follows 
with  thirteen;  Judge  Bristol  with  eleven;  and 
Judges  Watts  and  Deavenport  with  seven  each. 
We  have  five  for  Judge  Waters,  four  each  for 
Judges  Brocchus  and  Boone,  two  apiece  from 
Judges  Baker,  Hubbell  and  Palen,  and  just  one 
each  from  Judges  Mower,  Knapp,  Slough, 
Houghton  and  Parks. 

Judge  Watts  and  Judge  Benedict  both  en- 
joyed historical  research,  and  some  of  their 
opinions  which  involve  matters  of  that  char- 
acter are  of  much  interest  outside  of  their 
legal  value.  It  is  to  be  regretted  that  in  those 
days,  when  time  was  plentiful  and  business 
comparatively  light,  more  of  these  essays  on 
historical  points  relative  to  the  Pueblo  Indians 
and  the  aboriginal  and  Spanish  customs  were 
not  prepared. 

In  no  one  respect,  perhaps,  does  the  con- 
trast between  the  epochs  referred  to, — between 
the  old  and  the  new, — show  itself  more  plainly 
than  in  this  matter  of  judicial  opinions.  As 
before  stated  the  first  volume  of  New  Mexico 
Reports  contains  all  that  were  delivered  in  the 
thirty-three  years  from  1847  to  1880.  The 
whole  of  Vol.  II,  with  the  exception  of  six 
cases,  is  taken  up  by  the  opinions  rendered  in 
the  three  years  1880,  1881  and  1882,  when 
the  Supreme  Court  was  composed  of  Chief 
Justice  Prince  and  Associate  Justices  Bristol 
and  Parks. 

THE    CHIEF    JUSTICES, 

From  the  beginning  until  1879,  were  the 
following,  they  being  also  Judges  of  the  First 
Judicial  District: 

1846:  Joab   Houghton  (Kearney  Court). 

1851:  Graf  ton  Baker  (under  Territorial 
government). 

'853:  J-   J-    Deavenport. 

1858:  Kirby  Benedict. 


HISTORT  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


1866:  John  P.  Slough  (killed  while  in 
office). 

1868:  John  S.  Watts. 

1869:  Joseph  G.  Palen  (died  in  office). 

1876:   Henry  L.   Waldo. 

1878:  Charles  McCandless. 

1879:  L.  Bradford  Prince. 
The  Judges  of  the  Second  District  were: 

1846:  Antonio  J.  Otero  (Kearny  Court). 

1851:  John  S.  Watts  (Territorial). 

1854:   Perry  E.  Brocchus. 

1859:  W.  F.    Boone. 

1861:  Sidney  A.  Hubbell. 

1867:  Perry  E.  Brocchus. 

1869:   Hezekiah  S.  Johnson. 

1876:  John  I.  Redick. 

1877:  Samuel  B.  McLin  (not  confirmed). 

1878:  Samuel  C.    Parks. 
Those  of  the  Third  District  were: 

District  in    North,   Court  at   Taos. 

1846:  Charles  Beaubien  (Kearny  Court). 

1851:  Horace  Mower. 

1853:  Kirby  Benedict. 

1858:  W.  G.  Blackwood. 

District  in  South— Donna  Ana,  Lincoln  and 
Grant. 

1861:  Joseph  G.  Knapp. 
1865:  Joab  Houghton. 
1869:  Abraham  Bergen. 
1870:   Benjamin  J.  Waters. 
1871:   D.  B.   Johnson. 
1872:  Warren  Bristol. 

The  court  officers  during  the   same  period 
were: 

ATTORNEY    GENERALS    OF    TERRITORY. 

1846:  Hugh  N.  Smith. 

1848:  Elias  P.  Smith  (U.  S.  Atty.  in 
1851). 

1852:  Henry  C.  Johnson. 

1852:  Merrill  Ashurst. 

1854:  Theodore  D.  Wheaton. 

1858:  Richard  H.  Tompkins  (U.  S. 
Atty.  1858). 


1859: 
1860: 
1860: 

ed  1861). 
1862: 
1862: 
1863: 
1867: 
1869: 

1872). 

1872: 
1872: 
1878: 


Hugh  N.  Smith  (died  in  office). 

Spruce  M.  Baird. 

Richard  H.  Tompkins  (reappoint- 

Charles  P.  Clever. 

Stephen  B.  Elkins. 

Charles  P.  Clever  (resigned). 

Merrill  Ashurst. 

Thomas  B.   Catron  (U.    S.  Atty. 

Thomas  F.  Conway. 

William  Breeden  (resigned  1878). 

Henry  L.  Waldo. 


UNITED    STATES    ATTORNEYS. 

1846:  Frank  P.  Black,  Jr.' 
1847:   Hugh  N.  Smith. 

(No  U.  S.  Atty.  1848  to  1851). 
1851:  Elias  P.  West. 
1853:  W.  H.  H.  Davis. 
1855:  Wm.  Claude  Jones. 
1858:  R.  H.  Tompkins. 
1860:  Theodore  D.  Wheaton. 
1861:  Stephen  B.  Elkins. 
1871:  S.  M.  Ashenfelter. 
1872;  Thomas  B.  Catron. 
1878:   Sidney  M.  Barnes. 

CLERKS  OF  THE  SUPREME  COURT. 

1847:  James  M.  Giddings. 

1854:  Louis  D.  Sheets. 

1856:  Augustine  DeMarle. 

1859:  Samuel  Ellison. 

1866:  William  M.  Gwynne. 

1867:  Peter  Connelly. 

1868:  Samuel  Ellison. 

1869:  William  Breeden. 

1873:  Rufus  J.  Palen. 

1877:  John  H.  Thompson. 

U.    S.     MARSHALS. 

1846:   Richard  Dallam. 
1831 :  John  G.  Jones. 
1853:  Charles  L.  Rumley. 
1854:   Charles  H.  Merritt. 
1856:  Charles  Blummer. 


HISTORY  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


79 


1858:  Charles  P.  Clever. 
1861:  Abram  Cutler. 
1866:  John  Pratt. 
1876:  John  Sherman,  Jr. 

The  following  brief  sketches  of  some  of 
those  who  occupied  the  position  of  chief  justice 
during  this  period  give  some  idea  of  the  con- 
dition of  the  Territory,  and  of  the  circum- 
stances surrounding  them,  as  well  as  of  the 
characters  and  careers  of  the  judges  themselves. 

Judge  Benedict  was  born  in  Connecticut, 
in  1 8 1 1 ,  and  was  consequently  forty-two  years 
old  when  he  was  appointed  associate  justice  of 
New  Mexico  by  President  Pierce  in  1853.  He 
had  passed  all  of  his  adult  life  to  that  time  in 
Illinois,  where  he  was  a  distinguished  member 
of  the  bar  and  a  friend  of  both  Douglas  and 
Lincoln.  He  was  a  man  of  much  more  than 
ordinary  ability  and  his  integrity  was  never 
questioned.  Literary  pursuits  had  an  especial 
charm  for  him,  and  this  characteristic  has  a 
lasting  memorial  in  some  of  his  judicial  opin- 
ions, which  assume  the  form  of  essays,  in  the 
first  volume  of  New  Mexico  Reports. 

On  arriving  in  New  Mexico  he  was  assigned 
to  the  old  Third  District,  then  consisting  only 
of  the  counties  of  Taos  and  Rio  Arriba,  with 
headquarters  at  Taos.  Here  he  continued  as 
judge  for  five  years,  at  the  end  of  which  he  was 
appointed  chief  justice,  and  removed  to  Santa 
Fe,  having  the  First  District  as  his  circuit.  In 
1860  his  old  counties  of  Taos  and  Rio  Arriba 
were  added  to  that  district,  so  again  came  under 
his  judicial  control.  It  was  in  Taos  that  he 
delivered  the  famous  sentence  of  death,  which 
will  probably  survive  all  of  his  more  elaborate 
utterances  or  writings.  It  is  so  characteristic 
that  we  insert  it  entire,  as  repeated  by  one 
who  was  present  in  court  at  the  time. 

Jose  Maria  Martin  had  been  convicted  of 
murder  in  the  district  court  held  at  Taos,  and 
the  crime  was  shown  to  be  of  a  very  aggravated 
nature  and  without  provocation.  The  judge 
evidently  concurred  in  the  verdict  as  fully 
as  if  he  had  been  a  member  of  the  jury. 
When  the  time  for  sentence  arrived  the 


prisoner  was  brought  before  the  judge,  who 
addressed  him  as  follows:  "Jose  Maria  Mar- 
tin, stand  up.  Jose  Maria  Martin,  you  have 
been  indicted,  tried  and  convicted,  by  a  jury 
of  your  countrymen,  of  the  crime  of  murder, 
and  the  court  is  now  about  to  pass  upon  you 
the  dread  sentence  of  the  law.  As  a  usual 
thing,  Jose  Maria  Martin,  it  is  a  painful  duty 
for  the  judge  of  a  court  of  justice  to  pronounce 
upon  a  human  being  the  sentence  of  death. 
There  is  something  horrible  about  it,  and  the 
mind  of  the  court  naturally  revolts  from  the 
performance  of  such  a  duty.  Happily,  how- 
ever, your  case  is  relieved  of  all  such  unpleas- 
ant features  and  the  court  takes  positive  de- 
light in  sentencing  you  to  death! 

"You  are  a  young  man,  Jose  Maria  Martin; 
apparently  of  good  physical  condition  and 
robust  health.  Ordinarily  you  might  have 
looked  forward  to  many  years  of  life,  and  the 
court  has  no  doubt  you  have,  and  have  ex- 
pected to  die  at  a  green  old  age;  but  you  are 
about  to  be  cut  off  in  consequence  of  your  own 
act.  Jose  Maria  Martin,  it  is  now  the  spring- 
time, in  a  little  while  the  grass  will  be  spring- 
ing up  green  in  these  beautiful  valleys  and  on 
these  broad  mesas  and  mountain  sides  flowers 
will  be  blooming;  birds  will  be  singing  their 
sweet  carols,  and  nature  will  be.  putting  on  her 
most  gorgeous  and  her  most  attractive  robes, 
and  life  will  be  pleasant  and  men  will  want  to 
stay,  but  none  of  this  for  you,  Jose  Maria 
Martin;  the  flowers  will  not  bloom  for  you, 
Jose  Maria  Martin;  the  birds  will  not  carol 
for  you,  Jose  Maria  Martin;  when  these  things 
come  to  gladden  the  senses  of  men,  you  will 
be  occupying  a  space  about  six  by  two  beneath 
the  sod,  and  the  green  grass  and  those  beau- 
tiful flowers  will  be  growing  above  your  lowly 
head. 

' '  The  sentence  of  the  court  is  that  you  be 
taken  from  this  place  to  the  county  jail;  that 
you  be  there  kept  safely  and  securely  confined, 
in  the  custody  of  the  sheriff,  until  the  day  ap- 
pointed for  your  execution.  (Be  very  careful, 
Mr.  Sheriff,  that  he  have  no  opportunity  to 
escape  and  that  you  have  him  at  the  appointed 


So 


HISTORY  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


place  at  the  appointed  time.)  That  you  be 
so  kept,  Jose  Maria  Martin,  until — (Mr.  Clerk, 
on  what  day  of  the  month  does  Friday  about 
two  weeks  from  this  time  come?  '  March  22d, 
Your  Honor.')  Very  well, — until  Friday,  the 
22nd  day  of  March,  when  you  will  be  taken 
by  the  sheriff  from  your  place  of  confinement 
to  some  safe  and  convenient  spot  within  the 
county  (that  is,  in  your  discretion,  Mr.  Sheriff, 
you  are  only  confined  to  the  limits  of  this 
county),  and  that  you  there  be  hanged  by  the 
neck  until  you  are  dead,  and,  the  court  was 
about  to  add,  Jose  Maria  Martin,  '  may  God 
have  mercy  on  your  soul, '  but  the  court  will 
not  assume  the  responsibility  of  asking  an  All- 
wise  Providence  to  do  that  which  a  jury  of 
your  peers  has  refused  to  do.  The  Lord 
couldn't  have  mercy  on  your  soul!  However, 
if  you  affect  any  religious  belief,  or  are  con- 
nected with  any  religious  organization,  it 
might  be  well  for  you  to  send  for  your  priest 
or  your  minister  and  get  from  him, — well, — such 
consolation  as  you  can;  but  the  court  advises 
you  to  place  no  reliance  upon  anything  of 
that  kind !  Mr.  Sheriff,  remove  the  pris- 
oner." 

The  anecdotes  related  of  Judge  Benedict 
would  fill  a  volume,  and  they  well  illustrate 
the  character  of  the  times  as  well  as  of  the 
man. 

After  the  appointment  of  Judge  Slough  to 
succeed  him,  in  1866,  Judge  Benedict  became 
irritable  and  morose,  and  seemed  to  consider 
that  the  position  which  he  had  held  for  thirteen 
years  belonged  to  him,  and  that  any  one  else 
who  assumed  it  was  a  kind  of  interloper,  and 
was  doing  him  a  personal  wrong.  This  feel- 
ing coupled  with  the  effect  of  too  great  an 
indulgence  in  stimulants,  caused  frequent  diffi- 
culties in  his  intercourse  with  the  courts,  and 
led  to  his  ultimately  being  suspended  from 
practice.  This  occurred  at  the  annual  session 
of  the  Supreme  Court  in  1871.  He  made 
several  demands  to  be  reinstated,  unaccom- 
panied by  any  apology,  but  finally,  finding  that 
course  of  procedure  unavailing,  he  tendered  an 
apology  and  explanation  and  requested  resto- 


ration. He  no  doubt  expected  that  this  would 
be  granted  without  further  ceremony,  but  the 
court  referred  the  application  to  a  committee 
consisting  of  Judge  Hubbell,  Judge  Houghton 
and  Colonel  Breeden,  "to  report  whether  the 
habits  and  character  of  Kirby  Benedict  are 
such  as  to  make  him  a  fit  person  to  practice  in 
this  court."  Chagrinned  at  this  action,  Judge 
Benedict  withdrew  his  application  and  soon 
after  died. 

Judge  Slough's  career  as  Chief  Justice  was 
comparatively  brief,  and  he  is  the  only  high 
official  thus  far  in  the  history  of  New  Mexico 
who  has  met  a  violent  death  during  his  term  of 
office. 

His  first  connection  with  New  Mexico  was 
one  which  will  ever  be  remembered,  and  spe- 
cially endeared  him  to  the  loyal  people  of  the 
Territory.  When  the  rebel  army  from  Texas 
had  possession  of  Santa  Fe  and  was  about  to 
start  on  its  way  to  Fort  Union  to  take  posses- 
sion of  the  vast  stores  accumulated  there,  and 
thence  northerly  to  cut  off  the  Pacific  slope 
from  communication  with  the  remainder  of  the 
country,  it  was  the  First  Regiment  of  Colorado 
volunteers,  commanded  by  Colonel  John  P. 
Slough,  that  came  to  the  relief  of  New  Mexico. 

They  left  Denver  in  February,  1862,  and 
on  March  7  arrived  at  the  foot  of  the  Raton 
Pass.  By  rapid  marching  the  vanguard  suc- 
ceeded in  getting  to  Fort  Union  on  March  1 1, 
and  the  entire  regiment  on  March  13.  This 
was  of  great  importance,  as  it  was  known  that 
the  Texans  were  on  the  march,  and  none  knew 
how  soon  they  might  arrive.  Here  the  Colo- 
rado volunteers  were  joined  by  some  regular 
troops  and  New  Mexico  volunteers,  so  that  the 
total  force  under  Colonel  Slough  amounted  to 
1,342  men.  Pressing  on  again,  they  encamped 
at  Bernal  Spring  on  the  24th,  and  soon  after 
met  and  turned  back  the  forces  of  the  invaders 
at  the  battle  of  Glorieta  or  Pigeon's  Ranch. 
Therefore,  when  Colonel  Slough  was  appoint- 
ed Chief  Justice,  in  1866,  he  naturally  met  with 
a  very  hearty  welcome  from  the  people.  At 
the  Supreme  Court  session  in  1867  he  wrote 
one  of  the  three  opinions  that  were  rendered, 


HISTORY  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


and  during  that  year  he  announced  an  impor- 
tant decision  declaring  the  Pueblo  Indians  to 
be  citizens  of  the  United  States. 

On  Sunday,  the  I5th  day  of  December, 
1867,  Chief  Justice  Slough  was  shot  and  killed 
in  the  office  of  the  Fonda  (now  the  Exchange) 
hotel,  at  the  corner  of  the  plaza  in  Santa 
Fe,  by  Captain  William  L.  Rynerson,  then  a 
member  of  the  legislature  from  Donna  Ana 
county. 

Judge  Watts  occupied  a  conspicuous  posi- 
tion in  New-Mexican  affairs  for  a  long  series  of 
years.  He  was  originally  a  citizen  of  Indiana, 
where  he  won  an  excellent  reputation  at  the 
bar.  In  1851  he  was  appointed  one  of  the 
associate  justices  of  the  Supreme  Court  by  Presi- 
dent Fillmore,  when  the  regular  Territorial 
government  was  organized,  and  was  assigned 
to  the  Second  District,  with  headquarters  at 
Albuquerque.  Here  he  continued  in  office 
until  superseded  by  Judge  Brocchus,  appointed 
by  President  Pierce,  in  1854.  Soon  afterward 
he  removed  to  Santa  Fe  and  engaged  in  the 
active  practice  of  the  law.  When  Abraham 
Lincoln  became  president,  Judge  Watts  had 
large  influence  with  the  administration  and  suc- 
ceeded in  securing  the  appointment  of  Henry 
Connelly  as  governor  and  Miguel  A.  Otero  as 
secretary.  The  people  became  convinced  that 
he  could  be  of  more  service  to  the  Territory 
than  any  one  else,  as  delegate,  and  at  the  elec- 
tion, in  1 86 1,  he  was  elected  to  Congress  by  a 
sort  of  unanimous  consent,  without  any  regular 
opposing  candidate.  In  every  position  he  was 
a  man  of  great  industry  and  perseverance,  and 
he  carried  those  qualities  with  him  to  Wash- 
ington, where  he  made  a  reputation  for  his  ac- 
tive presentation  of  the  interests  of  New  Mexi- 
co. He  was  not  a  candidate  for  re-election, 
but  resumed  the  practice  of  his  profession  until 
appointed  Chief  Justice  early  in  1868,  after  the 
death  of  Judge  Slough.  In  this  position  his 
official  term  was  not  of  great  length,  as  Judge 
Palen  was  appointed  soon  after  the  accession  of 
General  Grant  to  the  presidency.  Thereupon 
he  again  resumed  his  profession,  and  was  an 
important  factor  in  all  New-Mexican  affairs 

6 


until  about  1875,  when  he  returned  to  Indiana 
and  soon  after  died. 

Judge  Palen  was  born  in  the  year  1812,  in 
Palenville,  Greene  county,  New  York,  of  old 
Knickerbocker  stock.  He  was  educated  at  local 
schools  and  at  Harvard  and  Amherst  Colleges. 
He  afterward  studied  law  with  the  celebrated 
Ambrose  L.  Jordan,  and  for  a  number  of  years 
practiced  in  the  city  of  Hudson.  When  the 
Republicans  came  into  power  in  1861  he  was 
made  postmaster  of  that  city,  and  continued 
in  that  office  until  he  was  appointed  Chief  Jus- 
tice of  New  Mexico,  on  April  15,  1869.  He 
was  re-appointed  March  20,  1873,  and  occu- 
pied the  position  until  his  death  on  December 
21,  1875. 

Judge  Palen  was  a  man  of  strong  charac- 
teristics, and  left  his  impress  on  everything 
with  which  he  came  in  contact.  His  instincts 
were  high  and  noble,  and  he  was  uncompro- 
mising in  carrying  his  ideas  of  right  into  effect. 
He  had  no  patience  with  looseness  of  charac- 
ter or  laxity  in  manners.  He  always  fully  sus- 
tained the  dignity  of  the  court,  and  he  exacted 
proper  respect  to  his  high  office  from  everyone. 
No  breath  of  slander  ever  assailed  his  private 
character.  He  was  an  incorruptible  and  en- 
lightened judge,  a  fearless  man  and  an  ex- 
emplary citizen.  His  death  was  a  loss  to  the 
Territory  which  was  felt  by  every  New  Mex- 
ican. 

Judge  Waldo  was  born  in  Jackson  county, 
Missouri,  in  January,  1844;  ne  was  educated 
in  that  State,  and  at  the  age  of  eighteen 
started  across  the  plains  for  a  new  home  in 
California.  There  he  studied  law  with  Judge 
Farley,  afterward  United  States  Senator,  and 
was  admitted  to  the  bar,  and  shortly  thereafter 
was  elected  district  attorney  for  Amador 
county. 

On  account  of  the  health  of  his  wife  he  re- 
turned to  Kansas  City  in  1872,  and  was  prac- 
ticing there  when  Stephen  B.  Elkins,  on  his 
election  to  Congress,  sent  for  him  to  take 
charge  of  his  legal  business  at  Santa  Fe.  That 
was  in  1874.  In  the  subsequent  year  Waldo 
formed  a  partnership  with  Colonel  William 


82 


HISTORY  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


Breeden.  On  the  death  of  Judge  Palen, 
through  the  influence  of  Elkins,  Breeden  and 
other  Republicans,  President  Grant  appointed 
him  Chief  Justice. 

When  accepting  the  office  Judge  Waldo 
told  his  friends  that  he  only  intended  to  hold  it 
for  two  years,  and  true  to  that  idea  he  resigned 
in  1878,  although  his  judicial  career  was  very 
satisfactory  to  the  people.  At  about  the  same 
time  Colonel  Breeden  resigned  as  attorney 
general  of  the  Territory,  and  Judge  Waldo 
was  immediately  appointed  to  that  office  by 
Governor  Axtell.  These  appointments  were 
the  more  complimentary,  as  in  both  cases  they 
came  from  Republican  executives,  while  Judge 
Waldo  has  always  been  a  Democrat  and  stands 
high  in  the  councils  of  that  party.  The  term 
for  which  Judge  Waldo  was  appointed  expired 
by  limitation  at  the  end  of  the  next  session  of 
the  legislature,  but  he  was  continued  in  the 
discharge  of  the  duties  of  public  prosecutor, 
by  temporary  appointments,  and  as  acting 
attorney  general  by  Judge  Prince.  From  the 
time  of  the  entrance  of  the  railroad  into  New 
Mexico,  Judge  Waldo  has  been  general  solici- 
tor for  the  Atchison,  Topeka  &  Santa  Fe  Com- 
pany in  the  Territory,  and  has  consequently 
declined  general  legal  business.  No  one  stands 
higher  in  the  profession  or  among  the  people 
than  he. 

The  judicial  career  of  Judge  McCandless 
was  exceedingly  short,  being  confined  to  a  single 
term  of  court.  He  was  appointed  from  Penn- 
sylvania, as  chief  justice,  by  President  Hayes, 
early  in  1878.  On  arriving  in  the  Territory  he 
presided  at  the  summer  term  of  court  at  Santa 
Fe  and  then  was  called  by  urgent  business  to 
return  to  the  East.  He  was  a  man  of  large 
ability  and  great  decision  of  character,  and  con- 
ducted the  business  of  the  court  with  much 
vigor.  But  he  never  returned,  and  tendered 
his  resignation  soon  after  reaching  Pennsyl- 
vania. 

A  biography  of  Chief  Justice  Prince  appears 
in  another  part  of  this  volume.  As  a  judicial 
officer  he  was  characterized  by  executive  ability 
and  untiring  energy,  which  cleared  the  dockets 


and  kept  them  clear,  although  it  might  be  nec- 
essary to  open  court  every  morning  at  9  and 
hold  evening  sessions  every  night;  by  an  impar- 
tiality which  had  not  always  been  manifested 
before  in  the  selection  of  jurors;  and  a  jealous 
regard  for  the  rights,  time  and  convenience  of 
the  people  when  they  seemed  to  be  disregarded 
or  infringed  upon. 

No  term  of  court  was  ever  postponed  or 
allowed  to  lapse  during  his  term  of  office;  and 
one  of  the  notable  events  of  his  service  was  the 
holding  of  a  court  in  Rio  Arriba  county  without 
the  aid  of  a  lawyer  except  the  clerk.  In  that 
case  the  county  seat  had  been  changed  from 
Plaza  del  Alcalde  to  Tierra  Amarilla,  which  was 
far  distant  from  the  center  of  population  and 
from  the  main  thoroughfares.  The  journey 
required  two  or  three  days  and  was  over  bad 
roads.  So  the  lawyers  urged  that  no  court 
should  be  held  there;  but  the  judge  answered 
that  it  was  his  duty  to  go,  no  matter  at  what 
inconvenience.  Then  they  agreed  not  to  at- 
tend, so  that  no  business  could  be  transacted. 
The  judge  and  clerk  proceeded  by  themselves, 
the  court  was  opened  and  juries  empaneled. 
Mr.  F.  M.  Clancy,  the  clerk,  who  was  a  mem- 
ber of  the  bar,  was  appointed  prosecuting  offi- 
cer, and  the  judge  informed  the  people  that 
he  would  try  all  the  cases  that  were  ready,  and 
that  parties  could  appear  and  try  their  cases 
in  person.  The  result  was  that  more  suits 
were  disposed  of  than  had  been  tried  in  that 
county  in  over  five  years  before,  and  the  term 
was  in  every  way  satisfactory.  At  the  next 
term  the  lawyers  were  all  in  attendance! 

Judge  Prince's  period  of  service  embraced 
the  time  of  the  coming  of  the  railroad,  when 
the  business,  civil  and  criminal,  was  very  large; 
and  during  one  single  circuit  he  tried  no  less 
than  seven  murder  cases.  He  introduced  many 
modern  improvements,  such  as  stenographers 
and  printed  dockets. 

In  1882,  for  business  reasons,  he  resigned, 
in  May,  but  remained  in  office  until  he  swore 
in  his  successor,  George  Axtell,  at  the  Las 
Vegas  court  in  August.  The  following  extracts 
from  his  letter  of  resignation  will  give  some 


HISTORY  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


idea  of  the  condition  of  legal  business  at  that 
time: 

' '  You  are,  perhaps,  aware  of  the  circum- 
stances under  which  I  came  here;  that  I  ac- 
cepted the  position  only  after  twice  declining  it, 
and  at  the  repeated  solicitation  of  the  presi- 
dent, secretary  of  state  and  attorney  general, 
who  were  anxious  to  have  some  one  appointed 
that  would  clear  up  the  large  amount  of  ac- 
cumulated business,  and  had  no  affiliation  with 
any  of  the  conflicting  interests  represented  in 
the  litigation  of  the  Territory,  and  who  were 
kind  enough  to  think  that  I  could  accomplish 
what  was  required. 

"  While  the  position  has  been  in  almost 
all  respects  an  interesting  and  pleasant  one, 
yet  I  have  been  obliged  to  recollect,  in  justice 
to  others  as  well  as  myself,  that  after  a  pro- 
tracted legislative  service  in  the  East,  I  could 
not  well  afford  to  give  more  of  the  best  years 
of  my  life  to  a  public  position  whose  salary 
allowed  of  no  provision  for  the  future. 

"I  had  therefore  intended  to  tender  my 
resignation  at  the  close  of  last  year,  but  the 
pendency  just  then  of  an  effort  to  displace  me 
by  certain  persons  who  needed  a  partial  and 
subservient  judge  in  order  to  carry  out  their 
plans,  made  such  resignation  then  practically 
impossible.  I  have  waited  therefore  until  that 
effort  passed,  and  until  I  felt  that  no  public 
interest  would  be  injured  by  the  resignation, 

"The  Court  calendars  have  been  cleared 
of  the  accumulated  business;  no  less  than  i ,  1 84 
civil  and  1,483  criminal  cases  having  been 
finally  disposed  of  during  the  seven  circuits 
which  I  have  held.  The  critical  period  sur- 
rounding the  coming  of  the  first  railroads  is 
ended,  and  good  order  and  prosperity  every- 
where prevail." 

THE  BAR. 

Turning  our  attention  now  to  the  practi- 
tioners, we  find  that  what  may  be  called  the 
first  generation  of  them  comprised  Hugh  N. 
Smith,  Elias  P.  West,  Henry  C.  Johnson, 
Merrill  Ashurst,  Theodore  D.  Wheaton,  Rich- 
ard H.  Tompkins,  John  E.  Garey,  William  B. 


Angney,  James  H.  Quinn,  Palmer  J.  Pillan, 
Spruce  M.  Baird,  W.  H.  Henrie,  Mr.  Hop- 
kins, etc. 

Others  some  time  after  became  prominent, 
as  Charles  P.  Clever,  Sidney  A.  Hubbell, 
A.  M.  Jackson,  S.  B.  Elkins,  Thomas  B.  Cat- 
ron,  H.  L.  Johnson,  Benjamin  Stevens,  Thom- 
as T.  Comday,  William  Breeden,  Henry  L. 
Waldo,  John  O.  Bail,  Jose  D.  Sena,  Frank 
Springer,  Melvin  W.  Mills,  William  C.  Hazle- 
dine,  John  M.  Ginn,  William  T.  Thornton, 
Eugene  A.  Fiske,  Charles  H.  Gildersleeve, 
Louis  Sulzbacher,  L.  B.  Newcomb,  W.  O. 
Lee,  J.  Francisco  Chaves,  Wm.  L.  Rynerson, 
Albert  J.  Fountain,  Theodore  Greiner,  etc. 

These  comprised  the  most  of  the  bar  until 
the  time  when  the  railroad  arrived  and  brought 
with  it  a  flood  of  new  population  and  a  large 
number  of  new  lawyers. 

"At  the  breaking  out  of  the  Rebellion  the 
most  active  practitioners  were  Judges  Hough- 
ton  and  Watts,  and  Messrs.  Ashurst,  Tomp- 
kins, Wheaton,  Clever,  Baird,  Henrie,  Hub- 
bell,  Johnson,  Jackson  and  Greiner.  Of  these, 
Messrs.  Henrie,  Hubbell,  Johnson  and  Greiner 
lived  at  Albuquerque,  Mr.  Wheaton  at  Ocate 
and  all  the  remainder  at  Santa  Fe. 

The  United  States  courts  (as  distinguished 
from  the  Territorial  ones)  were,  in  the  earlier 
days,  mostly  engaged  in  the  disposition  of  cases 
involving  questions  arising  from  the  annexation 
to  the  United  States,  the  status  of  citizens  of 
Mexican  descent,  the  rights  and  obligations  of 
the  Pueblo  Indians,  etc. 

During  and  after  the  Rebellion  arose  an- 
other series  of  questions  naturally  occasioned 
by  the  war,  of  confiscation  of  property,  etc. 
Still  later  they  were  chiefly  occupied  with  vio- 
lations of  the  internal  revenue  laws,  especially 
in  the  sale  of  liquors  or  tobacco  without  a 
license. 

In  the  "seventies"  arose  many  prosecu- 
tions for  illegal  cutting  of  timber  on  the  public 
domain,  and  during  the  first  Cleveland  admin- 
istration there  were  a  multitude  of  indictments 
for  offenses  connected  with  the  acquisition  of 
the  public  lands  by  fraudulent  entries,  etc. 


HISTORY  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


These  failed,  with  scarcely  an  exception,  to  re- 
sult in  convictions,  and  were  finally  nearly  all 
abandoned.  Succeeding  these  came  hundreds 
of  trials  for  infractions  of  the  "Edmunds  Act," 
passed  by  Congress  to  suppress  polygamy  in 
Utah,  but  which  applied  equally  to  all  the  Ter- 
ritories; and  these  continue  until  this  writing. 

Thus  it  will  be  seen  that  the  business  of 
those  courts  has  always  consisted  of  a  special- 
ty, which  has  changed  from  time  to  time,  but 
each  of  which  in  turn  has  occupied  much  time. 

Proceeding  now  to  the  third  epoch,  we  find 
a  great  and  sudden  change  in  the  character  of 
the  courts,  the  methods  of  administration,  and 
the  classes  of  business  disposed  of. 

Beginning  in  1879,  with  the  coming  of  the 
railroad,  there  was  a  sudden  rush  of  new  popu- 
lation into  New  Mexico.  That  which  came 
first, — the  set  of  gamblers,  saloon-keepers,  rob- 
bers and  desperadoes,  who  followed  the  ad- 
vance of  the  railroad,  always  operating  in  the 
town  nearest  the  terminus,  and  living  from  the 
hard-earned  money  of  the  laboring  men  and 
mechanics  who  built  the  road, — was  as  bad  as 
could  be.  It  would  be  difficult  to  imagine  a 
greater  aggregation  of  the  criminals  of  all 
classes  than  passed  through  New  Mexico  at  that 
time.  They  first  appeared  at  Otero,  near  the 
present  Raton,  the  first  station  on  this  side  of 
the  Colorado  line;  then  for  a  year  or  more  they 
infested  Las  Vegas;  then  Lamy  was  their  head- 
quarters; and  next  they  appeared  in  force  at 
Albuquerque.  Altogether  they  were  within  the 
Territory  for  about  two  years;  and  the  courts 
at  that  time  were  largely  occupied  by  trials  of 
these  men  for  every  conceivable  kind  of  crime. 
The  volume  of  criminal  business  then  was  far 
greater  than  it  has  ever  been  since. 

Following  this  advance  guard  came  thou- 
sands of  good  citizens  to  establish  themselves 
in  the  new  land  just  opened  by  the  railroad  to 
general  access.  Every  kind  of  business  was 
established:  there  were  booms  in  real  estate, 
and  great  activity  in  building.  The  fact  that 
the  new  population  was  made  up  generally  of 
those  who  were  before  strangers  to  each  other, 
increased  the  number  of  frauds  and  bad  debts, 


and  consequently  litigation,  and  the  enhanced 
value  of  real  estate  caused  much  to  be  done  in 
the  settlement  of  titles. 

Among  the  newcomers  none  were  more  nu- 
merous than  the  lawyers.  They  came  by 
scores.  At  one  time  there  were  nineteen  in 
Socorro!  Every  new  village  had  three  or  four. 
As  new  counties  were  formed  each  naturally 
attracted  members  of  the  legal  profession  to 
fill  county  offices  and  to  attend  to  the  local 
litigation. 

In  1887  the  people  living  in  the  portion  of 
the  First  District  east  of  the  mountains,  being 
the  counties  of  Colfax,  Mora  and  San  Miguel, 
succeeded  in  having  a  new  judicial  district  es- 
tablished, consisting  of  _those  counties,  and  a 
fourth  judge  of  the  Supreme  Court  appointed 
to  have  charge  of  the  new  district.  At  that 
time  Judge  Long  was  Chief  Justice,  and  he  had 
his  choice,  either  to  remain  in  the  old  First 
District  with  headquarters  at  Santa  Fe,  or  to 
take  the  new  Fourth  District  with  headquar- 
ters at  Las  Vegas.  He  chose  the  latter,  and 
the  Chief  Justiceship  has  since  been  attached 
to  the  Fourth  District. 

In  1890  another  judge  was  appointed  and 
another  district  constituted,  making  five  in  all. 
This  was  carved  out  of  the  old  Second  and 
Third  Districts,  taking  Socorro  county  from  the 
former,  and  Lincoln,  Chaves  and  Eddy  coun- 
ties from  the  latter. 

It  makes  a  very  long  district,  extending 
clear  across  the  Territory  from  Arizona  to 
Texas,  and  necessitating  a  good  deal  of  travel- 
ing on  the  part  of  the  judge.  On  the  other 
hand  it  left  in  the  Second  District  only  two 
counties,  Bernalillo  and  Valencia,  the  latter 
with  scarcely  any  business;  and  there  is  no 
travel  at  all  except  the  short  railroad  trip  from 
Albuquerque  to  Los  Lunas  a  couple  of  times  a 
year. 

In  1 880,  by  very  active  efforts  in  the  legisla- 
ture, the  county  seat  of  Donna  Ana  was  moved 
from  Mesilla  to  Las  Cruces,  and  this  involved 
the  change  of  the  headquarters  of  the  Third 
Judicial  District  to  the  latter  place.  In  1895 


HISTORY  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


the  district  headquarters  were  moved  to  Silver 
City. 

Soon  after  the  influx  of  new  population,  be- 
gan the  building  of  new  and  improved  court 
houses.  In  1879  there  was  not  a  court  house 
worthy  of  the  name  in  the  whole  Territory. 

In  Santa  Fe,  a  corner  of  the  old  Palace 
was  used, — a  room  with  no  ventilation  and 
only  one  door.  In  Las  Vegas  the  room  was 
still  worse,  being  very  dark  and  damp. 

In  Mora  there  was  a  barn-like  structure, 
the  second  story  of  which  was  used  as  a  court 
room,  it  being  approached  by  stairs  on  the 
outside. 

In  Colfax  there  was  no  court  house  at  all, 
and  some  private  room  had  to  be  rented  for 
each  term,  none  being  suitable  for  the  pur- 
pose. 

In  Taos  there  was  a  quaint  old  structure, 
the  vigas  or  rafters,  in  the  entrance  of  which 
had  served  for  hanging  various  persons  through 
a  series  of  years! 

In  Rio  Arriba  there  was  a  room  attached 
to  the  house  built  by  Louis  Clark  at  Plaza  de 
Alcalde,  that  was  usually  rented  for  the  pur- 
pose; but  the  commissioners  once  provided  a 
kind  of  dance  hall  in  an  adobe  building,  with 
no  window,  and  in  fact  no  opening  whatever 
but  the  door,  instead  of  the  usual  place. 

Beginning  in  1880  this  was  all  changed 
with  a  rapidity  which  was  surprising.  In  fact, 
in  the  desire  for  modern  improvements  several 
of  the  counties  were  far  more  extravagant  than 
was  necessary,  and  built  structures  which  in 
size  will  scarcely  be  needed  for  a  generation. 
Grant  count  was  the  first  to  build,  and  was 
quickly  followed  by  Donna  Ana.  San  Miguel 
erected  a  court  house  and  a  jail  costing  about 
$125,000.  Bernalillo,  Santa  Fe,  Colfax  and 
others  soon  followed,  and  Mora  county,  which 
is  far  from  being  large  and  rich,  built  a  magnif- 
icent stone  structure,  at  an  expense  of  about 
$75,000.  At  present,  no  part  of  the  country 
is  better  provided  with  commodious  and 
convenient  court  houses,  containing  every 
modern  convenience,  than  New  Mexico. 

In  1880  Judge   Prince  introduced  stenog- 


raphers in  the  First  District  of  Santa  Fe,  and 
in  July,  1 88 1,  for  the  first  time  the  docket  of 
cases  was  printed  for  the  use  of  the  court  and 
bar.  Before  that  time  there  had  been  but  one 
docket,  which  was  a  written  one  and  in  the 
hands  of  the  judge.  So  much  of  an  innovation 
were  these  progressive  steps  that  the  judge  was 
officially  criticized  by  the  governor  for  the  ad- 
ditional expense  thus  entailed  upon  the  treas- 
ury. About  the  same  time  the  decision  was 
made  at  Mora  that,  English  being  the  language 
of  the  American  people,  addresses  to  the  jury 
must  be  made  in  that  language  unless  by  con- 
sent of  the  opposing  counsel.  Prior  to  that 
time  it  had  been  the  custom  for  the  older  law- 
yers, who  had  lived  long  in  the  Territory  and 
were  proficient  in  Spanish,  to  make  their  ad- 
dresses to  the  jury  in  that  language  which 
gave  them  a  great  advantage  over  the  newer 
comers,  who  necessarily  spoke  in  English, 
and  whose  remarks  had  to  pass  through  an  in- 
terpreter to  get  to  the  Mexican  portion  of  the 
jury  who  did  not  understand  the  language 
used. 

During  the  period  now  treated  of,  the  bar 
has  been  re-enforced  by  the  addition  of  many 
lawyers  of  large  ability  and  extensive  learning, 
who  would  be  considered  ornaments  to  the 
profession  in  any  State. 

Among  those  previously  referred  to,  the  fol- 
lowing remain  in  the  practice  in  the  Territory: 

Thomas  B.  Catron,  Thomas  F.  Conway, 
William  Breeden,  Henry  L.  Waldo,  John  D. 
Bail,  Frank  Springer,  Melvin  W.  Mills,  Will- 
iam T.  Thornton,  Eugene  A.  Fiske,  S.  B. 
Newcomb,  Albert  J.  Fountain,  J.  Francisco 
Chaves,  Charles  H.  Gildersleeve. 

Within  the  third  period  that  we  are  now 
considering,  of  those  above  named  Mr.  Catron 
has  been  elected  delegate  to  Congress,  Colonel 
Breeden  has  been  attorney  general,  Mr. 
Thornton  has  been  governor,  W.  D.  Lee  a 
judge  of  the  Supreme  Court,  Mr.  Fiske  United 
States  attorney;  Mr.  Mills  and  Judge  New- 
comb  have  been  district  attorneys,  and  Colonel 
Chaves,  Colonel  Fountain,  Judge  Newcomb, 
Mr.  Springer,  Colonel  Breeden,  Governor 


86 


HISTORY  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


Thornton  and  others  have  been  prominent  in 
one  or  the  other  branch  of  the  legislature. 
Judge  Prince,  who  was  then  Chief  Justice,  has 
since  been  governor  for  four  years. 

Among  those  who  have  come  to  New  Mex- 
ico during  this  period  are  many  who  are  now 
leaders  at  the  bar,  and  it  would  be  invidious 
to  select  any  for  special  notice,  except  as  they 
appear  in  the  lists  of  officials  and  in  the  pro- 
ceedings of  the  Bar  Association,  to  which  we 
will  refer. 

One  thing,  however,  is  too  true  to  be  left 
unsaid,  and  that  is  that  no  bar  of  its  size  in 
the  country  is  superior  to  that  of  New  Mexico. 
No  one  who  has  attended  the  courts  or  has 
heard  them  speak  on  public  occasions  will 
have  a  doubt  of  that.  Some  of  the  libraries 
are  of  rare  size  and  value.  Perhaps  this  be- 
came so  on  account  of  the  absence  of  large 
public  libraries,  or  indeed  of  any  public  law 
library  of  importance,  except  the  Territorial 
one  at  Santa  Fe.  The  library  of  Hon.  T.  B. 
Catron,  at  Santa  Fe,  is  one  of  the  finest  in  the 
whole  country, — in  fact,  it  is  equaled  only  by 
two  or  three  of  a  private  character.  With 
scarcely  an  exception  it  contains  every  report 
ever  published  in  the  United  States.  The 
libraries  of  Mr.  Fiske  and  Mr.  Gildersleeve, 
also  of  Santa  Fe,  are  exceptionally  fine,  and 
so  are  some  of  those  at  Las  Vegas  and 
Albuquerque. 

To  continue  our  lists  of  court  officials 
through  the  period  from  1879  to  the  present 
time  we  find  the  following: — 

CHIEF    JUSTICES. 

1879  (in  office),  L.  Bradford  Prince  (re- 
signed 1882). 

1882,  August,  Samuel  B.  Axtell. 

1885,  June  8,  William  A.  Vincent. 

1885,  December  9,  Elisha  V.  Long  (changed 
to  Fourth  District). 

1890,  March  29,  James  O'Brien  (Fourth 
District). 

1893,  November  4,  Thomas  Smith  (Fourth 
Dirtrict). 

The  first  three  were  judges  of   the  First 


District  and  the  last  three  judges  of  the  Fourth 
District. 

JUDGES  OF  THE  FIRST  DISTRICT. 

(After  change  of  Chief  Justice). 
1887,  March  21,  Reuben  E.  Reeves. 
1890,  August  28,  Edward  P.  Leeds. 
1889,  April  21,  William  H.  Whiteman  (not 
confirmed). 

1894,  July  25,  Napoleon  B.  Laughlin. 

JUDGES  OF  THE  SECOND  DISTRICT. 

1879  (in  office),  Samuel  C.  Parks. 

1882,  February  13,  Joseph  Bell  (resigned). 

1885,  April  28,  William  H.  Brincke. 

1889,  May  2,  William  D.  Lee. 

1893,  November    1 1",  Needham   C.  Collier. 

JUDGES  OF    THE  THIRD  DISTRICT. 

1879  (in  office),  Warren  Bristol. 

1884,  November    10,    Stephen   P.    Wilson 
(suspended). 

1885,  July  22,  William  B.  Fleming. 
1885,  November  3,  William  F.  Henderson. 

1889,  April  i,  John  R.  McFie. 
1893,  May,  Albert  B.  Fall. 

1895,  March  I,  Gideon  D.  Bantz. 

JUDGES  OF  THE  FIFTH  DISTRICT. 

1890,  October    21,  A.    A.    Freeman     (new 
District). 

'895,  January  31,  Humphrey  B.  Hamilton. 
The  court  officers  have  been  as  follows: 

U.   S.   ATTORNEYS. 

18^9,  Sidney  M.  Barnes  (in  office). 

1882,  George  W.  Prichard. 

1885,  Thomas  Smith. 

1889,  Eugene  A.  Fiske. 

1893,  J.  B.  H.  Hemingway. 

ATTORNEY  GENERALS. 

1879,    Henry  L.  Waldo  (in  office). 
1880-82,    (Office  vacant). 
1882,   William  Breeden. 
1889,   (Office  changed  to  solicitor  general). 
Ralph  E.  Twitchell  (acting). 


HISTORY  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


87 


1889,   October,  Edward  L.  Bartlett. 
1895,  January,   John  P.  Victory. 

CLERKS  OF  SUPREME  COURT. 

1879  (in  office),   John  H.  Thompson. 
1880,  May  7,   Frank  W.  Clancy. 
1883,  July  6,    Charles  W.  Philips. 

1886,  February  26,    Ruel  M.  Johnson. 

1887,  June  16,    Robert  M.  Force. 
1889,  February  i,   Summers  Burkhart. 
1891,  January,    Harry  S.  Clancy. 
1894,  September,    Paige  B.  Otero. 
1894,  November  8,   George  L.  Wyllys. 

U.     S.     MARSHALS. 

1879,   John  Sherman,  Jr.  (in  office). 
1882,   A.  L.  Morrison. 
1885,   Romulo  Martinez. 
1889,   Trinidad  Romero. 
1893,   Edward  L.  Hall. 

We  do  not  propose  to  insert  sketches  of  the 
judges,  or  even  of  the  Chief  Justices,  who  have 
acted  since  the  last  epoch  commenced,  in  1879. 
Most  of  them  are  alive,  and  active  in  public 
life,  so  that  words  either  of  praise  or  blame 
would  be  liable  to  be  misconstrued.  But  of 
two  of  them,  whose  connection  with  New  Mex- 
ico began  many  years  ago,  each  of  whom  per- 
formed distinguished  services  for  the  Territory, 
both  judicial  and  otherwise,  and  are  now  dead, 
it  seems  proper  to  insert  a  brief  memorial. 
We  refer  to  Judge  Axtell  and  Judge  Bristol. 

Samuel  Beach  Axtell,  governor  of  Utah, 
governor  of  New  Mexico,  and  chief  justice  of 
the  latter  Territory,  was  born  in  Franklin 
county,  Ohio,  October  14,  1819.  Daniel  Ax- 
tell, the  regicide,  beheaded  under  Charles  II., 
was  one  of  his  ancestors.  His  great-grand- 
father was  a  major  in  the  Revolution,  and  his 
grandfather  colonel  of  a  New  Jersey  regiment 
in  1812.  His  father  moved  to  Ohio,  settled  in 
Franklin  county,  and  was  a  farmer,  having 
twelve  children. 

Samuel  studied  at  Oberlin,  supporting  him- 
self by  manual  labor,  graduated  at  the  West- 
ern Reserve  College,  and  was  admitted  to  the 
bar  in  Ohio.  He  married  Adeline  S.  Williams, 


of  Summit  county,  Ohio,  September  20,  1840. 
In  the  gold  excitement  he  sought  his  fortune  in 
California,  and  engaged  in  practical  mining.  As 
soon  as  counties  were  organized  he  was  elected 
district  attorney  of  Amador  county,  and  was 
twice  re-elected. 

He  removed  to  San  Francisco  in  1 860,  and 
was  elected  to  Congress  in  1866,  as  a  Demo- 
crat, and  re-elected  in  1868.  He  was  a  great 
admirer  of  General  Grant,  and  united  with  the 
Republican  party,  of  which  he  was  ever  after 
a  strong  supporter. 

In  1874  he  was  appointed  governor  of  Utah, 
and  in  the  next  year  was  transferred  to  New 
Mexico,  becoming  governor  July  30,  1875.  In 
1876  he  was  one  of  the  judges  at  the  Centen- 
nial Exposition  at  Philadelphia.  In  the  fall  of 
1878  he  was  superseded  as  governor  by  Gen. 
Lew.  Wallace.  In  1882  he  was  appointed 
chief  justice  of  New  Mexico,  and  assumed 
office  in  August.  He  resigned  in  May,  1885. 
In  1890  he  was  elected  chairman  of  the  Re- 
publican Territorial  committee,  and  actively 
conducted  the  campaign.  He  died  August  7, 
1891,  at  Morristown,  New  Jersey,  at  the  resi- 
dence of  his  daughter. 

Governor  Axtell  was  a  man  of  high  princi- 
ple, with  strong  opinions,  which  he  held  tena- 
ciously. He  was  absolutely  without  fear.  He 
was  governor  of  New  Mexico  in  troublous 
times,  during  the  "Lincoln  county  war,"  and 
much  violence  in  Colfax  county;  and  as  he 
earnestly  espoused  the  side  which  he  consid- 
ered right  in  these  controversies,  he  was  vigor- 
ously opposed  by  the  other.  He  vetoed  the 
bill  to  incorporate  the  Jesuit  Fathers  of  New 
Mexico,  on  the  ground  of  illegality  as  well  as 
impropriety,  and  while  it  passed  over  his  veto 
it  was  subsequently  annuled  by  Congress. 

On  the  bench  he  was  always  anxious  to  se- 
cure substantial  justice,  and  had  little  patience 
with  precedents  which  interfered  with  equity. 
He  insisted  on  dignity  in  his  court,  and  fear- 
lessly imprisoned  the  lawyers  and  others  who 
resisted  its  decree  in  a  celebrated  mining  case. 
He  was  always  the  earnest  friend  of  public 
schools  and  of  all  modern  and  American  ideas. 


88 


HISTORY  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


Warren  Bristol,  for  thirteen  years  associate 
justice  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  New  Mexico, 
was  born  at  Stafford,  Genessee  county,  New 
York,  March  19,  1823,  his  parents  being  natives 
of  Connecticut.  He  was  educated  at  various 
institutions  in  Western  New  York,  and  was 
admitted  to  the  bar  at  Lockport.  Having  a 
desire  to  move  to  the  West,  he  decided  to  settle 
at  Quincy,  Illinois,  but  when  on  his  way  there 
by  steamboat  from  St.  Louis  he  was  carried 
past  Quincy  by  accident,  and,  as  it  was  the  end 
of  the  season,  was  compelled  to  pass  the  winter 
at  St.  Paul.  This  changed  the  course  of  his 
life.  He  determined  to  settle  there,  and  soon 
commenced  legal  practice  in  Hennepin  county, 
where  Minneapolis  now  stands,  and  was  one  of 
the  committee  that  named  that  city.  He  was 
elected  county  attorney  at  the  first  election, 
and  on  removal  to  Red  Wing,  was  chosen  dis- 
trict attorney  of  Goohhue  county,  and  subse- 
quently probate  judge.  In  1855  he  presided 
over  the  first  Republican  State  convention  in 
Minnesota,  when  the  party  was  organized  in 
that  State.  On  April  20,  1854,  he  married 
Louisa  C.  Armstrong,  at  Lockport.  He  served 
one  term  in  the  lower  House  and  twice  in  the 
Senate  of  Minnesota,  and  in  1864  was  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Baltimore  convention,  which  nomi- 
nated Lincoln  and  Johnson. 

In  1872  he  was  appointed,  by  President 
Grant,  associate  justice  of  New  Mexico,  and 
reached  Mesilla  on  June  6;  and  from  then  till 
his  resignation  in  1885  he  continued  as  judge 
of  the  Third  District,  embracing  all  of  the 
southern  part  of  the  Territory,  and  being  as 
large  as  all  New  England.  His  duties  were 
very  arduous,  but  faithfully  performed,  and  in 
the  Supreme  Court  he  left  his  impress  distinctly 
on  the  jurisprudence  of  New  Mexico. 

His  health  becoming  impaired,  he  resigned, 
but  in  1889  consented  to  serve  in  the  conven- 
tion to  form  a  constitution  for  the  new  State, 
and  was  unanimously  elected.  Though  feeble 
he  acted  as  chairman  of  the  committee  on  ju- 
diciary. He  died  January  12,  1890.  He  was 
a  man  of  strong  conviction  and  high  principle, 
and  his  long  term  of  judicial  service  made  him 


a  prominent  factor  in  shaping  public  sentiment 
in  New  Mexico,  as  he  had  before  done  in  Min- 
nesota. 

The  number  of  lawyers  practicing  in  New 
Mexico  at  present  (1895)  is  about  one  hun- 
dred. 

At  the  time  of  the  printing  of  the  first 
docket  of  cases  to  be  tried,  in  July,  1881,  the 
number  of  members  of  the  bar  in  the  First 
District  was  forty-two.  Four  years  afterward, 
the  docket  for  the  August  (1885)  term  con- 
tained a  list  of  seventy-two  names.  This  was 
the  high-water  mark,  so  far  as  numbers  of 
lawyers  are  concerned.  They  have  since  de- 
creased very  considerably.  The  present  (1895) 
number  is  probably  about  the  same  as  in  1881. 

The  first  volume  of  "New  Mexico  Reports, 
printed  in  1881,  contains  a  list  of  all  the  at- 
torneys practicing  in  the  Supreme  Court  of  the 
Territory  from  the  annexation  to  1881.  This 
contains  sixty-one  names,  twenty-three  being 
of  gentlemen  who  had  died  or  left  the  Terri- 
tory, leaving  thirty-eight  as  the  number  then 
practicing  before  that  court.  It-  must  not  be 
forgotten,  however,  that  a  considerable  pro- 
portion of  the  members  of  the  bar,  especially 
those  living  at  a  distance  from  the  capital, 
never  apply  for  admission  in  the  Supreme 
Court. 

The  latest  report  of  the  Bar  Association 
shows  that  in  1 894  there  were  seventy  lawyers 
connected  with  that  body  and  residing  within 
the  Territory.  As  a  considerable  number  of 
members  of  the  profession  are  not  in  the  Bar 
Association,  we  may  estimate  the  entire  bar  of 
New  Mexico  at  present  to  include  about  one 
hundred  persons.  The  sketches  of  a  number 
are  given  in  the  biographical  section  of  this 
volume. 

LAND    COURT. 

This  sketch  would  be  very  imperfect  if  it 
did  not  include  some  record  of  the  establish- 
ment and  work  of  the  Court  of  Private  Land 
Claims,  commonly  called  the  "Land  Court." 

As  is  well  known,  the  greater  part  of  the 
valuable  land  in  New  Mexico, — that  situated  in 


HIS  TORT  Of  NEW  MEXICO. 


89 


the  valleys  and  capable  of  cultivation,  as  well 
as  vast  tracts  of  grazing  and  timber  land  con- 
nected therewith, — is,  or  is  claimed  to  be,  in- 
cluded within  the  limits  of  grants  of  land  made 
by  the  governments  of  Spain  and  Mexico  prior 
to  the  American  occupation. 

By  the  specific  provisions  of  the  treaty  of 
Guadalupe  Hidalgo,  as  well  as  by  the  law  of 
nations  as  held  in  modern  times  and  civilized 
communities,  a  change  in  sovereignty  caused 
no  change  in  the  titles  to  private  property. 

Articles  VIII  and  IX  of  the  treaty  bear  di- 
rectly on  this  point,  and  in  the  protocol  which 
accompanied  the  treaty  it  is  stated  that, 
"Conformably  to  the  law  of  the  United 
States,  legitimate  titles  to  every  species  of 
property,  personal  and  real,  existing  in  the 
ceded  territories,  are  those  which  were  legiti- 
mate titles  under  the  Mexican  laws  in  Califor- 
nia and  New  Mexico  up  to  the  I3th  day  of 
May,  1846."  The  Supreme  Court  in  the 
Moreno  case,  decided  in  1863,  said:  "These 
two  sovereignties  (Spain  and  Mexico)  are  the 
spring-heads  of  all  the  land  titles  in  California 
existing  at  the  time  of  the  cession  of  that 
country  to  the  United  States.  That  cession 
did  not  impair  the  rights  of  private  property. 
They  were  consecrated  by  the  law  of  nations 
and  protected  by  the  treaty.  A  right  of  any 
validity  before  the  cession  was  equally  valid 
afterward. " 

In  order  to  determine  the  validity  and 'ex- 
tent of  the  land  grants  in  New  Mexico,  Con- 
gress passed  an  act,  on  July  22,  1854,  which 
provided  that  all  such  claims  should  be  pre- 
sented to  the  surveyor  general  who  should  in- 
vestigate the  same,  and  report  them  to  Con- 
gress with  his  recommendation  as  to  their 
validity  or  invalidity,  Congress  reserving  to 
itself  the  province  of  finally  deciding  upon 
them  by  direct  legislative  act. 

This  plan  turned  out  to  be  not  only  unsat- 
isfactory, but  entirely  impracticable.  The  vol- 
ume of  business  was  much  too  large  to  be  dis- 
posed of  justly  and  intelligently  by  a  body  like 
Congress,  sitting  thousands  of  miles  away. 

As  long  ago  as  May  29,  1858,  the  house 


committee  on  private  land  claims,  in  reporting 
in  favor  of  the  confirmation  of  fourteen  grants, 
frankly  admitted  the  utter  impracticability  of 
doing  justice  under  the  existing  law,  and  based 
its  recommendation  on  the  ground  that  imme- 
diate confirmation,  even  without  proper  inves- 
tigation, was  the  least  of  two  evils.  The  re- 
port says  (Report  No.  457,  First  Session,  Thirty- 
fifth  Congress): 

"  It  appears  that  a  number  of  these  claims 
were  before  the  Committee  on  Public  Lands 
of  the  last  Congress,  but,  from  some  cause,  no 
action  was  taken  thereon  by  the  committee 
nor  by  Congress.  Those  claims,  with  others 
since  forwarded  by  the  surveyor-general  of  the 
Territory,  have  received  the  most  careful  at- 
tention your  committee  could  give  them;  but, 
in  justice  to  the  committee,  I  must  say  this  ex- 
amination has  been  confined  entirely  to  what 
seemed  to  be  the  principal  papers  in  each  case, 
having  no  time  to  scrutinize  the  evidence  and 
the  application  as  made  by  the  surveyor-gen- 
eral of  the  Spanish  and  Mexican  laws  and 
usages  to  each  of  them  in  detail.  Nor  will  it 
ever  be  in  the  power,  hereafter,  of  any  com- 
mittee of  this  House  to  make  such  an  exam- 
ination as  will  be  entirely  satisfactory,  should 
these  claims  be  allowed  to  accumulate  before 
Congress.  * 

"  But  for  the  gross  injustice  to  the  people 
of  New  Mexico  of  delaying  for  an  indefinite 
period  action  upon  their  claims,  and  the  cer- 
tainty that  under  existing  arrangements  Con- 
gress can  never  consider  them  under  more 
favorable  circumstances  than  at  this  time,  your 
committee  would  not  have  been  willing  to  re- 
port upon  any  of  these  individual  claims,  for  the 
reason  first  stated, — want  of  time  to  examine 
fully,  and  the  unknown  quantity  of  land 
claimed  by  most  of  the  parties." 

Soon  after  the  printing  of  this  report,  Con- 
gress, on  December  22,  1858,  passed  its  first 
confirmatory  act  by  which  it  confirmed  the 
titles  to  five  grants  (Nos.  2,  5,  7,  1 1,  and  13). 
The  next  action  was  taken  June  21,  1860, 
when  thirty-one  grants  were  confirmed  at  once 
(Nos.  i,  3,  4,  6,  8,  9,  10,  12,  14,  15,  16,  18, 


9o 


HIS  TORT  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


19,    20,    21,    22,    23,    24,   25,    27,    28,    29,  30,    31, 

32,  33.  34.  35.  36,  37,  and  38).  The  subse- 
quent confirmations  were  as  follows:  March  i, 
1861,  one  (No.  43);  June  12,  1866,  one  (No. 
40);  March  3,  1869,  five  (Nos.  41,  42,  44,  46, 
and  47);  July  i,  1870,  one  (No.  48);  January 
28,  1879,  one  (No.  64). 

So  for  over  thirty  years  only  eight  cases 
had  been  acted  upon,  and  but  one  within 
twenty  years!  Down  to  July  i,  1890,  213 
grants  had  been  presented  to  the  surveyor 
general  for  action;  in  162  cases  he  had  taken 
testimony  and  made  reports  to  the  Interior 
Department.  Previous  to  1870  Congress  acted 
on  44  of  these  cases,  during  the  next  decade  it 
acted  on  only  i,  and  in  1879  it  had  not  at- 
tempted to  consider  any  cases  whatever.  No 
reasonable  man  could  expect  that  Congress 
would  ever  again  find  time  to  pass  upon  the 
remaining  117  grants,  reports  upon  which  had 
been  laid  before  it  during  the  last  twenty-five 
years,  and  far  less  on  the  unknown  number 
that  had  never  yet  been  presented  to  the  sur- 
veyor-general ;  and  so  the  preposterous  plan  of 
having  the  National  Legislature  of  sixty  mil- 
lions of  people,  sitting  over  2,000  miles  away 
and  overwhelmed  with  other  business,  adjudi- 
cate questions  of  title  involving  a  knowledge 
of  foreign  law,  the  examination  of  scores  of 
manuscript  documents,  and  the  careful  weigh- 
ing and  comparing  of  evidence,  had  so  signally 
failed  to  accomplish  its  objects  that  all  were 
forced  to  admit  that  its  day  of  usefulness  was 
over. 

For  nearly  twenty  years  the  people  of  New 
Mexico  used  every  effort  to  have  some  new 
plan  adopted  for  the  adjudication  of  the 
grants,  which  should  be  speedy,  just  and  effec- 
tive. Governors  drew  attention  to  it  in  their  re- 
ports, legislatures  adopted  memorials  and  reso- 
lutions on  the  subject;  and  year  after  year  the 
Congressional  delegate  introduced  bills  for  the 
creation  of  some  new  tribunal  which  should 
have  jurisdiction  of  the  question. 

Since  the  utter  inadequacy  of  this  plan  had 
become  apparent,  it  was  generally  conceded 
that  another  must  be  devised;  but  differences 


of  opinions  between  the  two  Houses  of  Con- 
gress as  to  methods  of  procedure  prevented 
the  adoption  of  any  practical  system.  The 
House  of  Representatives  several  times  passed 
a  bill  for  the  creation  of  a  commission  some- 
what similar  to  that  which  existed  in  Cali- 
fornia, to  settle  these  titles,  only  to  be  met  by 
the  objection  of  the  Senate,  which  insisted  that 
they  should  be  adjudicated  by  the  existing 
courts.  The  people  of  the  Territory,  while 
possessing  strong  opinions  as  to  the  best  way  of 
meeting  the  difficulty,  were  so  exceedingly 
desirous  of  practical  relief  that  they  preferred 
the  adoption  of  any  system,  however  imper- 
fect, to  the  existence  of  none  at  all. 

At  length  the  chief  executive  of  the  nation 
became  interested,  and  the  president  in  the  an- 
nual message  to  Congress  of  December  i,  1889, 
formally  drew  the  attention  of  that  body  to 
the  subject  in  the  following  words:  "The 
unsettled  state  of  the  title  to  large  bodies  of 
land  in  the  Territories  of  New  Mexico  and 
Arizona,  has  greatly  retarded  the  development 
of  these  Territories.  Provision  should  be 
made  by  law  for  the  prompt  trial  and  final  ad- 
justment, before  a  judicial  tribunal  or  com- 
mission, of  all  claims  based  upon  Mexican 
grants.  It  is  not  just  to  an  intelligent  and 
enterprising  people  that  their  peace  should 
be  disturbed  and  their  prosperity  retarded 
by  these  old  contentions.  I  express  the  hope 
that  the  differences  of  opinion  as  to  the 
methods  may  yield  to  the  urgency  of  the  case." 

While  this  recommendation  was  necessarily 
brief,  it  was  emphatic  and  comprehensive;  and 
particularly  valuable,  as  it  pointedly  alluded  to 
the  real  cause  of  the  long  delay  by  asking  that 
mere  "differences  of  opinion  as  to  methods 
may  yield  to  the  urgency  of  the  case. " 

The  more  extended  discussion  of  this  sub- 
ject in  the  report  of  the  secretary  of  the  in- 
terior, the  clearness  with  which  the  injustice  of 
the  failure  of  the  Government  to  provide  ade- 
quate means  for  adjudication  was  set  forth, 
and  the  forcible  argument  in  favor  of  early 
action  therein  contained,  could  not  fail  to  pro- 
duce an  effect.  The  whole  matter  could  not 


HISTORY  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


9l 


be  more  concisely  summed  up  than  in  the  sen- 
tence: "  The  present  system  being  ineffective 
and  inadequate  in  my  opinion,  the  object  of 
this  communication  is  to  respectfully  suggest, 
if  you  approve,  that  you  call  the  attention  of 
Congress  specially  to  the  subject,  and  urge 
upon  it  the  necessity  of  further  legislation,  so 
that  these  grants  may  be  disposed  of  within  a 
reasonable  time." 

The  meeting  of  Congress  was  quickly  fol- 
lowed by  the  introduction  of  bills  for  the  pur- 
pose of  establishing  a  land  court,  by  Hon. 
Antonio  Joseph,  the  delegate  from  New  Mexico, 
Hon.  James  B.  McCreary,  of  Kentucky  (H.  R. 
376,  December  18,  1889),  and  Hon.  Charles 
P.  Wickham,  of  Ohio  (H.  R.  4613,  January 
13,  1890),  in  the  House;  and  by  Senator  Ran- 
som (December  10,  1889,  S.  1042),  and  Sena- 
tor Wolcott  (December  16,  1889,  S.  1321),  in 
the  Senate.  On  April  28,  1890,  Mr.  Wick- 
ham,  from  the  committee  on  private  land 
claims  of  the  House,  as  a  result  of  the  delibera- 
tions of  that  committee,  reported  a  bill  en- 
titled as  follows:  "H.  R.  9798,  a  bill  to 
establish  a  United  States  land  court,  and  to 
provide  for  a  judicial  investigation  and  settle- 
ment of  private  land  claims  in  the  Territories 
of  Arizona,  Utah,  Wyoming  and  New  Mexico, 
and  in  the  States  of  Colorado  and  Nevada," 
and  on  the  same  day  Senator  Ransom,  chair- 
man of  the  similar  committee  of  the  Senate, 
reported  the  bill  introduced  by  himself,  and 
amended  by  the  committee,  entitled  "A  bill  to 
establish  a  United  States  land  court,  and  to 
provide  for  the  settlement  of  private  land 
claims  in  certain  States  and  Territories  "  (Sen- 
ate Bill  1042).  While  these  bills  differed  in 
details,  and  also  in  some  important  particulars, 
still  they  agree  in  the  general  principles  in- 
volved. All  recognized,  however,  the  danger 
which  lay  in  the  difficulty  of  obtaining  con- 
sideration of  the  bills  in  time  to  secure  the 
passage  of  some  measure  by  both  Houses  be- 
fore the  close  of  the  session. 

So  important  was  the  matter  of  the  settle- 
ment of  land  titles  considered  that  on  March 
6,  1890,  the  Territorial  bureau  of  immigration 


unanimously  passed  a  resolution,  looking  to 
the  sending  to  Washington  of  a  delegation  of 
prominent  citizens,  to  urge  action  on  this  sub- 
ject. The  resolution  was  as  follows: 

Resolved,  That  Governor  Prince  is  hereby 
earnestly  requested  to  appoint  a  committee,  of 
which  the  governor  shall  be  one,  to  proceed  to 
Washington  to  urge  upon  Congress  the  abso- 
lute necessity  for  the  immediate  settlement  of 
all  questions  pertaining  to  land  grants  and 
titles  in  this  Territory,  etc. 

In  pursuance  of  this  a  commission  of  fifty 
leading  citizens  was  appointed,  twenty-five  of 
whom  actually  proceeded  to  Wasington.  The 
delegation  organized  by  the  election  of  Gover- 
nor Prince  as  chairman  and  Ira  M.  Bond  and 
George  H.  Cross  as  secretaries,  secured  regular 
headquarters  at  1112  H  street,  and  proceeded 
systematically  to  the  discharge  of  its  duties. 
Th'e  delegates  called  on  the  president,  every 
member  of  the  cabinet,  the  assistant  'Secretary 
of  the  treasury,  the  commissioner  and  deputy 
commissioner  of  the  land  office,  and  the  Mexi- 
can minister,  and  had  specially  satisfactory  in- 
terviews in  relation  to  land-grant  titles  with 
the  president,  Secretary  Noble,  and  Secretary 
Blaine.  They  also  were  accorded  hearings  by 
the  Senate  committees  on  Territories,  private 
land  claims,  and  public  lands,  and  by  the 
House  committees  on  Territories,  education, 
private  land  claims,  and  irrigation.  Every- 
where the  suggestions  of  the  delegation  were 
well  received ;  and  their  request  to  the  president 
that  he  should  still  further  aid  in  securing  the 
passage  of  a  bill  was  so  effective  that  on  the 
ist  of  July  the  president  sent  to  Congress  a 
special  message  on  the  subject,  accompanied 
by  a  copy  of  correspondence  between  the  De- 
partment of  State  and  the  Mexican  govern- 
ment, and  a  report  from  the  secretary  of  the 
interior.  The  latter  embodied  a  list  of  the 
New-Mexican  grants  reported  by  the  surveyor 
general  but  not  acted  on  by  Congress,  1 1 1  in 
number,  and  containing  6,643,938  acres, 
which  are  withdrawn  from  entry  until  a  final 
decision  is  rendered  as  to  their  title;  and  the 
report  itself  very  clearly  set  forth  the  existing 


HISTORY  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


situation  and  the  need  of  speedy  relief.  ' '  What 
is  most  needed, "  said  the  report,  ' '  is  legisla- 
tion that  will  put  in  motion  machinery  which, 
within  a  reasonable  time,  would  settle- finally 
public  and  private  rights  growing  out  of  said 
claims." 

The  message  of  the  president  urged  im- 
mediate action  by  Congress,  and  concluded  as 
follows:  "  The  entire  community  where  these 
large  claims  exist,  and  all  of  our  people  are  in- 
terested in  an  early  and  final  settlement  of 
them.  No  greater  incubus  can  rest  upon  the 
energies  of  a  people  or  the  development  of  a 
new  country  than  that  resulting  from  unsettled 
land  titles.  The  necessity  for  legislation  is  so 
evident  and  so  urgent  that  I  venture  to  express 
the  hope  that  relief  will  be  given  at  the  present 
session  of  Congress." 

Fortunately  this  recommendation  had  its 
effect.  The  differences  between  the  two  pro- 
posed measures  were  reconciled,  and  the 
amended  bill  passed  just  at  the  close  of  the 
Congressional  year,  receiving  the  executive  ap- 
proval on  the  3d  of  March,  1891.  The  Judges 
were  soon  after  appointed  and  have  proved  to 
be  a  most  fortunate  selection.  The  court  was 
organized  at  Denver,  July  i,  1891,  and  its  first 
session  for  the  transaction  of  business  in  this 
Territory  was  opened  at  Santa  Fe,  December 
I,  1891.  Subsequent  sessions  have  been  held, 
commencing  March  i,  1892,  and  August  15, 
1892,  and  semi-annually  since  that  time. 

The  members  of  the  court  are  as  follows: 
Hon.  Joseph  R,  Reed,  chief  justice,  Iowa.  As- 
sociate justices:  Hon.  Thomas  C.  Fuller,  North 
Carolina  ;  Hon.  Wilbur S. Stone, Colorado;  Hon. 
William  W.  Murray,  Tennessee;  Hon.  Henry 
C.  Sluss,  Kansas;  and  its  officers  as  follows: 
Matt.  G.  Reynolds,  United  States  attorney; 
James  H.  Reeder,  clerk;  Thomas  B.  Baldwin, 
deputy  clerk  for  Colorado;  Ireneo  L.  Chavez, 
deputy  clerk  for  New  Mexico;  Eusebio  Chacon, 
interpreter;  Luman  F.  Parker,  stenographer, 
and  Edward  L.  Hall,  marshal. 

From  the  first,  the  court  gained  the  entire 
confidence  of  the  people.  It  was  evident  that 
the  judges  came  to  the  performance  of  their 


duties  with  no  prejudices  to  overcome,  but  with 
a  single  purpose  to  do  what  was  just  and  right 
as  between  the  claimants  and  the  government. 
While  no  fraud  can  well  escape  the  scrutiny  of 
the  United  States  attorney  and  the  careful  at- 
tention of  the  court,  yet  where  good  faith  was 
evident  there  has  been  no  desire  manifested  un- 
duly to  magnify  technicalities  which  might  de- 
prive citizens  of  the  lands  which  have  been  the 
homes  of  their  ancestors  for  generations. 

Already  the  court  has  acted  on  a  large  num- 
ber of  cases,  and  thus,  under  its  administration, 
the  titles  which  have  heretofore  been  uncertain 
are  becoming  settled,  and  those  difficulties 
which  have  hitherto  prevented  the  investment 
of  capital  in  New  Mexico  real  estate  are  rapidly 
disappearing. 

We  will  conclude  this  sketch  of  the  bench 
and  bar  of  New  Mexico  with  some  account  of 
the  Territorial  Bar  Association  and  a  condensed 
epitome  of  their  proceedings,  because  since  its 
formation  it  has  become  the  recognized  repre- 
sentative of  all  the  lawyers  in  New  Mexico,  and 
also  because  its  proceedings  show  the  trend  of 
sentiment  in  the  legal  fraternity  regarding  the 
various  questions  of  the  day  which  most  con- 
cern them. 

BAR     ASSOCIATION. 

For  several  years  the  desirability  of  organ- 
izing a  bar  association  had  been  the  frequent 
subject  of  discussion  among  the  lawyers  who 
congregated  in  Santa  Fe  at  the  sessions  of  the 
Supreme  Court,  and  at  length,  early  in  Janu- 
ary, 1886,  an  informal  meeting  was  held  at 
which  it  was  determined  to  form  such  an  as- 
sociation, and  a  committee  was  appointed  to 
draft  a  constitution  and  by-laws  to  be  sub- 
mitted to  a  subsequent  meeting. 

On  the  1 9th  of  January  the  first  formal 
meeting  was  held,  and  was  attended  by  no 
less  than  nineteen  members  of  the  bar,  being 
H.  L.  Waldo,  Santa  Fe;  W.  C.  Hazledine  and 
W.  B.  Childers,  Albuquerque;  William  Breeden 
and  E.  L.  Bartlett,  Santa  Fe;  E.  C.  Wade,  Las 
Cruces;  F.  Downs,  Santa  Fe;  W.  H.  Whiteman, 
Albuquerque;  L.  B.  Prince,  Max.  Frost,  F.  W. 


HISTORY  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


93 


Clancy,  J.  P.  Victory,  E.  A.  Fiske,  W.  M. 
Berger,  B.  M.  Read,  W.  H.  Patterson  and  C. 
H.  Gildersleeve,  all  of  Santa  Fe;  Joseph  Bell 
and  Neill  B.  Field,  both  of  Albuquerque. 

After  the  election  of  Judge  Waldo  as  chair- 
man and  Mr.  Clancy  as  secretary,  the  pro- 
posed constitution  and  by-laws  were  read,  and 
after  being  somewhat  amended,  were  adopted. 
Permanent  officers  were  then  elected  as  fol- 
lows: President,  Hon.  W.  A.  Vincent,  of 
Las  Vegas;  vice  president  for  the  First  Dis- 
trict, L.  B.  Prince,  of  Santa  Fe;  vice  presi- 
dent for  the  Second  District,  W.  H.  White- 
man,  of  Albuquerque;  vice  president  for  the 
Third  District,  Hon.  John  D.  Bail,  of  Silver 
City;  secretary,  F.  W.  Clancy,  of  Santa  Fe; 
and  treasurer,  E.  A.  Fiske,  of  Santa  Fe. 

On  January  30  another  meeting  was  held, 
at  which  a  number  of  additional  members  were 
elected,  and  the  association  fairly  launched  on 
its  career  of  usefulness.  The  constitution  pro- 
vided that  annual  meetings  should  be  held  at 
the  time  of  the  session  of  the  Supreme  Court, 
as  a  larger  number  of  the  members  of  the  bar 
are  then  naturally  brought  together  than  at  any 
other  time,  and  that  special  meetings  should 
be  called  as  might  appear  desirable.  Its  ob- 
ject, as  tersely  stated  in  article  2,  is  as  follows: 
'  "The  association  is  formed  to  cultivate  the 
science  of  jurisprudence,  to  promote  reform  in 
the  law,  to  facilitate  the  administration  of  jus- 
tice, to  elevate  the  standard  of  integrity,  honor 
and  courtesy  in  the  legal  profession,  to.  en- 
courage a  thorough  and  liberal  legal  education, 
and  to  cherish  a  spirit  of  brotherhood  among 
the  members  thereof. "  This  has  been  held  to 
include  the  recommendation  of  needed  laws  to 
Congress  and  Territorial  legislatures,  the  in- 
vestigation of  abuses  in  the  clerk's  office  and 
other  offices  connected  with  the  administration 
of  the  law,  the  preparation  of  court  rules  and 
of  a  system  of  code  practice  to  be  presented  to 
the  judges  and  to  the  legislature  for  their  action, 
as  well  as  the  preparation  of  memorials  of  de- 
parted brethren  of  the  legal  profession,  and 
the  cultivation  of  the  amenities  of  professional 
life. 


The  annual  meeting  of  1887  was  held  on 
January  4,  and  was  presided  over  by  Hon.  L. 
B.  Prince,  Judge  Vincent  being  absent.  Vari- 
ous amendments  to  the  constitution  were 
adopted,  and  after  one  resolution  of  endorse- 
ment to  an  office  had  been  adopted,  it  was  de- 
termined that  the  interest  of  the  association 
would  be  best  served  by  declining  to  take  such 
action  in  the  future,  and  the  following  section 
was  added  to  article  2:  "This  association  shall 
not  endorse  or  recommend  any  person  for  any 
official  position."  By  this  action  much  future 
embarrassment  was  avoided.  The  following 
officers  were  elected: 

President,  Neill  B.  Field,  of  Albuquerque; 
vice  president  for  the  First  District,  Frank 
Springer,  of  Las  Vegas;  vice  president  for  the 
Second  District,  W.  B.  Childers,  of  Albu- 
querque; vice  president  for  the  Third  District, 
John  D.  Bail,  of  Silver  City;  the  secretary  and 
treasurer  were  re-elected. 

Resolutions  were  passed  favoring  the  estab- 
lishment of  a  court  to  adjudicate  the  titles  to 
land  grants,  and  a  very  comprehensive  report 
was  made  by  the  committee  on  law  reform  re- 
garding the  anomalous  condition  of  the  statute 
law  and  suggesting  methods  of  reform. 

In  1888  the  meeting  was  held  on  January 
3.  The  retiring  president,  Mr.  Field,  made  an 
address  which  attracted  much  attention,  show- 
ing by  tables  the  amount  of  civil  and  criminal 
business  done  by  the  courts  in  each  county,  the 
number  of  tax  cases,  the  expenses  of  the  courts 
and  the  fees  of  clerks  and  other  court  officials, 
and  urging  that  a  system  of  salaries  be  substi- 
tuted for  the  present  compensation  by  fees. 
Papers  were  read  by  Mr.  Rodey  on  legal  edu- 
cation; by  E.  L.  Bartlett,  on  domestic  rela- 
tions; and  a  carefully  written  report  on  the 
president's  address  was  presented  by  Mr.  Fiske 
on  behalf  of  a  committee  appointed  to  con- 
sider that  subject. 

Subsequently  resolutions  were  passed  look- 
ing to  reform  in  many  of  the  matters  referred 
to  by  President  Field.  The  death  of  Judge 
Joseph  Bell  was  announced,  and  an  appropri- 
ate motion  was  adopted.  Hon.  S.  B.  Newcomb 


94 


HISTORY  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


was  elected  president,    and    Messrs.    Catron, 
Warren,  Elliott  and  Lee,  vice  presidents. 

At  the  1889  meeting,  President  Newcoinb 
delivered  the  address,  urging  a  more  modern 
system  of  pleading,  but  not  approving  of  a 
code.  B.  M.  Read  read  a  paper  on  personal 
liberty  and  appeals  for  justices  of  the  peace. 

Steps  were  taken  to  have  the  association 
admitted  to  membership  in  .the  National  Bar 
Association,  and  Messrs.  Catron,  Field  and 
Waldo  were  elected  delegates  to  the  national 
body.  Judge  Hazledine,  General  Williamson 
and  Judge  Waldo  were  appointed  delegates  to 
the  American  Bar  Association.  At  this,  as  at 
all  other  meetings,  numerous  members  were 
elected,  and  recommendations  of  legislation 
made. 

Hon.  Frank  Springer,  of  Las  Vegas,  was 
elected  president,  and  Messrs.  Thornton,  Ha- 
zledine, McFie  and  O'Bryan,  vice  presidents. 

The  death  of  D.  P.  Shield  was  announced 
and  appropriately  noted. 

In  1890  the  meeting  was  held  January  7. 
Judge  Hazledine  made  an  interesting  report  of 
the  proceedings  of  the  American  Bar  Associa- 
tion meeting  at  Chicago,  which  he  had  at- 
tended as  representative  of  that  body. 

The  president's  address,  by  Hon.  Frank 
Springer,  was  an  exhaustive  treatise  on  land 
grants  and  the  proper  provisions  for  determin- 
ing their  titles,  strongly  recommending  the  es- 
tablishment of  an  independent  court  for  that 
purpose.  As  to  the  "  small  holdings,"— under 
1 60  acres, — he  recommended  that  the  land  offi- 
cers should  have  jurisdiction. 

F.  W.  Clancy  was  elected  president,  and 
Messrs.  Preston,  Fergusson,  Hewitt  and  W. 
J.  Mills,  vice  presidents.  Hon.  S.  B.  New- 
comb  was  elected  delegate  to  the  National  Bar 
Association  for  three  years;  and  Messrs. 
Springer,  Hazledine  and  Waldo  delegates  to 
the  American  Bar  Association. 

Mr.  Preston  read  a  paper  on  the  influence 
of  the  Roman  law,  and  Mr.  Van  der  Veer  on  the 
barbarisms  of  the  law. 

At  this  meeting  the  committee  on  the  his- 
tory of  the  bench  and  bar  made  its  first  report, 


embodying  two  biographies,  prepared  by  Mr. 
Twitchell,  thus  commencing  one  of  the  most 
important  and  interesting  features  of  its  work. 

At  the  session  of  1891,  held  on  January  6 
of  that  year,  the  following  officers  were  elected: 
President,  Hon.  W.  C.  Hazledine;  vice  presi- 
dents, Messrs.  Twitchell,  Childers,  Pickett, 
Salazar  and  Hewitt.  The  secretary  and  treas- 
urer, as  usual,  were  re-elected. 

The  secretary  reported  the  purchase  of  a 
number  of  valuable  books,  including  an  almost 
complete  set  of  session  laws  and  legislative 
proceedings.  The  president's  address  drew 
attention  to  various  defects  in  court  practice 
which  called  for  reform,  but  he  did  not  favor  a 
modern  code.  Mr.  Twitchell,  from  the  com- 
mittee on  bench  and  bar,  continued  his  inter- 
esting historical  sketches.  Mr.  Van  der  Veer 
read  a  paper  on  the  jury  system.  Judge  Prince 
presented  a  memorial  biographical  sketch  of 
Hon.  Warren  Bristol. 

The  Supreme  Court  having  changed  its 
annual  session  from  January  to  July,  a  meet- 
ing was  held  on  July  28,  1891,  and  the  terms 
of  all  officers  and  committees  extended  to  July, 
1892.  In  November  a  special  meeting  was 
held  to  consider  the  congressional  bill  establish- 
ing a  court  of  private  land  claims,  and  a  com- 
mittee consisting  of  Messrs.  Catron,  Knaebel,- 
Gildersleeve,  Field  and  Clancy  made  a  very 
comprehensive  report,  recommending  a  num- 
ber of  amendments.  The  recommendations 
of  the  new  committee  were  adopted.  Mr. 
Clancy  reported  as  to  changes  in  the  rules  of 
court. 

The  annual  meeting  for  1 892  was  held  on 
July  26.  The  death  of  the  president,  Judge 
Hazledine,  was  announced,  and  appropriate 
action  was  taken.  He  had  been  one  of  the 
most  active  members  of  the  association  and  his 
death  is  greatly  deplored.  A  minute  was  also 
adopted  relative  to  the  death  of  Isaac  S. 
Tiffany.  A.  B.  Elliott  was  elected  president. 
Vice-Presidents,  Messrs.  Laughlin,  Whiteman, 
Fountain,  Fort  and  Hawkins. 

In  1893  the  annual  meeting  was  held  on  Au- 
gust i .  The  death  of  Mr.  Van  der  Veer,  who  had 


HISTORY  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


95 


been  a  very  active  member  of  the  association, 
was  announced,  and  also  that  of  Mr.  W.  E. 
Coons.  The  following  officers  were  elected: 
President,  Hon.  A.  A.  Jones;  Vice-Presidents, 
Messrs.  Read,  Rodey,  Bantz,  Leahy  and  Fitch. 
The  address  of  the  retiring  president  was  an 
arraignment  of  the  obsolete  common  law  prac- 
tice still  required  to  be  used  in  New  Mexico 
and  a  plea  for  a  modern  code  system. 

The  annual  meeting  in  1894  was  held  on 
July  31.  The  address  of  the  retiring  president 
was  on  uncertainties  of  the  law.  The  com- 
mittee on  law  reform  reported  in  favor  of  a 
"code  of  procedure,"  and  the  consideration  of 
their  report  was  postponed  to  August  27,  in 
order  that  every  member  might  be  notified  to 
be  present  or  to  send  his  vote  on  this  important 
question  to  the  secretary  prior  to  that  date. 
Mr.  Fitch  was  elected  president,  and  Messrs. 
Victory,  Fergusson,  Con  way,  Moise  and  E.  V. 
Chavez  vice  presidents.  General  Bartlett  and 
Mr.  Fiske,  by  successive  elections,  have  con- 
tinued as  secretary  and  treasurer  from  the 
foundation  of  the  association.  Mr.  Twitchell 
favored  the  meeting  with  a  further  report  on  the 
history  of  the  bench  and  bar,  including  sketches 
of  Judge  Beaubien  and  Charles  P.  Clever. 

At  the  adjourned  meeting  in  August,  Mr. 
Childers  read  an  address  on  code  practice. 
The  question  being  taken  on  the  resolution  that 
a  committee  of  five  be  appointed  to  draft  a 
code,  it  appeared  that  sixteen  votes  had  been 
received  by  mail,  twelve  in  favor  and  four  op- 
posed. All  the  members  present  voted  aye 
except  Mr.  Fiske.  The  following  committee 
was  then  appointed:  Messrs.  Prince,  Childers, 
Bantz,  Jones  and  Richardson. 

During  the  session  of  the  legislature  in  the 
winter  of  1894-5  this  committee  held  pro- 
tracted sessions  and  formulated  a  bill  for  a  code 
of  procedure,  which  was  introduced  in  the  leg- 
islature by  Mr.  Victory,  a  member  of  the 
council.  It  was  reported  favorably  and  passed 
the  council,  but  by  adverse  influences,  believed 
to  be  those  of  debtors  who  objected  to  the 
simplicity  and  rapidity  of  proceedings  under  a 
code,  it  failed  to  pass  the  lower  House. 


The  following  is  a  list  of  members  of  the 
Territorial  Bar  Association,  on  September  i, 
1894,  and  with  a  few  exceptions  it  contains 
the  names  of  all  members  of  the  bar  in  the 
Territory  in  active  practice: 

Alexander,  S.,  Socorro. 

Bantz,  G.  D.,  Silver  City. 

Bartlett,  E.  L.,  Santa  Fe. 

Berger,  W.  M.,  Santa  Fe. 

Breeden,  Wm.,  Santa  Fe. 

Catron,  T.  B.,    Santa  Fe. 

Clancy,  H.  S.,  Santa  Fe. 

Clancy,  F.  W. ,  Albuquerque. 

Childers,  W.  B.,  Albuquerque. 

Conway,  T.  F. ,  Silver  City. 

Chavez,  E.  V.,  Socorro. 

Crist,  J.  H.,  Santa  Fe. 

Dobson,  E.  W. ,  Albuquerque. 

Elliott,  A.  B.,  Hillsboro. 
.    Field,  N.  B.,  Albuquerque. 

Fiske,  E.  A.,  Santa  Fe. 

Fort,  L.  C. ,  Las  Vegas. 

Foree,  R.  M.,  Santa  Fe. 

Frost,  Max.,   Santa  Fe. 

Fergusson,  H.  B.,  Albuquerque. 

Franks,  E.  B.  * 

Freeman,  A.  A.,  Eddy. 

Fitch,   J.  G. ,  Socorro. 

Howard,  F.  H.  * 

Howard,  G.  H.,  Santa  Fe. 

Hawkins,  W.  A.,  Eddy. 

Hemingway,  J.  B.  H.,  Santa  Fe. 

Hamilton,  H.  B.,  Socorro. 

Jones,  A.  A.,  Las  Vegas. 

Knaebel,  G.  W. ,  Santa  Fe. 

Knaebel,  J.  H.  * 

Lee,  W.  D. ,  Albuquerque. 

Leahy,  J.,  Raton. 

Laughlin,  N.  B. ,  Santa  Fe. 

Marron,  O.  N.,  Albuquerque. 

Moise,  C.,  Las  Vegas. 

McFie,  J.  R. ,  Las  Cruces. 

Mills,  W.  J.,  Las  Vegas. 

Money,  G.  P.,  Santa  Fe. 

Newcomb,  S.  B.,  Las  Cruces. 

O'Bryan,  J.  D.  * 

O'Brien,  Jas.  * 


HIS  TORT  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


Pierce,  W.  L.  * 
Preston,  G.  C.  * 
Prince,  L.  B.,  Santa  Fe. 
Pickett,  H.  L.,  Silver  City. 
Read,  B.  M.,  Santa  Fe. 
Read,  L.  G.,  Santa  Fe. 
Riley,  C.  * 

Rodey,  B.  S. ,   Albuquerque. 
Ryan,  W.  S.,  Lincoln. 
Richardson,  G.  A.,  Roswell. 
Salazar,  M. ,  Las  Vegas. 
Sulzbacher,  Louis,  Las  Vegas. 
Springer,  Frank,  Las  Vegas. 
Smith,  Thomas,  Las  Vegas. 
Snyder,  K.  A.,  Albuquerque. 
Spiess,  C.  A.,  Santa  Fe. 
Sterry,  C.  N.,    Albuquerque. 
Thornton,  W.  T. ,  Santa  Fe. 
Twitchell,  R.  E.,   Santa  Fe. 
Victory,  J.  P.,  Santa  Fe. 
Vincent,  W.  A.  * 
Williamson,  J.  A.  * 
Waldo,  H.  L.,  Santa  Fe. 
Warren,  H.  L. ,  Albuquerque. 
Wade,  E.  C.  * 
Wrigley,  W.  C.,  Raton. 
Williams,  W.  S.,  Socorro. 
Young,  J.  Morris.  * 
Young,  R.  L. ,  Las  Cruces. 

(*  Removed  from  the  Territory.) 

RELIGIOUS. 

CATHOLIC. 

Catholicism  in  New  Mexico  dates  back  to 
the  very  first  invasion  of  this  country  by  the 
Spaniards  in  1543,  when  Father  Juan  de 
Padilla  was  brought  here  by  the  explorer,  Cor- 
onado,  and  left  at  Tiguex,  on  the  Rio  Grande. 
He  was  soon  followed  by  other  priests  and 
"religious,"  of  the  Franciscan  order,  some  of 
whom  were  killed  or  "martyred"  by  the  red 
savages.  Among  these  were  Fathers  Augus- 
tine Ruiz,  Francisco  Lopez  and  Juan  de  Santa 
Maria,  all  of  whom  were  soon  killed  by  the 
Teguas  Indians.  From  Tiguex  these  severely 
self-sacrificing  missionaries  sallied  out  in  vari- 


ous directions,  establishing  posts  wherever  they 
could,  sometimes  with  the  aid  of  the  military 
from  the  government  of  Spain  or  of  the  viceroy 
of  Mexico. 

Others  followed,  and  by  tedious  and  faith- 
ful work  they  succeeded  during  the  first  seventy- 
five  years  in  baptizing  34,650  Indians  and  es- 
tablishing forty-three  churches  within  the 
bounds  of  the  present  Territory  of  New  Mex- 
ico, all  excepting  two  or  three  built  by  the 
Indians. 

Commencing  with  December,  1582,  Anto- 
nio de  Espejo,  of  Mexico,  greatly  assisted  the 
Fathers,  in  the  absence  of  the  regular  soldiery, 
pacifying  the  Indians  and  persuading  them  into 
a  policy  of  tolerance.  Returning  to  Mexico  in 
July,  1584,  he  prepared  a  report  of  his  pro- 
ceedings in  the  north,  which  was  forwarded  to 
the  viceroy  and  from  him  to  the  king  of  Spain. 

Successive  expeditions  were  subsequently 
made  by  the  cruel  Humanya  and  the  enterpris- 
ing Juan  de  Onyate,  the  latter  of  whom  brought 
from  Spain  300  families  to  settle  in  this  region ; 
most  of  these  were  established  in  the  vicinity 
of  Santa  Fe  and  Santa  Cruz.  An  account  of 
these  facts  was  compiled  by  Father  Geronimo 
de  Yarate  Salmeron,  who  remained  eight  years 
in  New  Mexico,  visited  all  the  pueblos  and 
went  to  Mexico  City  to  lay  before  his  superiors 
the  result  of  his  mission. 

In  this  connection  Father  Defouri  says: 
"It  seems  that,  all  or  nearly  all  the  Indians 
being  Christians,  as  well  as  their  rulers,  the 
Spaniards,  things  should  have  gone  on  smoothly. 
The  simple-minded  natives  were  generally  of 
an  amiable  disposition,  helping  the  Spaniards 
in  the  cultivation  of  their  fields  and  performing 
other  menial  duties.  But  in  a  few  years  the 
Spaniards  began  to  assume  the  prerogatives  of 
masters,  and  a  rule  of  tyranny  and  slavery  was 
established.  Instead  of  letting  the  priests 
alone  to  see  to  the  conversion  of  the  Indians, 
fanatical  Spaniards  tried  to  convert  them  with 
the  sword.  In  a  short  time  they  looked  upon 
the  Spaniards  with  intense  hatred;  low  mur- 
murs followed  and  then  open  revolt.  They 
were  arrested  and  severely  punished,  but  never 


SAN  MIGUEL  CHURCH,  SANTA  FE:  FOUNDED  1550. 


' 


ft. 


CATHEDRAL,  SANTA  F~E. 


HISTORY  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


97 


resigned.  Thus  it  went  on  for  centuries.  The 
church  suffered  much  in  those  times  and  the 
conversion  of  the  Indians  was  greatly  retarded. 
Finally  it  culminated  in  the  great  rebellion 
of  1680." 

This  rebellion  was  led  by  a  native  named 
Pope  (pronounced  Po-pay),  who  with  great 
secrecy  planned  fora  general  massacre  through- 
out the  realm  in  one  night;  but,  being  be- 
trayed two  days  before  the  date  fixed  for  the 
sudden  uprising,  August  10,  the  Indians  were 
precipitated  into  a  somewhat  premature  on- 
slaught, succeeding,  however,  in  slaying  many 
Spaniards  and  driving  the  rest  from  the  terri- 
tory, who  fled  to  El  Paso,  under  Governor 
(and  General)  Otermin,  where  they  were  sup- 
ported during  the  following  winter  by  sympa- 
thizing Franciscans.  The  natives  proceeded 
to  destroy  everything  Spanish  or  Christian 
throughout  their  domain,  even  obliterating 
every  vestage.  Within  about  twenty  years,  after 
several  vain  attempts,  the  Spaniards  succeeded 
in  reconquering  the  country,  principally  under 
the  command  of  Don  Diego  de  Vargas  Zapate 
Lujan, — for  short,  Vargas. 

From  this  period  on  through  all  the  long, 
tedious  and  monotonous  eighteenth  century 
there  were  no  events  of  great  importance;  and, 
as  ecclesiastical  and  civil  history  were  un- 
divorced,  we  must  refer  the  reader  to  our  gen- 
eral history  in  the  first  portion  of  this  volume 
(pages  3  to  34)  for  a  more  detailed  account  of 
the  Catholic  Church  during  this  period.  In 
1821  occurred  the  revolution,  almost  blood- 
less, which  made  Mexico  independent  of.  the 
mother  country  and  to  some  extent  modified 
ecclesiastical  relations. 

In  1798  the  Franciscans  had  eighteen 
"  Fathers, "  with  twenty-four  missions;  in  1805 
they  had  increased  to  twenty-six  "Fathers" 
and  thirty  missions;  and  when  they  fled  the 
country  in  1821  there  were  twenty  Indian  pue- 
blos and  102  Spanish  towns  or  ranches — all 
attended  by  Franciscan  Fathers  excepting  San- 
ta Fe,  Albuquerque  and  Santa  Cruz  de  la  Can- 
yada,  where  secular  priests  were  stationed. 
When  Bishop  Lamy  reached  Santa  Fe  in  1851 

7 


he  found  twenty-five  churches  and  forty  chap- 
els, many  in  a  ruinous  condition.  The  priests, 
all  Mexicans,  were  very  few.  In  those  thirty 
years  the  church  experienced  great  losses  in 
New  Mexico,  and  the  province  had  no  educa- 
tional establishments  of  any  kind,  and  up  to 
this  time  New  Mexico  had  always  been  re- 
garded as  a  far-outlying  province  and  was  cor- 
respondingly neglected  by  the  dignitaries  of 
the  church  at  more  populous  centers.  Not  un- 
til 1832  was  there  a  vicar's  residence  within  this 
territory,  when  Juan  Felipe  Ortiz  was  appoint- 
ed vicar  for  the  bishop  of  Purango,  with  resi- 
dence at  Santa  Fe,  and  not  until  1851  was 
there  an  episcopal  residence  here,  when  Bishop 
Lamy  arrived. 

Frequent  political  turmoils  retarded  the 
progress  of  the  church  as  well  as  of  the  State, 
and  the  material  and  intellectual  advancement 
of  the  people.  By  the  time  of  the  Mexican 
war  in  1846,  it  is  said,  the  country  was  so  far 
in  the  rear  of  the  world's  procession  that  win- 
dow glass,  for  example,  was  found  only  in  the 
"palaces,"  which,  by  the  way,  were  built  of 
adobe!  But  the  annexation  of  New  Mexico  to 
the  United  States  resulted  in  great  good  to  the 
people,  religiously  as  well  as  politically.  Under 
the  Mexican  regime  the  members  of  the  church 
gradually  grew  more  lax  in  pious  duties,  owing 
in  great  part  to  political  corruption,  which  in- 
stinctively and  almost  unconsciously  ate  its 
way  into  the  vitals  of  all  religious  institutions. 
The  blood  of  even  the  enterprising  European 
people  flows  more  and  more  lazily  in  the  veins 
under  certain  environments. 

Most  Rev.  Jean  Baptist  Lamy,  the  first 
archbishop  of  Santa  Fe,  was  a  native  of 
France,  born  October  11,  1814;  was  reared  as 
a  farmer's  son,  and  in  the  habits  of  the  strict- 
est piety  and  assiduous  study;  ordained  priest 
in  1838  at  Clermont,  France,  and  the  follow- 
ing year  was  sent  as  a  missionary  to  America. 
After  serving  as  pastor  of  a  number  of  con- 
gregations in  Ohio,  and  one  at  Covington, 
Kentucky,  he,  in  1850,  was  created  "vicar 
apostolic  "  of  Nesv  Mexico,  though  only  thirty- 
six  years  of  age.  Consecrated  November  24, 


98 


HISTORY  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


1850,  by  Archbishop  Purcell  at  Cincinnati,  he 
hastened  "to  the  front"  to  "reconquer" 
(religiously)  the  backslidden  churches  of  New 
Mexico.  Coming  by  way  of  New  Orleans  and 
the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  his  vessel  was  shipwrecked 
and  he  lost  all  his  books,  clothing,  vestments, 
church  articles  and  sacred  vessels  which  he 
was  bringing  hither  with  tender  care.  A  few  of 
the  books,  however,  were  recovered  soon  after 
the  wreck.  By  an  accident  near  San  Antonio, 
Texas,  he  sprained  his  ankle  so  badly  that  he 
was  "  laid  up  "  there  for  eight  months. 

On  arrival  in  his  new  field  here  he  con- 
fronted still  further  difficulties,  in  the  line  of 
his  legitimate  work,  by  finding  his  people,  both 
lay  and  clerical  unwilling  to  receive  him 
cordially.  They  now  began  to  look  for  more 
stringent  discipline,  and  that,  too,  from  a 
Frenchman,  for  the  first  time  in  their  lives. 
But  the  young  and  zealous  bishop  put  his  ener- 
getic hand  to  the  grand  work  of  building  up 
the  church,  and  his  adventures  and  long 
journeys  over  the  vast-  plains  from  Kansas 
City  to  Fort  Union, — plains  with  no  inhabitants 
save  wild  beasts  and  roving  Indians,  — border  on 
romance.  Though  about  900  miles  in  extent, 
Dr.  Lamy, — he  was  a  D.  D., — crossed  these 
plains  twelve  times  for  the  welfare  of  his  vast 
diocese. 

During  the  year  1852  he  attended  the  first 
plenary  council  at  Baltimore  and  was  ap- 
pointed titular  bishop  of  Santa  Fe,  and  with 
great  difficulty  brought  hither  three  Sisters  of 
Loretto  from  New  Orleans.  In  January,  1853, 
they  opened  their  school  at  Santa  Fe,  with  ten 
boarders  and  three  day  scholars.  (Historical 
sketch  of  this  institution  completed  under  the 
head  of  Educational,  next  following.) 

During  the  year  1852  Rt.  Rev.  P.  J.  Mache- 
beuf  became  vicar  general  of  New  Mexico. 
After  residing  at  Santa  Fe  a  few  months  he 
was  transferred  to  Albuquerque.  Later  he  was 
appointed  vicar  apostolic  of  Colorado.  In 
1853-4  Dr.  Lamy  visited  the  eastern  cities  of 
the  United  States  and  of  southern  Europe,  in- 
cluding Rome,  and  obtained  the  transportation 
of  more  sisters,  and  also  a  number  of  priests. 


Then  he  proceeded  to  give  special  attention  to 
the  establishment  of  schools,  succeeding,  after 
long  and  arduous  labor.  The  first  boys'  school 
was  opened  in  December,  1859,  at  Santa  Fe, 
with  about  150  pupils;  in  1869  the  number  had 
increased  to  250,  while  the  boarders  increased 
from  thirty  to  over  fifty.  The  school  has  grown 
into  a  college  and  is  prospering  greatly.  Both 
Catholic  and  Protestant  schools  have  been  par- 
tially supported,  especially  among  the  Indians, 
up  to  the  present  time,  in  this  Territory,  with 
the  inevitable  result  of  jealousies. 

In  1865  Bishop  Lamy  succeeded  in  bringing 
hither  a  number  of  Sisters  of  Charity,  who  im- 
mediately opened  St.  Vincent's  Orphan  Asylum 
and  Hospital  at  Santa  Fe,  with  a  goodly  num- 
ber of  patients,  as  well  as  of  orphans.  In  a  few 
years  they  had  as  many  as  seventy-three  pa- 
tients and  sixty  children.  Additional  structures 
have  been  erected  and  facilities  of  all  kinds  in- 
creased. The  superiors  have  been  Mothers 
Vincenta,  Theodosia,  Augustine,  Cephas,  Eu- 
lalia,  Sebastian  and  Gabriella.  In  1881  a  large 
school  was  opened  also  in  Albuquerque.  Build- 
ings have  since  been  erected  in  the  old  town, 
and  a  fine  academy  in  the  new  town.  Trini- 
dad, San  Miguel  and  Pueblo  have  also  been 
blessed  by  their  labors. 

In  1866  Bishop  Lamy,  with  the  theologian 
he  had  chosen, — Rev.  J.  M.  Coudert, — at- 
tended the  Second  Plenary  Council  at  Balti- 
more, where  his  talents  were  conspicuously 
recognized.  He  was  entrusted  with  the  rare 
honor  of  conveying  a  report  of  the  acts  of  that 
council  to  the  see  of  Rome  for  its  appropa- 
tion.  Returning,  he  brought  still  more  labor- 
ers with  him, — this  time  Jesuit  fathers,  namely, 
L.  Vigilante  (superior),  Rafael  Bianchi  and 
Donato  M.  Gasparri,  with  two  brothers,  Prisco 
Caso  and  Rafael  Vezza, — who  commenced 
their  labors  in  this  section  of  the  wild  West, 
August  15,  1867,  at  Bernalillo,  where  at  first 
they  had  charge  of  Bernalillo,  Penya  Blanca 
and  Jemez  and  their  missions.  The  bishop  also 
confided  to  them  the  care  of  teaching  "moral 
theology,"  thus  training  up  a  native  clergy. 
Father  de  Blieck,  who  had  been  placed  at  the 


HIS  TORT  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


99 


service  of  the  mission  by  the  ' '  Father  Gen- 
eral," was  given  charge  also  of  the  "retreat" 
now  established  by  Bishop  Lamy  for  the  clergy 
at  Santa  Fe  in  November.  Afterward  "re- 
treats "  were  also  given  to  the  Sisters  of  Loret- 
to  and  to  the  Christian  Brothers.  In  the  mean- 
time a  grand  "  mission  "  was  held  at  Santa  Fe, 
with  extraordinary  visible  results,  naturally  fol- 
lowed by  missions  at  Catholic  centers  elsewhere 
in  the  Territory. 

December  25, 1868,  the  Jesuit  Father  Rafael 
Bianchi,  who  had  been  particularly  zealous  and 
efficient,  died  at  the  age  of  only  thirty-two 
years,  occasioning  great  gloom  throughout  the 
community. 

About  this  time  was  commenced  a  schism 
at  Taos,  in  this  wise:  Father  Jose  Antonio 
Martinez,  who  had  been  the  parish  priest  there 
from  the  year  1826  to  1856,  resigned  in  the 
latter  year,  and  subsequently,  having  some 
difficulties  with  the  priest  who  had  been  sent 
there  as  his  successor  by  Bishop  Lamy,  he 
claimed  to  be  the  rightful  pastor;  and,  not 
having  the  use  of  the  church  he  turned  his  own 
residence  into  a  chapel  and  had  a  large  follow- 
ing, assisted  by  Father  Lucero.  They  were 
suspended  by  the  bishop,  and  the  resulting 
antipathes  of  the  people  are  not  even  yet  en- 
tirely extinguished. 

Father  Gasparri,  an  efficient  minister,  com- 
menced in  1872  to  print  books  for  the  benefit 
of  the  church  and  mission.  Soon  afterward 
a  "novitiate"  school  was  established,  which 
later  was  removed  to  Las  Vegas  and  finally 
discontinued  altogether,  for  want  of  means. 
Novitiates  are  now  sent  to  Florisant,  near  St. 
Louis,  Missouri. 

In  1873  a  new  parish  was  formed  from  mis- 
sions belonging  to  Mora,  Sapello  and  Anton- 
chico,  located  at  La  Junta,  and  dedicated  to 
the  Sacred  Heart.  Rev.  F.  Tomassini  was 
appointed  its  first  pastor. 

The  year  1874  was  occupied  in  giving  a 
number  of  missions  to  the  various  parishes  of 
the  diocese.  One  given  in  Las  Vegas  pro- 
duced such  fruits  that  the  "whole  popula- 
tion," through  a  select  committee,  desired  the 


Fathers  to  establish  a  college  there  and  re- 
main among  them.  Don  Manuel  Romero  of- 
fered a  house  for  that  purpose  until  such  time 
as  they  would  be  able  to  erect  a  suitable  build- 
ing. The  offer  was  accepted,  and  soon  after- 
ward several  of  the  Fathers  removed  to  Las 
Vegas,  while  F.  Baldasare,  the  new  superior, 
remained  at  Albuquerque  with  the  others. 

The  first  number  of  the  Revista  Catolica 
(Catholic  Review)  was  published  January  2, 
1875.  Notwithstanding  much  adverse  crit- 
icism, especially  by  Protestants,  it  has  contin- 
ued to  prosper.  Under  the  careful  manage- 
ment of  its  publisher,  Father  Ferrari,  it  has 
become  one  of  the  foremost  weeklies  of  New 
Mexico.  It  is  published  at  Las  Vegas. 

During  the  year  1877,  the  generous  people 
of  Las  Vegas  still  asking  for  a  college,  land 
was  purchased,  donations  contributed  and  the 
enterprise  instituted.  Rev.  Salvador  Personne 
was  installed  as  the  first  president,  and  the 
dwelling  of  Don  Romero  was  used  as  the  col- 
lege at  first,  commencing  with  twenty-five 
boarding  pupils  and  about  a  hundred  day 
scholars.  During  the  next  year  the  new  build- 
ing was  completed.  The  institution  is  manned 
by  Jesuit  Fathers  and  Brothers.  Great  and 
many  untold  sacrifices  had  to  be  made  to  get 
this  institution  "on  its  feet."  Indeed,  that  a 
very  large  proportion  of  the  Catholic  clergy 
die  comparatively  young  must  be  due  to  men- 
tal overwork,  anxiety  and  privation  in  the 
cause  of  the  church. 

Rev.  P.  James  Diamare  and  Donate  Gas- 
parri, both  zealous  and  efficient  workers  in  the 
"Lord's  vineyard"  in  New  Mexico,  have 
died,  —  the  former  at  the  age  of  forty-three 
years,  the  latter  at  forty-eight. 

December  21,  1874,  Dr.  Lamy  was  raised 
to  the  dignity  of  archbishop,  and  Santa  Fe  was 
erected  into  a  "province,"  with  Colorado 
and  Arizona,  although  yet  "vicarates, "  as 
"  suffragans." 

November  24,  1875,  only  a  few  months 
after  the  erection  of  Santa  Fe  into  a  province, 
was  celebrated  the  episcopal  jubilee  of  Arch- 
bishop Lamy  as  that  day  was  the  twenty- 


IOO 


HISTORY  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


fifth  anniversary — "silver  wedding" — of  his 
consecration  as  Bishop  of  Agathon,  when  he 
was  appointed  vicar  apostolic  of  New  Mexico. 
This  occasion  was  one  of  the  great  ones  in  the 
history  of  Catholicism  in  this  Territory.  The 
administration  of  Dr.  Lamy  during  that  quarter 
of  a  century  had  been  a  bright  page  in  the 
history  of  the  church  here. 

One  of  the  greatest  monuments  of  the  zeal 
of  Archbishop  Lamy  is  the  cathedral  of  San 
Francisco  at  Santa  Fe,  the  corner  stone  of 
which  was  laid  July  14,  1869.  Several  seri- 
ous delays  were  caused  during  the  progress  of 
construction,  and  not  until  lately  was  this  mag- 
nificent edifice  completed.  The  old  cathedral, 
built  about  155  years  ago,  has  been  demolished 
and  the  material  used  in  other  public  struc- 
tures. The  new  cathedral  is  60  x  120  feet  in 
dimensions  and  the  height  of  the  middle  nave 
is  fifty-five  feet.  The  arches  and  ornamenta- 
tion generally  are  in  Roman  style.  The  whole 
structure  is  of  cut  stone  and  presents  a  fine 
appearance.  As  a  peculiarity  the  ceilings  are 
made  of  red  volcanic  lava,  exceedingly  light, 
some  pieces  being  lighter  than  hard  wood. 
This  lava  was  obtained  from  the  summit  of  a 
small  mound  twelve  miles  distant,  named 
Cerro  Mogino,  where  there  are  immense  quar- 
ries of  it.  The  towers  of  the  cathedral  attain 
a  height  of  160  feet. 

Between  Las  Vegas  and  Mora,  and  the 
rivers  Sapello  and  Las  Manuelitas,  many 
Catholic  families  settled  during  the  '503,  com- 
ing from  Santa  Cruz  and  other  places  in  Rio 
Arriba  and  forming  a  sort  of  colony,  called 
Los  Alamos.  At  length,  in  answer  to  several 
petitions,  the  bishop  sent  them  a  resident 
priest,  named  Francis  Jouvenceau,  who  had 
been  the  vicar  general  of  Arizona.  The 
church  edifice  was  located  where  it  now  stands, 
under  the  mistaken  impression  that  that  point 
would  probably  in  the  future  be  the  most  cen- 
tral for  the  population;  but  Los  Alamos  in- 
creased in  comparison  more  rapidly.  This 
building  was  dedicated  under  the  name  of  Our 
Lady  of  Guadalupe,  and  is  said  to  have  cost 
$6,000. 


Father  Jouvenceau  was  succeeded  in  1866 
by  Rev.  John  Faure,  and  subsequently  in  turn 
by  Revs.  Alexander  Mathonet,  Joseph  Fiallon, 
Anthony  Fourchegu,  etc. 

At  Los  Alamos,  in  1854,  Don  Jesus  Maria 
Montoya  built  a  small  chapel,  which  was  used 
until  1879,  when  a  far  larger  and  better  chapel 
was  erected,  long  needed  by  the  congregation. 
A  convent  was  also  built  and  placed  under  the 
care  of  the  Sisters  of  Mercy,  introduced  in 
this  Territory  by  Bishop  Lamy. 

In  the  Territory  of  New  Mexico  there  are 
now  about  forty  parishes  and  300  church  and 
chapel  edifices,  while  the  clergy  number  about 
seventy. 

August  28,  1885  is  the  date  of  the  begin- 
ning of  the  services  of  Archbishop  J.  B.  Sal- 
poince,  D.  D.,  as  successor  to  Dr.  Lamy,  who 
resigned  on  account  of  advanced  age,  and  now 
has  the  title  of  "  Archbishop  of  Cizicus. "  Arch- 
bishop Salpointe,  who  had  long  been  well 
known  to  the  Catholics  of  this  Territory  as  a 
competent  teacher  and  laborer,  was  born  in 
France,  February  25,  1825,  in  a  family  of  high 
standing,  and  was  ordained  priest  in  1851. 
Serving  as  priest  or  college  professor  in  his  na- 
tive land  until  1859,  he  came  to  America,  ar- 
riving at  Santa  Fe  in  November.  Was  parish 
priest  at  Mora  until  January,  1866,  when  he 
was  appointed  vicar  general  for  the  missions  of 
Arizona,  and  he  repaired  thither,  where  his  ju- 
dicious labors  were  attended  with  signal  suc- 
cess. In  1868  he  was  appointed  "Bishop  of 
Dorzla  and  Vicar  Apostolic  of  Arizona,  "and  he 
returned  to  France  and  was  ordained  and  con- 
secrated by  Mgr.  Ferron  at  Clermont,  where, 
and  by  whom  he  had  been  confirmed  when  a 
boy,  and  ordained  and  consecrated  bishop.  In 
1885,  as  before  stated,  he  was  appointed  arch- 
bishop of  Santa  Fe,  and  accordingly  he  trans- 
ferred his  residence  to  this  city. 

In  1893  the  Very  Rev.  James  H.  Defouri 
published  in  pamphlet  form  a  brief  account  of 
the  lives  and  deaths  of  the  earliest  missionaries 
in  New  Mexico,  or  "martyrs,"  as  he  terms 
them;  but  by  the  term  "  martyr"  we  under- 
stand the  meaning  to  be  "one  who  lays  down 


HISTORY  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


101 


his  life  for  a  principle;  one  who  is  put  to  death 
on  account  of  some  religious  belief;"  whereas 
many  of  the  early  missionaries  in  savage  lands 
are  killed  not  on  account  of  their  religion  or 
principle  at  all,  but  for  various  other  reasons, 
mostly  growing  out  of  national  antipathies  and 
imperfect  understanding  of  foreign  customs. 
All  peoples  naturally  dread  innovations,  espe- 
cially their  introduction  by  foreigners.  Their 
suspicions  are  aroused  and  evil  events  are  more 
likely  to  be  attributed  to  the  presence  of  for- 
eigners than  to  any  other  source.  The  "mar- 
tyrs" noticed  in  this  pamphlet  are:  Juan  de 
Padilla,  killed  by  the  Quivirans  in  1542;  Juan 
de  la  Cruz,  at  some  pueblo,  shortly  afterward; 
Luis  de  Escalone,  or  de  Ubeda,  by  Pecos  In- 
dians, about  1581;  Francisco  Lopez,  by  Indians, 
in  1581;  Agustin  Rodriguez,  or  Ruiz,  by 
Pueblo  Indians,  also  in  1581;  }uan  de  Santa 
Maria,  by  Indians  east  of  the  Sierra  of  Sandia, 
in  the  same  year;  Francisco  Letrado,  by  Zunyi 
Indians,  in  1630;  Martin  de  Arvide,  by  Zipia 
or  Zunyi  Indians,  about  1627;  Francisco  de 
Porras,  by  Moqui  Indians,  in  1633;  Pedro  de 
Miranda,  by  the  natives  of  the  pueblo  of  Taos, 
in  1631;  Pedro  de  Avila  y  Ayala,  by  the  Nava- 
jos,  in  1672;  Alonso  Gil  de  Avila,  by  the 
Apaches,  in  1675;  in  the  Revolution  of  1680, 
August  10,  by  the  Pueblo  and  other  Indians 
throughout  the  province — Juan  Bernal,  at 
Galisteo;  Juan  Domingo  de  Vera,  also  at 
Galisteo;  Fernando  de  Velasco,  near  Galisteo; 
Juan  Bautista  Pro,  at  Tezuque;  Tomas  de 
Torres,  at  Nambe;  Luis  de  Morales,  at  San 
Ildefonso;  Matias  Rendon,  at  Picuries;  Antonio 
de  Mora,  at  Taos;  Juan  de  la  Pedrosa,  also  at 
Taos;  Manuel  Tinoco,  about  midway  between 
San  Marcos  and  Galisteo,  on  his  flight  from 
the  impending  massacre,  of  which  he  had  been 
forewarned;  Francisco  Antonio  Lorenzana,  at 
Santo  Domingo;  Juan  Talaban;  Jose  de  Montes 
de  Oca;  Antonio  Sanchez  de  Pro,  at  San  Ilde- 
fonso; Luis  Maldonado,  at  Acoma;  Juan  del 
Bal,  at  Alona,  among  the  Zunyis;  Jose  de 
Figueroa,  who  was  a  resident  of  Ahuatu;  Au- 
gustine of  Santa  Maria,  at  Oraibi;  Jose  de 
Espeleta  (probably),  at  Oraibi;  Juan  de  Jesus 


Maria,  at  Jemez;  and  Jose  Trujillo,  when  he 
was  a  resident  of  Xongopavi  or  Mieschongo- 
pavi,  a  distant  pueblo  of  the  "custodia"  of 
New  Mexico;  Manuel  Beltran,  by  Indians  at 
Yanos,  in  1684;  Francisco  Casanyas  de  Jesus 
Maria,  at  Jemez,  date  unknown;  Francisco 
Corvera  and  Antonio  Moreno,  at  San  Ilde- 
fonso, in  1696;  Jose  de  Arvisu  and  Antonio 
Carboneli,  both  clubbed  to  death  at  the  pueblo 
of  San  Cristobal  in  the  Canyada  of  Santa 
Cruz,  in  1696;  Domingo  de  Saraoz,  by  Indians 
at  the  pueblo  of  Santa  Ana,  in  1731;  Peter 
Martin,  in  1861,  by  unknown  parties;  and 
Father  Donate,  by  Indians,  in  1858;  and  prob- 
ably others,  whose  manner  of  death  cannot  be 
verified. 

Among  the   religions    of    the    world,    only 
Christian  zeal,    and  that,  too,  of  the  Catholic 
order,  has  ever  led  to  a  list  of  fatal  self-sacri- 
fices so  long  as  the  above. 
• 

EPISCOPAL. 

The  first  service  of  the  American  Episcopal 
Church  of  which  we  have  any  record,  in  New 
Mexico,  was  held  by  Right  Rev.  Joseph  C. 
Talbot,  then  missionary  bishop  and  afterward 
bishop  of  Indiana,  who  visited  Santa  Fe  in  the 
summer  of  1863  and  held  services  on  two  suc- 
cessive Sundays,  July  5  and  12.  He  was  ac- 
companied by  Rev.  M.  A.  Rich  and  by  Rev. 
A.  H.  Demora,  a  Spanish  clergyman,  who  held 
service  and  preached  in  that  language. 

Five  years  afterward  Bishop  Randall,  of 
Colorado,  visited  New  Mexico,  which  had  been 
placed  under  his  jurisdiction  and  held  some 
service,  in  1868. 

There  was  no  organization  at  all  until 
1874,  when  the  General  Convention,  in  Octo- 
ber, created  a  missionary  jurisdiction  of  New 
Mexico  and  Arizona,  and  elected  William 
Forbes  Adams,  D.D.,  of  New  Orleans,  as  the 
first  bishop.  Soon  after  his  consecration, 
Bishop  Adams  started  for  his  new  field  accom- 
panied by  Rev.  Henry  Forrester,  and  arrived 
in  Santa  Fe  early  in  February,  1875,  holding 
their  first  service  on  February  7. 

After  a  comparatively  brief   experience  in 


102 


HIS  TORT  Of  NEW  MEXICO. 


New  Mexico,  Bishop  Adams  returned  to  the 
South,  and  resigned  his  position  in  1877.  He 
was  afterward  elected  bishop  of  Easton.  Rev. 
Mr.  Forrester  remained,  and  for  a  considerable 
time  was  the  only  Episcopal  clergyman  in  New 
Mexico.  He  had  charge  of  the  church  at 
Santa  Fe  till  1879,  when  he  moved  to  Las 
Vegas,  and  after  some  years  was  placed  in 
charge  of  the  church  at  Albuquerque.  In  1892 
he  was  appointed  by  the  presiding  bishop  as 
superintendent  of  mission  work  in  the  Republic 
of  Mexico,  and  has  since  resided  there. 

In  1 876  mission  schools  were  established  in 
Santa  Fe  and  Mesilla,  and  property  for  the 
purpose  was  bought  in  the  latter  town. 

In  May,  1879,  a  plot  of  land  was  bought  in 
Santa  Fe  for  the  erection  of  a  church,  all  pre- 
vious services  having  been  held  in  hired  rooms 
fitted  up  as  chapels.  The  church  was  built 
slowly,  as  means  were  obtained,  and  it  was 
thought  best  to  build  of  stone.  About  the 
same  time  lots  were  procured  in  Las  Vegas 
and  an  adobe  church  erected,  which  became 
the  first  Episcopal  church  in  New  Mexico. 
Bishop  Spalding,  of  Colorado,  consecrated  it. 

In  1880  the  church  was  regularly  organized 
by  the  holding  of  the  primary  convocation  of 
the  missionary  jurisdiction  of  New  Mexico  and 
Arizona  in  St.  John's  church,  Albuquerque,  on 
May  4.  There  were  present:  Bishop  Spald- 
ing, provisional  bishop  of  the  jurisdiction;  Rev. 
Henry  Forrester;  Rev.  J.  A.  M.  La  Tourrette, 
chaplain  at  Fort  Union,  and  Rev.  D.  A.  San- 
ford, — of  the  clergy;  and  lay  delegates  from  the 
churches  at  Santa  Fe,  Mesilla,  Las  Vegas  and 
Albuquerque. 

A  formal  organization  was  effected,  a  reso- 
lution was  passed  asking  the  next  gener- 
al convocation  to  elect  a  bishop  for  the 
jurisdiction.  Arrrangements  were  made  to 
incorporate  trustees  of  church  property,  who 
should  hold  all  the  titles  to  churches,  etc. 
Hon.  L.  Bradford  Prince  was  appointed 
chancellor,  and  W.  W.  Griffin  treasurer, 
of  the  jurisdiction.  The  total  number  of 
communicants  reported  was  112.  Previous  to 
this  convocation,  St.  John's  church  at  Albu- 


querque had  been  built,  and  the  church  in 
Santa  Fe  had  taken  the  name  of  the  Church  of 
the  Holy  Faith,  so  as  to  agree  with  the  name 
of  the  city. 

At  the  general  convention  held  in  New  York 
in  October  the  jurisdiction  was  represented  by 
Rev  H.  Forrester  and  Judge  Prince.  The  Rev. 
George  K.  Dunlop  was  elected  bishop  and  was 
consecrated  in  St.  Louis,  November  21,  1880. 
He  came  almost  immediately  to  New  Mexico 
and  visited  all  the  missions.  During  Bishop 
Dunlop's  bishopric  a  .handsome  stone  church 
was  built  at  Santa  Fe,  and  one  partially  finished 
at  Las  Vegas;  a  rectory  was  built  at  Silver 
City.  He  died  quite  suddenly,  March  12,  1888. 

In  the  fall  of  1888  Rev.  J.  Mills  Kendrick, 
of  Ohio,  was  elected  bishop  and  was  conse- 
crated January  18,  1889.  He  reached  New 
Mexico,  February  i,  1889,  and  held  his  first 
convocation  on  September  3.  Bishop  Ken- 
drick is  a  very  faithful  chief  pastor,  and  is  still 
in  charge  of  the  jurisdiction.  In  1892  New 
Mexico  was  separated  from  Arizona  and  con- 
stituted a  missionary  district  by  itself. 

The  statistics  of  the  district  in  1893  show 
449  communicants:  1,114  individuals.  There 
were  church  buildings  at  Santa  Fe,  Las  Vegas, 
Albuquerque,  Socorro,  Eddy,  Silver  City  and 
Deming;  rectories  at  Las  Vegas,  Santa  Fe  and 
Silver  City;  and  a  partially  finished  church 
at  San  Marcial.  In  1895  a  pretty  church  was 
erected  at  Gallup.  The  delegates  to  general 
conventions  have  been  as  follows: 

1883:  Rev.  J.  A.  M.  La  Tourrette,  Hon. 
L.  B.  Prince. 

1886:  Rev.  E.  W.  Meany,  Hon.  L.  B. 
Prince. 

1889:  Rev.  E.  W.  Meany,  Hon.  L.  B. 
Prince. 

1892:  Rev.  Henry  Forrester,  Hon.  L.  B. 
Prince. 

1895:  Rev.  W.  L.  Githens,  Hon.  L.  B. 
Prince. 

The  primary  convocation  of  the  new  mis- 
sionary district  of  New  Mexico  was  held  at  So- 
corro, November  9,  1893,  when  the  new  dis- 
trict was  formally  organized.  The  succeeding 


HISTORY  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


103 


convocations  were  at  Las  Vegas  in    1894   and 
Silver  City  in  1895. 

PRESBYTERIAN. 

The  Presbyterians  were  early  in  the  field 
after  the  end  of  the  Mexican  war  and  the  or- 
ganization of  the  Territoral  government. 

In  1851  the  Presbyterian  Missionary  Union 
sent  W.  T.  Kephardt  as  the  advance  guard  of 
the  missionary  army.  Resettled  at  Santa  Fe, 
and  subsequently  became  editor  of  the  Santa 
Fe  Gazette,  which  was  an  organ  of  the  anti- 
slavery  cause. 

In  1867  a  school  was  established  at  Santa 
Fe  under  the  Presbyterian  Board  of  Home 
Missions,  and  this  was  followed  in  1872  by 
another  at  Fernandez  de  Taos.  This  latter 
was  in  charge  of  Rev.  James  M.  Roberts,  who 
remained  at  Taos  for  many  years. 

In  1876,  early  in  the  year,  the  Rev.  John 
Menaul  went  to  the  Indian  pueblo  of  Laguna 
and  established  a  school  which  continued  in 
operation  for  nearly  twenty  years,  under  the 
same  missionary.  Mr.  Menaul  obtained  a 
printing  press  after  a  few  years  and  printed 
with  his  own  hands  thousands  of  tracts  and 
other  documents  in  Spanish. 

Later  in  the  same  year  Rev.  J.  A.  Annui 
settled  in  Las  Vegas,  and  commenced  the  pub- 
lication of  a  newspaper  called  the  Revista 
Evangelica,  which  was  continued  until  1879. 

On  October  8th,  Dr.  H.  K.  Palmer  opened 
a  Presbyterian  mission  school  in  the  Indian 
pueblo  of  Zunyi. 

During  the  succeeding  year,  the  scattered 
missionaries  were  gladdened  by  a  visit  from 
Rev.  Henry  Kendall,  D.  D.,  Secretary  of  the 
Presbyterian  Board  of  Home  Missions,  who 
visited  Taos  and  the  upper  Rio  Grande  country, 
stayed  a  short  time  at  Santa  Fe  and  then  made 
the  long  journey  westward  to  Zunyi.  This 
visit  occupied  the  most  of  the  month  of  Sep- 
tember. 

In  1876  Rev.  John  Menaul  commenced 
the  publication  at  Laguna  of  a  weekly  news- 
paper in  Spanish,  called  La  Solona.  This  was 
printed  on  the  press  before  referred  to. 


In  1866  the  Presbyterians  had  purchased 
from  the  Baptists  the  church  edifice  of  the  lat- 
ter at  Santa  Fe,  and  services  have  ever  since 
been  sustained  with  rare  exception.  Rev. 
George  G.  Smith  was  pastor  for  a  considerable 
time  prior  to  1880,  when  he  was  transferred  to 
Montana,  but  afterward  returned  and  remained 
until  1895. 

Schools  were  established  at  Las  Cruces  and 
at  Corrales  in  Bernalillo  county,  in  1878;  and 
the  number  of  these  educational  institutes  has 
been  increased  almost  annually  ever  since. 

In  1883  a  boarding  school  for  Mexican 
children  was  started  at  Santa  Fe,  and  the  origi- 
nal building  has  since  been  replaced  by  a  large 
and  handsome  brick  structure,  which  would  be 
an  ornament  to  any  city.  A  similar  school  was 
established  in  Las  Vegas  at  about  the  same 
time. 

•  Thus  the  work  has  progressed  until  every 
town  of  any  importance  has  its  Presbyterian 
church,  and  schools  have  multiplied  through 
the  Territory.  At  the  present  time  there  are 
thirty-five  Presbyterian  churches  in  New  Mexi- 
co, cared  for  by  eighteen  ordained  ministers 
and  seventeen  Mexican  evangelists,  and  having 
a  total  membership  of  1,000.  The  number  of 
children  receiving  instruction  in  the  Sunday 
schools  is  1,464. 

The  following  tables  show  the  number  and 
condition  of  the  various  schools  in  1894,  as 
well  as  various  items  of  interest  connected  with 
them. 

The  academy  of  Santa  Fe,  which  existed 
from  1867  to  1891,  and  the  Indian  school  at 
Albuquerque,  which  was  in  operation  from  1880 
to  1891,  were  abandoned  because  their  places 
were  filled  by  public  institutions. 

BOARDING  SCHOOLS. 


NAME   OF    SCHOOL. 

TEACHERS. 

PUPILS. 

7 
7 
4 

65 
93 
48 

Las  Vegas  boarding  and  day  school,  boys  and  girls 

Total                 

18 

206 

*At  Zunyi   only  one   meal  Jat  noon)  is  §iven  at  the  school.    The 
other  meals  are  taken  by  the  children  at  their  homes. 

104 


HISTORY  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


DAY   SCHOOLS. 


Canyon   Bonito 

Chaperito 

Corrales 

El  Rito 

Einbudo 

Jemes  Hot  Springs. 

La  Costilla 

Las  Cruces 

Los  Lentes 

Ocate 

Mora 

Pajarito 

Penasco  

Las  Placitas 

Raton 

Rociada 

Santa  Fe   (day) 

Taos 

El  Prado  de  Taos.  . 
El  Rancho  de  Taos. 

Jemes   Pueblo 

Laguna  Pueblo 


Total  (25  day  schools) 


TEACHERS. 

PUPILS. 

1 

27 

1 

37 

0 

68 

T 

40 

i 

34 

i 

51 

i 

46 

i 

60 

i 

36 

2 

58 

2 

81 

40 

40 

42 

60 

87 

24 

125 

36 

30 

60 

91 

2 

136 

2 

76 

2 

35 

32 

1,409 

SUMMARY. 


Total  boarding  and  day  schools. 

Total    teachers 

Total  pupils 

Annual    running  eipenses 

Total    salaries 

Total  value  of  buildings 


50 

.  1  615 
*  9.375 
.  2S.OOO 
.  52,750 


METHODIST. 

The  first  Methodist  missionary  to  be  sta- 
tioned in  New  Mexico  was  Rev.  E.  George 
Nicholson,  who  came  to  Santa  Fe  in  the  year 
1850,  and  commenced  holding  services  there. 
He  continued  in  this  work  for  about  two  years, 
when  the  work  was  abandoned  for  the  time. 

Various  attempts  to  establish  missions  were 
made  from  time  to  time,  but  none  seemed  per- 
manent until  the  arrival  of  Rev.  Thomas  Har- 
wood  in  1871.  He  established  himself  at  La 
Junta  (now  Watrous)  and  opened  a  mission 
school  at  that  place,  which,  with  some  change 
in  location,  has  been  kept  open  ever  since. 
Mr.  Harwood  himself  is  a  man  of  much  perse- 
verance and  tenacity  of  purpose;  he  had  been 
thoroughly  schooled  in  the  war  times  not  to  be 
afraid  of  opposition,  as  he  was  then  known  as 
"the  fighting  chaplain  "of  a  Wisconsin  regi- 
ment. Although  meeting  many  obstacles  and 
considerable  opposition,  he  has  continued  his 
work  in  New  Mexico  until  the  present  time, 
being  now  superintendent  of  the  Mexican  mis- 
sions of  the  Methodist  Church. 


The  example  set  at  La  Junta  was  soon  fol- 
lowed, and  in  1874  mission  schools  were  opened 
at  Cirueleta,  at  Peralta  and  at  Socorro.  In 
1875  still  another  school  was  inaugurated,  at 
Las  Cruces. 

On  the  1 4th  of  September,  1875,  occurred 
an  event  which  created  an  excitement,  the  re- 
sults of  which  lasted  for  many  years.  This 
was  the  murder,  on  the  road  east  of  Elizabeth- 
town,  in  Colfax  county,  of  Rev.  F.  J.  Tolby,  a 
clergyman  of  the  Methodist  Church.  He  was 
making  a  missionary  trip  at  the  time  and  was 
traveling  alone.  It  was  charged  that  the  mur- 
der was  a  political  one,  as  Mr.  Tolby  had  been 
quite  free  in  his  criticisms  of  some  of  the  polit- 
ical actions  of  the  day;  and  accusations  were 
made  against  men  high  in  position  of  being 
concerned  in  the  plot  to  put  him  to  death. 
Great  excitement  prevailed  at  Cimarron,  and 
it  was  only  by  the  prompt  disappearance  of 
some  of  the  parties  accused  that  they  escaped 
with  their  lives.  The  Methodist  Church  as  a 
body  took  up  the  matter  and  insisted  at  Wash- 
ington on  a  most  thorough  investigation  of  the 
circumstances  of  the  murder.  Nothing  positive 
in  its  character,  however,  was  ever  discovered, 
and  his  death  still  remains  one  of  the  unraveled 
mysteries. 

On  June  7,  1877,  the  third  annual  mission 
conference  was  held  at  Peralta.  Bishop 
Thomas  Bowman  came  overland  to  preside  at 
this  meeting  and  to  bring  to  the  flock  in  the 
wilderness  the  greetings  of  their  more  numer- 
ous brethren  in  the  East.  The  roll  showed 
that  there  were  twelve  clergymen  in  the  Terri- 
tory, six  of  whom  were  missionaries  sent  from 
the  "States"  and  six  were  native  New  Mex- 
icans. The  entire  twelve  were  in  attendance. 
In  1878,  Bishop  Simpson,  then  in  charge 
of  this  part  of  the  Methodist  missionary  field, 
came  to  Santa  Fe  and  presided  at  the  annual 
conference,  on  October  3.  This  was  the  most 
important  meeting  that  had  yet  been  held  by 
the  Methodists  in  New  Mexico. 

Two  years  afterwards  Rev.  Thomas  Har- 
wood established  in  Santa  Fe  the  "  New  Mex- 
ico Christian  Advocate  "  as  an  organ  of  the 


HISTORT  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


Methodists  of  the  Territory  and  an  assistance 
in  the  missionary  work.  Its  first  number  ap- 
peared in  May,  and  it  was  printed  in  both 
English  and  Spanish. 

At  a  late  date  Rev.  Mr.  Harwood  removed 
to  Socorro  and  made  that  the  center  of  his 
operations.  While  there  he  was  appointed 
one  of  the  regents  of  the  School  of  Mines 
and  afterward  became  president  of  the  board. 

When  population  came  in  rapidly  after  the 
arrival  of  the  railroad,  Methodist  churches 
were  built  in  nearly  all  of  the  cities  and  vil- 
lages, and  the  work  of  this  religious  body  in- 
creased in  all  directions. 

On  March  27,  1880,  the  mission  which  had 
been  long  discontinued  was  re-established  at 
Santa  Fe,  and  Rev.  H.  H.  Hall,  of  Michigan, 
was  appointed  to  the  charge.  A  neat  church 
building  was  erected  on  lower  San  Francisco 
street,  and  was  dedicated  in  the  month  of 
April.  This  church  is  now  (1895)  in  charge 
of  Rev.  Mr.  Madden. 

A  few  years  ago  the  Methodists  were  car- 
rying on  twelve  mission  schools  at  the  following 
places  and  with  the  following  numbers  of 
scholars: 

Tiptonville 45 

La  Joya 25 

Escondido 25 

Cerro 28 

Albuquerque  girls'   schools 20 

Las  Vegas 35 

Peralta 35 

Socorro    20 

El   Ranchito 25 

Albuquerque  College 

Old    Albuquerque 30 

Dulce 23 

Their  policy,  however,  has  been  the  very 
proper  one  of  abandoning  a  mission  school 
whenever  the  public  school  in  the  place  became 
of  a  character  suitable  for  the  education  of  all 
the  people.  For  this  reason  the  number  of 
mission  schools  decreases  from  time  to  time. 
The  following  is  the  present  condition  of  the 
Methodist  educational  work:  Number  of 
schools,  8;  number  of  teachers,  12;  number 


of  scholars,    300;    value   of   school   property, 
$15,000;   volumes  in  the  library,  620. 
The  schools  are  situated  as  follows: 

(1)  The    Biblical    school,   in    the    college 
building  in  Albuquerque,  has  an  attendance  of 
10  boys.      Object,   education  and  training  for 
Spanish  missionary  work.      This   is  a  kind   of 
an  industrial  school;   typewriting,  type-setting, 
and  printing    of  a    Spanish    paper,   tracts  and 
Sunday-school    literature    being   the  principal 
industries.     The  young    men    make  favorable 
progress  in  English  and  Spanish.     There  are 
3  teachers  in  this  school. 

(2)  The  mission  school,  in  the  same  build- 
ing, with  50,  boys  and  girls  enrojled;    2  teach- 
ers in  this  department.      This   school  is  under 
the  direction  of  the  Woman's  Home  Mission 
Board  of  the  Methodist  Episcopal  Church. 

(3)  The  Las  Cruces  mission  school,  with 
5  5 -pupils,  girls  and  boys. 

(4)  At  Martinez.     This  school  has  about 
25  scholars. 

(5)  At  Frampton;  there  are  24  scholars. 

(6)  Mission    school     at    Wagon   Mound, 
with  22  scholars. 

(7)  School  at  Dulce,  on  the  Apache   res- 
ervation, with  some   40   students    at   different 
times;  among  them  are  both  Indians  and  Mex- 
icans.    This  is  an  industrial  school,  with  prop- 
erty worth  $  1 ,  500. 

(8)  The    Las    Vegas    industrial    mission, 
with  65  scholars.      The  policy  of  this  church 
is  not  to  open  mission  schools  where  there  are 
good    public    schools     taught     by    competent 
teachers. 

Two  conferences  are  held  annually;  one  of 
those  engaged  in  the  Spanish  work  and  one 
of  those  in  ordinary  English-speaking  parochial 
work.  In  1895  the  first  of  these  was  held  in 
Albuquerque  in  the  first  week  of  September, 
and  the  other  in  the  succeeding  week  at  Santa 
Fe.  Both  were  presided  over  by  Bishop  Niade 
of  Detroit. 

CONGREGATIONAL. 

The  work  of  the  Congregationalists  in  New 
Mexico  has  been  more  educational  than  in  the 


io6 


HIS  TORT  OF  NE  W  MEXICO. 


direction  of  church  building  or  the  organtion 
of  congregations. 

The  New  West  Educational  Commission  is 
really  a  Congregational  institution,  though  its 
schools  are  not  denominational. 

The  Santa  Fe  Academy,  incorporated  July 
24,  1878.,  was  also  an  outgrowth  of  Congrega- 
tional institutions,  though  the  local  board  of 
trustees  embraced  persons  of  all  religious  views, 
and  its  design  was  simply  to  afford  good  educa- 
tion at  a  time  when  the  public  school  system 
was  yet  very  imperfect. 

So,  also,  the  University  of  New  Mexico,  at 
Santa  Fe,  has  a  provision  in  its  articles  of  in- 
corporation whereby  a  majority  of,  its  trustees 
shall  always  belong  to  the  Congregational 
Church;  and  the  larger  amount  of  the  funds 
used  for  the  erection  of  Whitin  Hall  and  the 
Ramona  Indian  school,  and  which  were  raised 
to  carry  on  the  educational  work  of  the  Uni- 
versity during  many  years,  came  from  Congre- 
gational sources. 

These  institutions  will  be  more  fully  de- 
scribed under  the  head  of  Education,  but  it  is 
proper  in  this  place  to  give  this  credit  to  the 
Congregational  ists. 

There  was  no  Congregational  church  or  or- 
ganization in  New  Mexico  until  1880.  On 
November  20  of  that  year  a  delegation  of  Con- 
gregational clergymen  direct  from  the  National 
Council  of  that  church,  which  had  been  in  ses- 
sion at  St.  Louis,  visited  New  Mexico  to  look 
over  the  ground  with  a  view  to  the  establish- 
ment of  missions.  Among  them  were  Rev. 
James  W.  Strong,  D.  D.,  of  Coulton  College, 
Minnesota;  Rev.  E.  G.  Porter,  Lexington, 
Massachusetts;  Rev.  R.  B.  Howard,  of  Chi- 
cago; and  Rev.  Robert  West,  of  St.  Louis, 
together  with  J.  E.  Kairne,  of  St.  Louis,  and 
D.  C.  Bell,  of  Minneapolis,  prominent  laymen. 

Partly  as  a  result  of  this  visit  the  First  Con- 
gretional  Church  at  Albuquerque  was  incorpor- 
ated March  14,  1881,  and  commenced  its  work 
with  Rev.  J.  M.  Ashley  as  pastor.  About  the 
same  time  a  neat  brick  church  was  erected  at 
Santa  Fe,  and  Rev.  H.  O.  Ladd  officiated 
there  for  some  time. 


Subsequently  a  considerable  number  of 
congregations  were  organized,  and  for  a  time 
Rev.  E.  Lyman  Hood  was  in  charge  of  all 
the  Congregational  missions  and  work  in  the 
Territory.  They  are  holding  their  own  fairly 
during  the  present  depressed  period. 

BAPTIST. 

Of  churches  other  than  the  Roman  Catho- 
lic, the  Baptists  were  first  on  the  ground.  As 
early  as  1849,  in  July,  Rev.  Henry  W.  Read, 
a  -Baptist  missionary,  located  at  Santa  Fe  and 
opened  a  school  which  was  taught  in  English. 

In  1852  Rev.  Samuel  Gorman  was  sent  out 
as  a  missionary  to  the  Pueblo  Indians  and 
established  himself  at  Laguna,  where  he  con- 
tinued to  teach  and  preach  until  1860.  In  the 
latter  year  he  delivered  a  lecture  in  Santa  Fe 
before  the  Historical  Society. 

In  1854  the  Baptists  erected  the  first  Pro- 
testant church  in  New  Mexico  at  Santa  Fe. 
This  was  dedicated  on  January  I  5  with  becom- 
ing ceremonies,  the  usual  collection  of  docu- 
ments having  been  deposited  in  the  corner 
stone  for  preservation.  The  box  and  its  con- 
tents, taken  from  this  corner-stone,  are  now  in 
the  possession  of  the  Territorial  Historical 
Society.  The  Rev.  Louis  Smith  was  first 
pastor  of  this  church,  and  continued  for  some 
time  to  officiate  in  Santa  Fe.  About  the  time 
of  the  war  the  interest  in  the  work  declined, 
and  in  1866  the  property  was  sold  to  the 
Presbyterians. 

For  a  number  of  years  prior  to  the  last 
mentioned  date,  the  Baptists  carried  on  mis- 
sions at  Laguna,  Fort  Defiance,  Albuquerque 
and  Socorro.  The  work  was  suspended  by 
the  Board  of  Missions  and  not  resumed  until 
1880,  when  a  mission  was  established  at  Las 
Vegas  in  March.  This  is  now  a  flourishing 
church,  under  the  charge  of  Rev.  A.  A. 
Layton. 

At  the  present  time  there  is  one  organized 
association  in  New  Mexico,  that  of  Lincoln, 
with  nine  churches  in  its  jurisdiction.  Outside 
of  this  association,  there  are  five  organized 
churches,  making  fourteen  in  all,  with  an 


HIS  TORT  Of  NE  W  MEXICO. 


107 


aggregate  membership  of  about  350  The 
church  buildings  are  estimated  to  be  worth 
$25,000.  There  are  Sunday-schools  in  con- 
nection with  the  churches,  and  also  a  Mexican 
school  at  Rinconada,  in  Rio  Arriba  county, 
recently  founded  by  some  zealous  Christian 
women.  There  are  twelve  ordained  ministers 
at  work  in  the  Territory,  aided  by  such  lay 
assistants  and  teachers  as  can  be  procured. 

SOUTHERN    METHODISTS. 

This  religious  body  has  for  a  number  of 
years  carried  on  a  successful  girls'  seminary  at 
Las  Vegas.  The  building  occupies  a  com- 
manding situation  and  is  conspicuous  from  all 
directions.  A  large  number  of  girls  are  annu- 
ally educated  here,  embracing  many  from  dis- 
tant points  in  the  Territory,  and  thus  an  excel- 
lent effect  is  exerted  on  the  rising  generation. 

The  Southern  Methodist  are  strong  in  San 
Juan  county  and  have  numerous  adherents  in 
the  south  and  southeast  of  the  Territory. 

HEBREWS. 

The  merchants  of  New  Mexico  at  the 
time  of  the  advent  of  the  railroad  were  large- 
ly composed  of  this  nationality,  and  this 
ancient  people  still  hold  their  own  in  all  mer- 
cantile concerns.  There  is  scarcely  a  village 
having  any  trade  at  all  in  which  they  will  not 
be  found.  At  the  same  time  there  is  no  resi- 
dent rabbi  in  New  Mexico.  The  only  syna- 
gogue is  at  Las  Vegas,  where  a  very  tasteful 
edifice  for  Jewish  worship  was  erected  about  ten 
years  ago.  Rabbis  for  occasional  services  are 
brought  from  Colorado,  and  sometimes  from  as 
far  as  Missouri.  On  the  greater  festivals  the 
ceremonies  are  conducted,  as  far  as  is  prac- 
ticable, by  "lay  readers." 

MORMONS. 

While  a  Mormon  regiment  took  part  in  the 
annexation  of  New  Mexico,  yet  it  was  many 
years  after  before  any  members  of  the  church 
of  Latter  Day  Saints  came  to  the  Territory  to 
reside.  About  1883  a  settlement  was  estab- 
lished at  Olio  on  the  San  Juan  river,  a  point 


quite  near  to  Utah  itself.  Not  long  afterward 
another  set  of  Mormon  colonists  came  to 
Ramah,  in  western,  Valencia  county,  from . 
their  previous  homes  in  Arizona.  About  1890 
a  fertile  and  pleasant  location  on  the  Chama 
river,  below  Abiquiu,  was  selected  for  settle- 
ment, and  a  number  of  families  soon  founded  a 
village  there.  Subsequently  another  group 
has  purchased  property  and  made  their  homes 
on  the  Rio  Grande,  a  short  distance  above 
Santa  Cruz.  In  all  cases  they  have  brought 
habits  of  industry  and  frugality,  together  with 
enterprise,  which  will  build  up  prosperous 
communities,  and,  as  in  Utah,  "make  the 
desert  to  blossom  as  the  rose. "  They  have  the 
regular  local  religious  organizations  universal 
among  their  people  and  are  occasionally  visited 
by  the  higher  officials  from  Salt  Lake  City. 

THE     PUEBLO     INDIANS. 

While  it  is  difficult  to  class  the  religion  of 
these  people,  yet  they  cannot  be  omitted  when 
treating  of  this  general  subject.  Nominally 
they  were  Christianized  by  the  Franciscan 
Fathers  three  centuries  ago;  really  no  change 
probably  took  place  in  their  actual  belief. 
Outward  conformity  was  necessary  to  avoid 
persecution  in  the  days  of  the  Inquisition, 
and  then  the  Pueblo  was  forced  to  have  two 
religions,  one  in  public  and  one  in  private. 
The  former  led  him  to  allow  his  children  to  be 
baptized  and  to  attend  mass;  the  latter  was 
carried  on  in  the  utmost  secrecy  in  the  inner 
recesses  of  the  "  estufa  del  cacique."  The 
habit  of  secrecy  thus  learned  has  continued 
after  its  necessity  has  ceased,  and  the  religious 
ceremonies  and  even  the  beliefs  of  the  Pueblos 
are  as  much  hidden  now  as  when  any  display 
of  them  would  have  brought  certain  death. 

They  are  probably  the  most  religious  peo- 
ple in  the  world.  Every  act  from  January  to 
December  is  accompanied  by  its  religious 
ceremony.  The  prime  objects  of  adoration 
seem  to  be  the  sun,  the  moon  and  the  evening 
star;  but  they  have  sub-deities  and  fetiches  al- 
most innumerable.  The  cacique  or  chief 
priest  holds  office  for  life,  and  has  two  assist- 


io8 


HISTORY  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


ants  who  are  also  intrusted  with  the  traditions 
and  secret  ceremonials  of  the  people.  These 
are  orally  handed  down  from  generation  to 
generation.  They  have  images  to  represent 
certain  deities,  and  strange  ceremonies  in  the 
nature  of  dances,  in  which  only  men  partici- 
pate and  which  take  place  in  an  inner  room, 
which  is  always  guarded.  This  much  we 
know,  but  of  the  real  nature  of  the  worship 
nothing  comes  to  those  who  are  uninitiated. 
The  Pueblo  Indian  is  the  child  of  tradition  and 
the  votary  of  the  Past.  His  religious  customs 
and  ceremonies  are  doubtless  exactly  the  same 
that  they  were  before  Columbus  sailed  across 
the  Western  sea. 

EDUCATIONAL. 

Turning  now  to  the  subject  of  education, 
we  may  say  that  its  history  in  New  Mexico  is 
comparatively  brief.  For  centuries,  indeed, 
there  was  practically  no  education  here.  The 
people  were  engaged  in  constant  Indian  wars, 
life  itself  was  a  struggle,  the  officials  were  all 
sent  from  Spain  or  Mexico,  the  priests  came 
entirely  from  abroad,  no  one  in  these  days 
being  ordained  in  the  Territory;  and  when  the 
difficulty  and  rarity  of  communication  with  the 
outside  world  is  considered,  the  wonder  is  that 
the  people  kept  up  as  well  as  they  did. 

With  Mexican  independence  came  the  first 
movement  for  general  education.  On  April 
27,  1822,  the  Provincial  Deputation  resolved 
"  That  the  Ayuntamicutos  (town  councils)  be 
officially  notified  to  complete  the  formation  of 
primary  public  schools  as  soon  as  possible  ac- 
cording to  the  circumstances  of  each  com- 
munity." Unfortunately  the  condition  of  the 
country  did  not  permit  much  to  be  done  under 
this  order.  A  few  of  the  sons  of  the  rich  were 
sent  to  Durango,  and  even  to  the  city  of  Mexi- 
co, to  St.  Louis  and  as  far  east  as  New  York 
for  advanced  education,  but  their  numbers,  of 
course,  were  small. 

The  first  American  census,  taken  in  1850, 
showed  that  28,085  adults  could  not  read  or 


write.  In  was  in  1859-60  that  the  first  move- 
ment of  consequence  was  made  toward  public 
education.  The  legislature  imposed  a  tax  of 
fifty  cents  for  each  child,  the  justice  of  the 
peace  to  employ  a  teacher  and  require  attend- 
ance from  November  to  April,  and  the  probate 
judge  to  act  as  superintendent;  and  this  sys- 
tem, with  little  modification,  remained  in  vogue 
for  a  number  of  years. 

Meanwhile,  in  1852,  an  English  school  had 
been  established  in  Santa  Fe  by  Mrs.  Howe, 
the  wife  of  an  army  officer,  and  among  the 
pupils  were  the  daughters  of  some  of  the 
most  prominent  families  in  the  Territory. 

On  the  first  day  of  the  next  year  (January 
i,  1853),  a  school,  principally  for  boarders,  was 
opened  by  the  Roman  Catholic  Sisters  of  Lo- 
retto,  at  Santa  Fe.  This  school  for  a  long 
time  was  the  leading  educational  institution  for 
girls  in  the  Territory,  so  that  a  brief  sketch  of 
its  history  seems  appropriate. 

On  June  27,  1852,  six  Sisters  left  Loretto, 
Marion  county,  Kentucky,  to  establish  the  first 
school  for  girls  in  Santa  Fe,  New  Mexico. 
i  Cholera  was  then  raging.  Mother  Matilda,  the 
Superior,  was  attacked  by  the  contagion,  and 
died  July  16,  on  the  steamboat  "  Kansas,"  on 
which  they  were  traveling  to  Independence, 
Kansas.  Two  more  Sisters  caught  the  fatal 
disease;  one  of  them  returned  to  Kentucky, 
the  other,  successor  to  Mother  Matilda  in  office, 
Mother  M.  Magdalen,  recovered.  She  was 
destined  to  be  the  founder  of  the  Loretto  mis- 
sion in  the  West,  the  spiritual  mother  of  num- 
berless souls,  the  teacher  of  the  future  moth- 
ers of  families:  She  joined  the  caravan,  which 
started  for  New  Mexico  on  the  1st  of  August, 
and  arrived  in  Santa  Fe,  the  26th  of  Septem- 
ber, and  opened  school  on  the  1st  of  January, 
1853,  under  the  title  of  Convent  of  Our  Lady 
of  Light,  taking  both  boarders  and  day  pupils. 
The  bishop  gave  them  for  their  use  the  house 
now  known  as  the  Lamy  building,  opposite  the 
cathedral.  The  bishop,  from  the  time  he 
brought  the  Sisters,  as  it  were,  to  be  his  co-labor- 
ers in  the  Lord's  vineyard,  till  he  was  called  to 
his  reward  the  I3th  of  February,  1888,  proved 


SISTERS'  HOSPITAL,  SANTA  FE. 


INSTITI  TION  OK  THE  SISTEUS  OK  LOKETTO.  SANTA  FK. 


HISTORT  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


109 


himself  ever  a  kind  father,  a  constant  friend, 
and  a  faithful  protector  and  adviser. 

In  1857  they  purchased  the  only  two-story 
building,  with  shingle  roof,  known  as  the  Casa 
Americana.  New  accessions  were  made  to  the 
Sisterhood  by  fresh  colonies  from  Kentucky, 
and  also  by  the  admission  of  members  from 
Mew  Mexico,  Colorado  and  Texas,  in  1856, 
1858,  etc.,  so  that  the  Sisters  were  enabled  to 
establish  new  schools  in  the  country.  In 
1863  three  Sisters  went  to  Taos.  In  1864  the 
schools  in  Mora  and  Denver  were  opened,  and 
at  a  later  date  the  Sisters  established  them- 
selves in  Las  Vegas,  Las  Cruces,  Socorro,  New 
Mexico,  and  El  Paso,  Texas. 

Traveling  in  the  early  days  was  tiresome 
and  dangerous.  The  journey  in  1867  was  es- 
pecially adventurous.  The  caravan,  consist- 
ing of  Bishop  Lamy,  his  train  and  nearly  two 
hundred  wagons  belonging  to  other  parties,  was 
twice  attacked  by  the  Indians, — on  the  eve- 
ning of  the  1 7th  of  July,  and  again  on  the 
morning  of  the  22d  of  July;  the  last  firing  was 
of  three  hours'  duration.  On  the  24th  one  of 
the  Loretto  Sisters  died,  it  was  supposed,  of 
cholera  and  fright. 

The  Sisters  of  Loretto  were  incorporated 
in  1874.  In  1878  they  erected  their  beautiful 
stone  chapel.  In  1892  they  built  their  new 
convent  on  the  site  of  the  old  Casa  Americana. 

Mother  Magdalen,  ever  active  and  vigilant 
in  looking  after  her  many  foundations,  was 
often  exposed  to  the  inclemencies  of  weather 
in  her  visitations  to  the  different  schools,  her 
robust  constitution  finally  succumbed,  and  in 
August,  1 88 1,  she  was  crippled  from  rheuma- 
tism, her  life  henceforward  being  a  continual 
martyrdom  till  her  death,  which  occurred  Oc- 
tober 27,  1894. 

Saint  Michael's  College,  located  at  Santa 
Fe,  has  for  a  long  period  taken  high  rank  as 
an  educational  institution  of  great  merit,  and 
it  has  played  an  important  part  in  the  history 
of  the  Territory,  for  many  of  the  prominent 
native  sons  of  New  Mexico,  as  well  as  others, 
have  been  educated  within  its  walls.  A  brief 
history,  therefore,  of  this  worthy  institution  is 


eminently  fitting  in  a  work  of   this  character. 

The  college  dates  its  establishment  in  1859, 
at  which  time  Most  Rev.  Archbishop  Lamy, 
seeing  how  much  needed  in  New  Mexico  were 
good  schools,  conceived  the  idea  of  sending  to 
France  and  succeeded  in  inducing  the  Chris- 
tian Brothers  to  send  a  small  delegation  of 
their  number  to  establish  a  school  in  Santa 
Fe.  He  gave  the  use  of  the  ground  on  which 
the  building  is  now  located,  and  the  school 
entered  upon  its  career  of  usefulness  in  flat- 
roofed  adobe  buildings.  It  was  opened  a9  a 
boarding  school,  and  at  the  same  time  accom- 
modated day  pupils.  It  has  since  developed 
into  a  commercial  college,  giving  instruction  in 
all  the  courses  that  are  usually  taught  in  pro- 
viding one  with  a  thorough  business  education. 
The  college  is  now  in  a  thriving  condition  and 
on  a  good  paying  basis,  and  has  the  right  to 
confer  diplomas.  At  first  the  Brothers  were 
Frenchmen,  but  the  Order  of  Christian  Broth- 
ers having  extended  to  the  United  States,  the 
teachers  in  the  school  are  now  Americans. 
The  college  buildings  are  located  in  the  south- 
eastern part  of  the  city,  and  command  an  ex- 
tended and  beautiful  view  of  the  town  and 
surrounding  mountain  scenery.  The  delight- 
ful and  invigorating  climate  of  Santa  Fe  is 
most  conducive  to  the  health  and  physical 
well-being  of  the  students,  and  during  the 
thirty-six  years  of  the  school's  history  there 
have  been  but  three  deaths  among  the  pupils 
in  attendance,  and  for  an  average  of  eight  years 
the  fees  of  the  attendant  physician  have  only 
been  from  $18  to  $30  per  annum  from  the 
whole  school,  and  boys  coming  here  from  the 
East  in  delicate  health  become  robust  men. 
Physicians  of  the  East  are  unanimous  in  re- 
commending the  climate  of  Santa  Fe  to  in- 
valids. 

The  Brothers  are  Christian  men  who  have, 
without  compensation  of  any  kind,  devoted 
their  lives  to  the  education  of  the  youth,  and 
their  watchful  care  leaves  nothing  to  be  de- 
sired for  the  intellectual  and  moral  development 
of  the  pupils.  The  college  is  self-sustaining, 
every  dollar  of  tuition  received  going  for  its 


no 


HISTORT  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


support  and  upbuilding.  In  1878  one  of  the 
one-story  buildings  was  replaced  by  a  fine  edi- 
fice, having  a  frontage  of  160  feet  and  three 
stories  in  height.  This  was  the  first  three- 
story  building  erected  in  the  Territory.  It  is 
a  spacious,  well-ventilated  building,  with  large 
class-rooms,  bath-rooms,  dormitories  and 
everything  that  is  for  the  comfort  and  health  of 
the  pupils.  It  will  compare  favorably  with 
similar  institutions  in  the  East.  In  1887  a 
brick  edifice  was  erected,  46  x  1 40  feet,  and 
ea?h  of  the  buildings  cost  about  $20,000. 
Ample  accommodation  is  therefore  secured  to 
the  patrons  of  the  college. 

Brother  Botulph,  who  fs  serving  as  presi- 
dent of  the  college,  entered  upon  his  work  in 
this  capacity  in  1870,  and  for  the  past  twenty- 
five  years  has  devoted  his  whole  time  and  en- 
ergy to  the  institution  and  its  interests.  He  is 
a  fine  scholar  and  an  exemplary  and  devoted 
Christian  gentleman,  to  whom  the  growth  and 
prosperity  of  the  college  is  due.  While  the 
most  Rev.  Archbishop  Lamy  is  entitled  to  the 
credit  of  the  founding  of  the  college,  and  his 
successors,  Archbishop  John  B.  Salpointe 
and  Archbishop  P.  L.  Chapelle  have  given  the 
school  their  distinguished  influence,  yet  the 
real  work  has  been  done  by  the  Brothers. 
The  institute  of  the  Brothers  of  the  Christian 
Schools  was  founded  in  1680,  by  the  Blessed 
Jean  Baptiste  de  La  Salle,  for  the  special  ob- 
ject of  the  education  of  youth,  and  was  ap- 
proved by  his  Holiness,  Pope  Benedict  XIII, 
in  1724.  It  is  now  established  in  France, 
Austria,  Italy,  Spain,  England  and  its  colonies. 
On  the  3  ist  of  December,  1894,  it  had  14,989 
members,  1,400  establishments,  and  nearly 
400,000  pupils.  Such  is  the  self-sacrificing 
work  of  these  good  Brothers  that  they  desire 
neither  remuneration  nor  fame,  but  labor  for 
the  interest  of  humanity  and  the  glory  of  God. 

The  Sisters  of  Charity  and  their  work  at 
Santa  Fe  is  deserving  of  mention  in  a  volume 
devoted  to  the  history  of  New  Mexico,  for  they 
have  successfully  built  and  finished  three  large 
brick  edifices  in  the  Capital  City.  The  largest, 
called  St.  Vincent's  Sanitarium,  is  a  building 


of  such  architectural  beauty  that  it  would  be  a 
credit  to  any  city  in  the  land;  the  second  is  a 
large  charity  hospital;  and  the  third  an  orphans' 
home.  All  are  worthy  institutions  devoted  to 
the  relief  of  suffering  humanity. 

The  Right  Rev.  Archbishop  Lamy  is  en- 
titled to  the  honor  of  having  first  noted  the 
need  of  such  work  in  New  Mexico,  and  it  was 
in  the  year  1866  that  he  sent  to  the  Sisters  of 
the  order  at  Cincinnati  asking  if  some  of  their 
number  could  not  came  to  Santa  Fe  and  com- 
mence here  the  labors  of  love  for  humanity. 
Those  who  responded  to  the  appeal  were  Sis- 
ters Vincent,  Theodosia,  Martha,  Augustine 
and  Louise.  The  Archbishop  gave  a  small 
adobe  building  and  the  ground,  and  the  good 
work  was  begun ;  but  the  benevolent  people  of 
the  community  soon  saw  the  usefulness  of  the 
undertaking,  to  which  generous  contributions 
and  donations  were  made.  In  this  way  the 
present  fine  buildings  were  secured  and  sup- 
plied with  every  needed  appliance  for  the  com- 
fort of  the  sick.  The  buildings  are  surrounded 
by  delightful  grounds,  and  the  beauties  of  na- 
ture with  the  wonderful  climate  of  this  region 
aid  the  Sisters  in  restoring  those  upon  whom 
disease  has  laid  its  hand.  Two  of  the  worthy 
women  who  consecrated  their  lives  to  the 
Master's  service  have  been  called  to  the  rich 
reward  which  is  prepared  for  the  righteous  of 
this  earth.  Sisters  Vincent,  Augustine  and 
Theodosia  are  still  engaged  in  the  hospital 
work;  and  altogether  nineteen  sisters,  includ- 
ing Sister  Superior  Victoria,  are  now  constantly 
ministering  to  the  wants  of  those  who  are  in 
the  institution. 

The  sanitarium  was  erected  at  a  cost  of 
$50,000,  and  the  lumber  was  hauled  by  oxen 
from  Las  Vegas.  The  Sisters  held  fairs  in 
order  to  raise  money  and  solicited  subscrip- 
tions, and  in  this  way  the  buildings  were 
erected,  being  completed  in  1880,  and  having 
room  for  I/O  invalids.  In  1885  the  charity 
hospital  was  erected,  with  a  capacity  of  sixty 
patients,  and  is  open  to  the  poor  of  all 
classes  and  denominations.  In  1 890  the  orphan 
asylum  was  built.  It  is  designed  for  orphan 


HIS  TORT  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


in 


girls  under  fifteen  years  of  age,  and  now  has 
sixty-three  children  within  its  hospitable  walls. 

Sister  Victoria  came  to  Santa  Fe  in  1887 
from  the  home  order  in  Cincinnati,  and  has 
since  had  the  complete  management  of  all  the 
work  in  Santa  Fe.  She  has  done  all  in  her 
power  to  qualify  herself  for  the  work,  and  her 
devotion  to  the  cause  of  humanity  has  won  her 
the  love  of  all  who  hav;e  come  under  her  care. 
She  possesses  excellent  executive  ability,  as 
well  as  sympathy  and  kindness,  and  has  visited 
all  of  the  large  cities  of  the  east,  where  she  has 
studied  the  best  methods  of  caring  for  those 
who  are  brought  helpless  to  the  institution  of 
which  she  has  charge.  She  also  makes  a  study 
of  each  individual  who  finds  a  home  in  the  or- 
phan asylum,  finds  out  for  what  they  are  best 
adapted,  and  when  this  is  ascertained  they  are 
instructed  in  that  which  will  develop  their  tal- 
ents and  fitness  for  chosen  work. 

The  Territorial  Government  having  become 
convinced  of  the  great  utility  and  worthiness  of 
the  orphan  asylum,  has  appropriated  $5,000 
per  annum  for  its  support,  or  $10  per  month 
for  each  of  its  inmates  up  to  fifty,  which  is  its 
capacty.  For  tjje  charity  hospital  an  appro- 
priation of  $6,OOO  per  annum  was  made.  In 
the  sanitarium  a  charge  of  from  $10  to  $18 
per  week  meets  the  expenses  of  the  institu- 
tion. The  rooms  have  all  needed  appliances 
for  the  care  of  the  sick,  and  the  sisters  are 
proficient  trained  nurses,  doing  the  work  from 
a  true  interest  in  humanity,  uncompensated  by 
the  slightest  renumeration  save  their  clothing 
and  food.  Every  dollar  which  conies  into  the 
sanitarium  is  expended  toward  perfecting  the 
institution.  The  work  which  is  performed  by 
the  Sisters  cannot  be  too  highly  appreciated. 
They  are  consecrated  women  who  have  given 
up  everything  in  life  to  benefit  humanity,  and 
the  institutions  which  they  have  founded  in 
Santa  Fe  are  a  credit  to  the  city  as  well  as  to 
their  church. 

In  1867  the  Brothers  opened  another  school 
at  Mora.  This  was  continued  until  about  1885, 
;md  its  place  is  now  taken  by  the  La  Salle  In- 
stitute at  Las  Vegas,  that  being  considered  a 


more  central  point  for  educational  effort.  They 
also  established  a  school  at  Bernalillo.  In  1870 
the  Presbyterian  mission  school  was  started  at 
Las  Vegas,  under  the  charge  of  Rev.  J.  A. 
Annin,  and  in  the  same  year  the  Sisters  of 
Loretto  opened  their  girls'  school  for  the 
southern  portion  of  the  Territory  at  Las  Cruces. 
In  1873  the  Jesuits  established  a  school  in  Al- 
buquerque. They  also  erected  a  commodious 
college  in  Las  Vegas  and  carried  on  a  collegiate 
institution  there  with  great  success  for  a  num- 
ber of  years,  drawing  many  pupils  even  from 
the  City  of  Mexico;  but  this  institution  was  ul- 
timately removed  to  Denver. 

With  the  approach  of  the  railroad  the  New 
West  Educational  Commission  began  to  take 
an  interest  in  New-Mexican  education.  On 
July  24,  1878,  Santa  Fe  Academy  was  incor- 
porated, to  be  carried  on  in  connection  with 
that  commission.  Almost  exactly  a  year  aft- 
erward Las  Vegas  Academy  was  organized,— 
July  14,  1879.  Another  followed  in  due  time 
at  Albuquerque.  All  of  these  were  important 
institutions,  and  they  have  only  intermitted 
their  active  usefulness  when  it  appeared  that 
the  public  school  system  was  so  firmly  estab- 
lished that  the  academy  was  no  longer  needed. 

The  denominational  schools  increased  in 
number  until  no  point  of  importance  in  the 
Territory  was  neglected.  The  Presbyterian 
schools  grew  to  be  over  thirty  in  number  and 
the  Methodists  had  about  a  dozen.  The  Sis- 
ters of  Loretto  opened  schools  at  Taos,  Mora, 
Las  Vegas,  Socorro  and  Bernalillo.  The  Sis- 
ters of  Mercy  occupied  Mesilla,  Silver  City, 
Las  Alamos  and  Sapello.  The  Sisters  of  Char- 
ity established  excellent  schools  at  Santa  Fe, 
Albuquerque  and  San  Miguel. 

As  to  public  education  the  legislature  groped 
its  way  gradually  toward  the  best  and  most 
efficient  system.  In  1863  a  Territorial  board 
of  education  was  organized  and  the  office  of 
Territorial  superintendent  of  schools  was  cre- 
ated. Very  little  of  practical  result  followed 
the  passage  of  the  act,  though  it  was  a  step  in 
the  right  direction. 

In  1872  the  care  of  the   schools  and  of  all 


1  12 


HISTORY  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


funds  raised  for  educational  purposes  was  placed 
in  the  hands  of  a  board  of  supervisors  of  public 
schools,  in  each  county,  to  consist  of  four 
members  "  the  most  fit  and  competent,  and  of 
good  repute,"  who  were  heads  of  families  and 
owners  of  real  estate. 

In  1874  the  Territorial  superintendent  was 
made  also  Territorial  librarian  in  order  to  pro- 
vide him  with  a  sufficient  salary;  and  he  was 
required  to  make  an  annual  report.  Various 
amendments  were  made  at  nearly  every  session, 
until  in  1884  quite  a  radical  change  took  place. 
The  law  of  that  year  provided  that  in  each 
county  the  county  commissioners  should  appoint 
one  superintendent  of  schools  who  should  have 
general  supervision  of  the  public  schools  of  the 
county.  Each  voting  precinct  was  constituted 
a  school  district,  and  three  school  directors 
were  to  be  elected  in  each  of  such  districts. 
This  was  an  improvement  on  former  laws;  but 
still  this  system  was  far  from  perfect. 

So  things  ran  along  till  1 89 1 ."  At  the  opening 
of  the  legislature  of  that  year  Governor  Prince, 
in  his  message,  laid  special  stress  on  the  neces- 
sity for  a  modern  comprehensive  public  school 
system  as  the  most  important  matter  for  their 
consideration.  On  the  i2th  of  February  the 
new  law  was  passed,  entitled  "  An  act  estab- 
lishing common  schools  in  the  Territory  of  New 
Mexico  and  creating  the  office  of  superintend- 
ent of  public  instruction,"— which  marks  anew 
era  in  the  educational  history  of  the  Territory. 

It  provides  for  a  Territorial  board  of  educa- 
tion, consisting  of  the  governor,  superinendent 
of  public  instruction,  and  the  presidents  of  the 
university  at  Albuquerque,  the  agricultural  col- 
lege at  Las  Cruces  and  Saint  Michaels  college 
at  Santa  Fe.  The  superintendent  is  to  be  ap- 
pointed by  the  governor.  The  Territorial  board 
is  to  select  books  every  four  years.  Examina- 
tions of  teachers  are  provided  for,  and  it  con- 
tains excellent  provisions  for  the  erection  of 
school  houses,  bounding  of  districts  and  every- 
thing required  in  a  first-class  modern  public 
school  system. 

Hon.  Amado  Chaves  was  appointed  super- 
intendent, and  still  holds  that  office.  Under 


the  new  law  there  has  been  very  great  progress 
and  improvement.  The  schools  everywhere 
have  been  placed  on  a  higher  standard. 

The  following  statistics  for  the  year  1894 
give  an  accurate  idea  of  the  general  condition 
of  the  public  schools: 


COUNTY. 

No.  of  districts. 

TEACHERS. 

ENROLLMENT. 

AVERAGE  DAILY 
ATTENDANCE. 

JH 
"« 

34 
80 
10 
9 
11 
10 
14 
18 
26 
12 
49 
23 
10 
34 
23 
21 

£ 
~a 

I 

41 
22 
21 
9 
111 
4 
10 
6 
4 

36 
4 
6 
15 
6 

"(3 
o 

j> 
0) 

~a 
7, 

Females. 

13 
I 

Males. 

Females. 

"M 
I 

Bernalillo  . 
Colfax  
Dona  Ana.. 
Eddy  
Grant  
Guadalupe. 
Lincoln.  .  .  . 
Mora  
Rio  Arriba. 
San  Juan... 
San  Miguel 
Santa  Fe.  .  . 
Sierra  
Socorro.  .  .  . 

53 
30 
31 
12 
37 
IK 
42 
47 
30 
22 
93 
25 
15 

I!) 

32 
37 

75 
42 
21 
18 
42 
14 
24 
23 
30 
19 
85 
87 
16 
49 
39 
38 

1.758 
798 
899 
5!i  1 
824 
298 

1,359 

ru 

562 
398 
647 
188 

3.117 
1,520 
1,261 
892 
1.471 
486 

1,116 
538 

949 
490 

2.065 
1,028 

341 

1,507 
EM 
950 
388 
497 
315 
1,643 
431 
189 
756 
510 
555 

:«(•: 
1,378 
150 
8«j 
2W 
149 
139 
1,137 
212 
142 
563 
330 
165 

673 
2,785 
408 
1,835 
620 
646 
454 
3,780 
643 
Ittl 
1.I1HI 
730 
720 

U7 

9«S 
317 
2,234 
Ml 

357 
1,388 
789 
754 

398 
464 
192 

1,516 
885 
2711 
899 
360 
277 

HE 

1,430 
509 
3,750 
827 
636 
2,187 
1.149 
1.03J 

Valencia.  .  . 

589 

384 

838 

546 

12,945 

H.r.-jii 

21,471 

9,994 

i;.'.«i:i 

ic./.is; 

Chaves  county — no  report. 

In  the  principal  cities  the  schools  are  in  ex- 
cellent condition. 

In  Santa  Fe  there  has  been  a  total  enroll- 
ment of  500  pupils,  and  an  average  attendance 
of  about  450.  There  are  five  buildings  used 
for  ward  schools,  and  Whitin  Hall  is  used  for 
the  higher  schools.  For  the  first  nine  months 
of  the  last  school  year  fourteen  teachers  were 
employed. 

In  Albuquerque,  the  four  ward  buildings, 
erected  two  years  ago  at  a  cost  of  $45,000,  are 
proving  only  large  enough  for  the  present, 
every  room  being  occupied.  A  neat  and  com- 
modious high-school  building  is  planned,  to  be 
erected  as  soon  as  the  financial  condition  will 
warrant.  Eighteen  teachers  are  employed. 

Total  enrollment 853 

Enrollment,  boys 389 

girls 464 

"  colored  children 37 

"  Mexican      "         i  16 

Average  daily  attendance 482 

In  East  Las  Vegas  there  are  nine  teach- 
ers. The  statistics  are  as  follows: 


HISTORY  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


School  census  of  East  Las  Vegas 685 

Number  enrolled  in  school  to  date 420 

Number  enrolled  in  primary  department..  258 
Number  enrolled  in  grammar  department.  142 
Number  enrolled  in  high  school   depart- 
ment    20 

Number  of  Mexican  children  enrolled  ....  56 

Number  of  colored  children  enrolled 24 

In  Las  Vegas  ("old  town")  two  beautiful 
stone  school-houses  have  been  erected,  which 
will  compare  favorably  with  those  of  any  town 
of  double  the  size  in  the  East. 

In  Socorro  there  are  now  two  large  and 
well-appoi-nted  school-houses.  There  are  six 
teachers.  The  school  census  shows  624  chil- 
dren of  school  age;  enrollments,  371;  average 
attendance,  324. 

In  Silver  City,  the  high  school  was  discon- 
tinued, as  the  Territorial  Normal  School  took 
its  place.  This  reduced  the  attendance  in  the 
city  schools  about  fifty. 

Number  enrolled 293 

Monthly  enrollment 261 

Average  daily  attendance 236.4 

Gallup  has  shown  marked  improvement  in 
its  educational  matters  in  the  past  few  years. 
Previous  to  November,  1892,  the  schools  of 
this  town  were  conducted  much  after  the  fash- 
ion of  an  ordinary  country  school,  but  the 
school  board,  in  the  fall  term  of  1892  adopted 
a  graded  course  of  study.  The  benefits  de- 
rived from  this  change  have  been  quite  appar- 
ent to  all  observers.  The  pupils  have  taken 
more  interest  in  their  work.  As  a  result,  more 
and  better  work  has  been  accomplished,  and 
the  people  of  the  town  have  been  more  en- 
thusiastic in  educational  matters. 

In  the  school  year  1893-4  there  was  an 
average  monthly  enrollment  of  163,  an  aver- 
age daily  attendance  of  139.6,  an  average  per 
cent,  of  attendance  of  85.6.  Three  teachers 
besides  the  principal  were  employed. 

For  the  school  year  beginning  September 
3,  1894,  the  report  is  as  follows: 

Enumeration  of  persons  of  school  age — 
males  171,  females  144 315 


Enrollment — males  104,  females  102..  ..    206 
Average  daily  attendance 186 

Considering  the  public  system  generally,  we 
may  say  that  the  schools  are  quietly  and 
steadily  moving  on  toward  the  accomplishment 
of  their  purpose,  endeavoring  to  be  thorough 
in  the  essentials,  liberal  in  general  culture,  and 
earnest  in  the  effort  to  strengthen  character  and 
train  for  good  citizenship  and  practical  life. 
Teachers'  meetings  are  regularly  held  for  the 
discussion  of  difficulties  confronted,  to  become 
better  acquainted  with  the  works  of  education- 
al reformers,  to  study  the  principles  of  mind 
development,  and  to  keep  ablaze  the  profes- 
sional spirit. 

No  opposition  has  been  encountered  in  any 
part  of  the  Territory  in  the  matter  of  intro- 
ducing English-speaking  teachers  in  districts 
where  heretofore  Spanish  alone  had  been 
taught.  In  this  connection  it  is  very  pleasing 
to  be  able  to  state  that  the  greatest  interest  is 
being  shown,  in  the  Spanish-speaking  counties, 
in  behalf  of  the  new  law,  which  requires  that 
the  English  language  shall  be  taught  in  all  the 
common  schools  of  the  Territory. 

Under  the  provisions  of  the  present  law  no 
person  can  teach  in  this  Territory  without  be- 
ing in  lawful  possession  of  a  proper  certificate. 
Such  a  certificate  is  issued  only  to  persons  who 
have  passed  a  satisfactory  examination  before 
a  board  of  examiners  composed  of  the  county 
superintendent  and  of  two  leading  citizens  of 
each  county,  selected  and  appointed  by  the  dis- 
trict judge.  The  result  of  this  provision  has 
been  that  every  one  of  the  common  schools  of 
this  Territory  is  now  taught  by  a  competent 
teacher  well-versed  in  the  English  language,  and 
in  many  cases  in  both  English  and  Spanish. 

The  progress  that  is  being  made  by  the  na- 
tive children  is  satisfactory  in  the  highest  de- 
gree, and  it  is  apparent  that  before  many  more 
years  there  will  be  no  longer  a  necessity  for  in- 
terpreters in  our  courts  or  legislatures. 

A  number  of  new  and  substantial  school- 
houses  have  been  erected,  better  teachers  have 
been  employed,  and  the  adoption  of  a  uniform 


HISTORT  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


series  of  books  has  improved  the  work,  also  re- 
ducing the  expenses  considerably.  In  several 
of  the  counties,  bonds  have  been  issued  and 
sold  for  the  erection  of  new  schoolhouses. 

"  The  attempt  is  .at  thorough,  rather  than 
showy  work.  A  few  of  the  high-school  gradu- 
ates have  entered  Eastern  schools,  but  a  larger 
number  are  continuing  their  study  in  the  Ter- 
ritorial University. 

Turning  now  to  the  higher  institutions  sup- 
ported by  the  Territory  at  large,  we  must 
speak  of  the  university,  the  agricultural  col- 
lege, the  school  of  mines,  the  school  for  the 
deaf  and  dumb  and  the  normal  schools. 

0 

The  University  of  New  Mexico,  located  at 
Albuquerque,  is  the  natural  and  logical  head 
of  the  system  of  public  education  of  the  Ter- 
ritory, and  it  is  equipped  and  supported  wholly 
by  the  Territorial  appropriations;  but  it  is  ex- 
pected that  when  New  Mexico  secures  State- 
hood the  university  will  receive  a  liberal  grant 
of  public  lands,  as  similar  institutions  in  other 
new  States  have  done.  The  university  build- 
ing is  an  excellent  one,  splendidly  adapted  to 
its  purpose,  except  for  its  unfortunate  loca- 
tion, so  far  from  the  town.  It  was  finished  in 
the  summer  of  1891,  and  the  institution  was 
opened  in  the  fall  of  that  year.  It  has  been 
progressing  successfully  since  that  time. 

The  board  of  regents  have  found  it  advisa- 
ble, owing  to  the  sparse  population  from  which 
to  draw,  to  receive  .students,  many  of  whom 
properly  belong  in  the  common  schools.  But 
this  is  simply  repeating  the  history  and  ex- 
perience of  other  colleges  of  the  same  nature. 
From  these,  a  fine  nucleus  of  real  college  students 
has  already  been  formed,  and  by  gradually  rais- 
ing the  standard  of  admission,  it  is  hoped  that 
the  time  is  not  far  distant  when  the  university 
will  need  not  receive  into  its  lowest  classes 
students  of  a  grade  lower  than  the  eighth  of 
the  public  schools.  The  College  Preparatory 
School,  with  its  courses  of  study  covering  four 
years,  is  thoroughly  organized,  and  regular 
classes  have  been  formed.  The  courses  of 
study  of  this  school  are  identical  with  those 
pursued  in  many  of  the  best  preparatory 


schools.  Students  preparing  for  college,  either 
at  home  or  abroad,  can  do  no  better  than  to 
enter  the  University  of  New  Mexico.  The 
three  leading  preparatory  courses,  of  four  years 
each,  are  the  following:  The  Latin-Scientific, 
the  English  and  the  Normal.  The  comple- 
tion of  the  Normal  course  entitles  the  student 
to  the  degree  of  Bachelor  of  Pedagogy  (B.  Pd.) 
and  a  diploma,  which,  according  to  law,  is  a 
life  certificate  to  teach  in  the  Territory.  Those 
who  satisfactorily  complete  either  of  the  other 
two  courses  can  enter  a  corresponidng  course 
in  the  freshman  class  of  the  university  proper, 
or  of  any  other  first-class  college. 

An  established  department  of  the  university 
is  the  School  of  Pharmacy,  requiring  two 
years  for  the  eompletion  of  its  course,  and  em- 
bracing materia  medica,  anatomy,  sanitary 
science,  chemistry,  physics,  therapeutics, 
pharmacy,  microscopic  examination  of  drugs, 
urinary  analysis,  drug  assaying,  botany,  labo- 
ratory work  and  prescription  writing,  supple- 
mented by  individual  laboratory  work.  This 
department,  so  far,  has  been  sustained  by  the 
liberality  of  resident  physicians  of  Albuquerque. 

The  Commercial  Department  of  the  uni- 
versity, requiring  two  years  for  the  comple- 
tion of  its  course,  is  in  excellent  condition, 
presided  over  by  a  thoroughly  competent  and 
practical  professor.  This  department  com- 
prises bookkeeping,  commercial  arithmetic, 
stenography,  type-writing,  spelling  and  business 
correspondence. 

The  Normal  course  is  a  thorough  one.  The 
department  of  Spanish  is  superior. 

But,  after  all,  the  equipment  of  the  institu- 
tion, owing  to  lack  of  funds,  is  not  up  to  what 
is  needed. 

The  enrollment  of  students  for  the  school 
year  1893-4,  in  all  departments,  was  142. 
The  measure  of  success  in  the  university  is  not 
numbers,  but  the  advantages  offered  to  those 
of  advanced  grade  who  desire  a  college  educa- 
tion. It  is  greatly  desired  next  to  introduce 
more  technical  and  mechanical  work,  as  soon 
as  funds  can  be  raised  for  the  purpose. 

The    agricultural    college,    located  at   Las 


HIS  TORT  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


Cruces,  was  first  opened  to  students  in  a  rent- 
ed building,  January  21,  1890.  The  erection 
of  a  college  building  was  begun  about  May  i 
of  the  same  year,  and  the  building  was  first 
occupied  by  the  college  about  February  i, 
1891.  It  is  a  substantial,  two-story,  brick 
structure,  with  stone  foundation  and  basement. 
It  contains  fourteen  rooms,  and  with  heating 
apparatus  and  furniture  cost  about  $25,000. 

At  the  present  time  the  building  is  well  fur- 
nished with  modern  school  furniture.  Its 
library  occupies  a  large  room  which  also  serves 
as  the  office  of  the  college  clerk  and  the  study 
room  for  the  college  students.  The  library 
contains  2,500  volumes,  including  several  sets 
of  cyclopedias,  various  dictionaries,  and  a  large 
number  of  books  of  reference,  besides  a  well 
selected  library  of  general  literature.  The 
reading  room  is  also  supplied  with  many  lead- 
ing magazines  and  periodicals. 

The  various  departments  of  the  college  are 
supplied  with  good  apparatus  appropriate  to 
their  needs;  in  short,  the  equipment  is  such  as 
to  furnish  first-class  facilities  for  obtaining  a 
practical  education  according  to  the  purposes 
of  the  institution. 

The  experiment  station  is  being  managed 
in  accordance  with  the  provisions  of  the  act 
creating  it.  A  fine  experimental  fruit  orchard 
and  vineyard  will  soon  come  into  bearing,  and 
the  results  are  given  to  the  people  in  bulletins, 
of  which  a  dozen  or  more  have  already  been 
published.  The  various  small  grains,  includ- 
ing 400  varieties  of  wheat  just  harvested,  show 
astonishing  results  with  little  irrigation  under 
intelligent  treatment. 

The  faculty  having  charge  of  the  college 
and  the  experiment  station  consists  of  the 
president  of  the  college  and  director  of  the  sta- 
tion, eight  professors,  three  instructors,  four 
assistants,  one  librarian  and  clerk. 

The  college  offers  to  students  four  courses 
of  instruction,  besides  a  preparatory  school; 
the  courses  are  agriculture  and  science,  me- 
chanical engineering,  civil  engineering,  and 
classical  and  scientific. 

During  the  year  closing  June  i,  1892,  the 


enrollment  of  students  was  as  follows:  In  the 
preparatory  school,  105;  in  the  freshman  class, 
15;  in  the  sophomore  class,  13;  and  in  the 
junior  class,  i.  Tuition  is  free,  except  an  en- 
trance fee  of  $3  per  annum.  Text  books  are 
loaned  to  students. 

The  revenue  is  derived  from  the  following 
sources: 

(1)  From  the  Territory  a  one-fifth  mill  tax, 
which  yields  annually  about  $7,000. 

(2)  From  the  United  States,  under  act  of 
1890,  for  year  1892,  $17,000.     This  sum  is  to 
be  increased  annually  by  the  sum  of  $1,000 
until  the  annual  appropriation  reaches  $25,000. 

(3)  From  the  United  States,  under  act  of 
1887   for  support  of  agricultural    experiment 
station,  annually  $i 5,000. 

(4)  From  entrance  fees  and  products  sold 
from  the  farm,  an  uncertain  sum. 

The  second  and  third  sums  are  appropriat- 
ed for  specific  purposes,  and  cannot  be  used 
"for  the  purchase,  repair,  erection  or  preser- 
vation of  any  building,"  except  5  per  cent  an- 
nually of  the  $i  5,000. 

The  theory  of  the  government  is  that  the 
State  or  Territory  must  furnish  the  educational 
plant,  if  the  United  States  furnishes  these  en- 
dowments. This  seems  reasonable  and  just. 

The  great  need  of  this  college  is  more  build- 
ings. Buildings  are  needed  for  carpenter  and 
blacksmith  shops,  and  a  foundry  for  the  me- 
chanical department.  The  legislature  of  1895 
authorized  the  sale  of  bonds  to  meet  the  ex- 
penses of  erecting  such  buildings,  but  the  work 
has  not  yet  commenced. 

Apart  from  this  difficulty  as  to  buildings, 
this  institution  is  by  far  the  richest  of  any  in 
the  Territory,  the  United  States  appropriation 
being  very  ample  for  its  work. 

The  courses  undertaken  for  1894-5  are  as 
follows:  Agricultural,  scientific,  civil  engineer- 
ing, mechanical  engineering  and  commercial. 

At  their  meeting  on  May  12,  1894,  the 
regents  determined  to  organize  a  commercial 
department  in  the  college.  They  were  led  to 
this  determination  by  the  fact  that  there  were 
no  schools  in  southern  New  Mexico  that  fur- 


HISTORT  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


nish  thorough  and  complete  commercial  courses, 
that  the  demand  for  such  instruction  is  great 
and  increasing,  and  that  such  training  is  of  the 
most  useful  and  practical  character.  In  order 
that  this  department  should  not  interfere  with 
the  regular  college  work,  it  was  thought  best 
to  make  it  separate  and  distinct,  to  require  a 
certain  standard  of  admission  and  to  have  defi- 
nite courses  of  study. 

The  fact  that  an  additional  year  of  work 
has  been  included  in  the  preparatory  depart- 
ment should  also  be  noted.  To  enter  the 
freshman  class  now  requires  a  thorough 
knowledge  of  all  the  common  branches,  to- 
gether with  elementary  algebra,  physiology 
and  hygiene,  and  the  elements  of  composition 
and  rhetoric.  The  standard  of  admisson  is 
now  as  high  as  that  of  the  best  agricultural 
and  mechanical  colleges. 

The  enrollment  on  November  30,  1894, 
was  as  follows:  Seniors,  3;  juniors,  7;  sopho- 
mores and  freshmen,  19;  specials,  2;  book- 
keeping, 10;  stenography,  7;  telegraphy,  9; 
preparatory  department,  third  year,  22;  second 
year,  40;  first  year,  30.  Total  number  of 
students,  150. 

The  School  of  Mines  at  Socorro,  the  third 
of  the  great  educational  institution  provided 
for  in  the  act  of  1889,  is  a  magnificent  struc- 
ture, built  with  the  utmost  solidity,  and  in 
every  way  adapted  to  its  special  use. 

Through  unfortunate  management  this  in- 
stitution after  being  open  for  two  years,  being 
greatly  in  debt,  was  forced  to  remain  closed 
for  the  year  1894-5,  but  in  September  1895, 
opened  -under  efficient  direction,  which  it  is 
believed  will  make  it  a  great  success. 

The  selection  of  Socorro  as  a  seat  for  the 
School  of  Mines  is  an  excellent  one,  as  the 
town  is  in  the  center  of  well  developed  flour- 
ishing mining  districts  which  with  others  furn- 
nish  material  for  the  running  of  the  smelting 
works,  that  are  situated  in  and  near  the  town 
and  as  the  geological  structure  of  the  mining 
districts  is  quite  diversified,  the  students  will 
have  plenty  of  opportunity  to  acquire  practical 
knowledge,  as  well  as  theoretical. 


The  act  establishing  it  provides  that  the 
School  of  Mines  shall  be  supported  by  an 
annual  tax  of  one-fifth  of  a  mill  on  all  taxable 
property  within  the  Territory,  and  it  was 
organized  solely  as  a  high  grade  school  of 
technology,  in  which  will  be  taught  all  those 
branches  of  learning  that  underlie  the  profes- 
sions of  chemistry,  metallurgy,  geology,  min- 
ing and  engineering. 

The  asylum  for  the  deaf,  dumb  and  blind 
is  situated  at  Santa  Fe.  It  was  commenced  as 
a  home  and  school  for  the  deaf  and  dumb,  con- 
ducted by  Mr.  Lars  M.  Larson,  himself  a  deaf- 
mute,  and  gradually  has  increased  in  its  scope, 
and  a  moderate  building  has  been  erected  for 
its  accommodation. 

This  institute  was  recently  fully  organized 
by  having  two  educational  departments,  one  for 
the  deaf  and  the  other  for  the  blind.  Its-  first 
term  commenced  in  September,  1893,  and  con- 
tinued in  its  session  for  forty  weeks.  There  have 
been  twenty-four  pupils  in  attendance  at  vari- 
ous times  since  its  establishment.  During  the 
past  year  there  were  ten  deaf  pupils  and  six 
blind  ones  in  attendance.  There  are  other  mute 
and  blind  children  living  in  different  parts  of 
this  Territory  desiring  to  come  to  the  institute 
to  receive  an  education,  but  they  are  unable  to 
do  so  because  they  have  no  means  to  clothe 
themselves  to  come  to  school  and  to  pay  for 
their  transportation  from  their  distant  homes. 
There  has  been  great  progress  in  the  school 
work  during  the  past  year,  the  pupils  have 
been  making  excellent  progress  in  their  studies, 
and  great  improvement  in  written  language 
and  reading  English.  The  course  of  common 
school  study  has  been  pursued  here  with  good 
results.  The  methods  of  instruction  employed 
here  are  the  same  as  in  the  States.  The  sign 
language  is  used  as  a  means  of  imparting 
knowledge.  The  health  of  the  pupils  has  been 
uniformly  good;  no  sickness  has  occurred  in  the 
institute  during  the  past  scholastic  year. 

According  to  reports  from  the  public  schools 
throughout  the  Territory,  there  are  now  fifty- 
six  deaf  youths  and  twenty-six  blind  children 
growing  up  in  ignorance  and  needing  education 


HIS  TORT  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


117 


sorely.  They  are  clearly  entitled  to  be  edu- 
cated on  an  equal  footing  with  those  who  are 
not  afflicted.  Their  education  is  especially 
difficult.  They  can  not  be  taught  well  in  pub- 
lic schools,  and  there  must  be  a  special  school 
for  their  benefit.  There  can  be  no  doubt  that 
this  institution  will  soon  be  enlarged  sufficiently 
to  accommodate  all  who  are  entitled  to  its  use. 
It  is  specially  desired  to  have  a  department  of 
music  added  to  the  blind  school,  and  a  depart- 
ment of  trades  to  the  deaf  one,  so  as  to  give 
the  inmates  instruction  in  such  work  as  they 
desire  in  order  to  enable  them  to  earn  good  and 
honest  livings  by  working  by  themselves  when 
they  leave  the  school. 

The  instruction  of  teachers  for  their  educa- 
tional work  is  a  comparatively  new  thing  in 
New  Mexico.  The  first  normal  school  of  any 
kind  was  held  in  1891  at  Las  Vegas.  After 
the  passage  of  the  school  law  by  the  legisla- 
ture early  in  that  year,  in  the  county  of  San 
Miguel,  which  then  contained  no  less  than 
eighty-three  precincts,  in  order  to  have  the  new 
provisions  understood,  the  county  superintend- 
ent, C.  F.  Rudolph,  called  a  meeting  of  the 
district  school  directors  for  April  20,  and  this 
was  attended  by  171  directors  out  of  a  total  of 
249,  all  the  precincts  but  five  being  represented. 
This  was  followed  by  a  normal  school,  which 
continued  from  June  22  to  July  17,  and  to 
which  all  those  expecting  to  teach  were  invited. 
No  less  than  fifty-seven  attended,  and  the  result 
was  very  encouraging.  Writing  of  this  normal 
school,  or  teachers'  institute,  Mayor  Henry,  of 
East  Las  Vegas,  says:  "The  first  teachers' 
institute  ever  held  in  New  Mexico  convened  at 
Las  Vegas  in  June  and  continued  in  session  for 
four  weeks.  There  were  about  fifty  native 
teachers  in  attendance,  twenty-seven  of  whom 
met  at  the  academy,  fifteen  at  the  La  Salle  in- 
stitute, and  eight  at  the  Sisters'  convent.  It 
was  remarked  by  several  of  the  most  prominent 
educators  of  San  Miguel  county  that  the  zeal 
and  earnestness  manifested  by  these  native 
teachers  in  school  and  educational  matters  is 
one  of  the  most  hopeful  signs  for  the  future  of 
New  Mexico.  It  was  a  grand  success  in  every 


respect.  Professor  Ramsay,  of  the  academy, 
Brother  David,  of  the  La  Salle  institute,  and 
the  lady  teachers  of  the  Sisters'  convent,  as- 
sisted daily  in  conducting  the  exercises  and  reci- 
tations during  the  entire  term  of  four  weeks, 
none  of  them  making  any  charge  for  their  serv- 
ices or  for  the  use  of  the  buildings." 

Since  then  one  of  the  means  by  which  the 
usefulness  of  the  corps  of  teachers  has  been 
widened  has  been  the  holding  of  four  normal 
schools  during  July  and  August,  1894,  under 
the  auspices  of  the  Territorial  board  of  educa- 
tion. These  schools  were  held  at  Chama,  Los 
Lunas,  Mora  and  Roswell.  They  were  well 
attended  and  ably  conducted. 

The  last  legislature  provided  for  the  estab- 
lishment of  normal  schools  at  Las  Vegas  and 
Silver  City;  at  the  former  point  the  building  is 
now  in  course  of  construction,  and  will  be 
.opened  during  the  coming  year.  At  Silver 
City  the  corner  stone  of  the  building  was  laid 
September  14,  1894.  This  building  is  to  cost 
$10,800,  the  ground  having  been  donated  by 
the  municipal  authorities  of  Silver  City.  Mean- 
while the  normal  school  is  being  held  in  rented 
quarters,  having  opened  its  first  session  Sep- 
tember 3,  1894,  under  very  flattering  auspices, 
with  fifty-seven  applicants  for  admission  and 
two  professors. 

The  Goss  Military  Institute  at  Roswell  has 
a  semi-official  character.  Colonel  Robert  A. 
Goss  for  several  years  carried  on  a  boarding 
school  at  that  place  which  was  extraordinarily 
successful,  considering  that  the  location  was 
almost  a  hundred  miles  from  a  railroad.  The 
legislature  in  1893  passed  an  act  to  give  the 
school  an  official  character  as  a  Territorial  in- 
stitution, on  the  ground  that  this  would  add  to 
its  prestige  and  increase  its  success,  and  under 
this  act  a  board  was  appointed  to  manage  the 
institution;  but  it  afterward  appeared  that  this 
was  not  desired  by  Colonel  Goss  himself,  and 
he  removed  to  Albuquerque  where  he  estab- 
lished an  excellent  private  school.  The  in- 
stitute at  Roswell  is  still  kept  in  operation, 
though  the  loss  of  Colonel  Goss  was  a  severe 
blow. 


uS 


HIS  TOR  r  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


This  brings  us  to  the  private  schools,  al- 
most all  of  which  are  under  the  control  or 
direction  of  some  religious  body. 

ROMAN    CATHOLIC. 

Under  Christian  Brotlicrs. — The  Christian 
Brothers  have  conducted  St.  Michael's  College 
at  Santa  Fe  since  1859.  The  average  yearly 
attendance  has  been  1 50  boys.  Some  of  the 
pupils  come  from  Colorado,  Arizona,  Texas, 
and  Old  Mexico,  but  the  majority  are  from 
New  Mexico.  There  are  six  departments  in 
the  college  under  the  tutorship  of  as  many 
teachers.  Besides  these  there  are  three  speci- 
alists employed  in  giving  lessons  in  extra 
branches,  such  as  music,  telegraphy,  type- 
writing, stenography,  etc.  The  president  of 
the  college  is  a  member  of  the  Territorial  board 
of  education.  The  college  is  empowered  to 
confer  degrees,  besides  teacher's  certificates  to 
recipients  of  degrees. 

This  institution  is  unendowed  and  does  not 
receive  any  share  of  the  public  funds.  It  has 
a  mineral  cabinet  containing  many  valuable 
specimens  of  the  minerals  found  in  the  Terri- 
tory, a  complete  chemical  laboratory  and  assay 
department,  besides  a  museum  containing  rare 
relics  of  Indian  and  Mexican  civilization  and 
other  valuable  curiosities.  The  cathedral  pa- 
rochial school  is  under  the  direction  of  St. 
Michael's  College  and  has  an  attendance  of 
175  pupils,  who  are  taught  by  two  lay  teachers. 
It  is  supported  by  the  clergy  with  money  col- 
lected from  the  parishioners.  A  similar  school 
exists  in  the  parish  of  Guadalupe,  in  this  city 
(Santa  Fe),  which  has  an  average  attendance 
of  sixty  pupils,  boys  and  girls,  and  like  that  of 
the  cathedral,  has  been  supported  by  the  con- 
tributions of  the  people. 

Besides  these  schools  in  Santa  Fe,  the 
Christian  Brothers  conduct  a  parochial  school 
in  Las  Vegas,  having  an  average  attendance  of 
1 20  boys,  under  the  direction  of  two  brothers; 
a  county  school  in  Bernalillo,  with  an  attend- 
ance of  125  pupils  and  taught  by  two  brothers. 

Under  Sisters  of  Loretto. — Santa  Fe: 
Academy  of  Our  Lady  of  Light;  established 


in  1852;  opened  January  i,  1853;  can  accom- 
modate fifty  boarders,  300  day  scholars;  school 
buildings  cost  $30,000;  English  and  Spanish 
are  spoken;  50  scholars. 

Taos:  St.  Joseph's  Convent;  established 
in  October,  1863;  opened  November  i,  1863; 
English  and  Spanish  are  spoken;  38  scholars. 

Mora:  Annunciation  Convent;  established 
in  1864;  burned  December  16,  1888.  The 
sisters  teach  at  present  in  the  late  St.  Mary's 
College;  English  and  Spanish  are  spoken;  40 
scholars. 

Las  Vegas:  Academy  of  the  Immaculate 
Conception;  established  in  1869;  English  and 
Spanish  are  spoken;  95  scholars. 

Las  Cruces:  Visitation  Academy;  estab- 
lished in  1 870;  English  and  Spanish  are  spoken ; 
45  scholars. 

Bernalillo:  Convent  of  Our  Lady  of  the 
Sacred  Heart;  established  in  1875;  Indian 
boarding  school  opened  in  1886;  can  accom- 
modate 100  Indian  girls  and  100  day  scholars; 
English  only  in  the  Indian  school;  English 
and  Spanish  in  the  day  school;  78  scholars. 

Socorro:  Convent  of  Our  Lady  of  Mount 
Carmel;  established  in  1879;  English  and 
Spanish  spoken;  37  scholars. 

Under  Sisters  of  Charity.  —  Albuquerque, 
in  old  town  public  school,  150  pupils;  in  new 
town,  St.  Vincent's  Academy,  120  girls; 
parochial  school,  150  pupils;  San  Miguel, 
select  school,  40  pupils;  public  school,  175 
pupils;  Santa  Fe  Orphan  Asylum,  62  patients. 
The  Sisters  of  Charity  also  conduct  a  sanita- 
rium as  well  as  a  hospital  at  Santa  Fe,  the 
latter  containing  at  the  present  time  about  40 
charity  patients.  There  are  about  40  Sitsers 
of  Charity  teaching  in  the  Territory.  They 
came  from  Cincinnati  to  Santa  Fe  in  1866; 
to  Albuquerque  in  1880,  and  to  San  Miguel 
1882. 

The  orphan  asylum  and  the  hospital  at  Santa 
Fe  are  supported  by  Territorial  appropriations. 

Under  Sisters  of  Mercy. — Mesilla:  Select 
and  parochial  schools  for  boys  and  girls,  under 
charge  of  7  sisters;  no  return  made  to  me 
of  the  number  of  pupils  attending  their  schools 


HIS  TORT   OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


at  that  place.  At  Los  Alamos,  San  Miguel 
county:  parochial  school  with  75  pupils  and 
a  public  school  of  50  pupils,  under  the  charge 
of  3  sisters.  At  Silver  City,  Grant  county: 
An  academy  and  parochial  school  for  boys  and 
girls,  under  the  charge  of  6  sisters;  no  return 
has  been  made  to  me  of  the  number  of  pupils 
attending  their  schools.  These  sisters  also 
conduct  a  hospital  at  Silver  City,  which  is 
supported  by  the  Territory. 

CONGREGATIONAL  (NEW  WEST.) 

The  New  West  Educational  Commission 
has  done  a  great  work  in  New  Mexico,  the  re- 
sults of  which  cannot  be  calculated.  It  step- 
ped in  at  the  critical  time  when  population  was 
rapidly  increasing  and  before  the  public  school 
system  was  established,  and  organized  acad- 
emies at  Santa  Fe,  Las  Vegas,  Albuquerque 
and  Deming,  which  afforded  excellent  educa- 
tional facilities  for  the  rising  generation  for 
fully  ten  years.  Two  of  these,  those  at  Santa 
Fe  and  Deming,  have  been  given  up,  as  the 
public  schools  have  taken  their  places.  At 
Las  Vegas  there  is  the  Las  Vegas  Academy, 
centrally  located;  two  strong  buildings  with 
accommodations  for  250  or  300  pupils;  cost  of 
buildings,  $9,000,  with  land,  about  $12,000; 
running  expenses,  about  $5,000;  nine  teachers 
are  employed.  At  Albuquerque  there  is  the 
Albuquerque  Academy,  organized  and  incorpo- 
rated in  1883;  a  new  three-story  building, 
costing  $25,000,  is  well  situated  three  squares 
east  of  railroad  depot  in  Highlands;  has  a  good 
library,  large  lecture  room;  teachers  are  all 
experienced,  having  been  connected  with  the 
academy  from  two  to  six  years;  primary  school 
attached. 

The  New  West  Commission  also  conducts 
smaller  schools  at  San  Rafael,  Bareles,  Atrisco 
and  Upper  Vegas. 

PRESBYTERIAN. 

The  following  is  a  list  of  the  Presbyterian 
schools,  giving  number  of  teachers  and  scholars 
in  each: 


Teach- 
ers. 

Agua  de  Lobo. . i 

Arroyo  Seco i 

Buena  Vista 2 

Canyon  Bonito 2 

Chaperito 2 

Corrales  and  Laguna 2 

El  Rito i 

Embudo i 

Jemez  Hot  Springs i 

La  Costilla i 

Las  Cruces 2 

Las  Vegas . .  7 

Day  scholars 

Mora i 

Pajarito 2 

Penya  Blanca i 

Penyasco i 

Raton 2 

Santa  Fe  (boarding) 8 

Santa  Fe  (day  school) i 

Taos i 

El  Prado i 

Los  Ranches 2 

Tecolote i 

Jemez 3 

Laguna 2 

Zunyi 3 

Galisteo i 

Isleta i 

Sisseton i 

Las  Placitas i 

Llano i 

Santa  Barbara i 

METHODIST. 


Schol- 
ars. 

25 

IS 
68 

65 
34 
58 
4i 
25 
35 
60 

9i 

137 
88 

35 
4i 

22 

56 

170 

65 
30 

45 
82 

US 
57 
60 
60 
39 
25 
40 

35 
46 
27 


The  Albuquerque  College  was  opened  in 
1887,  for  both  sexes,  with  a  regular  college  cur- 
riculum. It  has  a  president,  assisted  by  an  ex- 
cellent corps  of  teachers,  six  in  number;  160 
pupils  were  enrolled  last  year.  The  school 
property  is  worth  about  $8,600. 

Besides  this   college  the  following  schools 

are  in  New  Mexico,  at 

Scholars. 

Tiptonville 45 

La  Joya 25 


I2O 


HISTORT  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


Escondida 25 

Cerro 28 

Albuquerque 2O 

Las  Vegas 35 

Peralta    35 

Socorro 20 

El  Ranchito 25 

Old   Albuquerque 30 

Dulce 23 

SOUTHERN    METHODIST. 

The  Las  Vegas  Female  Seminary  has  done 
excellent  work  for  a  number  of  years,  and 
usually  has  about  1 30  scholars. 

THE    INDIAN    SCHOOLS 

Have  presented  quite  a  conspicuous  feature 
in  New-Mexican  educational  affairs  for  a  num- 
ber of  years. 

For  a  considerable  time  the  Government 
attempted  to  carry  on  this  work  by  what  was 
known  as  "contract  schools,"  being  schools 
usually  supported  by  some  religious  body,  to 
which  the  Government  gave  a  contract  for  the 
education  of  a  certain  number  of  Indian  chil- 
dren at  a  fixed  rate  per  year.  The  usual  pay- 
ment was  $125  annually  for  each  pupil  at  a 
boarding  school,  and  $7. 50  per  quarter  at  a 
day  school. 

The  principal  one  of  these  schools  in  New 
Mexico  for  many  years  was  the  Ramona  school 
at  Santa  Fe.  The  money  to  build  this  was 
mainly  contributed  at  the  East  as  a  memorial 
to  Helen  Hunt  Jackson.  The  school  was  part 
of  the  property  of  the  University  of  New  Mex- 
ico (Santa  Fe),  an  institution  of  which  some- 
thing more  will  soon  be  said.  Rev.  H.  O. 
Ladd  was  at  the  head  of  this  work  for  a  num- 
ber of  years,  and  afterward  Rev.  E.  Lyman 
Hood  and  Prof.  Elmore  Chase.  The  school 
was  very  successful,  but  was  closed  in  1 894, 
when  the  Government,  in  pursuance  of  its  new 
policy,  refused  to  make  a  contract  for  the  fu- 
ture. It  usually  had  from  forty  to  sixty  pupils, 
mostly  girls.  The  original  contract  for  the 
school  was  for  fifty  pupils,  but  was  subse- 
quently enlarged  to  sixty-five  on  the  recom- 


mendation of  the  Pueblo  Indian  agent,  because 
of  the  great  number  of  applications  for  admis- 
sion to  this  school  on  the  part  of  the  Indians 
themselves.  Twice  under  the  supplementary 
contract  the  school  overflowed  the  contract 
number,  and  was  relieved  once  by  permission 
from  the  Indian  office  by  turning  the  excess 
over  to  the  United  States  school  at  Santa  Fe. 
The  fact  that  the  Indians  themselves  seek  to 
place  their  children  in  school  shows  their  rapid 
progress  in  the  matter  of  education.  The 
buildings  are  now  used  for  a  Government  In- 
dian school  for  girls. 

Another  school  established  more  recently 
at  Santa  Fe,  was  the  St.  Catharine  school, 
built  largely  through  the  liberality  of  Miss 
Catharine  Drexel,  of  Philadelphia.  This  was 
a  Roman  Catholic  institution  and  accommo- 
dated 100  pupils.  Its  contract  also  failed  to 
be  renewed  in  1894,  through  the  new  policy  of 
establishing  schools  to  be  carried  on  directly 
by  the  government. 

There  are  two  large  government  schools  in 
New  Mexico  called  "  Government  Indian  In- 
dustrial Training  Schools."  The  first  of  these 
was  started  at  Albuquerque,  two  and  one-half 
miles  north  of  the  town,  in  1885.  The  build- 
ings, grounds,  etc.,  are  valueu  at  about  $^o,- 
ooo,  and  it  has  been  very  successfully  con- 
ducted from  the  beginning.  It  is  known  as 
the  Fisk  Institute.  The  total  annual  attend- 
ance somewhat  exceeds  300;  with  an  average 
of  nearly  200.  The  pupils  represent  four 
Indian  tribes, — Pueblos,  Papagoes,  Pimas  and 
Navajos, — and  the  course  of  study  includes 
carpentry,  harness  making  and  many  other  in- 
dustrial pursuits. 

At  Santa  Fe  is  the  Dawes  Institute,  which 
school  was  opened  November  15,  1890,  for 
boys  and  girls.  The  buildings,  erected  by  the 
Government  at  a  cost  of  $28,000,  are  about 
one  and  a  half  miles  west  of  the  Santa  Fe  rail- 
road depot,  and  are  very  substantial  (brick  and 
stone),  commodious,  having  all  necessary  acco- 
modations;  in  a  good,  healthy  locality,  on 
grounds  (100  acres)  donated  by  citizens  of 
Santa  Fe;  the  original  accommodations  were 


HISTORY   OP"  NEW  MEXICO. 


121 


for  140  pupils,  but  they  have  been  largely  in- 
creased. The  grounds  are  utilized  for  instruc- 
tion in  improved  agriculture.  Altogether  fully 
$50,000  has  already  been  expended  on  this 
place. 

The  trades  of  shoemaking,  tailoring,  and 
carpentering  have  been  successfully  carried  on; 
a  sewing  room  was  started  when  the  school 
opened;  a  sleam  laundry  is  in  successful  oper- 
ation. The  industries  of  brick-making,  har- 
ness-making and  blacksmithing  have  been 
authorized  and  will  be  established  in  the 
near  future.  With  a  hospital,  store-rooms, 
and  sufficient  school-room,  the  capacity  of 
the  school  may  be  increased  to  300.  The 
school  has  been  attended  by  children  from  the 
Pueblos,  Jicarilla  Apaches,  San  Carlos  Apaches 
and  Navajos. 

In  the  fall  of  1895  the  Government  opened 
a  girls'  school  for  Indians  in  the  Ramona 
school  building,  which  it  leased  from  the 
University  trustee. 

Schools  have  also  been  established  in  a 
number  of  the  Pueblo  villages.  They  were 
nearly  all  contract  schools  until  within  a  year 
or  two. 

The  Roman  Catholics  had  charge  of  the  fol- 
lowing besides  St.  Catharine's  boarding  school, 
at  Santa  Fe,  with  about  100  pupils  and  a 
boarding  school  at  Bernalillo,  for  girls,  with 

80  pupils. 

Pupils. 

Taos 35 

San   Juan 40 

Santo  Domingo 30 

Jemez 42 

Acoma 30 

Laguna 25 

Isleta 20 

They  also  carry  on  two  schools  without 
government  aid,  one  in  the  pueblo  of  San 
Felipe,  with  forty  pupils,  and  another  at 
Cochiti,  with  twenty-five.  A  number  of  these 
have  become  Government  schools,  and  there 
are  the  latter  at  other  pueblos,  such  as  Santa 
Clara,  etc.  Altogether  the  provisions  made 
for  Indian  education  is  very  ample,  and  the 


"  wards  of  the  nation  "  have  no  reason  to  com- 
plain of  neglect. 

Reference  was  made  about  the  University 
of  New  Mexico  at  Santa  Fe.  This  institution, 
incorporated  in  1 880,  has  carried  on  educa- 
tional work  ever  since  and  been  of  great  bene- 
fit to  the  Territory.  Originally  its  work  was 
to  provide  educational  facilities  for  the  students 
resident  in  Santa  Fe.  The  money  to  carry  on 
the  work  was  obtained,  to  a  large  extent,  from 
benevolent  persons  in  the  East.  In  1882  the 
trustees  erected  a  large  school  building  in 
Santa  Fe  called  Whitin  Hall  in  honor  of  the 
chief  donor  of  the  fund  used  in  its  erection. 
The  corner  stone  was  laid  October  21,  1882, 
by  Chief  Justice  Prince,  President  of  the  Uni- 
versity. Judge  Prince  still  holds  that  position, 
after  fifteen  years  of  service.  Some  time  later, 
Rev.  H.  O.  Ladd,  then  in  charge  of  the  educa- 
tional work,  became  deeply  interested  in  In- 
dian education,  and  commenced  to  raise  funds 
for  an  Indian  school.  It  was  determined  to 
name  it  the  Ramona  School  and  make  it  a 
memorial  to  "H.  H." — Helen  Hunt.  Con- 
siderable money  was  raised  in  the  East  and  the 
first  of  a  group  of  buildings  was  erected.  The 
trustees  thereof  have  had  two  entirely  different 
classes  of  work  on  their  hands,  the  ordinary 
American  school  work  at  Whitin  Hall,  and  the 
Indian  work  at  the  "Ramona." 

At  the  present  time,  Whitin  Hall  is  rented 
to  the  Santa  Fe  school  board  for  a  high  school, 
and  the  Ramona  buildings  are  rented  to  the 
United  States  Government  for  an  Indian  girls' 
school. 

The  University  at  Albuquerque  will  be  no- 
ticed further  on,  under  the  head  of  Education 
in  the  county  of  Bernalillo. 

TERRITORIAL    EDUCATIONAL    ASSOCIATION. 

This  account  of  the  educational  develop- 
ment and  interests  of  New  Mexico  would  be 
incomplete  without  reference  to  the  history  and 
work  of  the  above  association. 

In  1886,  when  the  school  law  was  inade- 
quate and  unfavorable  to  the  spirit  of  develop- 
ment ;  when  there  were  no  public  schools  worthy 


122 


HISTORT  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


of  the  name,  private  institutions  were  strug- 
gling for  an  existence,  and  the  educational  in- 
terests of  New  Mexico  were  at  a  low  ebb,  it  was 
suggested  that  the  few  scattered  educators  be 
called  together  and  organized  for  united  effort 
in  pushing  forward  the  cause  of  education  in 
this  great  neglected  portion  of  our  country. 
From  the  small  seeds  planted  then,  has  grown 
a  thrifty  tree,  whose  branches  overshadow  the 
entire  Territory. 

That  self-appointed  committee  correspond- 
ed with  others  interested  in  education,  and 
called  a  meeting  for  Santa  Fe  in  the  holidays 
of  December,  1886,  when  the  present  associa- 
tion was  organized.  Its  conventions  have  been 
held  in  the  triangle  of  Santa  Fe,  Las  Vegas  and 
Albuquerque,  with  marked  development  from 
year  to  year  in  the  character  of  its  work,  with 
large  gains  in  attendance,  and  increasing  im- 
portance and  influence  as  a  factor  in  shaping 
the  educational  sentiment  of  the  Territory. 

The  association  has  used  its  power  for  better 
school  legislation  and  the  adoption  of  desirable 
text  books.  Its  work  in  general  is  the  same  as 
that  of  the  older  State  associations,  and  has 
the  same  objects  in  view, — the  raising  of  the 
teacher's  profession  to  a  higher  standard,  the 
advancement  of  educational  interests,  and  the 
cultivation  of  the  social  element  among  its 
workers. 

The  distances  to  travel  to  reach  a  point  of 
meeting  in  New  Mexico  are  very  great,  com- 
pared with  many  States,  but  our  educators  as 
a  rule  are  wide  awake  to  the  needs  of  their 
work,  and  incur  the  expense  of  time  and  travel 
to  attend  the  association  meetings;  and  when 
together  they  form  a  body  that  is  a  credit  to 
the  growing  Territory. 

EDUCATION  IN  THE  COUNTY  OF  BERNALILLO. 

The  status  of  education  in  the  county  of 
Bernalillo  is  comparatively  good.  It  may  be 
considered  under  the  following  divisions,  or 
heads:  Schools  under  church  or  denomina- 
tional control;  private  schools;  United  States 
Government  Indian  school;  and  public,  or 


common  schools,   including  the  University  of 
New  Mexico. 

Church  Schools. — In  Bernalillo  county,  as 
elsewhere,  religious  bodies  were  pioneers  in 
educational  work.  Most  prominent  amongst 
these  in  Bernalillo  county  have  been  the  Ro- 
man Catholic,  the  Methodist  Episcopal,  the 
Presbyterian,  and  the  Congregational  Churches. 
Whilst  it  would  be  interesting  to  trace  the  his- 
tory of  their  several  and  praiseworthy  labors 
in  the  cause  of  education,  space  will  permit 
but  a  brief  mention.  At  present  the  following 
schools  are  in  successful  operation:  Academy, 
Sisters  of  Loretto;  Saint  Mary's  Parochial 
School,  Albuquerque;  Saint  Vincent's  Acad- 
emy, Albuquerque;  Sisters  of  Loretto  Indian 
School,  Albuquerque;  and  the  Catholic  school 
at  Isleta. 

The  Methodist  Mission  School,  at  Albu- 
querque, under  the  care  of  Rev.  T.  M.  Har- 
wood  and  wife,  is  doing  good  work. 

The  Congregational  Church  has  been  very 
enterprising,  and  through  the  New  West  Edu- 
cation Commission,  in  addition  to  the  Acad- 
emy, it  is  sustaining  several  smaller  schools  in 
the  vicinity  of  Albuquerque.  The  academy  oc- 
cupies a  large  three-story  brick  building  cen- 
trally located,  and  the  work  done  is  of  a  very 
satisfactory  nature.  The  people  of  Bernalillo 
county  certainly  owe  a  debt  of  gratitude  to  the 
several  religious  bodies  who  have  done  so  much 
good  pioneer  educational  work. 

Private  Schools. — The  Goss  Military  In- 
stitute, Colonel  Robert  Goss  proprietor,  is  a 
private  institution, — chiefly  a  boarding  school, 
— in  which  young  men  and  boys  receive,  in  ad- 
dition to  a  thorough  academic  education,  mili- 
tary training.  It  is  well  patronized.  The 
Conservatory  of  Music  at  Albuquerque,  Prof. 
W.  F.  Skeele  director,  offers  the  very  best  of 
musical  advantages.  The  Kindergarten,  in 
charge  of  Miss  Ada  Philbrick,  is  well  patron- 
ized, and  is  greatly  appreciated. 

Government  Indian  School. — Immediately 
adjoining  the  corporation  of  the  city  of  Albu- 
querque, is  located  the  United  States  Govern- 
ment Indian  School,  under  the  superintend- 


HISTORT  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


ence  of  Prof.  J.  J.  McKoin.  It  has  an  attend- 
ance of  about  300  students,  who  are  being 
trained  in  the  arts  and  the  practices  of  civili- 
zation. The  school  ranks  well  with  others  of 
the  best  of  its  kind. 

TIic  Public  Schools. — According  to  the  last 
report  of  Hon.  H.  R.  Whiting,  for  a  number 
of  years  the  efficient  county  superintendent  of 
schools,  the  public  schools  of  Bernalillo  coun- 
ty employ  seventy-five  teachers,  enroll  3,117 
pupils,  expend  annually  for  school  purposes 
over  $28,000.  The  total  school  population 
between  the  ages  of  five  and  twenty-one  years 
is  6, 163. 

The  town  of  Gallup  and  the  city  of  Albu- 
querque both  sustain  a  good  system  of  graded 
schools  which  deserve  fuller  notice.  The 
schools  of  Gallup  are  under  the  superintend- 
ence of  Prof.  D.  M.  Richards.  They  employ 
five  teachers,  enroll  276  pupils,  have  a  regular 
graded  course  of  study,  and  will  this  year  add 
a  high-school  course.  An  elegant  new  build- 
ing is  in  process  of  erection. 

The  public  schools  of  Albuquerque  are  un- 
der complete  organization  and  efficient  man- 
agement. The  buildings  owned  consist  of  four 
large  brick  buildings, — one  in  each  ward,— 
heated  and  ventilated  by  modern  methods, 
and  are  furnished  throughout  with  the  best  of 
furniture.  They  were  built  and  equipped  in 
1892,  at  a  cost  of  about  $50,000.  The  courses 
of  instruction  embrace  the  usual  primary,  in- 
termediate, grammar  and  high-school  courses. 
The  schools  are  under  the  efficient  superin- 
tendence of  Prof.  Charles  E.  Hodgin.  In  ad- 
dition to  a  special  teacher  of  music,  sixteen 
teachers  are  employed.  The  annual  enroll- 
ment of  pupils  is  850,  and  the  annual  current 
expenses  of  the  schools  is  about  $20,000. 
Without  making  individual  comparison,  it  is 
safe  to  say  that  the  public  schools  of  Albu- 
querque are  not  excelled  in  efficiency  by  any 
similar  schools  in  the  Southwest. 

TIic  University  of  New  Mexico  at  Albu- 
querque is  the  head  of  public  education  in  the 
Territory.  It  was  incorporated  by  an  act  of 
the  legislature  in  1889,  and  was  opened  for 


students  in  June,  1892.  On  a  twenty-acre 
tract  of  land  is  located  an  elegant  brick  build- 
ing costing  over  $35,000, — including  heating 
and  ventilating  apparatus.  A  library  and 
other  educational  equipment  is  being  added  as 
rapidly  as  means  will  permit.  Hon.  Elias  S. 
Stover  is  president,  and  Hiram  Hadley,  A.  M., 
is  vice  president  in  charge  of  the  institution. 
In  addition,  the  faculty  consists  of  twelve  pro- 
fessors, instructors  and  regular  lecturers.  These 
are  all  able,  and  each  is  well  adapted  to  the 
special  work  assigned  him.  The  courses  of 
study  correspond  to  the  similar  courses  in  the 
most  enterprising  colleges  in  the  country. 
They  embrace  a  Latin-scientific,  an  English, 
a  normal  course,  a  commercial  course,  and  a 
department  of  pharmacy.  The  instruction  in 
all  of  these  is  thorough,  and  students  who 
have  completed  the  preparatory  courses  here 
will  have  no  difficulty  in  finding  admittance  to 
the  respectable  colleges  of  the  country. 

RESOURCES,  PRODUCTS  AND  PROG- 
RESS. 

TOPOGRAPHICAL. 

Under  this  head  we  propose  to  treat  each 
county  separately,  as  the  only  satisfactory 
method  of  giving  a  correct  idea  of  a  territory 
so  large  in  extent.  If  one  should  attempt  to 
describe  the  natural  resources  and  the  results 
of  human  industry  in  the  section  extending 
from  the  north  of  Maine  to  Cape  May,  it 
would  be  obvious  that  such  a  variety  of  condi- 
tions existed  within  the  limits  indicated  that 
it  would  be  impossible  to  generalize,  but  that 
each  part  must  be  treated  by  itself;  yet  the 
area  of  New  Mexico  is  equal  to  that  suggested, 
as  it  is  as  large  as  all  the  New  England  States, 
New  York  and  New  Jersey,  together.  We 
will  therefore  take  up  the  subject  generally  in 
the  first  place,  and  thereafter  proceed  to  a  sep- 
arate brief  consideration  of  each  county. 

New  Mexico  has  an  average  breadth  of 
335  miles;  length  of  eastern  boundary,  345 
miles;  length  of  western  boundary,  390  miles, 


I24 


I11STORT  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


the  whole  covering  an  area  of  122,444  square 
miles.  By  geographical  divisions,  it  is  bound- 
ed on  the  north  by  the  State  of  Colorado,  on 
the  east  by  Oklahoma  and  the  State  of  Texas, 
on  the  south  by  the  State  of  Texas  and  the 
Mexican  States  of  Chihuahua  and  Sonora,  and 
on  the  west  by  the  Territory  of  Arizona. 

Of  the  122,444   square  miles,  or  78,374,- 
363  acres,  there  are  : 

ACRES. 

Land  grants   (confirmed    and  un- 
confirmed)      14, 180,884 

Atlantic  &  Pacific  Railroad  grant.      2,349,880 

Indian  reservations 2,832,205 

Military  reserves 134,952 

Government  land  entered 2, 500,000 


Total 21,997,921 

This  leaves  an  available  area  of  56,376,442 
acres  open  for  settlement. 

If  we  calculate  the  area  which  is  covered 
by  mountains  (where  timber,  however,  is  valu- 
able, and  the  sides  are,  as  a  rule,  covered  with 
the  most  nutritious  grasses)  at  about  14,125,- 
203,  and  arid  or  barren  lands  at  3,610,793, 
there  is  left  a  total  of  38,640,446  acres  of  ir- 
rigable, agricultural  and  grazing  lands. 

The  present  principal  agricultural  districts 
are:  The  Rio  Grande  valley  from  the  thirty- 
seventh  parallel  of  north  latitude  to  the  south- 
ern boundary  of  the  Territory;  the  Pecos  val- 
ley; the  Canadian  river  section,  situated  in  the 
northeastern  corner  of  the  Territory,  and 
drained  by  the  Canadian  and  its  tributaries; 
the  sections  watered  by  the  Colorado  and  Gila 
rivers,  embracing  a  strip  on  the  western  line  of 
the  Territory  varying  from  50  to  100  miles  in 
length,  and  the  San  Juan  country  in  the  north- 
west. 

Although  much  of  the  central  portion  of 
the  Territory  is  occupied  by  broken  mountain 
ranges  and  elevated  mesas,  a  very  large  part 
can  either  be  irrigated  or  used  for  grazing  cat- 
tle and  sheep. 

The  Rio  Grande  valley  has  a  length  from 
the  thirty-seventh  parallel  of  north  latitude  to 
the  southern  boundary  line  of  New  Mexico  of 


about  350  miles.  The  zone  of  cultivable  land 
extends  from  the  Pecos  Mesa  on  the  east,  to 
Campbell's  Pass  on  the  west.  The  difference 
in  altitude  and  proximity  to  high  mountains  is 
a  key  to  the  difference  in  production  observable 
in  the  various  parts  of  this  section. 

LIST  OF  ELEVATIONS  ABOVE  SEA  LEVEL. 

FEET. 

Santa  Fe 7,019 

Galisteo 6, 1 1 7 

Cerrillos 5,684 

Canyon  Blanco 6, 320 

San  Antonio 6,408 

Penya  Blanca 5,238 

San  Felipe 5,007 

Albuquerque 4, 949 

Isleta 4,898 

Socorro 4, 582 

San  Marcial 4,454 

Rincon 4,03 1 

Selden 3-954 

Las  Cruces 3,888 

Deming 4, 320 

El  Paso 3,800 

Pecos  Village 6, 360 

Anton  Chico 5, 372 

The  total  fall  of  the  Rio  Grande  river  from 
the  northern  border  of  the  Territory  to  where 
it  leaves  the  same,  a  distance  of  about  356 
miles,  is  about  2,200  feet.  The  mesas  and 
table  lands  in  the  northwestern  part  of  the 
Territory  are  generally  about  6,000  feet  above 
the  sea  level.  In  the  central  portion  of  the 
Territory,  such  mesas  attain  an  elevation  of 
about  5,000  feet,  and  in  the  south  about  4,000 
feet.  The  ranges  generally  rise  from  2,000  to 
5,000  feet  above  the  mesas  and  plains.  The 
amount  of  water  carried  down  by  the  Rio 
Grande  is,  as  a  rule,  sufficient  to  irrigate  an 
immense  area.  The  rate  of  fall  between  Penya 
Blanca  and  Isleta  is  nearly  six  feet  to  the 
mile. 

The  Pecos  valley  in  its  upper  part  is  one  of 
erosion.  To  its  junction  with  the  Gallinas 
the  Pecos  runs  through  a  comparatively  nar- 
row valley;  near  old  Fort  Sumner  it  widens. 


Vj;,,    .. 


•»  ^ 


c 

K 

n 
n 


HISTORT  OF  NE  W  MEXICO. 


'25 


The  upper  narrow  portion,  has  some  rich  agri- 
cultural soil.  The  bottoms  of  the  Gallinasandits 
tributaries  also  afford  narrow  strips  of  the  most 
fertile  land.  Further  south,  say  from  the 
north  end  of  the  Guadalupe  mountains  on  the 
west  side  of  the  Pecos  to  the  mouth  of  Dela- 
ware creek,  the  valley  of  the  Pecos  is  one  un- 
broken continuous  level  and  fertile  bottom. 

It  is  in  the  latter  section  of  the  valley  that 
the  gigantic  irrigation  enterprises  are  located, 
which  have  made  the  Pecos  valley  celebrated. 

The  Canadian  river  section  lies  between 
the  Raton  mountains  on  the  north  and  the 
Pecos  river  on  the  south  and  southwest.  The 
Canadian  flows  through  it  for  about  I  50  miles 
in  a  southeasterly  direction  to  near  old  Fort 
Bascom,  and  from  there  easterly  (a  little  north 
of  the  thirty-fifth  parallel  north  latitude)  for 
about  fifty  miles.  Most  of  its  tributaries  flow 
in  from  the  west.  As  the  western  part  of 
this  entire  section  has  a  slope  towards  the 
east  with  a  general  descent  to  the  south- 
ward, the  highest  localities  are  in  the  north- 
west corner  and  the  lowest  in  the  southeast, 
with  a  falling  altitude  from  5,000  to  3,000 
feet.  Some  portions  of  this  river  have  a  fall 
of  nine  feet  per  mile.  Of  its  tributaries  the 
Little  Cimarron  and  Vermejo  creeks  afford 
considerable  breadth  of  arable  land,  the  for- 
mer having  a  valley  from  one  to  six  miles 
wide,  and  the  Vermejo  one  of  the  same 
length  and  about  two  miles  wide.  Both  of 
these  valleys  are  very  fertile,  with  plenty  of 
water  for  irrigation.  The  Rayado  creek  has  a 
good  valley,  but  it  is  subject  to  overflows. 
Ocate  creek  valley,  formed  by  erosion,  is  also 
very  good  agricultural  land.  The  Mora  river 
valley  is  doubtless  the  finest  in  this  section.  It 
has  a  length  of  from  sixty  to  seventy  miles 
and  a  breadth  of  about  four  and  one-half  miles. 
Its  upper  portion,  from  eight  to  ten  miles  in 
length,  is  about  three  miles  wide. 

The  Colorado  and  Gila  section  embraces 
a  belt  of  land  of  from  fifty  to  one  hundred 
miles  all  along  the  whole  of  the  western  line 
of  New  Mexico.  It  is  watered  by  the  Rio 
Puerco  of  the  west  and  the  Zunyi  river  in  the 


north,  and  by  the  Gila  and  its  many  tributar- 
ies and  the  Rio  San  Francisco  in  the  south. 
There  are  rich  and  extensive  valley  lands  along 
the  bottoms  of  these  rivers  and  their  tribu- 
taries. 

The  San  Juan  river  country  in  the  north- 
western portion  of  the  Territory  offers  a 
splendid  opportunity,  not  only  for  the  produc- 
tion of  cereals,  but  also  for  fruit  and  vegetables 
of  all  kinds. 

The  valleys  of  the  Las  Animas,  La  Plata 
and  Los  Pinos,  all  tributaries  to  the  San  Juan, 
are  capable  of  raising  large  amounts  of  produce 
of  various  kinds.  The  general  surface  of  the 
country  of  New  Mexico  is  marked  with  mesas 
(flat  table  lands),  valleys  and  mountains,  hills, 
bluffs,  canyons  and  mountain  parks.  The 
mountain  ranges,  from  north  to  south  gener- 
ally, break  into  spurs,  buttes  and  foothills,  di- 
minishing in  altitude  and  graduating  into  mesas 
or  high  table  lands. 

In  the  northern  part  of  the  Territory  the 
Culebra  or  Sangre  de  Cristo  range  looms  up  to 
the  east  into  the  Raton  spur,  and  to  the  south 
is  known,  according  to  proximity  to  local 
towns,  asTaos,  Mora  and  Santa  Fe  mountains. 
To  the  west  are  the  Conejos  and  Tierra  Ama- 
rilla  ranges.  Southeast  of  the  old  city  of  San- 
ta Fe  and  east  of  the  Rio  Grande,  a  broken 
range  runs  south,  variously  known  as  the 
Placer  mountains,  the  Sandia  Manzana,  Oscu- 
ra,  Jumanes,  Fra  Cristobal,  Caballo,  San  An- 
dres and  Organs,  the  latter  crossing  the  south- 
ern border  of  the  Territory  near  El  Paso.  To 
the  east  of  the  above  range  is  a  series  of  high 
table  lands,  reaching  to  the  mesa  known  as  the 
Llano  Estacado,  or  Staked  Plains,  and  broken 
by  the  low  mountains  and  peaks  named  on  the 
maps  as  the  Gallinas,  Jicarillas,  Carrizo,  Capitan, 
Sierra  Blanca,  Guadalupe,  Jarilla,  Hueco  and 
Sacramento. 

On  the  west  side  of  the  Rio  Grande,  from 
the  isolated  peak  near  the  northern  boundary, 
known  as  the  San  Antonio  mountain,  another 
broken  range  runs  south,  known  locally  as  the 
Petaca,  Valles,  Jemez,  San  Mateo,  Pinos  Al- 
tos, Burro,  Black  and  Mimbres  ranges,  and  the 


126 


HISTORY  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


Florida  mountains  near  the  southern  border. 
Farther  to  the  west,  and  near  the  Arizona  line, 
appears  the  continental  divide,  composed  of 
mountains  and  peaks,  variously  known  as  Tu- 
nicha,  Chusca,  Zunyi,  Datil,  San  Francisco, 
Tulerosa,  Mogollon,  Pyramid,  Stein's  and  Ani- 
mas.  These  mountains  being  equally  dis- 
tributed, furnish  a  large  water  supply  and  a 
great  amount  of  timber,  and  are  excellent  shel- 
ter for  stock  during  stormy  weather. 

Extending  across  the  Territory  of  New 
Mexico,  north  and  south,  are  two  large  valleys, 
— the  Rio  Grande  and  the  Pecos.  The  former, 
lying  further  west,  reaches  from  the  Colorado 
line  to  Old  Mexico,  and  thence  on  to  the  Gulf. 
The  broad  and  fertile  valleys  along  this  stream 
abruptly  end  at  canyons,  where  the  channel  is 
confined  to  narrow  limits  by  the  high  and  rocky 
banks.  The  material  is  composed  principally 
of  silicious  and  other  nutritious  material  for 
plants,  washed  from  the  mountains  by  the 
spring  and  summer  freshets  and  thaws. 

FRUITS. 

The  grape-growing  belt  extends  from  about 
the  northern  line  of  Bernalillo  county  through 
Valencia,  Socorro  and  Donna  Ana  counties  to 
the  Chihuahua  and  Texas  line.  In  Bernalillo 
county  the  valley  proper  is  from  one  to  four 
miles  in  width,  every  foot  of  which  is  suscepti- 
ble of  cultivation;  but  the  vineyards  are  located 
in  the  lowest  plane,  so  as  to  receive  the  waters 
of  irrigation.  The  grape  most  generally  cul- 
tivated is  that  known  as  the  Mission  variety, 
supposed  to  have  been  introduced  by  the  Fran- 
ciscan friars,  and  cultivated  in  the  valley  for 
the  past  two  centuries.  Some  small  vineyards 
of  the  Muscatel  are  also  found,  but  generally 
as  a  table  grape,  coming  into  the  market  a 
short  time  before  the  other. 

The  vineyards  are  almost  always  started 
from  cuttings,  planted  from  six  to  ten  feet 
apart  each  way,  though  some  growers  prefer  to 
trench  the  cuttings  and  root  them  for  planting 
the  first  or  second  year  after  in  the  places 
where  they  are  to  remain.  The  Mexican 
method  of  culture  does  not  require  staking  or 


trellising,  and  the  first  three  years  are  directed 
more  particularly  to  give  strength  to  the  main 
trunk.  The  vine  is  closely  trimmed  each  year, 
all  superfluous  wood  cut  away  and  only  the 
trunk  and  a  few  short  branches  left,  so  that  a 
well-cared  for  plant  of  a  few  years'  growth  re- 
sembles a  dwarf  tree.  It  is  necessary  in  set- 
ting out  the  cuttings  to  pack  the  soil  closely 
about  them,  to  turn  the  water  onto  the  plant 
from  the  irrigating  ditch  as  soon  as  possible 
and,  when  sufficiently  dry,  repack  the  dirt. 
There  is  nothing  more  to  do  the  first  season 
than  to  irrigate  the  vineyards  at  certain  inter- 
vals and  keep  the  ground  free  from  weeds  until 
November,  when  the  vines  are  covered  with 
earth  to  protect  them  from  the  cold  until 
spring.  The  time  for  uncovering  varies  among 
the  different  growers  from  the  middle  of  Feb- 
ruary until  the  first  of  April.  The)'  are  then 
allowed  to  stand  from  ten  days  to  a  month  and 
then  trimmed.  But  few  grapes  will  be  pro- 
duced until  the  third  season,  but  the  labor  of 
the  cultivator  is  needed  every  year  in  stirring 
the  soil,  removing  suckers,  trimming,  covering 
and  uncovering.  A  more  congenial  climate 
than  that  of  the  Rio  Grande  valley  for  the 
grape  or  a  soil  more  adapted  to  produce  bene- 
ficial results  in  its  growth,  cannot  be  found  in 
the  world.  The  frosts  are  usually  only  severe 
enough  to  kill  the  insects  without  injury  to  the 
vine,  and  there  is  no  rainfall  when  the  plant  is 
flowering  or  the  fruit  is  approaching  maturity. 
A  damaging  late  frost  does  sometimes,  however, 
occur,  as  also  a  limited  hailstorm;  but  as  this 
region  is  one  of  much  sunshine  the  fruit  of  the 
vine  is  of  superior  quality. 

Rosaceous  fruits  (apples,  pears,  peaches, 
etc.,)  are  of  comparatively  late  introduction; 
but  experience  has  already  proven  that  they  do 
well  here,  some  of  them  extraordinarily  well. 
Small  July  and  October  apples,  red  (wild) 
plums,  fair  pears,  good  peaches,  excellent  apri- 
cots and  enormous  quinces  have  been  success- 
fully raised  by  the  decendants  of  the  Spaniards 
from  time  immemorial;  also  by  the  Indians  of 
the  pueblos.  The  peach  and  apricot,  blossom- 
ing so  early  in  the  season,  are  uncertain  crops; 


HISTORY  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


127 


but  the  other  tree  fruits  of  the  temperate  zone 
are  almost  sure.  In  the  lower  valley  the  fig 
and  almond  do  well,  even  as  far  north  as 
Valencia. 

In  the  fruit-tree  belt  may  be  included  not 
only  the  valleys  of  the  Rio  Grande  and  Pecos, 
but  also  the  higher  lands  on  either  side,  and 
an  extensive  range  in  the  northern  portion  of 
the  Territory,  in  the  Mimbres  valley,  etc. 

The  Rio  Grande  may  be  called  the  Nile  of 
America.  It  is  1,800  miles  in  length  and  of 
almost  equal  volume  from  source  to  mouth.  It 
has  few  branches,  and  flows  hundreds  of 
miles  without  receiving  a  tributary.  It  is  fed 
almost  entirely  from  the  Rocky  mountains. 
An  annual  rise  occurs  about  the  month  of 
June,  from  the  melting  of  the  mountain  snows. 
Like  the  Nile,  too,  it  is  almost  the  sole  reli- 
ance of  the  farmer.  The  natives  have  made 
canals  to  each  town  and  adjoining  lands,  for 
irrigation,  which  are  often  twenty  or  thirty 
miles  in  length,  affording  also  considerable  mill 
power.  The  waters  of  the  Rio  Grande,  like 
those  of  the  Nile,  are  exceedingly  turbid,  carry- 
ing a  large  quantity  of  sediment  which  is  de- 
posited as  they  flow  over  the  fields,  thus  sup- 
plying new  elements  of  strength  to  the  soil 
without  the  trouble  or  expense  of  applying  fer- 
tilizers. For  this  reason  the  latter  are  but 
seldom  used,  as  each  irrigation  leaves  a  slimy 
deposit  on  the  land,  which  renews  the  soil,  and 
is,  in  fact,  the  best  fertilizer  that  could  be  used. 

Thus  New  Mexico  stretches  in  abundance 
and  beauty,  waiting  for  those  who  are  wise 
enough  to  investigate  its  resources.  It  exceeds 
in  area  the  United  Kingdom  of  Great  Britain 
and  Ireland. 

BEAUTIFUL    AS    WELL   AS    PRODUCTIVE. 

Briefly  stated,  the  fact  is  that  New  Mexico 
is  endowed  by  the  Creator  with  a  greater  va- 
riety and  extent  of  natural  resources  and  ad- 
vantages than  any  State  of  the  Union.  This 
is  strong  language,  which  may  sound  exagger- 
ated, but  it  is  used  deliberately.  Bold  as  it 
seems,  a  very  little  thought  will  show  its 
truth. 


Think  for  a  moment  of  our  varied  re- 
sources! Here  are  thousands  of  acres  of  tim- 
ber superior  to  the  best  that  Maine  or  Georgia 
ever  contained ;  here  are  wheat  fields  in  Taos 
and  Mora,  used  uninterruptedly  for  centuries 
without  rotation  of  crops,  yet  equaling  the 
finest  wheat  land  of  the  northwest;  here  is  corn 
in  many  localities,  the  peer  of  any  on  the 
plains  of  Illinois  or  Kansas;  here  are  onions 
and  beets,  cabbages  and  cauliflowers,  potatoes 
and  melons,  the  products  of  the  Rio  Grande 
valley,  which  both  in  size  and  quality  chal- 
lenge comparison  with  any  in  the  country.  In 
this  same  valley,  and  in  that  of  the  Pecos,  are 
apples,  pears,  peaches,  plums  and  apricots, 
superior  in  size  to  anything  seen  in  the  East, 
and  far  surpassing  those  of  California  in  flavor. 
All  around  us,  and  extending  down  the  river  to 
El  Paso,  are  vineyards  which  proclaim  the  val- 
ley the  favored  home  of  the  grape,  whether 
for  eating  or  the  manufacture  of  wine. 

Among  natural  plants,  our  plains  are  cov- 
ered with  the  amole  or  yucca,  whose  root  is 
producing  the  finest  soap  in  the  world,  and  the 
fibre  of  which  is  certain  before  long  to  become 
a  staple  article  of  commerce,  while  the  virtues 
of  the  canyaigre  as  a  tanning  agent  are  just 
becoming  widely  known. 

The  vast  prairies  of  the  Territory  are  the 
finest  pasture  lands  for  flocks  and  herds  that 
the  world  contains,  and  are  covered  with  tens 
of  thousands  of  cattle  and  sheep. 

In  gold,  whether  "in  place,"  as  in  Lincoln 
and  Colfax,  or  in  the  sand,  as  at  the  Old  and 
New  Placers,  and  in  score  of  other  localities, 
we  acknowledge  no  superiors. 

In  silver,  though  yet  but  little  developed, 
Lake  Valley  and  Silver  City,  Georgetown, 
Cerrillos,  the  Black  Range,  the  Mogollons  and 
the  Magdalenas,  and  indeed  nearly  every 
county  in  the  Territory,  contain  such  vast 
stores  of  rich  mineral  that  it  is  difficult  to 
realize  the  extent  of  the  untold  wealth  await- 
ing the  hand  of  the  miner.  In  copper,  from 
Santa  Rita,  in  the  southwest,  to  San  Andres, 
Golden  and  Picuris,  are  mines  which  challenge 
the  admiration  of  the  world.  We  have  as 


128 


JUS  TORT  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


much  lead  as  the  great  lead  regions,  and  as 
much  iron  as  the  most  celebrated  iron  dis- 
tricts. We  have  mica,  which  is  now  filling  the 
eastern  markets,  and  cement  which  is  superior 
to  any  made  on  earth.  We  have  gypsum  and 
fire  clay  in  inexhaustible  amounts,  and  we  have 
marbles  of  rare  excellence  and  turquoise  of 
purest  blue. 

Whole  sections  of  the  Territory  are  un- 
derlaid with  coal  of  excellent  coking  qualities, 
and  we  have  the  only  perfect  anthracite  to  be 
found  west  of  Pennsylvania,  with  a  market  for 
each  extending  in  nearly  every  direction  for 
hundreds  of  miles. 

Wherever  one  travels  in  the  Territory  he 
will  find  this  wealth  of  natural  resources.  If 
he  enters  by  the  railroad  through  the  Raton 
tunnel,  when  he  views  the  verdant  plains  of 
eastern  Colfax,  covered  with  herds  of  cattle, 
changing  to  the  west  into  the  agricultural  lands 
along  the  Vermejo,  the  Ponyil  and  the  Cimar- 
ron,  dotted  with  the  coal  mines  of  Blossbtirg 
and  the  pine  forests  of  Catskill,  and  rising  into 
the  golden  mountains  and  gold-bearing  streams 
of  Elizabethtown,  he  is  apt  to  say:  "This, 
truly,  is  the  Promised  Land."  He  passes  into 
Union,  sees  the  wealth  of  sheep  and  wool  fill- 
ing the  valleys  and  covering  the  hill  sides,  the 
emerald  fields  of  alfalfa  and  the  general  hap- 
piness of  the  people,  and  he  stands  amazed  at 
such  a  vision  of  prosperity. 

He  visits  Mora.  The  valleys,  matchless  in 
their  beauty,  of  the  Mora  and  the  Sapello,  the 
copper  mines  at  Coyote,  and  the  inexhaustible 
lumber  region  of  the  West,  and  he  thinks  that 
he  has  found  even  a  better  spot. 

He  goes  to  the  great  county  of  San  Miguel, 
and  its  young  daughter,  Guadaloupe,  with  their 
vast  prairies,  varied  resources,  famous  health- 
giving  springs,  and  energetic  people,  and  he 
feels  that  Providence  has  bestowed  enough 
material  blessings  there  to  form  an  empire  of 
itself. 

He  crosses  the  mountains  to  Taos,  and, 
viewing  the  expanse  of  her  beautiful  valley  and 
her  wonderful  wealth  of  golden  wheat,  with 
heads  so  close  and  even  that  one  might  almost 


walk  upon  them  as  a  floor,  he  says,  "Surely, 
this  is  a  realization  of  the  Happy  Valley  of  the 
Abyssinian  Prince  !  " 

He  goes  on  to  Rio  Arriba,  and  looks  upon 
the  fertile  fields  of  the  upper  Rio  Grande  and 
the  Ghama  (the  first  spot  chosen  by  Onyate  as 
his  capital)  and  then  presses  on  to  the  vast 
forests  of  gigantic  pines  now  being  fitted  for 
the  use  of  man,  and  exclaims  that  no  land  can 
be  a  better  one  in  which  to  dwell. 

Still  onward  to  San  Juan;  and  there  the 
beautiful  rivers,  the  abundance  of  water,  the 
waving  grain,  and  the  vast  orchards  laden  with 
the  choicest  fruit,  challenge  his  admiration. 

Back  again  he  comes  to  Santa  Fe,  where 
the  ancient  city,  nestling  among  the  hills,  with 
unequaled  climate,  the  charm  of  ancient  story, 
and  fruit  fit  for  the  gods,  presents  a  peaceful 
contrast  to  the  adjacent  industries  which  thrive 
amid  gold  and  silver,  copper  and  lead,  coal 
and  precious  stones,  at  Cerrillos  and  San 
Pedro;  and  he  says,  "Verily,  this  is  the  gar- 
den spot  of  earth  !  " 

Down  the  beautiful  valley,  through  the  ver- 
dant fields  and  vine-clad  hills  of  Bernalillo, 
the  great  central  county;  seeing  all  that  it  con- 
tains, from  the  evidences  of  man's  enterprise 
and  energy  in  Albuquerque  to  the  far-famed 
springs  of  Jemez,  and  the  ruins  of  ancient 
pueblos;  and  he  feels  that  here  is  the  place 
where  both  the  man  of  business  and  the  man  of 
pleasure  may  find  a  congenial  home. 

Still  down  the  valley  to  Valencia,  past 
miles  of  trees  and  vines;  then,  through  the 
country  westward,  where  sheep  and  lambs, 
counted  by  scores  of  thousands,  whiten  the  plains 
and  the  sides  of  mountains,  to  the  giant  for- 
ests in  the  west;  and  he  feels  that  this  is  truly 
a  land  of  wine  and  oil,  of  milk  and  honey. 

Then  southward  to  Socorro,  where  the 
town,  set  like  an  emerald  jewel  in  the  valley, 
almost  under  the  shadow  of  the  great  moun- 
tain, resounds  with  the  smelters  and  the 
mills;  where  the  products  of  the  vast  mines 
within  the  county  limits  are  refined,  while  the 
coal  of  Carthage  and  the  coke  of  San  Antonio, 
with  the  distant  riches  of  the  Mogollons  meet 


HISTORY  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


129 


his  eye,  and  he  says,  "Verily,  for  natural  re- 
sources this  exceeds  all  else  that  I  have  seen!" 

Eastward,  across  broad  plains,  to  Lincoln; 
and,  as  he  sees  the  great  product  of  gold,  the 
clear,  swift  streams,  the  cattle  on  a  thousand 
hills,  and  learns  of  all  the  latent  wealth  of  sil- 
ver, lead,  and  coal,  only  awaiting  swifter  con- 
nection with  the  outside  world,  he  thinks  that 
here,  indeed,  is  the  true  home  to  seek  as  soon 
as  railroads  come  to  afford  a  market  for  her 
sleeping  riches. 

Still  eastward  to  the  Pecos,  where  the  twin 
counties  of  Chaves  and  Eddy,  the  newest  of 
the  list,  are  showing  that,  though  young  in 
years,  they  are  strong  in  all  besides;  and  there 
he  sees  the  wondrous  flow  of  water  from  the 
springs  that  form  a  full-grown  river  at  one 
bound,  and  marvels  at  the  rich  luxuriance  of 
the  Roswell  farms,  and  the  enormous  yield  of 
its  alfalfa  fields;  and  going  down  to  Eddy  is 
lost  in  admiration  at  the  enterprise  shown  in 
its  irrigating  system,  and  in  the  almost  magical 
building  of  a  modern  city  within  a  single 
year;  and  he  feels  that  in  this  fertile  valley, 
among  these  men  of  energy  and  "push,"  are 
really  greater  inducements  than  elsewhere. 

Then,  back  to  Donna  Ana,  on  the  lower 
Rio  Grande,  where  the  famous  Mesilla  valley 
is  a  vision  of  beauty,  of  unsurpassed  fertility, 
filled  with  all  manner  of  grain  and  fruit,  and 
teeming  with  the  product  of  the  field  and  vine- 
yard, while  the  neighboring  Organ  mountains 
are  both  beautiful  and  rich  in  mineral  wealth; 
and  he  says,  as  many  another  has  said  before 
him,  "  Here  let  me  live  and  die  ! " 

Still  onward  to  Sierra,  crossed  and  re- 
crossed  by  mountains  filled  with  treasures  of 
the  precious  metals;  and  as  he  visits  Lake  Val- 
ley and  hears  of  the  Bridal  Chamber,  and  sees 
Hillsboro,  Kingston,  and  the  Black  Range  dis- 
trict, he  feels  assured  that  no  spot  on  earth  of 
equal  size  contains  such  an  exhaustless  store  of 
mineral  riches  as  does  that  county. 

And,  lastly,  on  to  Grant;  and  as  he  hears 
the  story  of  old  Santa  Rita,  and  views  the 
ceaseless  flow  of  wealth  from  her  more  modern 
mines,  sees  ore  so  pure  that  it  scarcely  needs 

9 


refining,  and  learns  of  the  varied  treasures 
daily  unearthed  throughout  the  wide  area  from 
Georgetown  and  Finos  Altos  to  Carlisle  and 
Gold  Hill,  he  marvels  at  the  prodigality  with 
which  nature  has  bestowed  her  choicest  gifts, 
and  envies  those  who  live  in  this  treasure-house 
of  wealth. 

Then  he  stands  bewildered  by  this  succes- 
sion of  attractions  and  wishes  in  his  inmost 
heart  that  he  had  sixteen  lives  to  live,  that  one 
might  be  spent  in  each  of  these  enchanting  re- 
gions. The  more  generally  one  will  travel 
through  the  Territory  the  more  he  will  be  im- 
pressed with  this  variety  and  wealth  of  resources 
and  products;  and  yet  we  might  remember  that 
even  in  the  first  days  of  its  known  history 
New  Mexico  was  found  full  of  valuable  products 
unknown  in  the  regions  to  the  North  and  East. 

HISTORICAL. 

Clavigero  tells  us  that  long  centuries  ago, 
the  Toltecs,  leaving  their  old  home  in  the 
Northwest,  about  the  year  594,  journeyed  to- 
ward Mexico,  a  portion  probably  settling  in 
the  valley  of  the  Rio  Grande,  "sowing  the 
land  with  corn,  cotton  and  other  plants,  the 
seeds  of  which  they  carried  with  them." 
Cabeza  de  Baca,  the  first  European  who  trav- 
eled through  this  section  of  country,  tells  us  not 
only  of  the  cities  of  permanent  dwellings  of  great 
height,  but  in  his  narrative  minutely  describes 
the  products  of  the  country  and  the  food  of  its 
inhabitants.  So  enormous  was  the  number  of 
buffaloes  which  he  found  grazing  along  the 
Pecos  for  a  distance  of  thirty  leagues  that  the 
traveler  called  the  people  of  that  section  the 
Cow  Nation.  All  through  Texas  he  had  seen 
no  cultivated  grain,  but  no  sooner  had  he  ar- 
rived within  the  region  of  the  Rio  Grande  than 
he  met  with  fields  of  corn,  and  they  increased 
in  extent  continually  as  he  proceeded  on  his 
journey. 

Soon  afterward  he  mentions  .a  place  still 
east  of  the  Rio  Grande,  where  he  was  "  feast- 
ed on  beans  and  pumpkins."  The  natives 
also  made  cakes  of  pinyons  crushed  or  ground 
for  the  purpose.  After  crossing  the  river,  he 


130 


HISTORY  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


speaks  continually  of  the  beans,  corn  andcala- 
basas,  so  plentiful  that  the  Spaniards  gave 
thanks  to  heaven  for  their  abundance,  and 
also  of  the  shawls  or  blankets  of  cotton  which 
the  people  wore.  Here  also  he  found  amole  root 
being  used  for  soap,  and  the  inhabitants  pro- 
vided with  shoes  of  leather.  Of  minerals  he 
speaks  of  galena  and  marquesite,  of  a  bell  of 
copper  which  came,  they  said,  "from  the 
north,  where  there  was  much  of  the  metal," 
of  turquoise  and  of  emeralds.  The  travelers 
who  came  afterward  emphasize  this  descrip- 
tion of  products,  and  add  somewhat  to  it,  as 
might  be  expected  from  their  greater  advant- 
ages. 

Thus  Marcos  de  Niza,  in  1 540,  tells  of  the 
long  gowns  of .  cotton  worn  by  the  people  of 
Cibola  (the  modern  Zunyi),  and  of  the  cotton 
clothing  found  all  along  the  route  which  he 
followed,  and  narrates  the  following  anecdote 
which  is  the  first  notice  that  we  have  of  native 
wool  in  the  country.  Marcos  was  dressed,  it 
appears,  in  a  suit  of  gray  woolen  cloth,  then 
called  saragosa,  which  Coronado  had  sent  to 
him.  Some  of  the  principal  chiefs  examined 
this  material  with  great  interest  and  then  said 
to  the  friar  that  at  Totonteac  (Moqui)  there 
was  an  abundance  of  similar  stuff,  of  which 
the  people  there  made  their  clothes.  Marcos 
wishing  to  ascertain  if  they  really  distinguished 
the  difference  between  cotton  and  wool,  laugh- 
ingly said  that  the  material  of  their  own  cloth- 
ing (which  was  of  cotton)  and  his  was  the 
same.  At  this  they  seemed  indignant,  and 
said,  "  Thinkest  thou  that  we  are  ignorant 
that  this  fabric  is  different  from  what  we  wear? 
Thou  wilt  see  in  Cibola  all  the  houses  full  of 
material  such  as  ours;  but  at  Totonteac  are  lit- 
tle animals  which  furnish  the  wool  from  which 
your  kind  of  cloth  is  made."  This  greatly  in- 
terested Marcos,  as  it  was  the  first  intimation 
received  of  the  existence  of  sheep  in  the  coun- 
try; and  it  is  of  interest  to  us  to-day,  as  trac- 
ing to  its  earliest  record,  the  great  industry 
which  now  gives  support  to  more  of  the  in- 
habitants of  New  Mexico  than  almost  any 
other. 


A  year  later,  when  Coronado  entered  the 
city,  he  found  at  Cibola  large  numbers  of  do- 
mestic hens;  as  well  as  great  stores  of  beans, 
corn  and  melons.  The  corn,  Castanyeda  tells 
us,  had  very  short  stalks,  and  the  ears  started 
near  the  ground,  but  they  were  of  a  size  that 
astonished  the  Spaniards,  containing  from  700 
to  800  grains,  which  exceeded  anything  known 
in  other  countries  at  that  time.  At  Moqui, 
Coronado  found  all  the  arable  land  used  in  the 
cultivation  of  grain,  fruit  and  vegetables,  and 
the  pastures  full  of  flocks  of  sheep  and  goats; 
thus  corroborating  the  statements  of  the  chiefs 
to  Marcos  de  Niza.  At  Acoma,  the  people 
presented  his  army  with  a  quantity  of  poultry, 
bread,  corn,  corn  meal  and  pinyons. 

At  Tiguex  and  Cicuye,  the  two  great  towns 
of  that  day,  and  both  situated  in  central  New 
Mexico,  all  the  people  were  found  clothed  in 
cotton  garments,  in  some  cases  supplemented 
by  mantles  of  leather.  At  Cicuye,  presents  of 
cotton  goods  and  turquoise  were  made  to  the 
Spaniards,  and  at  Tiguex  Coronado  demanded 
from  the  people  a  contribution  of  no  less  than 
300  pieces  of  cotton  stuff  for  clothing  for  his 
soldiers.  From  this  we  can  judge  of  the 
amount  of  cotton  then  raised  and  woven  by 
the  Pueblos,  and  it  also  suggests  the  question 
why  this  important  product  is  not  cultivated 
to-day?  Mention  is  also  made  of  the  grapes, 
plums  and  mulberries  found  on  the  plains  to 
the  east  of  the  mountains;  but  these  were  un- 
cultivated. So  rich  was  the  soil  of  the  valley 
of  the  Rio  Grande,  that  Castanyeda  tells  us  '  'the 
soil  is  so  fertile  that  it  does  not  need  to  be 
worked;  when  they  sow,  the  snow,  falling, 
covers  the  seed  and  the  corn  starts  underneath. 
The  harvest  of  one  year  is  sufficient  for  seven. 
When  they  begin  to  sow,  the  fields  are  still 
covered  with  the  corn  that  has  not  yet  been 
gathered." 

Forty  years  afteward,  in  i  582,  Espejo,  trav- 
eling up  the  Rio  Grande,  found  abundance  of 
corn  and  melons  and  the  people  dcessed  in  cot- 
ton clothes  and  wearing  boots  and  shoes  of  the 
thickest  of  the  leather.  Just  below  Albuquer- 
que, near  Isleta,  he  met  one  chief  who  pre- 


HISTORT  OF  NE  W  MEXICO. 


sented  him  with  no  less  than  400  bolls  of  cot- 
ton. Here  the  people  wore  mantles  of  cotton, 
striped  blue  and  white,  like  those  of  China. 
On  his  first  trip  west  of  the  river,  he  speaks  of 
the  great  herds  of  cattle  and  the  amount  of 
cotton  annually  raised,  and  at  Moqui,  the  his- 
tory tells  us,  that  when  Espejo  and  his  com- 
panions spoke  of  leaving  the  town  the  people 
brought  him  a  "present  of  40,000  mantles, 
some  colored  and  some  white,  and  a  great 
quantity  of  handkerchiefs  or  towels  with  tas- 
sels at  the  corners,  and  many  other  things." 
Perhaps  the  number  of  "  40,000"  is  an  exag- 
geration, but  at  any  rate  the  narrative  shows 
how  largely  these  mantles  were  manufactured. 

West  of  Moqui,  on  his  celebrated  excur- 
sion to  the  great  silver  mine,  Espejo  found 
good  grapes,  and  flax  like  that  of  Castile, 
and  he  tells  us  of  the  mine  itself  that  it  has  a 
very  broad  vein,  and  that  "with  his  own 
hands  he  took  out  very  rich  ore  containing 
much  silver."  Indeed  mines  seem  to  have  been 
opened  to  a  great  extent  all  over  the  Terri- 
tory even  at  that  very  early  day,  before  Span- 
ish working  was  begun. 

The  brief  record  of  Espejo's  journey  to 
the  northeast  says:  "Here  they  were  in- 
formed of  rich  mines  of  the  precious  metals, 
some  of  which  they  visited,  and  took  from  them 
good  glittering  ore."  From  the  direction 
taken,  these  were  probably  in  the  district  now 
called  the  Placers,  and  perhaps  extended  into 
the  Cerillos.  Espejo  also  speaks  of  the  won- 
derful grazing  country  along  the  Pecos,  and 
the  enormous  herds  of  buffalo  there  congre- 
gated, calling  the  river  Rio  de  las  Vacas,  in 
the  same  way  that  Cabeza  de  Baca  had  for- 
merly described  that  section. 

When  Onyate  came  (in  I  595)  he  found  the 
same  cultivation  of  beans,  corn  and  pumpkins, 
and  the  same  growth  of  cotton,  often  orna- 
mented with  feathers,  spoken  of  by  the  pre- 
ceding travelers. 

Thus  we  see  that  350  years  ago  the  Pecos 
valley  was  as  to-day  a  favorite  grazing  coun- 
try covered  with  herds  of  untold  thousands; 
that  the  people  of  New  Mexico  raised  corn, 


beans,  calabashes,  pumpkins,  melons,  etc., 
and  also  large  quantities  of  cotton,  which  they 
manufactured  into  clothing;  that  in  certain 
sections  they  had  sheep  from  whose  wool  were 
made  the  warmer  garments  of  the  people;  that 
their  clothes  were  ornamented  by  the  use  of 
colors,  and  their  towels  with  tassels;  that  their 
pottery  was  of  a  high  order  of  excellence  both 
as  to  utility  and  ornament,  far  surpassing  that 
of  the  present  day;  that  mines  of  various  met- 
als were  worked  long  before  the  Spanish  occu- 
pation, although  of  course  their  number  was 
greatly  increased  up  to  the  revolution  of  1680. 

In  short,  we  learn  that  the  history  of  New 
Mexico  has  always  been  one  of  agricultural, 
pastoral,  industrial  and  mining  success;  that 
the  time  is  not  known  when  its  valleys  were 
not  the  home  of  prosperous  cultivation,  its 
verdant  plains  not  covered  with  herds  of  cat- 
tle, its  hillsides  not  cropped  by  wool-producing 
sheep,  and  its  mines  not  worked  for  both  met- 
als and  precious  stones. 

Thus  looking  far  beyond  the  time  when  the 
Spaniard  came  to  St.  Augustine,  the  Cavalier 
to  Jamestown,  the  Hollander  to  New  Amster- 
dam, or  the  Pilgrim  to  Plymouth,  we  find  that 
New  Mexico  possesses  a  heritage  of  successful 
production;  and  that  whether  viewed  as  the 
home  of  animal,  vegetable  or  mineral  wealth, 
from  time  immemorial  she  has  a  history  of 
prosperity  based  on  the  natural  resources  with 
which  a  good  Providence  has  endowed  her. 

It  is  an  inspiring  and  suggestive  thought 
that,  while  the  whole  Atlantic  coast  and  Mis- 
sissippi valley  were  the  homes  of  roving  tribes 
and  covered  with  an  almost  unbroken  forest, 
New  Mexico  was  raising  cotton  and  wool  for 
clothing;  and  corn,  beans  and  melons  for  food; 
was  manufacturing  good  flour  and  fine  pottery, 
building  great  cities  of  terraced,  four-storied 
houses,  and  excavating  her  hills  in  search  of 
the  more  precious  metals  and  the  more  precious 
jewels. 

We  need  not  be  surprised  that  with  such  a 
history  and  with  the  natural  advantages  which 
made  that  history  possible,  its  products  are 
continually  increasing  both  in  variety  and 


132 


HISTORY  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


amount,  and  that  it  can  look  forward  very  con- 
fidently to  the  results  of  a  full  development  in 
the  near  future. 

BOTANICAL. 

The  principal  trees  found  in  the  mountain 
valleys  of  New  Mexico  are  ash,  walnut  and 
hackberry,  and  on  the  mountains  pine,  pinyon, 
pino  real,  cedar  and  oak,  while  the  principal 
tree  in  the  deep  valleys  and  along  the  margins 
of  the  streams  is  the  cottonwood,  best  fitted 
for  shade,  and  somewhat  for  fencing  and  build- 
ing. It  will  last  here  in  this  dry  country  much 
longer  than  in  the  moister  atmosphere  of  the 
States  farther  east. 

The  willow  is  common.  It  is  much  used 
by  the  Jicarilla  Apache  Indians  for  making 
baskets,  etc. 

The  mesquite  or  screw-bean  tree  becomes, 
particularly  in  the  Gila  river  valley,  a  consid- 
erable tree.  The  wood  has  a  fine  grain,  and 
resembles  the  black  walnut,  is  very  dura- 
ble, and  as  fuel  it  makes  an  intense  heat,— 
probably  as  much  as  the  jack-oak  and  hickory 
of  the  East.  This  tree  emits  a  vast  quantity 
of  a  gum  resembling  gum  arabic.  The  Apache 
Indians  eat  the  mesquite  bean,  grinding  it  into 
flour  upon  hand-mills;  the  bread  is  palatable. 
Horses  fatten  upon  the  beans. 

On  the  table  lands  is  found  a  peculiar  va- 
riety of  the  mesquite.  It  can  be  hardly  called 
a  tree,  being  rather  a  stunted,  almost  leafless 
shrub,  growing  in  the  most  barren  places;  but 
in  summer  it  is  covered  with  beans. 

The  mesquite  tree  has  the  most  stupen- 
dous roots,  though  the  tree  above  them  often 
appears  but  a  shrub.  A  patch  of  these  pre- 
sented to  an  observer  is  always  but  the  visible 
part  of  a  forest  under  ground.  Twelve  feet 
square  around  one  of  these  bushes  will  often 
yield  a  cord  of  fire-wood.  They  are  really  the 
fuel-beds  of  a  district,  and  in  this  way  has  na- 
ture furnished  thousands  of  tons  of  fuel  for  the 
smelting  of  minerals.  These  roots,  both  dead 
and  green,  make  most  excellent  fire-wood  for 
domestic  use,  as  it  burns  entirely  to  ashes.  In 
the  ground  they  never  seem  to  rot,  but  be- 


come, in  length  of  time,  after  dying,  a  sort  of 
charcoal. 

Bear-grass  is  common  all  over  the  mesas, 
or  table  lands,  and  is  very  useful.  In  Mexico 
gunny-bags,  rope,  saddlers'  and  shoemakers' 
thread  are  made  from  the  fiber;  and  during  the 
blockade  of  the  coasts  in  the  late  war  the  manu- 
facture of  ropes  from  this  plant  was  carried  on 
in  Texas. 

The  Yucca  angustifolia,  or  soap-weed,  called 
in  New  Mexico  by  its  Spanish  name,  amole,  is 
another  useful  plant,  and  is  to  be  found  every- 
where. The  natives  prefer  it  to  soap  in  wash- 
ing woolen  goods,  as  it  extracts  all  the  grease 
and  restores  the  luster  of  the  goods;  and  its 
lather  makes  the  best  shampoo. 

Gama  grass,  growing  everywhere,  in  bunch- 
es, is  the  most  universal  forage  plant  for  live 
stock.  Thriving,  as  it  does,  best  on  rather  dry 
soil,  it  is  especially  useful.  Flowerless  and 
seedless,  it  covers  the  broad  plains  and  clothes 
the  mountain  side  with  withered-looking  bunch- 
es that  seem  to  combine  the  qualities  of  grain 
and  the  best  of  hay  in  the  greatest  perfection. 

Good  gama  can  be  cut  any  day  in  the  year, 
but  the  best  season  for  cutting  is  the  autumn, 
or  at  any  time  after  the  summer  rains  are  over, 
and  before  the  first  frost.  A  peculiar  property 
of  this  grass  is  that  it  "cures"  on  the  stalk  and 
all  over  the  snowless  plains  of  New  Mexico 
makes  the  most  excellent  fodder  known.  This 
grass  really  becomes  hay  while  on  the  root, 
and  does  not  fall  down  or  lie  on  the  ground.  It 
affords  pasture  all  the  year. 

The  maguey  plant,  known  also  as  the 
American  aloe,  and  called  by  the  Mexicans 
mescal,  is  common  in  all  portions  of  the  Ter- 
ritory. In  lower  Mexico,  where  the  plant  is 
cultivated  and  is  popular,  the  Mexicans  make 
from  it  the  famous  beverage  called  pulque,  a 
kind  of  intoxicating  brandy.  The  Indians,  who 
cook  and  eat  the  heart  of  the  plant,  esteem  it 
a  great  delicacy. 

Hops  grow  wild  throughout  the  Territory. 

The  natural  supply  of  fuel,  for  all  the  re- 
gion in  the  neighborhood  of  the  mountains  is 
pinyon  and  cedar,  which  grow  in  extensive  for- 


HISTORT  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


ests  on  the  rocky  and  barren  ridges,  while  the 
lumber  supply  is  yielded  by  the  higher  moun- 
tain ranges. 

CANYAIGKK. 

The  native  plant  which  is  attracting  most 
attention  at  present,  and  bids  fair  to  become 
of  great  commercial  value,  is  the  canyaigre. 

This  is  a  plant  bearing  quite  a  resemblance 
to  some  of  the  more  common  docks,  notably 
sour  dock,  it  being  called  by  botanists  Rumex 
hymenosepalus.  The  plant  grows  from  one  to 
three  feet  high.  The  stem  is  rather  simple, 
nearly  smooth,  and  often  red.  The  leaves 
vary  from  ovate  to  lanceolate,  and  are  two  to 
eight  inches  long,  tapering  to  a  short  petiole. 
The  flower  stalk  is  branched  with  compound 
erect  branches;  pedicels  slender,  about  half 
the  length  of  the  fruit;  fruiting  valves  mem- 
braneous, ovate,  one-fourth  to  one-half  inch 
long,  pinkish;  seed  one-eighth  to  one-fourth 
inch  long.  It  is  found  growing  wild  in  the 
valleys  and  depressions  of  northern  Texas, 
Arizona  and  New  Mexico.  It  may  be  found  in 
other  States  and  Territories,  but  so  far  as 
known  does  not  contain  sufficient  acid  to  make 
it  of  commercial  value  except  in  the  localities 
above  stated. 

The  roots  or  tubers  of  the  canyaigre  plant 
have  the  general  appearance  of  sweet  pota- 
toes, there  being  from  three  to  one  dozen  to 
each  plant,  varying  from  two  to  eighteen 
ounces  each  in  weight.  The  color  is  black  ex- 
ternally and  yellow  within,  having  somewhat 
the  appearance  of  a  carrot.  The  taste  is  in- 
sipid, but  something  of  the  same  sensation  is 
produced  when  touched  to  the  tongue  that  fol- 
lows from  alum,  indicating  the  presence  of 
tannic  acid. 

It  has  been  used  by  the  Indians  for  medi- 
cinal purposes  and  for  tanning  their  leather. 
When  used  as  medicine,  and  taken  in  large 
quantities,  it  acts  as  a  purgative.  To  some 
extent  the  leaves  are  used  by  them  as  food, 
having  something  of  the  general  taste  and 
properties  of  rhubarb  or  pie  plant. 

This  plant  has  but   recently  attracted  the 


attention  of  the  commercial  world  as  a  valu- 
able source  for  tannic  acid.  Numerous 
analyses  have  been  made  by  the  government 
agricultural  departments  both  in  Europe  and 
America,  as  well  as  by  private  scientists,  all  of 
which  tend  to  show  its  great  value  to  the 
leather  industry.  The  result  of  these  investi- 
gations has  been  to  create  a  great  demand  for 
it  in  the  tanning  business  of  European  coun- 
tries, and  more  recently  in  the  leather-making 
industries  of  the  United  States. 

It  is  found  that  the  tubers  of  the  one-year- 
old,  when  dried,  contain  from  twenty-three  to 
thirty-eight  per  cent,  tannic  acid,  and  can- 
yaigre is  already  recognized  by  tanners  as  being 
superior  to  oak  or  hemlock  bark  in  that  it  tans 
quicker,  is  a  better  filler,  and  makes  a  more 
pliable  and  better  colored  leather  than  any 
tanning  agent  known. 

A  comparison  of  the  tanning  properties  of 
the  canyaigre  with  other  well-known  barks 
shows  the  following  result: 

COMMON    NAME.  SCIENTIFIC  NAME.  PER  CT. 

Canyaigre,  Rumex  hymenosepalus,  23.00 

Sumac,  ground,     Rhus  glabra  and  Cotinus,  25.00 

mixed, 

Sweet  Fern,  Comptonia  asplenifolia,  9.42 

Knotweed,  Polygonum  amphibium,  11.60 

Horsetail,  Epherdra  antisiphylitica,  11.90 

Sweet  Gum,  Liquidambar  styraciflua,  8.36 

Red  Oak,  Quercus  rubra,  5.55 

Scarlet  Oak,                 "        coccinea,  7.74 

White  Oak,                   "         alba,  7.8S 

Burr  Oak,                      "         macrocarpa,  7.8S 

Quercitron,                    "         tinctoria,  6.47 

Hemlock,  Abies  Canadensis,  9.50 

As  to  the  tanning  value  of  canyaigre,  Pro- 
fessor W.  Eitner,  of  the  Vienna  Research  Sta- 
tion for  Leather  Industry,  after  thoroughly 
testing  it,  said:  "I  consider  this  article  es- 
pecially adapted  to  tanning  uppers,  fine  sad- 
dlery and  fancy  goods."  Canyaigre  will  also 
doubtless  enter  largely  into  the  arts  and  indus- 
tries other  than  leather  making.  In  the  manu- 
facture of  dye  stuffs  and  mordants  it  is  said  to 
be  very  valuable,  and  we  may  confidently  en- 
tertain high  hopes  of  it  as  an  important  article 
in  American  agriculture  in  the  immediate 
future.  Many  tanners  have  been  interviewed 


HISTORT  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


with  reference  to  its  use,  and  most  of  them 
have  experimented  with  it  with  highly  satis- 
factory results,  and  say  that  they  are  pre- 
vented from  using  it  extensively  only  from  the 
fact  that  a  steady  supply  is  unobtainable. 

The  cultivation  of  canyaigre  is  similar  to 
that  of  the  potato,  the  tuber  being  planted  in 
rows  or  hills,  and  the  attention  given  it  there- 
after being  about  equal. 

In  describing  the  methods  of  its  cultivation 
we  can  do  no  better  than  quote  from  Professor 
F.  A.  Gulley,  of  the  Arizona  Experimental 
Station,  who  says:  "The  roots  make  the  best 
development  in  a  rather  loose,  sandy  soil,  and 
where  they  are  near  the  surface.'  Therefore, 
I  would  suggest  breaking  the  ground  deep  and 
dropping  the  single  roots  in  rows  thirty  to 
thirty-six  inches  apart,  and  from  six  to  nine 
inches  apart  in  the  row.  A  shallow  furrow 
should  be  run  in  which  to  drop  the  roots,  and 
they  should  be  covered  five  inches  deep  by 
running  a  turning  plow  furrow  on  each  side  of 
the  drill.  Planting  should  be  done  early  in  the 
fall,  not  later  than  November  1st,  if  possible, 
and  occasional  irrigations  given  it  until  the 
middle  or  latter  part  of  April,  or  up  to  the  time 
the  plant  is  in  bloom.  Irrigation  may  then 
cease  and  the  roots  be  allowed  to  mature. 
With  comparatively  clean  soil  very  little  labor 
is  required.  It  has  furthermore  been  demon- 
strated by  practical  experiments  that  cultiva- 
tion adds  very  largely  to  the  quality  and 
weight  of  the  roots  and  the  percentage  of  tan- 
nic  acid." 

It  will  be  noticed  from  the  above  that 
planting  is  done  in  the  fall,  and  the  work  upon 
it  therefore  performed  during  the  winter,  when 
other  crops  do  not  need  attention.  The  root 
matures  about  July  ist,  and  is  ready  for  dig- 
ging. In  some  climates,  notably  New  Mexico, 
another  crop  can  be  raised  on  the  same  land 
after  the  canyaigre  has  been  removed,  making 
two  crops  in  one  year. 

One  ton  of  the  root  is  required  for  seed  to 
plant  an  acre  of  ground.  In  New  Mexico  there 
are  large  quantities  of  it  growing  wild  on  the 
hill  sides  and  in  the  depressions,  that  can  be 


had  for  the  digging,  and  all  the  expense  at- 
tached to  the  securing  of  it  is  the  cost  of  dig- 
ging and  hauling  it  to  the  land  where  it  is  to  be 
planted.  The  supply  of  wild  product,  how- 
ever, is  being  rapidly  exhausted  on  account  of 
the  great  quantities  used  for  seed.  When  the 
wild  root  is  all  taken,  that  which  is  cultivated 
will  have  to  be  used,  which  will  cost  about  $6 
per  ton. 

The  cultivation  of  canyaigre  root  differs 
from  that  of  potatoes  in  that  the  tuber  which 
is  planted  does  not  decay,  but  increases  in 
strength,  and  is  found  intact  at  the  time  of 
digging. 

Careful  estimates  show  that  an  acre  of  can- 
yaigre properly  cultivated  will  yield  from  ten 
to  twenty  tons  of  green  roots,  and  as  high  as 
thirty  tons  have  been  raised  on  a  single  acre. 

The  method  for  drying  and  getting  ready 
for  shipment  is  very  simple.  The  roots  are  cut 
into  slices  of  about  one-eighth  of  an  inch 
thick,  placed  in  the  sun  to  dry,  and  then  put 
into  sacks,  three  tons  of  green  roots  yielding 
one  ton  of  dry. 

Prices  in  Europe  have  been  from  $60  to 
$80  per  ton  of  the  dried  root,  and  in  the 
United  States  about  $30.  Estimating  the  cost 
of  marketing,  freight  charges,  etc.,  to  be  $10 
per  ton  (of  the  dried  root),  and  figuring  the 
lowest  yield  and  price,  it  will  be  seen  that  an 
acre  of  canyaigre  would  bring  about  $100. 

Factories  for  the  extraction  of  tannic  acid 
from  canyaigre  are  in  the  course  of  construc- 
tion or  are  about  to  be  built  in  many  places 
throughout  the  southwest,  and  it  is  reasonable 
to  suppose  that  wherever  this  root  is  cultivated 
to  any  considerable  extent  factories  will  be 
erected  for  that  purpose.  This  will  reduce  the 
cost  of  marketing,  especially  in  the  matter  of 
freight  rates,  and  will  therefore  yield  a  greater 
profit  to  the  producer. 

Many  tons  of  wild  canyaigre  have  been 
gathered  in  New  Mexico  and  Arizona  and 
shipped  to  nearly  all  parts  of  the  United  States 
and  to  many  foreign  countries  for  the  purpose 
of  experimenting  its  cultivation.  It  has 
been  shipped  to  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  the 


HIS  TORT  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


'35 


Hawaiian  Islands,  Australia,  Canada,  Argen- 
tine Republic,  Germany,  and  many  States  and 
Territories  from  Oregon  to  California. 

LIVE  STOCK. 

If  one  had  asked  what  the  chief  industry  of 
New  Mexico  was  during  the  Spanish  and  Mex- 
ican periods,  the  answer  would  unhesitatingly 
have  been  ' '  sheep-raising. "  The  face  of  the 
country  specially  adapts  it  to  the  raising  of 
sheep;  the  losses  from  the  cold  of  winter  are 
few  and  rare,  and  the  average  increase  is  very 
large.  While  other  branches  of  business  allure 
by  the  prospect  of  large  and  rapid  profits, 
sheep-raising  results  in  a  steady  gain,  which, 
while  comparatively  slow,  is  yet  without  danger 
of  loss.  The  riches  of  the  wealthy  class  of 
Mexicans  at  the  time  of  the  American  occupa- 
tion were  almost  entirely  in  their  immense 
flocks  of  sheep. 

During  the  year  1893,  there  were  650,000 
sheep  marketed  from  the  Territory.  This  fact 
alone  will  give  the  reader  a  definite  idea  of 
the  extent  of  this  industry.  The  possibilities 
are  simply  immense.  In  Texas,  New  Mexico 
and  Arizona  the  flocks  amount  to  nearly  10,- 
000,000  sheep.  In  New  Mexico  there  is  an 
abundance  of  clear,  soft  water,  just  suitable 
for  wool  washing.  The  freight  on  the  wool  in 
grease  amounts  to  about  3  cents  per  pound 
from  New  Mexico  to  New  York.  If  this  wool 
were  handled  in  New  Mexico,  and  only  the 
local  clip  were  obtainable,  without  counting 
the  wool  of  Texas  and  Arizona,  a  saving  of 
$360,000  per  annum  could  be  made  on  freight 
one  way  on  raw  material. 

It  is  impossible  to  state  the  present  number 
in  the  Territory  with  any  accuracy.  The  num- 
ber returned  for  taxation  in  1894  was  1,901,000; 
but  that  is  far  behind  the  real  number.  The 
wool  product  is  easier  to  ascertain  and  may  be 
stated  at  about  16,000,000  pounds.  The 
money  received  for  sheep  and  wool  is  often 
characterized  as  the  "  best  money  "  that  comes 
to  the  Territory  because  it  is  distributed  and 
disseminated  among  the  whole  body  of  the  peo- 
ple, while  the  money  received  for  cattle  or  for 


the  products  of  the  mines  goes  to  comparatively 
few. 

The  cattle  business  will,  also,  always  be 
one  of  the  most  important  industries  in  New 
Mexico.  During  the  past  twenty  years  it  has 
seen  many  changes  and  fluctuations.  Down  to 
about  1 880  it  was  carried  on  entirely  on  the  open 
range,  the  cattle  being  owned  by  individuals 
who  used  the  Government  land  without  cost 
and  whose  herds  grew  larger  year  by  year. 
About  that  time  began  an  era  of  speculation  in 
cattle  and  the  business  was  recommended  to 
Eastern  and  European  capitalists  as  the  most 
profitable  in  existence.  Scores  of  cattle  com- 
panies were  organized  and  the  prospectus- 
maker  flourished  in  the  land.  The  new  corpor- 
ations bought  up  the  land  along  streams  and 
such  as  were  supplied  with  springs  and  com- 
menced operations  on  a  grand  scale.  They 
purchased  the  herds  then  in  the  country  at 
high  prices,  and  as  the  per  centage  of  profit 
was  shown  to  be  immense  the  chief  object 
was  to  accumulate  as  many  animals  as  possible 
in  order  to  increase  the  prospective  gains. 
Soon  it  became  evident  that  the  ranges  were 
overstocked.  Several  dry  seasons  succeeding 
each  other  brought  great  losses;  extravagance 
and  incompetency  of  management  in  some 
cases  added  to  the  difficulties;  prices  decreased 
year  by  year;  the  difference  between  the  num- 
ber of  cattle  appearing  on  account  books  and 
those  acutally  existing  for  sale  was  found  in. 
many  instances  to  be  surprisingly  large;  and  in 
short  the  speculative  era  ended  as  such  eras 
generally  do. 

Experience  has  brought  great  changes. 
Smaller  herds,  carefully  attended  to,  kept  with- 
in reasonable  limits,  and  protected  and  fed 
when  necessary  in  winter,  are  found  to  be 
much  more  profitable  than  the  vast  numbers 
that  might  be  scattered  over  half  a  dozen 
counties.  The  year  1894  brought  abundance 
of  grain  and  an  immense  crop  of  grass,  and 
1895  even  exceeded  its  predecessor  in  these  re- 
spects. Prices  advanced  and  the  business 
which  seemed  almost  prostrated  has  again  be- 
come highly  successful.  With  the  experience 


i36 


HISTORY  OF  NB  W  MEXICO. 


of  the  past  and  the  newer  methods  of  carrying 
on  the  business  there  is  every  prospect  that  no 
great  reverses  will  again  occur. 

The  following  tables  show  the  number  of 
horses,  mules,  cattle,  sheep,  goats  and  swine 
returned  for  taxation  in  the  various  counties, 
in  1894;  but  it  must  be  remembered  that  this 
does  not  by  any  means  represent  the  real 
numbers  in  the  Territory.  However,  it  is 
valuable  for  purposes  of  comparison.  Thus 
the  number  of  cattle  returned  to  the  assessors 
in  1890  was  1,129,088;  in  1891  it  was  1,041, - 
237;  in  1894  but  721,672!  This  was  the  low- 
est mark,  and  the  number  has  since  increased. 
The  present  number  is  just  about  a  million. 

Sheep  have  not  varied  so  much.  The  num- 
ber returned  in  1890  was  1,172,249;  in  1891, 
1,378, 151 ;  in  1894,  1,261,268.  It  is  to  be  re- 
membered that  the  grade  of  sheep  is  being 
constantly  improved  and  the  average  wool 
product  of  each  animal  increases  year  by 
year. 

The  table  is  as  follows: 


Counties. 

Horses. 

Mules. 

No. 

Value 

No. 

Value. 

Bernalillo  

3,000 
3,476 
4,350 
2.148 
6.086 
7.IMO 
2.450 
7.176 
2,720 
2250 
2,664 
1.297 
B.BM 
3  156 

«     67.249 
75,209 
89.860 
44.921 
107384 
iraun:i 
46.636 
129.360 

u,tie 

47.900 
62.263 
29,159 
llli.KIII 
55,458 
00.688 
31.200 
49.957 

3511 
229 
250 
106 
4SI 
316 
127 

m 

156 
116 
74 
168 
365 
159 
331 
100 
260 

:i7-;i 

$  11,200 
12,146 
7,5(10 
1MB 
31.581 
10  HI 
3,136 
r,.Sll<> 
4.470 
4.449 
2.304 
6,646 
10.683 
6.426 
8,362 
5,000 
6,841 

Colfax  

Eddy  

Grant  

Guadaloupe  

Mora  

Rio  Arriba  

San  Juan  

Santa  Fe  

'San   Miguel  

Sierra  

Socorro  

5,167 
1  500 
3,031 

Taos  

Valencia  

Total  

63623 

I.2I13.8I3 

140,738 

Counties. 

Cattle. 

Sheep. 

Goats. 

Swine. 

No. 

Value. 

No. 

Value. 

No. 

Val. 

No. 

180 
107 

4'JO 
185 
414 
820 
71 
1,218 
575 
219 
372 
214 
413 
153 

'638 
177 

Val. 

Bernalillo.  . 
Chaves  
Colfai  
Donna  Ana. 
Eddy  
Grant  
Guadaloupe 
Lincoln  

9.000 
74311 
46510 
31.828 
40  175 
134.984 
•.".l.lir, 

M,sn 

10,978 
3,795 
5,499 
3,056 

IOI.IKI5 
20,463 
•J3  III 
2.502 

•:i,ii8 

*    75,860 
449.213 
485,100 
231  .040 
272.835 
822.686 
203.937 
542,233 
87,251 
35,691 
51,  2  IB 
28.784 
815.128 
112,880 
IKI  |-;r 
20,200 
1511,170 

150.000 
54.973 
108  458 
14.238 
20,158 
21,652 
128260 
59.576 
118.897 
116.458 
17,927 
48.334 
217,471 

tyao 

76,193 
55.345 
187,900 

»  162.000 
110.871 
157.780 
16.404 
60,170 
31.102 
183.420 
80.692 
142.729 
108.262 
1KH31 

15  308 

263412 
7,184 
69,024 
55345 

iKH.r.'d 

570 
187 

1.8H3 
1,440 
2,891 
(1.124 
1.71(1 
10.408 
B.200 
2.955 
539 
2,950 
9,704 
6,971 
5,004 
2.800 
1,302 

*570 
151 

I  KM:! 
i,  >;•.'<  i 

3.3(111 

11,211:, 

1  805 
15.112 
4754 
2.506 
574 
2785 

in.;.  13 

9,087 
1  Mil 
2,800 
1,120 

*   812 

712 
1  685 
31(1 
1,519 
1  9-16 
194 
2.428 
MIC, 
3» 
1,242 
531 
1,264 
439 
846 
1.200 
4IIH 

17.005 

Rio  Arriba. 
San  Juan... 
Santa  Fe... 
San  Miguel 

Sierra  
Socorro  — 
Tans  .    . 

Valencia  .  .  . 
Total  .  .  . 

731.072 

ix.r,.--'7ii 

1,281  ,288 

I.CT.I.MI 

M.I  1C, 

78.470 

1,108 

During  1893,  216,000  cattle  and  150,000 
sheep  were  shipped  out  of  New  Mexico  for 
sale  by  railroads,  besides  those  driven  over- 
land, which,  in  sheep,  are  by  far  the  greater 
numbers. 

The  peculiar,  open,  sunny  weather  of  New 
Mexico  makes  the  best  conditions  for  stock- 
raising.  The  food  that  the  animal  eats  is  not 
consumed  in  producing  bodily  heat,  but  goes 
to  make  flesh.  It  is  estimated  that  under  sim- 
ilar conditions  of  food  scarcity,  a  steer  will 
live  twice  as  long  in  New  Mexico  as  in  Wyo- 
ming or  Montana,  for  the  reason  that,  requir- 
ing less  heat,  less  food  will  nourish  him. 

Horses  and  mules  do  better  in  New  Mex- 
ico than  any  other  place  known.  Even  the 
tireless  horses  of  the  Sahara  do  not  surpass 
them.  The  high  altitude  and  the  precipitous 
upland  pastures  develop  the  lungs.  The  tough, 
nutritious  native  grasses  develop  bone  and 
muscle.  It  is  no  unfrequent  thing  for  a  man 
to  ride  or  drive  100  miles  per  day!  Good 
drivers  find  no  difficulty  in  doing  this.  The 
air  is  so  pure,  the  pasturage  so  good,  that  few 
diseases  develop. 

AGRICULTURE, 

The  world  over,  is  the  most  important  of  all 
industries,  because  it  sustains  all  others,  and 
in  agriculture  New  Mexico  excels.  As  a  rule 
it  is  carried  on  by  irrigation.  This  gives  a  vast 
advantage  over  the  parts  of  the  country  that 
have  to  depend  on  rain  for  moisture,  and  that 
cannot  stop  the  flow  when  they  wish  to.  The 
eastern  idea  is  that  irrigation  is  a  good  substi- 
tute for  rain:  the  western  man  thinks  rain  a 
poor  substitute  for  irrigation.  The  rain-belt 
farmer  relies  on  chance:  the  irrigator  knows 
what  he  is  doing.  Therein  lies  the  difference. 
At  the  present  time  the  principal  irrigation 
works  of  the  Territory  are  confined  to  four 
main  systems  of  irrigation.  Under  the  Max- 
well and  Springer  works  in  the  northeast  there 
are  about  100,000  acres  now  under  excellent 
canals.  The  reservoirs  and  canals  of  the  Pecos 
valley  cover  nearly  500,000  acres  of  land.  So 
great  has  been  the  development  here  that  a 


HISTORT  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


'37 


railroad  250  miles  long  has  been  partly  con- 
structed and  is  now  being  completed  to  handle 
its  immense  business. 

In  the  Rio  Grande  valley  under  numerous 
systems  of  small  Mexican  canals  there  are 
about  300,000  acres  under  ditch  and  cultiva- 
tion, and  the  completion  of  the  works  on  the 
Mimbres  river  will  put  25,000  acres  of  land 
under  cultivation.  In  San  Juan  county  there 
are  now  under  ditch  about  30,000  acres,  and 
the  close  of  this  year  will  see  that  figure  largely 
increased.  There  are  available  in  this  county 
about  150,000  acres  of  the  best  fruit  land  in 
the  world,  and  there  is  more  water  than  can 
possibly  be  used. 

Altogether  New  Mexico  has  about  20,000,- 
ooo  acres  of  agricultural  land  to  offer  for  set- 
tlement; but  so  little  has  been  known  of  her 
resources  that  it  is  only  of  late  years  that  at- 
tention has  been  attracted  to  the  great  advan- 
tages presented  for  agriculture. 

It  must  not  be  understood  from  the  fore- 
going that  crops  may  not  be  matured  in  New 
Mexico  without  the  aid  of  irrigation.  Along 
the  western  and  eastern  slopes  of  the  conti- 
nental divide  a  good  harvest  may  be  had  with- 
out the  artificial  application  of  water.  The 
farmer,  however,  will  quickly  learn  that  it  pays 
to  insure  his  crop  by  expending  the  average 
cost  of'  irrigation,  which  is  usually  about  $1.50 
per  acre  annually.  The  actual  figures  will  be 
given  under  the  head  of  the  various  counties. 
As  a  general  proposition,  the  farmer  of  the 
East  who  realizes  from  $18  to  $20  per  acre  on 
the  ordinary  crops  raised  in  his  section  would 
be  willing  to  pay  any  insurance  company  $1.50 
per  acre  that  would  insure  him  his  crop.  How 
much  more  easily  can  the  New-Mexican  farmer 
pay  this  small  insurance.  He  raises  an  aver- 
age of  thirty-five  bushels  of  wheat  to  the  acre, 
and  his  gross  alfalfa  crop  will  run  from  $50  to 
$80.  The  Eastern  farmer  soon  learns  that 
when  he  cultivates  fields  in  New  Mexico  he 
has  all  the  advantages  of  a  manufacturer.  If 
his  land  is  under  a  good  ditch  it  yields  crop 
after  crop  without  danger  of  failure. 

New  Mexico  possesses  greater  advantages 


in  sunshine,  water  and  soil  than  any  other 
State  or  Territory.  It  is  not  subject  to  the 
sudden  changes  of  temperature  so  common  in 
Colorado,  nor  to  the  dampness  of  half  the 
year  from  which  California  suffers. 

Another  thing  that  should  be  borne  in  mind 
is  that  the  rainy  season  in  New  Mexico  comes 
in  July  and  August,  just  when  needed  to  wash 
the  leaves  and  the  fruit  free  of  all  impurities. 
All  the  sweet  and  luscious  qualities  of  flavor 
and  every  beauty  of  appearance  are  therefore 
enhanced. 

Nothing  caused  greater  astonishment 
throughout  the  country,  in  connection  with  the 
great  Columbian  Exposition,  than  that  New 
Mexico,  which  many  thought  was  a  desert, 
should  have  exhibited  the  finest  wheat  from  the 
whole  world,  and  the  best  oats  in  the  United 
States.  This  opened  the  eyes  of  many  to  the 
capabilities  of  the  Southwest. 

The  agricultural  productions  will  be  re- 
ferred to  in  detail  under  the  heads  of  the  sev- 
eral counties. 

In  the  production  of  many  vegetables  this 
Territory  excels,  especially  in  onions,  beets 
and  cabbage.  Onions  were  grown  here  which 
were  seven  inches  in  diameter  and  weighed  four 
pounds  each,  and  the  delicacy  of  their  flavor 
gives  them  peculiar  excellence.  Irish  potatoes 
grow  remarkably  well  throughout  the  moun- 
tains, 400  bushels  to  the  acre  having  been  fre- 
quently raised,  and  200  bushels  is  an  average 
crop.  Cabbages  have  been  grown,  which  weighed 
from  thirty  to  forty  pounds.  A  pumpkin  was 
exhibited  at  the  Territorial  fair  weighing  about 
too  pounds.  Sugar  beets  succeed  wonderfully, 
not  only  in  size,  but  in  the  amount  of  sacchar- 
ine matter  contained  in  them.  The  official 
tests  made  in  1893  by  Dr.  Wiley,  director  of 
sugar  experiment  stations,  show  that  the  aver- 
age amount  of  sugar  in  the  New-Mexican  beets 
examined  was  15.34  Per  cent.  In  some  speci- 
mens from  Colfax  county,  the  percentage  ran 
as  high  as  19.30.  It  thrives  best  with  scanty 
irrigation,  has  a  long  tap  root, — one  fourteen 
feet  long  was  shown  at  the  last  Paris  Exposi- 
tion!— and  is  a  great  air-feeder.  There  is  only 


'38 


HIS  TORT  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


one  rule  by  which  to  irrigate  this  plant.  Do 
not  force  the  bulbs  to  great  size  by  plentiful 
watering.  The  ideal  weight  of  the  beet  is  be- 
tween twenty  and  twenty-five  ounces.  Big, 
pulpy  beets  do  not  make  sugar.  It  is  the 
hard,  compact,  slow-growing  bulb  that  stores 
in  its  veins  the  greatest  amount  of  saccharine 
matter;  and  this  for  the  reason  that  sunshine 
is  the  principal  agent  in  making  the  sugary  par- 
ticles. 

The  geographical  position  of  New  Mexico 
is  excellent  for  the  raising  of  vegetables  for 
market,  on  account  of  its  comparative  nearness 
to  centers  of  population.  The  same  is  the  case 
with  fruit. 

The  favorite  crop  at  present  is  alfalfa,  which 
seems  exactly  suited  to  the  climate  and  sur- 
roundings. In  the  south  of  the  Territory  it  is 
cut  four  times;  in  the  north  three  times.  The 
profit,  at  present  prices,  is  very  large. 

When  first  planted,  and  for  about  a  month 
afterward,  it  is  a  tender  crop  and  may  be 
drowned  out  or  burned  out  very  readily.  Once, 
however,  that  it  makes  a  "stand"  it  is  almost 
impossible  to  kill  it.  The  roots  penetrate 
dozens  of  feet,  and  open  the  soil  to  the  healthy 
influence  of  light  and  air.  To  break  an  alfalfa 
field  for  a  new  crop  the  ploughshare  must  sink  as 
deeply  as  possible.  The  soil  is  then  filled  with 
a  multitude  of  hollow  roots,  from  whose  decom- 
position as  well  as  the  large  amount  of  air  a 
high  percentage  of  nitrogen  is  furnished  to  the 
succeeding  crop. 

Its  culture  is  simple.  After  the  seed  has 
been  once  drilled  into  a  thoroughly  irrigated 
soil,  the  crop  should  be  left  alone  until  it  is  at 
least  six  or  eight  inches  high.  During  this 
time  the  roots  will  sink  as  the  moisture  near 
the  surface  recedes.  The  next  irrigation  should 
be  thorough,  and  as  the  upper  soil  has  been  rend- 
ered very  friable  by  the  plant  itself  the  water 
will  sink  rapidly.  In  from  two  to  four  months 
after  planting,  according  to  climate,  the  hay 
will  be  ready  for  cutting,  and  the  first  season 
the  cultivator  can  rely  on  about  one  ton  per 
acre.  Every  succeeding  season  it  should  be 
cut  from  three  to  six  times.  As  soon  as  the 


plant  flowers   out  well  it  is  ready  for  harvest 
and  the  reapers  should  start  in. 

To  get  a  good  stand  thirty  to  thirty-five 
pounds  of  seed  and  about  a  bushel  of  oats 
should  be  sown  on  well  ploughed  and  watered 
ground.  The  oats  will  spring  up  rapidly  and 
shade  the  young  and  tender  shoots.  In  the 
protection  of  this  shade  the  plant  will  establish 
itself,  and  after  the  first  cutting  will  choke  out 
the  oats.  From  that  on  the  alfalfa  will  take 
care  of  itself;  and  will  kill  all  weeds  within  its 
influence  like  poison.  Alfalfa  is  a  good  crop 
for  the  novice  in  irrigation.  There  is  little 
danger  of  his  failure  if  he  follows  these  hints 
and  the  general  practice  of  his  neighbors;  be- 
sides, its  product  is  as  good  as  cash  in  hand. 

The  alfalfa  fields  of  the  Pecos  valley  and 
those  of  San  Juan  county  are  celebrated  for 
their  wonderful  productiveness,  and  all  through 
the  Territory  are  others  of  similar  richness. 

VEGETABLES. 

Its  central  location  commands  the  market 
about  ten  days  ahead  of  California  in  selling 
all  hardy  fruits.  Fruit  plucked  in  New  Mexico 
one  morning  will  be  in  Denver  and  on  the 
breakfast  table  the  next  morning.  It  will  be 
in  Kansas  City  in  thirty-six  hours,  in  Chicago 
in  forty-eight,  and  New  York  in  seventy-two 
hours.  For  this  reason  it  has  another  advan- 
tage: fruit  can  be  allowed  to  remain  longer  on 
the  trees  in  New  Mexico  before  shipment  than 
elsewhere.  Thus  it  preserves  a  better  flavor 
and  appearance.  For  these  reasons  it  com- 
mands about  30  per  cent  better  price.  Fruit 
that  comes  from  California  and  sells  for  two 
cents  a  pound,  if  raised  in  and  shipped  from 
New  Mexico  will  bring  three  cents  a  pound  or 
over. 

The  wonderful  climate  of  New  Mexico  is 
one  of  its  natural  resources  of  a  very  practical 
nature.  Florida  for  many  years  was  supported 
by  nothing  but  its  climate.  Multitudes  of  in- 
valids now  come  to  the  much  more  beneficial 
climate  of  New  Mexico,  and  many  make  it 
their  home. 


HISJ^ORT  OF'  NE  W  MEXICO. 


'39 


SUNSHINE. 

New  Mexico  has  been  called  "The  Sun- 
shine State."  The  meteorological  records 
show  that  no  locality  has  so  many  sunny  days 
in  the  year, — so  few  that  are  not  fine.  These 
same  tables,  for  which  we  have  no  space  here, 
give  the  temperature  at  various  hours  every 
day.  The  climate  of  Santa  Fe  is  pronounced 
the  most  perfect  in  the  world  for  pulmonary 
diseases.  The  statistics  show  that  the  changes 
of  temperature  are  less  there  than  elsewhere, 
and  that  both  heat  and  cold  are  less  intense. 

These  figures,  however,  do  not  tell  half  the 
story.  The  altitude  of  Las  Cruces  is  about 
3,600  feet,  of  Las  Vegas  somewhat  over  6,000 
feet  and  of  Santa  Fe  about  7,050.  This  al- 
lows the  seeker  after  health  a  wide  range  of 
choice  in  selecting  his-  climate.  Silver  City  in 
the  south,  Socorro  in  the  center,  and  Eddy  in 
the  southeast,  offer  almost  equal  advantages  of 
climate  with  variations  of  altitude. 

It  is  to  be  remembered  that  these  figures 
give  no  idea  of  the  warm,  genial  days  and  re- 
freshing nights,  the  glorious  morning  sunbursts 
and  the  brilliant  close  of  day,  when  the 
mountain's  shade  from  cerulean  blue  base  to 
opal  peaks,  and  the  sky,  splashed  and  streaked 
with  all  the  prismatic  colors,  looks  like  the 
palette  from  which  the  Great  Artist  had  paint- 
ed the  shimmering  day.  Add  to  this  the  high 
light  of  an  azure  sky,  bright  and  sweet  as  the 
smile  of  heaven,  and  you  only  have  half  the 
picture.  Every  rock,  hill,  mountain  and  plain 
has  its  own  peculiar  tone.  No  description  or 
painting  can  tell  the  gorgeous  wealth  of  color 
everywhere  displayed  in  lambent  light,  and 
when  the  whole  is  viewed  from  some  garden 
mingling  the  gold  and  green  of  bloom  and  har- 
vest it  is  not  at  all  wonderful  that  the  New- 
Mexican  is  an  enthusiast  about  his  land,  and 
that  visitors  chant  its  praises  far  and  wide. 

THE    MINERAL    RESOURCES 

Of  New  Mexico  are  by  many  considered  the 
greatest  source  of  wealth.  These  will  be  re- 
ferred to  more  in  detail  in  the  consideration  of 


the  separate  counties,  but  it' is  proper  to  say  a 
word  of  them  here,  and  particularly  of  their 
great  variety.  There  has  been  so  little  devel- 
opment, comparatively,  that  it  is  more  im- 
portant to  see  what  is  contained  in  the  rocks 
and  sand  than  what  has  been  extracted  from 
them. 

Briefly  stated,  the  mineral  distribution  is 
somewhat  as  follows: 

Colfax:  Coal,  iron,  aluminum,  copper, 
gold  and  silver. 

Taos:  Large  deposits  of  mica  on  the  west 
side  of  the  Rio  Grande,  tin,  silver,  copper, 
gold  quartz  and  placer  gold. 

Mora:  Copper,  gold  quartz  and  placer 
gold. 

Rio  Arriba:  Copper,  coal,  mica  and  placer 
gold. 

San  Juan:  Coal,  copper,  iron  and  gold 
placers  on  the  San  Juan  and  Pine  rivers. 

Bernalillo:  Placer  gold  in  limited  areas 
and  extensive  mines  and  veins  of  copper,  coal 
and  silver. 

Santa  Fe:  Coal,  iron,  auriferous  copper, 
also  sulphates  of  copper  carrying  silver,  gold 
quartz,  and  extensive  gold  placers  near  the 
Ortiz  mountains,  also  superior  turquoise. 

Valencia:     Coal,  iron,  silver  and  lead. 

Socorro:  Malachite,  lead,  silver,  gold  and 
coal,  with  extensive  deposits  of  fire  clay  and 
kaolin. 

Sierra:  Copper,  zinc,  lead,  silver  and  gold. 
True  fissure  veins  are  found  in  some  places  and 
rich  chimneys  and  pockets  are  often  struck. 
Coal  exists  in  large  beds. 

Grant:  Silver,  lead,  gold,  copper,  tur- 
quoise, coal  and  alum. 

Donna  Ana:  Immense  beds  of  gypsum, 
silver,  lead,  copper  and  pure  white  marble. 

Lincoln:  Copper,  galena,  gold,  silver  and 
coal. 

San  Miguel:     Copper  and  coal. 

Eddy  and  Chaves  counties  have  not  yet 
been  closely  prospected,  but  it  would  seem 
certain  that  the  eastern  sides  of  the  Sierra 


140 


HISTORY  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


Blanca,  Sacramento  and  Guadalupe  moun- 
tains bear  large  beds  of  various  minerals.  Im- 
mense gypsum  deposits  have  been  discovered 
in  Eddy  county. 

While  gold  and  silver  are  always  the  most 
attractive  and  alluring,  yet  it  is  probable  that 
in  her  wonderful  supply  of  coal  New  Mexico 
really  possesses  her  greatest  riches. 

The  coal  deposits  of  the  Territory  are  of 
such  magnitude  and  extent  as  to  be  truly  won- 
derful. They  begin  in  the  immense  beds  of 
San  Juan  county  and  stretch  south  and  east  in 
almost  unbroken  continuity  to  the  Mexican 
line.  The  principal  productive  mines  are  lo- 
cated at  Blossburg,  Colfax  county;  Cerrillos 
and  Waldo,  Santa  Fe  county;  Monero  and 
Amargo,  Rio  Arriba  county;  and  Gallup,  Ber- 
nalillo  county.  All  the  mines  except  those  at 
Cerrillos  are  bituminous. 

The  statistics  of  production  for  the  year 
ended  December  31,  1892,  are  as  follows: 

TONS. 

Blossburg  and  Raton 244,995 

Cerrillos 1 8, 747 

Monero 20,000 

Carthage 49, 529 

Gallup -247,287 


Total 580,558 

In  1 893, down  to  June,  the  Carthage  mines 
produced  53,093  tons,  and  were  then  shut 
down,  and  the  machinery  removed  to  the  Cer- 
rillos coal  fields.  In  that  year  the  latter  mines 
produced  about  100,000  tons,  and  since  that 
the  output  has  been  greatly  increased. 

At  Raton  and  Blossburg  large  forces  are 
being  worked  at  this  writing.  The  Cerrillos 
and  Waldo  mines  have  been  equipped  with  the 
very  latest  machinery.  The  Atchison,  Tope- 
ka  &  Santa  Fe  railroad  will  henceforth  take 
from  these  mines  for  distribution  through  Kan- 
sas and  Colorado  over  1,000  tons  of  bitumin- 
ous coal  per  day,  and  about  5,000  tons  of  an- 
thracite per  month.  Gallup  has  also  increased 
its  facilities  for  the  transportation  of  coal  to 


southern  California  and  Arizona.  Monero  and 
Armago  are  also  increasing  their  coal  outputs. 

There  has  long  been  a  dispute  as  to  whether 
the  New-Mexican  coal  deposits  were  of  the  true 
carboniferous  type  or  merely  lignite.  The  Ter- 
ritorial geologist  denounces  this  latter  idea,  and 
says  the  coal  is  of  the  unquestioned  carbonifer- 
ous type.  Some  of  it  analyzed  at  Cerrillos 
showed  ninety-three  per  cent,  of  fixed  carbon, 
and  only  five  per  cent,  of  ash,  moisture  and 
volatile  matter.  In  Socorro  county  on  the  Ar- 
mendaris  grant  are  also  large  beds,  from  which 
specimens  were  sent  to  the  United  States  chem- 
ist at  Washington,  whose  analysis  shows  that 
this  body  contains  eighty-nine  per  cent,  of  fixed 
carbon.  Robert  T.  Hill,  the  noted  geologist, 
in  a  recent  report  on  some  property  in  New 
Mexico,  also  pronounces  the  coal  to  be  car- 
boniferous and  not  lignite. 

San  Juan  county  coal-beds,  in  the  extreme 
northwest  corner  of  the  Territory,  have  not 
been  prospected  to  any  extent.  They  are 
known,  however,  to  contain  almost  unlimited 
quantities  of  coal.  On  the  San  Juan  river, 
opposite  Fruitland,  is  a  truly  notable  exposure 
of  this  valuable  fuel.  It  stands  above  the  river 
thirty-four  feet,  and  is  over  300  feet  long,  and 
extends  back  into  the  bluff,  on  a  very  slight  dip, 
it  is  supposed,  for  miles,  as  there  is  an  im- 
mense mesa  stretching  in  that  direction.  Im- 
mediately across  on  the  north  side  of  the  river 
other  huge  beds  appear,  and  these  then  stretch 
up  the  La  Plata,  an  affluent  of  the  San  Juan, 
for  nearly  fifty  miles. 

The  existence  of  true  anthracite  coal  at 
Cerrillos  is  an  interesting  and  important  mat- 
ter. Its  specific  gravity  is  1.43.  The  specific 
gravity  of  true  anthracite  coal  varies  from  1.32 
to  1.7.  The  amount  of  carbon  varies  in  Penn- 
sylvania anthracite  from  85  to  93,  and  in  the 
anthracite  of  France  from  80  to  83  per  cent; 
further,  the  amount  of  volatile  combustible 
matter  (gas)  varies  in  different  anthracites 
from  two  to  eight  per  cent. 

The  analysis  of  the  Cerrillos  anthracite  in 
two  cases,  where  it  was  made  by  eminent  sci- 
entists, gave  the  following  results: 


HISTORT  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


141 


NO.    I.         NO.    2. 

Water 2.10         2.12 

Gas 6.63         7.2 

Fixed  carbon. 86. 22       84. 3 

Ash. 5.05         6.3 

The  United  States  assay  official  table  of 
comparative  values  of  anthracite  coals  gives  the 
following  figures  as  being  equivalents,  ranking 
the  Cerrillos  coal  eighth  in  the  list: 

POUNDS. 

Wales,  Great  Britain 1,466 

Standard,  Somerset  Co. ,  Pa 1,521 

Other  Pennsylvania 1.573 

Forest  Improvement,    Richardson  Co., 

Pennsylvania. i ,  598 

Wilkes   Barre,    Pa. i ,  598 

Scranton,  Pa 1,614 

Lykin's  Valley,  Dauphin  Co.,  Pa. 1,651 

Cerrillos  coal,  N.    M.    (from   1 5   feet  of 

surface) 1,657 

Scranton,  Pa.,  Del.,  Lack.  &  W.  R.  W.  1,687 

Raven  Run,  Pa. 1,818 

Scranton  coals  not  named,  Pa 1,841 

The  Cerrillos  bituminous  coal  ranked  fifth 
in  a  list  of  twenty-four  varieties,  the  equiva- 
lent weights  running  from  1,624  to  2,965 
pounds,  and  Cerrillos  standing  at  1,742.  This 
shows  the  great  value  of  these  mineral  re- 
sources. 

In  writing  of  minerals  the  precious  stones 
should  not  be  neglected.  Of  these  New  Mex- 
ico possesses  many  in  isolated  localities.  One 
stone,  the  turquoise,  however,  is  produced  in 
large  quantities.  This  gem  is  not  valued  in 
this  country  as  highly  as  in  Europe,  where  the 
principal  supply  is  drawn  from  Persia.  In 
New  Mexico  these  gems  abound  principally  in 
southern  Santa  Fe  county  and  in  Grant  county. 
Tiffany  Brothers  have  pronounced  them  the 
finest  in  the  world,  and  superior  to  the  Persian 
turquoise  in  tint,  luster  and  polish.  The 
American  Turquoise  Company,  owning  the  tur- 
quoise mine  at  Cerrillos,  in  Santa  Fe  county, 
was  awarded  the  first  premium  at  the  World's 
Fair  at  Chicago.  Information  is  not  readily 
obtainable  as  to  these  mines,  as  their  owners 
are  reluctant  to  encourage  prospecting.  A 


correspondent  from  Grant  county  writes: 
"Work  on  the  turquoise  mines  keeps  right  on. 
They  never  diminish  or  increase  their  force, 
and  are  very  quiet  as  to  what  they  produce. 
They  have  undoubtedly  mined  in  the  past  year 
$100,000  in  turquoise  of  the  best  quality, 
which  is  claimed  to  be'superior  to  the  best  pro- 
duced in  Persia."  There  are  single  gems  from 
Santa  Fe  county,  now  in  New  York,  held  as 
high  as  $4,000,  and  some  in  Santa  Fe  of 
nearly  equal  size  and  quality. 

In  Santa  Fe,  in  Bernalillo,  Rio  Arriba  and 
San  Juan  counties  a  very  superior  quality  of 
garnet  is  found.  It  is  easily  mistaken  for  the 
true  ruby,  is  very  hard,  and  takes  a  magnifi- 
cent polish. 

Traditionally  this  Territory  has  been  noted 
as  having  produced  some  remarkable  gems,  and 
recent  developments  are  proving  the  older  re- 
cords to  have  been  correct.  It  is  only  recently 
that  scientific  research  and  skilled  labor  have 
been  directed  to  this  purpose.  The  result  is  a 
steady  increase  of  expert  prospecting  and  labor  in 
developments,  which,  though  only  fairly  begun, 
has  resulted  in  finding  many  varieties  of  precious 
and  semi-precious  stones. 

The  estimated  production  and  value  of 
gems  up  to  the  year  1890  can  be  found  in  the 
census  reports  of  that  year.  It  is  worthy  of 
remark  that  the  amount  and  the  value  thereof 
are  understated,  the  facilities  for  correct  and 
full  information  being  limited. 

Since  that  time  the  annual  product  has 
more  tha"n  doubled,  and  is  still  increasing. 
Diligent  prospecting  has  revealed  new  deposits, 
and  the  industry  bids  fair,  at  present,  to  be- 
come a  large  item  in  the  economic  resources 
of  the  Territory. 

The  gems  found  in  New  Mexico,  in  the 
order  of  their  value,  are  first  emeralds,  there 
being  one  now  cut  in  Santa  Fe  which  weighs 
one  karat,  and  is  of  fine  quality.  Many  other 
smaller  ones  have  been  found,  although  no  ex- 
pert search  has  been  made  for  them  thus  far. 
A  very  recent  discovery  next  in  value,  is  a 
gem  resembling  the  ruby  in  respect  of  color, 
brilliancy,  and  hardness.  Of  these,  quantities 


142 


HISTORY  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


are  found  frequently  associated  with  peridots 
and  garnets,  but  differing  from  the  latter  in  be- 
ing harder  and  of  a  different  specific  gravity 
and  form  of  crystallization.  The  range  of 
color  is  from  a  light  rose  or  pink  to  that  of  a 
bright  red  garnet.  Though  no  very  large  ones 
have  been  found,  yet  gems  cut  from  those 
found  have  been  sold  at  $20  to  $50  each, 
while  their  numbers  and  merits  have  made 
them  a  decided  acquisition  to  the  list  of  precious 
stones  of  New  Mexico,  and  must,  when  more 
widely  known,  create  for  them  a  large  demand. 

In  addition  to  the  above-named  are  found 
native  euclase;  the  so-called  Montana  sap- 
phires, garnets,  milk  and  fire  opals,  peridots, 
a  great  variety  of  fine  agates,  besides  petrified 
woods,  fit  for  inlaying,  mosaic  work,  or  jewelry. 
Gold  and  silver  quartz  valuable  for  fine  work 
in  jewelry  are  produced  from  various  mines. 

A  very  superior  quality  of  onyx  is  found 
south  of  the  Atlantic  &  Pacific  Railroad  in 
Valencia  county. 

Marble  of  all  colors  abound,  especialy  in 
Socorro  and  Lincoln  counties.  In  the  vicinity 
of  White  Oaks  it  is  a  black  marble  greatly 
esteemed  by  architects,  but  which  has  to  wait  for 
a  railroad  to  be  of  commercial  value. 

In  south  Santa  Fe  county,  in  the  county  of 
San  Miguel,  and  in  several  other  places  in 
New  Mexico,  are  to  be  found  large  deposits  of 
gypsum.  In  Donna  Ana  county,  on  the  San 
Augustin  Plain,  there  exists  the  largest  deposit 
of  gypsum  known  in  the  world,  of  an  exceed- 
ingly pure  character.  The  location  of  this  de- 
posit is  unique.  The  San  Augustin  Plain  is 
about  1 50  miles  in  length  from  north  to 
south,  and  from  30  to  60  miles  from  east  to 
west.  Near  White  Oaks,  in  Lincoln  county, 
in  the  midst  of  this  plain,  is  the  crater  of  an 
ancient  volcano,  the  lava  from  which  has 
flown  in  a  southerly  direction  like  a  stream  of 
water  for  a  distance  of  sixty  or  seventy  miles, 
varying  in  width  from  a  half  to  three  miles. 
At  the  southern  end  of  this  stream  of  lava 
there  is  a  small  stream  of  salt  water  flowing 
into  a  salt  lake,  about  one  mile  in  width  and 
one  and  one-half  miles  in  length.  At  the 


southern  end  of  this  lake  the  bed  of  gypsum 
begins,  and  extends  in  a  southerly  direction 
down  the  center  of  the  plain,  adjoining  what 
appears  to  be  an  ancient  river  bed,  almost 
without  a  break  for  a  distance  of  fifty  miles. 
The  gypsum  bed  varies  from  five  to  twenty 
miles  in  width.  It  is  granulated  in  character, 
white  as  the  driven  snow,  and  seems  to  be 
piled  upon  the  plain  like  snowdrifts,  requiring 
no  labor  for  mining  or  handling. 

Immediately  adjoining  this  extensiye  de- 
posit of  gypsum  upon  the  west,  and  in  what 
is  apparently  the  bed  of  an  ancient  river  or 
lake,  exists  a  deposit  of  carbonate  and  sul- 
phate of  soda,  carrying  about  fifteen  per 
cent  of  carbonate  of  soda,  twenty  per  cent  of 
sulphate  of  soda,  four  per  cent  of  borax,  the 
remainder  being  mostly  moisture  and  sulphate 
of  lime.  This  deposit  is  about  one  mile  wide 
and  five  miles  in  length.  Its  depth  is  unknown. 
At  from  two  to  four  feet  below  the  surface 
water  is  encountered,  which  is  largely  impreg- 
nated with  these  minerals  and  with  chloride  of 
sodium.  Explorations  have  been  made  in 
several  places  throughout  the  deposits  by  driv- 
ing down  tubes  to  a  depth  of  from  twenty  to 
thirty  feet  without  discovering  any  change  in 
the  character  of  the  deposit. 

There  is  also  a  considerable  deposit  of 
carbonate  of  soda  near  Manzano,  in  the  county 
of  Valencia,  and  another  near  Wagon  Mound, 
in  the  county  of  Mora. 

Kaolin  and  fire  clay  have  been  found  in 
considerable  quantities  in  several  places  in  the 
Territory.  The  most  notable  deposit  of  fire 
clay  worked  to  any  considerable  extent  is 
situated  near  Socorro  in  Socorro  county. 
There  has  been  a  recent  discovery  of  a  large 
deposit  of  kaolin  and  fire  clays  in  the  suburbs 
of  Santa  Fe,  of  superior  quality.  Efforts  are 
now  being  made  to  utilize  these  clays  at  the 
Territorial  prison.  In  the  immediate  vicinity 
there  is  also  found  a  considerable  bed  of 
graphite,  and  it  is  hoped  that  in  the  near  future 
it  will  be  extensively  worked. 

Deposits  of  alum,    said  to  be  the  largest 


HISTORY  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


'43 


in  the  world,  are   found  in  Grant  county  near 
the  Gila  river. 

In  conclusion  it  is  only  necessary  to  say, 
that  New  Mexico  need  not  shrink  from  com- 
parison with  any  other  State  or  Territory  in 
the  way  of  mineral  wealth.  There  are  at 
present  102  mining  districts  scattered  over 
her  area,  and  there  is  room  and  opportunity 
for  hundreds.  New  Mexico  has  natural  re- 
sources and  riches  such  as  make  her  a  queen 
among  the  States,  and  in  some  degree  her  own 
people  are  to  blame  for  the  fact  that  she  has 
not  attained  her  true  place.  With  a  climate 
permitting  outdoor  work  the  year  round,  a 
soil  rich  in  all  that  goes  to  make  life  happy, 
and  mountains  of  mineral  scarcely  touched, 
there  is  no  reason  why  all  who  come  may  not 
secure  riches  in  many  cases,  but  in  all  a 
certainty  of  a  happy  and  comfortable  home. 

MANUFACTORIES. 

New  Mexico  has  as  yet  but  little  manufac- 
turing interest,  but  in  this  lies  the  advantage 
of  the  skilled,  thrifty  or  wealthy  immigrant.  A 
plethora  of  coal  and  iron  and  other  industrial 
metals  lies  idly  waiting  the  hand  of  the  artisan. 
For  example,  train  after  train  load  of  hides  are 
shipped  to  the  East,  while  leather  may  be 
tanned  cheaper  in  New  Mexico  than  any  other 
place  in  the  United  States. 

Millions  of  pounds  of  wool  are  sent  to 
Philadelphia  and  Boston,  to  be  bought  back  in 
the  shape  of  blankets,  etc.  Tanneries  and 
woolen  mills  are  especially  wanted.  Canning 
works  and  fruit-drying  appliances  are  needed 
to  use  the  surplus  product.  Little  by  little, 
manufactories  are  being  introduced,  but  it  will 
be  long  before  they  rival  other  branches  of  in- 
dustry in  extent  or  variety.  The  fire-clay  works 
at  Socorro,  and  the  factory  for  the  preparation 
of  canyaigre  at  Deming  are  elsewhere  de- 
scribed. At  Santa  Fe  the  manufacture  of  fili- 
gree jewelry  is  very  interesting,  and  seems  to 
be  profitable  for  those  engaged  in  it,  as  it  is 
made  very  extensively.  The  Rio  Grande 
smelter  at  Socorro  was  for  a  number  of  years 
in  active  operation,  and  was  always  kept  busy 


on  orders  from  the  Territory,  from  Arizona  and 
the  Republic  of  Mexico. 

RAILROADS. 

The  development  of  New  Mexico  was  long 
retarded  by  the  difficulty  of  travel  and  trans- 
portation, and  it  may  truthfully  be  said  that  it 
properly  began  only  with  the  introduction  of 
railroads.  On  the  i  5th  of  February,  1880,  the 
road  was  completed  to  Santa  Fe,  360  miles 
having  been  built  in  260  days  to  save  its  char- 
ter! In  a  short  time  thereafter  it  was  com- 
pleted to  El  Paso,  and  by  branch  lines  to  Dem- 
ing,  Silver  City  and  Lake  Valley.  By  connec- 
tions with  the  Atlantic  &  Pacific  it  obtained  con- 
nection with  Los  Angeles  and  San  Francisco, 
Cal.  The  Denver  &  Rio  Grande  railroad  after- 
ward pushed  into  the  Territory,  and  now  con- 
trols 200  miles  in  the  northwestern  part,  and 
has  direct  connection  with  Santa  Fe.  The 
Southern  Pacific  road  also  crosses  the  southern 
tier  of  counties  from  Arizona  to  El  Paso;  and 
the  Denver  &  Ft.  Worth  railroad  crosses  the 
northeast  corner.  According  to  the  census 
there  were  in  1889  1,326  miles  of  railroad  in 
New  Mexico,  or  one  mile  for  every  92.42 
square  miles  of  country. 

Since  that  date  the  Pecos  Valley  railroad 
has  completed  ninety-seven  miles  of  road,  and 
it  is  projected  on  to  a  junction  with  the  Santa 
Fe,  a  distance  of  1 50  miles  more.  So  that 
there  are  now  1,542  miles  of  railroad  in  actual 
operation  in  the  Territory.  It  is  since  the  ad- 
vent of  railroads  that  the  real  progress  of  New 
Mexico  has  begun.  In  1880  this  was  a  frontier 
country.  Its  resources  were  absolutely  un- 
known except  to  a  few  adventurous  spirits. 

In  1891  the  total  mileage  had  become 
1,445.45,  made  up  as  follows: 

Atchison,  Topeka  &  Santa  Pe: 

Main  line,  north  and  south  (1879-81). ..503.1 

Lamy  to  Santa  Fe  (1880) 18. 

Rincon  to  Deming  (1881) S3. 

Dillon  to  Blossburg  (1881) 5.9 

Nutt  to  Lake  Valley  (1884) 13.3 

Socorro  to  Magdalena  (1884) 27.1 

Magdalena  to  Kelley  (1885) 3.9 

San  Antonio  to  Carthag-e  (1882) 9.6 


i44 


HISTORY  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


Las  Vegas  to  Hot  Springs  (1882) 6.4 

Hot  Springs  westward  (1887) 1.9 

Silver  City  Branch 48. 

690.20 

Atlantic  &  Pacific: 

Main  line  (1881) 166.60 

Sidings  (188-) 22.25 

San  Jose  Quarry  Spur  (1888) 3.41 

192.25 

Southern  Pacific: 

Rio  Grande  to  Deming  (1881) 73.46 

Denting-  to  Arizona  line  (1880) 93.76 

167.22 

Denver  &  Rio  Grande: 

Colorado  line  to  Espanyola  (1880) 85.86 

Between  Antonito  and  Durango  (1880)  69.03 
Tres  Piedras  lumber  branch  (1888)...     2.15 

Chama  lumber  branch  (1888) 3.16 

160.47 

Denver,  Texas  &  Fort  Worth,  in  New  Mexico      83.30 
Santa  Fe  Southern,  Espanyola  to  Santa  Fe..       39.00 
Arizona   &   New  Mexico,  Lordsburg  to   Ari- 
zona line,  about 32.00 

Pecos  Valley  Railroad,  in  New  Mexico 35.00 

Trinidad  to  Catskill,  in  New  Mexico 27.00 

Silver  City  &  Northern,  in  New  Mexico 19.00 


Total 1,445.45 

SUMMARY. 

In  1880  there  were  no  towns  of  any  im- 
portance except  Santa  Fe.  Since  that  date 
Las  Vegas,  Albuquerque,  Silver  City,  Raton, 
Deming,  Eddy,  Roswell  and  Socorro  have  come 
into  notice  as  thriving  and  growing  communi- 
ties. The  urban  population  of  the  Territory 
has  increased  more  than  25,000.  In  agricul- 
ture, the  principal  industry  of  man,  great 
progress  has  been  made.  In  the  northeast  the 
Maxwell  grant  reservoirs  and  canals  have 
actually  opened  to  use  55,000  acres,  and  its 
projected  works  will  cover  1 50,000  acres  more. 
In  the  Pecos  valley,  in  the  southeast,  there  is 
an  assurance  of  500,000  acres,  fit  for  high- 
class  culture.  In  the  southwest  25,000  acres 
are  being  prepared  for  occupancy.  In  San 
Juan  county  30,000  acres  are  reclaimed,  with  a 
certain  prospect  that  over  400,000  more  may 
be  put  under  water  as  occasion  requires.  In 
the  great  central  valley  of  the  Rio  Grande 
there  are  large  projects  under  consideration, 
whose  ultimate  area  of  reclamation  cannot 
now  be  estimated.  In  a  word,  New  Mexico 
has  made  more  actual  progress  in  industry  and 


reclamation  than  any  State  or  Territory  in  the 
Rocky  mountain  or  plains  region  except  Col- 
orado, and  is  overshadowed  by '  her  neighbor 
simply  because  she  is  cut  off  from  the  benefits 
of  self-government. 

There  is  no  point  of  view  from  which  we 
can  regard  New-Mexican  affairs  without  seeing 
a  marked  advance. 

To  begin  with  agriculture,  the  acreage  in 
crops  has  been  largely  increased  all  over  the 
Territory.  If  we  turn  to  horticulture,  the  ad- 
vance is  still  more  noticeable.  In  every  sec- 
tion orchards  are  being  commenced  or  en- 
larged. Improved  systems  of  irrigation  are 
advancing  rapidly, 

The  animal  industries  are  in  a  more  satis- 
factory condition  than  for  some  years.  The 
lumber  product  is  increasing  rapidly  in  all  sec- 
tions. In  mining,  renewed  activity  prevails. 

In  short,  in  all  branches  of  practical  indus- 
try New  Mexico  is  making  rapid  and  substan- 
tial progress.  In  every  way  her  resources  are 
being  developed,  and  general  prosperity  pre- 
vails. 

As  much  as  a  Territory  can  do  has  been 
accomplished. 

Other  matter  under  the  general  head  of 
Resources  can  more  appropriately  be  given  in 
detail  under  the  heads  of  the  respective 
counties. 

UNION  COUNTY. 

Union  county  is  the  youngest  in  the  sister- 
hood of  New-Mexican  counties.  For  many 
years  the  citizens  of  the  easterly  portion  of 
Colfax,  Mora  and  San  Miguel  counties  had 
complained  of  the  great  distances  which  they 
were  obliged  to  travel  in  order  to  attend  court, 
of  their  isolation  from  the  great  body  of  the 
people  with  whom  they  were  officially  and  po- 
litically associated,  and  of  the  neglect  of  their 
interests  by  those  who  controlled  in  the  county 
government.  This  condition  of  things  was 
natural,  and  from  their  geographical  situation 
could  scarcely  be  avoided. 

On  the  other  hand,  the  interests  of  those 
living  in  this  section  of  the  three  counties  were 


HIS  TORT  OF  NE  W  MEXICO. 


'45 


essentially  identical;  they  were  nearly  all  en- 
gaged in  cattle  and  sheep  raising,  and  so  there 
naturally  arose  a  desire  that  they  should  unite 
in  one  government  under  which  their  special 
business  interests  should  be  fostered  and  not 
made  subordinate  to  any  other.  The  subject 
was  mooted  for  a  number  of  years,  as  the 
project  met  the  usual  opposition  of  the  con- 
trolling portions  of  the  counties;  but  at  last 
success  was  achieved,  and  by  an  act  of  the 
legislature,  approved  by  Governor  Prince,  Feb- 
ruary 23,  1893,  Union  county  was  formed. 
Its  organized  existence  commenced  on  the  first 
day  of  the  succeeding  year. 

Union  county  occupies  the  northeastern 
corner  of  New  Mexico,  being  bounded  on  the 
north  by  Colorado,  for  thirty-three  miles  on 
the  east  by  Oklahoma,  .south  of  which  the 
eastern  boundary  is  on  the  line  of  Texas.  Its 
total  area  is  4,126,000  acres.  Although  the 
railroad  from  Denver  to  Fort  Worth  passes 
diagonally  through  the  county  and  thus  affords 
easy  communication  in  both  directions,  yet 
Union  is  and  always  will  be  a  rural  and  chiefly  a 
pastoral  and  agricultural  county,  with  a  popu- 
lation quite  evenly  distributed  and  without  any 
very  large  town.  The  topography  is  some- 
what diversified.  Mountains  and  hills  covered 
with  timber  occupy  the  northern  and  western 
portions  of  the  county;  thence  they  slope 
gradually  into  valley  lands,  which  sink  into 
grass-covered  mesas,  and  roll  on  into  the  plains 
of  the  Panhandle  of  Texas.  On  the  Cimarron, 
Tramperos  and  Ute  creeks  are  valuable  tracts 
of  cedar  and  pine.  These  have  not  been 
touched,  except  to  supply  a  small  amount  of 
fuel  for  domestic  purposes.  These  creeks  fur- 
nish ample  power  for  sawmills.  The  northern 
part  of  the  county  is  covered  with  a  net-work 
of  small  creeks;  while  in  the  southern  and  cen- 
tral part  Ute  creek  and  the  Canadian  afford 
considerable  bodies  of  land  for  irrigation. 

At  present  the  efforts  of  the  people  are 
mostly  confined  to  the  raising  of  cattle  and 
sheep.  The  range  is  ample  and  covered  with 
abundant  grass.  A  careful  estimate  shows 

that  there  are    100,000  head   of  cattle  in  the 
10 


county,  many  of  which  are  highly  bred,  and 
the  general  average  of  the  range  cattle  has 
been  so  much  improved  that  the  highest  mar- 
ket prices  are  always  obtained.  Besides  these 
cattle  there  are  over  5,000  head  of  horses  and 
mules.  These  are  largely  raised  for  shipment 
to  Eastern  markets,  where,  on  account  of  their 
excellence  of  blood  and  form,  they  find  a  ready 
sale  at  high  prices. 

Sheep-raising  is  the  most  extensive  industry. 
From  Clayton  alone  the  shipments  of  wool  are 
in  excess  of  2,000,000  pounds  annually;  and  in 
addition  large  clips  find  a  way  to  market  from 
other  points.  A  careful  estimate  puts  the  num- 
ber of  sheep  at  350,000  head.  The  number  is 
increasing,  and  the  grade  of  the  flocks  is  con- 
stantly growing  better.  There  are  few,  if  any, 
counties  that  afford  such  excellent  opportuni- 
ties for  sheep-raising.  Grass  and  water  are 
easily  found,  and  the  result  is  a  heavy,  fine 
fleece,  and  a  large  carcass  when  the  animal  is 
killed  for  mutton. 

As  the  sheep  and  wool  industry  throughout 
the  Territory  is  of  such  great  importance,  the 
following  table  is  inserted  here,  containing  the 
names  of  thirty-seven  owners  of  sheep  in  the 
central  portion  of  Union  county,  the  part 
formerly  in  Mora  county,  with  the  number  of 
sheep  owned  by  each,  the  wool  clip  and  the 
actual  increase  of  lambs,  in  a  single  year: 


NAME. 

SHEEP. 

WOOL,. 

LAMBS. 

Lake  Ranch  Cattle  Co 

10  000 

75  000 

4  ooo 

Romero  &  Garcia  

4  500 

22  500 

2  000 

Celso  Lopez  

1,000 

3,000 

600 

Nicanor  Romero 

700 

2  000 

300 

Romualdo  Baca  

1,900 

4  500 

1  200 

Cruz  Gotizales  

500 

2,500 

500 

Jesus  Chaves 

3  000 

9  000 

2  000 

Romualdo  Gonzales   .    . 

3,000 

16,000 

2,000 

Lujan  &  Pinard.  .  .        

26,000 

112,000 

11,000 

Juan  Rodriguez  

1,200 

6,500 

800 

Pantaleon  Anaya  

1  500 

6,500 

800 

Luciano  Solano  

1,500 

6,500 

800 

John  Tixin.   .    . 

3  500 

15  000 

2  000 

Leonardo  Vigil  

1  400 

3,000 

900 

Sixto  Apodaca  

2,000 

7,000 

1,000 

Guadalupe  Montoy  a  

500 

2,000 

400 

Fabian  Chavez               

800 

2,500 

400 

Jose  Manuel  Gonzales  &  Bros. 
Baca  Brothers 

4,000 
17  000 

20,000 
68,000 

1,600 
7  000 

Leonardo  Vigil  

1,500 

4,500 

1,000 

Valentin  Montoy  a  

800 

2,500 

600 

Juan  Montoya          .    . 

600 

1,800 

400 

146 


HIS  TORT  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


NAME. 

SHEEP. 

WOOL. 

LAMBS. 

Juan  Vigil.                           

2,000 

7,000 

1,000 

Donaciano  Vigil  

2,500 

9,000 

1,300 

Leon  Shaw  

6,000 

35,000 

3,000 

Gaudalupe  L/ovato         .... 

2  000 

8  000 

1,400 

Abelino  Garcia    

4,000 

16,000 

1,500 

Telesfor  Gonzales  . 

4  500 

16  000 

1,800 

Luis  F.  Garcia. 

12  000 

65  000 

7,000 

Jose  Manuel  Garcia           

2,000 

10,000 

1,300 

Francisco  Garcia  

2,200 

9,000 

1,000 

Maxixno  Garcia 

2  500 

10  000 

1,400 

Jose  de  la  \  ,\\/,  Garcia 

2,000 

9,000 

1,300 

Francisco  Miera  

1,800 

7,000 

1,000 

Agapito  Padia 

1  600 

3  200 

800 

Juan  Rodriguez,  Sr 

4  000 

12,000 

2,000 

Prisiliano  Martinez  .... 

4,000 

16,000 

1,500 

Total  .  . 

140.000 

(.25.  (.1)0 

67,600 

This  is  interesting  as  showing  the  manner 
in  which  the  business  is  divided  among  the 
large  and  small  owners,  ranging  as  these  flocks 
do  from  500  sheep  to  over  25,000;  the  variation 
in  the  amount  of  wool,  from  3j  to  7^  pounds 
from  each  sheep,  with  an  average  of  about 
4.3  pounds;  and  the  difference  in  the  percent- 
age of  lambs,  varying  from  40  to  100  per  cent. 
While  local  causes  and  difference  in  season  re- 
sult in  considerable  variations  in  the  diverse 
sections  of  the  Territory,  yet  these  figures,  pre- 
pared with  much  care  by  a  thoroughly  informed 
sheep-raiser  of  the  vicinity,  form  as  good  a 
criterion  as  we  can  well  have,  of  the  condition 
of  the  business  in  New  Mexico,  on  a  general 
average  of  years  and  localities. 

Farming  by  irrigation  is  carried  on  to  a 
limited  extent,  but  at  present  the  spread  of 
cultivation  is  limited  to  individual  homesteads 
and  ranches,  and  will  not  cover  more  than  a 
few  thousand  acres.  Large  works  have  been 
planned  to  reclaim  the  lands  on  the  Montoya 
grant  and  Baca  Location  No.  2. 

It  should  be  added  that  good  indications  of 
coal  are  found  In  the  northern  part,  and  valu- 
able stone  for  building  purposes  is  to  be  had 
wherever  required.  But  it  is  probable  that  the 
chief  wealth  of  Union  county  will  always  be 
found  in  its  pastoral  industries,  its  flocks  and 
its  herds. 

The  Denver  &  Fort  Worth  Railroad, — now 
the  Denver  &  Gulf  division  of  the  Union  Pacific 
Railroad, — runs  diagonally  through  the  north 


of  the  county.  Clayton,  the  county  seat,  is 
on  this  railroad  near  the  Texas  line;  and  Fol- 
som,  another  fair-sized  town,  is  near  the  Col- 
orado line.  South  of  these  in  the  central  part 
of  the  county,  are  several  villages  recently 
named  for  the  leading  citizens,  as  Garcia, 
Baca,  Miera,  Gallegos,  etc.,  but  they  are  little 
more  than  hamlets,  each  with  a  postoffice. 
Tequesquite  is  an  older  town  and  was  for 
many  years  the  center  of  business  in  eastern 
Mora  county. 

COLFAX    COUNTY. 

Bordering  on  Colorado,  and  extending  east- 
ward from  the  summit  of  the  Rocky  mountains 
to  the  boundary  line  of  Union  county,  lies  the 
county  of  Colfax.  It  may  be  noted  that  while 
the  original  counties  of  New  Mexico  have  Span- 
ish or  Indian  names,  those  which  were  formed 
soon  after  the  war  bear  the  names  of  Lincoln, 
Grant  and  Colfax. 

You  enter  Colfax  county  as  you  ride  into 
the  Territory  on  a  train  from  the  East,  as  soon 
as  you  pass  through  the  Raton  tunnel,  for  the 
Raton  range  of  mountains  practically  forms 
the  northern  boundary  of  the  county,  although 
the  real  boundary  is  a  parallel  of  latitude.  En- 
thusiastic New-Mexicans  insist  that  there  is  a 
vast  difference  between  the  two  ends  of  the 
tunnel,  and  when  you  emerge  at  its  southern 
extremity  into  the  "  Land  .of  Perpetual  Sun- 
shine" you  find  the  sun  much  brighter,  the  air 
much  purer,  the  moon  much  larger  and  the 
stars  far  greater  in  number  than  on  the  north- 
ern side!  Be  this  as  it  may,  Colfax  county 
is  becoming  quite  a  resort  for  invalids  as  well 
as  the  chosen  home  of  business  men  looking 
for  pleasant  homes  and  material  prosperity. 
There  is  a  charm  in  the  climate  of  Colfax 
county,  which  none  better  appreciate  than  those 
who  having  once  lived  here  seek  to  make  their 
abode  in  the  States.  The  dryness  and  purity 
of  the  atmosphere  creates  a  perfect  physical 
life,  and  produces  a  wonderful  feeling  of  ex- 
hilaration. With  all  the  advantages  of  dry- 
ness  of  atmosphere  and  of  altitude  this  coun- 
ty, lying  directly  south  of  Colorado, — four  de- 


HIS  TO flT  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


'47 


grees  south  of  Denver, — possesses  a  much 
milder  climate  through  the  winter  months  than 
that  State;  and  the  Raton  mountains  and  the 
high  mesas  adjoining,  extending  the  whole 
length  of  the  county  along  the  northern  bound- 
ary, afford  excellent  protection  from  the  winds 
of  the  North. 

A  very  large  part  of  the  county  is  included 
in  the  "Maxwell  Grant,"  the  largest  tract  of 
land  in  the  country  held  in  a  single  ownership. 
This  was  a  grant  of  land  made  by  the  Mexican 
governor  to  Beaubien  and  Miranda,  for  the 
purposes  of  colonization,  half  a  century  ago, 
when  it  had  no  inhabitant  but  the  nomadic 
Indian.  It  embraces  the  enormous  area  of 
i ,  800,  ooo  acres,  and  after  occupying  a  consider- 
able strip  in  Colorado,  extends  for  forty  miles 
along  the  railroad  in  New  Mexico,  and  west- 
ward to  the  summit  of  the  Rocky  mountains. 
Its  owners  control  the  destiny  of -so  large  a  por- 
tion of  Colfax  county  that  it  is  impossible  to 
speak  of  the  latter  without  referring  to  the 
former. 

For  some  time  Maxwell,  an  old-time  fron- 
tiersman, lived  in  a  semi-barbaric  state  at  Cim- 
arron,  surrounded  by  Indians  and  white  men, 
to  whom  his  word  was  law.  Then  the  grant 
was  sold  to  the  English,  who  viewed  it  as  a 
kind  of  principality,  and  sent  a  sort  of  viceroy 
to  rule  it  from  his  capital.  There  were  "  high 
jinks  "  in  Cimarron  in  those  gala  days,  when 
every  servant  of  "the  company"  rode  in  a 
carriage,  and  money  was  spent  like  water. 
But  all  this  did  not  tend  to  any  real  develop- 
ment,— certainly  not  according  to  American 
ideas,  which  look  to  the  occupation  of  small 
tracts  as  homes  as  the  ideal  system  of  improve- 
ment. 

Now  a  new  era  has  come.  The  present 
owners  understand  that  only  by  division  into 
small  holdings,  and  by  absolute  individual 
ownership  can  it  be  properly  settled  and  its  re- 
sources developed,  and  they  are  proceeding  act- 
ively and  intelligently  to  carry  out  that  idea. 
The  county  contains  such  a  variety  of  re- 
sources and  conditions  as  to  make  this  quite  a 
difficult  task.  About  one-half  of  the  lands  of 


the  county  are  prairie,  lying  in  the  southern 
and  eastern  portion,  while  the  northern  and 
western  portion  consists  of  mesas,  or  table- 
lands, and  high  hills  and  mountains.  The 
mountain  range,  which  forms  the  western 
boundary,  is  a  continuation  of  the  Sangre  de 
Cristo  range,  and  in  the  northern  part  of  the 
county  the  mountains  are  called  the  Vermejo 
Peaks,  and  in  the  southern  portion  the  Taos 
range.  Some  of  these  mountain  peaks  are 
12,000  feet  and  more  in  height. 

The  soil  throughout  both  prairie  and  moun- 
tains is  unusually  deep,  and  capable  of  pro- 
ducing immense  crops. 

In  the  western  half  of  the  county  we  count 
the  following  streams,  the  valleys  of  which' 
afford  the  most  natural  farming  lands:  The 
Sweetwater,  with  a  farming  valley  twenty 
miles  long;  the  Rayado,  length  of  farming 
valley  twenty  miles;  the  Cirnarroncito  farming 
valley  is  twelve  miles;  the  farming  valley  of 
the  Cimarron  is  thirty-two  miles  long,  and  in 
places  is  two  miles  wide;  the  Ponyil  farming 
valley  is  twenty-five  miles  long;  the  farming 
valley  of  the  Vermejo  is  a  very  beautiful  one, 
and  is  forty  miles  long;  the  entire  length  of  the 
Red  river  through  the  county  exceeds  seventy- 
five  miles;  the  length  of  its  valley  on  the 
prairie  is  some  fifty  miles,  but  its  volume  of 
water  is  not  proportionate.  The  valleys  of 
the  Unya  de  Gato  and  Chicarica  are  very 
beautiful,  and  each  is  about  fifteen  miles  long. 
All  of  these  streams  usually  have  plenty  of 
water,  and  the  soil  is  as  rich  and  mellow  as  can 
be  found.  In  the  mountains  there  is  in  the 
Moreno  valley,  Ute  valley,  Valle  de  Piedra, 
and  Ponyil  and  Vermejo  parks  much  fine  farm- 
ing land,  in  which  the  best  wheat,  potatoes, 
beets,  cabbage,  carrots,  parsnips,  turnips,  arti- 
chokes, etc.,  are  grown.  Indeed,  for  the  vege- 
tables mentioned,  the  climate  and  soil  of  the 
mountains  are  preferable.  In  the  production 
of  many  vegetables  this  country  excels,  es- 
pecially in  onions,  beets  and  cabbage.  We 
have  seen  onions  grown  here  which  were  seven 
inches  in  diameter  and  weighed  four  pounds 
each,  and  the  delicacy  of  their  flavor  gives 


148 


HISTORY  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


them  peculiar  excellence.  Irish  potatoes  grow 
remarkably  well  throughout  the  mountains. 
Four  hundred  bushels  to  the  acre  have  been 
frequently  raised,  and  200  bushels  is  an  aver- 
age crop.  These  potatoes  are  very  fine,  and 
the  amount  of  potato  land  is  practically  un- 
limited. 

Many  wells  are  being  dug,  especially  in  the 
prairies  in  the  eastern  part  of  the  county,  and 
in  most  instances  plenty  of  good  water  has 
been  found  at  twelve  to  fifty  feet. 

The  prairie  portion  of  the  county  is  de- 
voted largely  to  grazing  purposes  for  herds  of 
cattle  and  sheep.  The  valleys  along  the  water 
courses  are  farmed  to  a  considerable  extent  by 
means  of  irrigation,  more  particularly  on  the 
prairies  adjoining  the  mountains,  where  large 
irrigating  systems  have  lately  been  constructed, 
of  which  more  will  soon  be  said. 

The  mountain  portion  of  the  county  is  also 
admirably  adapted  to  the  growing  of  cattle  and 
sheep,  and  throughout  the  parks  which  abound 
in  the  mountains  some  of  the  choicest  farming 
land  in  the  whole  county  is  to  be  found, 

There  is  an  abundance  of  timber  in  the 
county  for  the  purposes  of  building  and  fuel, 
there  being  probably  at  least  400,000  acres  of 
good  yellow  pine,  whilst  there  is  a  larger  area 
covered  with  the  pinyon  and  cedar.  Colfax 
county  is  fortunately  situated  with  reference  to 
fuel,  and  must  soon  become  the  supply  depot 
in  this  respect  for  the  vast  region  of  prairie 
country,  stretching  from  our  mesas  to  the 
lignite  coal  fields  of  Kansas.  There  is  a 
practically  inexhaustible  supply  of  fine  bitu- 
minous coal  in  Colfax,  which  is  good  for  al- 
most all  purposes;  it  is  as  fine  a  steam  coal  as 
can  be  found,  and  at  the  same  time  it  is  highly 
prized  as  a  domestic  fuel;  and  its  commercial 
value  is  greatly  increased  from  the  fact  that  it 
is  an  excellent  coking  coal.  There  are  many 
acres  of  such  coal  in  the  county,  that  will 
average  a  vein  over  five  feet  thick;  the  mines 
now  being  worked  run,  on  an  average,  six 
feet. 

In  the  west   among  the  mountains,  lies  the 
well  known  gold  region  around  Elizabethtown 


and  the  Aztec  mine,  which  first  attracted 
population  to  this  region.  The  streams  abound 
in  placer  gold,  and  the  same  is  found  in  large 
areas  of  gravel,  from  which  it  has  not  been 
extracted  on  account  of  the  lack  of  water  or 
the  absence  of  sufficient  fall  to  permit  of  work- 
ing by  ordinary  processes. 

The  Aztec  mine,  in  its  time,  was  the  most 
famous  of  the  southwest,  and  probably  still 
contains  vast  stores  of  gold.  No  doubt  there 
are  scores  of  localities  of  equal  riches  and 
value,  but  the  existence  of  the  "  grant "  has 
served  to  deter  miners  and  prospectors  from 
making  careful  examinations,  as  they  are  pre- 
judiced against  any  properties  not  on  the 
public  domain,  no  matter  how  liberal  the  offers 
made  by  the  owners  may  be.  Recent  new 
discoveries  have  shown  what  is  to  be  expected 
from  thorough  and  systematic  prospecting. 
Even  as  it  is,  about  $3,500,000  in  gold  has 
been  extracted  from  Mother  Earth  in  Colfax 
county.  Silver,  copper,  lead  and  plumbago 
are  also  found,  but  thus  far  in  limited  quanti- 
ties. 

In  the  vast  area  of  its  coal  beds,  however, 
Colfax  county  will  in  the  future  find  its  great- 
est commercial  importance.  There  are  in  this 
county  some  600,000  acres  of  coal  land, 
which,  for  all  commercial  purposes,  compares 
well  with  the  best  soft  coal  of  Pennsylvania. 
The  following  analysis  of  the  coal  was  made 
from  specimens  taken  from  near  its  surface  by 
Frank  E.  Nipher,  professor  of  physics  and 
chemistry  in  the  Washington  University,  of  St. 
Louis: 


Fuel—  100 

Specific 
Gravity. 

Ls.  av. 
Cu£eIFt. 

Mois- 
ture. 

Ash. 

Cnlol 
Of 

Ash. 

Coke. 

Total 
Vola- 
tile. 

Top 
Middle 
Bottom. 

1,345 
1,368 
1,388 

84.0 
85.4 
86.7 

2.0 
3.1 
2.6 

9.3 
10.4 
15.6 

Brown 
Pink 
White 

60.9 
61.9 
63.1 

39.1 
38.1 
36.9 

Av'ge. 

1,367 

85.36 

2.57 

11.70 

(.1.96 

38.03 

The  coking  coal  of  Trinidad,  Colorado, 
has  sixty-eight  per  cent,  of  coke,  and  as  it  is 
in  the  same  geological  formation  as  ours,  there 
is  no  doubt  but  that  this  coal  averages  about 
the  same  where  it  is  free  from  atmospheric  in- 


HISTORY  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


149 


fluence.  A  little  coal  of  a  semi-anthracite 
nature  has  been  found,  but  the  formation  is 
nearly  all  bituminous.  On  the  surface  the 
veins  vary  in  width  from  one  to  seven  feet.  In 
connection  with  the  large  deposits  of  iron  ore 
found  here  the  coal  may  also  prove  of  great 
use.  There  is,  on  the  eastern  slope  of  the 
Moreno  valley,  a  mountain  of  iron  ore  pro- 
nounced by  experts  to  be  of  first-class  quality  for 
smelting.  In  the  mountains  at  the  head  of  the 
Cimarroncito  it  is  found  of  superior  quality  and 
practically  unlimited  in  quantity.  In  the 
neighborhood  of  Raton — the  first  station  of  the 
Atchison,  Topeka  &  Santa  Fe  south  of  the 
Raton  mountains — a  lower  grade  of  iron  ore  is 
found  in  connection  with  the  coal  beds.  On  the 
Vermejo  this  low  grade  ore  is  also  found.  No- 
dular ore  is  found  here  always  in  connection 
with  the  coal  strata.  It  might  be  well  to  note, 
that  as  manganese  is  found  in  the  county  in 
large  quantities,  the  manufacture  of  Bessemer 
steel  could  be  carried  on  here  to  advantage. 

Raton  and  Blossburg  are  the  centers  of 
this  business  as  at  present  conducted,  and  are 
both  flourishing  in  all  material  directions. 
During  1892  from  these  two  points  there  were 
shipped  244,995  tons  of  coal,  and  303  miners 
were  kept  in  constant  employment.  In  the  first 
eight  months  of  1893,  245,907  tons  were 
shipped.  This  coal  is  sold  in  carload  lots  at 
from  $1.00  to  $1.50  per  ton,  and  retails  in  the 
towns  of  Coif  ax  county  at  from  $1.50  to 
$3.00  per  ton. 

The  cattle  and  sheep  business  formed  the 
principal  industry  of  the  county  for  many 
years;  but  with  the  incoming  of  the  granger 
element  and  the  depreciation  of  the  values  of 
of  cattle,  these  industries  are  not  now  so  con- 
spicuous as  they  were  a  few  years  ago,  and  the 
tendency  is  to  take  better  care  of  the  herds, 
though  they  be  fewer  in  number;  and  those 
stock-growers  who  are  providing  feed  to  assist 
the  weakly  ones  through  the  winter  are  the 
ones  who  are  having  best  success.  In  this  re- 
spect the  cattle  business  has  undergone  a  great 
change  in  the  past  few  years.  The  reckless 
and  extravagant  ' '  open  range  "  business,  which 


flourished  in  the  flush  times  of  '83  and  '84  has 
entirely  subsided,  and  the  prosperous  cattle 
man  is  now  the  one  who  is  also  a  farmer.  To 
his  class  a  most  prosperous  business  is  pre- 
sented in  Colfax  county.  It  is  not  necessary 
to  have  an  immense  herd,  but  a  good  herd, 
well  taken  care  of,  promises  to  be,  from  this 
time  on,  as  profitable  as  it  ever  was. 

Turning  from  the  pastoral  to  the  agricul- 
tural, Colfax  county  presents  many  attractions 
to  the  farmer;  for  whatever  he  raises  he  is 
sure  of  a  good  cash  market,  while  the  amount 
and  quality  of  the  crop  produced  will  compare 
favorably  with  that  of  any  State  in  the  Union. 

All  the  products  of  the  temperate  zone 
thrive  in  this  county.  -  The  deciduous  fruits 
prosper  and  their  product  has  a  fine  flavor  and 
appearance.  Vegetables  of  all  sorts  grow  to  a 
remarkable  size.  It  may  sound  like  a  rather 
large  story,  but  it  is  true,  that  a  cabbage  of 
forty  .pounds  is  quite  a  common  thing  here, 
whilst  heads  weighing  twenty-five  pounds  each 
are  ordinary  market  cabbages.  In  the  growth 
of  all  classes  of  roots  great  success  is  found. 

The  orchards  are  a  great  feature  in  this 
county.  That  of  Hon.  M.  W.  Mills,  near 
Springer,  is  the  oldest  and  largest  orchard  in 
the  Territory,  which  embraces  all  kinds  of 
fruits  grown  in  this  region.  There  are  older 
orchards  exclusively  of  apples,  but  Mr.  Mills 
cultivates  the  entire  range  of  fruits  from  early 
apricots  and  peaches  through  the  whole  line  of 
plums  and  pears  to  the  latest  winter  apples. 
His  orchard  is  east  of  the  railroad.  Other 
large  orchards  are  those  of  Dawson,  Chase  and 
Dane  in  the  valley  of  the  Vermejo,  west  of  the 
railroad.  The  fruit  raised  here  is  of  admirable 
size  and  quality. 

The  lumber  industry  in  this  county  is  im- 
portant. The  slopes  of  the  Raton,  Sangre  de 
Cristo  and  Taos  mountains  contain  nearly  half 
a  million  acres  of  merchantable  timber,  prin- 
cipally of  yellow  pine  and  cedar.  The  Union 
Pacific  has  lately  pushed  a  branch  line  down 
the  Red  river  from  Trinidad,  Colorado,  into  the 
breast  of  this  rich  timber  belt.  Eight  large 
sawmills  are  now  at  work  at  Catskill,  and 


HIS  TORT  Of  NEW  MEXICO. 


the  output  is  reckoned  at  over  30,000,000  feet 
of  lumber  per  annum. 

Just  south  of  Springer,  and  close  to  the 
railroad,  are  large  deposits  of  cement  of  a  very 
superior  quality.  These  are  now  being  worked 
systematically,  and  their  product  finds  a  mar- 
ket east  as  well  as  west. 

Artesian  flows  of  water  are  found  in  various 
parts  of  the  country,  and  no  doubt  deeper  bor- 
ing will  develop  many  more.  There  are  im- 
portant artesian  wells  now  in  operation  in  the 
vicinity  of  Springer.  This  brings  us  again  to 
the  irrigation  enterprise  before  referred  to. 

The  Maxwell  Grant  Company  has  con- 
structed two  systems  of  ditches,  both  of  large 
extent,  known  respectively  as  the  Springer  and 
the  Vermejo  systems.  The  area  irrigated  by 
the  former  is  22,000  acres.  Its  ditches  take 
their  water  from  the  Cimarron  just  beyond  the 
mouth  of  the  Ponyil  river.  Six  miles  beyond 
the  head-gate  the  canal  divides  into  two  main 
laterals.  The  grade  of  the  main  canal  is  five 
and  a  half  feet  to  the  mile,  twenty  feet  wide 
on  the  bottom  and  four  feet  deep;  at  the  water 
surface  it  is  about  forty  feet  wide.  Besides 
the  direct  drainage  of  the  Cimarron  and  Ponyil 
rivers  the  water  of  the  Springer  ditch  is  rein- 
forced by  the  flow  of  other  streams,  altogether 
taking  up  the  drainage  of  forty  miles  of  the 
Taos  and  Sangre  de  Cristo  mountains. 

The  Springer  canals  do  not,  however,  de- 
pend alone  upon  the  flow  of  the  rivers.  The 
management  of  these  ditches  has  constructed 
a  series  of  reservoirs  along  the  line  of  the 
canals.  The  Springer  lake  reservoir  has  a  ca- 
pacity of  5,000  acre  feet,  and  besides  this 
there  are  four  smaller  reservoirs,  aggregating 
1,200  acre  feet.  An  acre  foot  is  twelve  inches 
deep  of  water  over  an  acre  of  ground,  and  is 
sufficient,  if  properly  applied,  to  irrigate  a 
crop. 

The  Vermejo  system  is  even  larger  and 
will  irrigate  30,000  acres.  The  head-gate  of 
the  canals  is  situated  above  Dawson,  on  the 
Vermejo  river,  a  stream  which  rises  in  the  an- 
gle of  the  Sangre  de  Cristo  mountains  and  is 
fed  by  a  perpetual  flow  of  the  melted  snow 


from  their  crests  and  deep  canyons.  The 
main  canal  is  the  same  size  and  depth  as  the 
Springer  works,  and  there  are  also  twenty  res- 
ervoirs along  the  lines  of  the  canals.  The 
largest  holds  1 1,000  acre  feet  of  water. 

Two  others,  Oyster  lake  and  Laguna 
Madre,  contain  3,000  and  2,000  acre  feet,  re- 
spectively; the  seventeen  others  are  rather 
small  and  impound  a  total  of  4, 200  acre  feet. 
This  storage  capacity  is  many  times  increased 
by  reason  of  the  fact  that  they  may  be  drained 
and  refilled  several  times  during  the  season. 

The  construction  of  this  system  of  ditches 
is  similar  to  the  Springer  works.  Both  have 
the  same  grade,  and  after  a  few  miles  from  the 
headgate  divide  into  two  main  laterals  which 
distribute  the  waters  to  the  fields.  The  ca- 
pacity of  this  ditch  may  be  greatly  increased 
by  extending  the  ditches  to  the  north  and  east. 
It  is  also  proposed  to  build  a  dam  in  the  Ver- 
mejo river,  at  the  junction  of  the  Caliente 
river,  about  fifteen  miles  above  the  present 
head-gate.  This  will  hold  5,000  acre  feet,  and 
may  be  refilled  repeatedly  during  each  year  by 
the  successive  floods. 

Besides  these  two  completed  systems  sev- 
eral others  are  in  contemplation,  and  the 
amount  of  water  coming  down  from  the  moun- 
tains, and  the  conformation  of  the  land,  make 
it  practicable  to  extend  the  work  of  irrigation 
very  largely  in  this  county. 

The  most  important  of  these  reservoirs, 
however,  is  the  big  lake  on  the  Springer  sys- 
tem. According  to  the  surveys  3,500  acres 
will  be  submerged  from  the  collected  waters  of 
the  Cimarron  and  the  Cieneguilla,  to  an  aver- 
age depth  of  forty-five  feet.  The  dam  is  lo- 
cated about  thirty  miles  northwest  of  the  pres- 
ent head-gate  of  the  Springer  ditch,  and  the 
Cimarron  river  bed  will  be  used  as  a  water 
way  for  that  distance.  The  dimensions  of  the 
dam  are  100  feet  long  on  the  bottom,  275 
long  on  the  crest  and  140  feet  high,  and  will 
contain  312,000  cubic  yards  of  material.  It 
will  irrigate  160,000  acres  of  land. 

Springer  is  the  county  seat,  and  has  about 
a  thousand  inhabitants.  It  is  well  situated,  on 


HIS  TORT  OF  NE  W  MEXICO. 


the  Cimarron  river  at  the  crossing  of  the  rail- 
road, and  was  laid  out  by  the  receiver  of  the 
Maxwell  grant,  when  the  railroad  was  first 
built.  The  grant  people  named  it  Maxwell, 
but  the  railroad  officials  called  the  station 
Springer,  the  post  office  followed  the  name  of 
the  station,  and  so  the  original  name  became 
obsolete. 

It  has  fine  water  works  for  domestic  supply, 
and  is  under  the  big  irrigation  system  of  the 
same  name.  It  is  the  market  of  about  25,000 
acres  of  land  under  irrigation,  and  will  un- 
questionably become  a  town  of  importance 
and  wealth.  The  county  court  house  is  com- 
modious and  excellently  adapted  to  business. 
During  the  past  summer  a  school  house,  cost- 
ing $10,000,  has  been  erected. 

Raton,  just  south  of  the  Raton  range,  and 
the  celebrated  tunnel,  is  the  most  northerly 
town  on  the  railroad  in  New  Mexico,  and  can- 
not fail  to  give  a  good  first  impression  to  those 
who  are  just  entering  the  Territory.  It  is 
largely  a  "railroad  town,"  as  the  largest  rail- 
road machine  shops  south  of  Topeka  are  at 
this  point.  The  population  is  somewhat  over 
3,000  people,  and  the  town  is  as  flourishing  as 
any  in  the  Territory.  More  actual  money  is 
disbursed  here  and  at  Blossburg  for  pay  of  em- 
ployes than  in  any  other,  and  this  makes  busi- 
ness of  all  kinds  good.  New  houses  are  con- 
stantly being  erected,  and  the  growth  is 
healthy  as  well  as  rapid. 

The  people  are  public-spirited  and  wide- 
awake; and  among  other  public  improvements 
may  be  mentioned  splendid  water-works  and 
service,  and  a  public-school  building  costing 
$15,  ooo. 

The  elevation  is  6,668  feet,  and  as  Raton 
lies  in  a  sheltered  nook  of  the  mountains,  the 
climate  is  mild  and  equable  during  both  winter 
and  summer. 

A  few  miles  from  Raton  is  situated  the  min- 
ing town  of  Blossburg,  with  over  1,800  in- 
habitants. Large  coal  mines  are  now  in  opera- 
tion, and  during  1892  there  were  shipped  from 
this  point  and  Raton  244,995  tons  of  coal;  and 
303  miners  were  kept  in  constant  employment. 


In  the  first  eight  months  of  1893,  245, 907  tons 
were  shipped.  This  coal  is  sold  in  carload  lots 
at  from  $i  to  $1.50  per  ton,  and  retails  in  the 
towns  of  Colfax  county  at  from  $1.50  to  $3 
per  ton.  As  stated  above  this  coal  deposit 
covers  500,000  acres. 

Maxwell  City  is  on  the  railroad,  midway 
between  Raton  and  Springer.  It  is  a  new 
town,  laid  out  and  projected  by  the  Maxwell 
Grant  Company  as  the  headquarters  of  their 
operations  and  the  location  of  their  central 
offices,  and  contains  at  present  about  200 
people.  Adjacent  to  it  is  the  great  stock  and 
grain  farm  of  the  grant  company,  comprising 
over  4,000  acres. 

Cimarron  was  the  old  county  seat,  and  is 
even  better  known  as  the  headquarters  of  the 
Maxwell  grant  in  the  days  of  Maxwell  him- 
self, of  the  "English  Company,"  and  of  the 
Dutch  Company,  when  their  representative 
was  Mr.  Sherwin.  Those  were  all  "flush 
times,"  and  the  town  flourished  accordingly. 
At  the  same  time  it  was  the  scene  of  many 
murders  and  outrages,  and  the  hotel  dining- 
room  is  still  an  object  of  much  curiosity  and 
interest  on  account  of  the  number  of  bullet 
holes  in  the  walls,  each  of  which  has  its  his- 
tory. The  town  is  beautifully  situated  in  the 
foot-hills. 

Elizabethtown  was  the  first  county  seat, 
and  at  that  time  was  the  scene  of  a  great 
mining  boom.  Placer  gold  was  readily  panned 
out,  and  prospectors  and  miners  came  by  the 
hundred  to  obtain  their  share  of  the  new  riches. 
The  camp  is  still  a  regular  producer,  varying 
very  little  in  its  output  year  by  year,  and  in 
the  aggregate  has  added  a  very  large  amount 
to  the  gold  treasure  of  the  world. 

MORA    COUNTY. 

Mora  county  originally  included  all  the 
northeast  of  New  Mexico,  but  has  gradually 
been  reduced  to  its  present  area.  Colfax 
county  bounds  it  on  the  north,  Union  on  the 
east,  San  Miguel  on  the  south  and  the  Rocky 
mountains  on  the  west. 

The  total  area  is  1,618,000  acres,  of  which 


HIS  TOR  r  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


1,200,000  acres  are  fit  for  agriculture  or  pas- 
turage. About  three-fourths  of  its  surface  con- 
sists of  prairie,  which  from  a  height  of  4,000 
feet  at  the  eastern  border  gradually  ascends 
westward  to  the  base  of  the  mountain  ranges, 
until  an  altitude  of  about  7,000  feet  is  reach- 
ed, while  the  highest  peaks  in  the  mountains 
attain  altitudes  of  from  10,000  to  12,000 
feet.  The  western  half  of  the  county  is  a 
beautiful  farming  country.  On  the  west  it  is 
protected  from  high  winds  by  the  main  range 
of  the  Rocky  mountains.  Within  the  main 
valley  flows  the  Mora,  the  Coyote,  Cebolla, 
La  Jara  and  Sapello,  each  one  of  which  runs 
through  a  fertile  valley  of  its  own.  The  prai- 
ries are  covered  with  gama  and  blue-joint 
grass,  the  latter  being  liable  to  drive  out  the 
former,  but  making  a  superior  hay. 

Agriculture  is  carried  on  by  using  the  water 
of  streams  for  irrigating;  as  many  natural  de- 
pressions and  basins  exist  on  the  plains,  advan- 
tage has  been  taken  of  these  circumstances 
and  water  let  into  them,  forming  artificial  lakes, 
in  which  not  only  fish  are  raised,  but  which 
also  serve  the  perhaps  more  profitable  purpose 
of  irrigation  or  for  supplying  water  to  stock 
ranges  distant  from  the  streams. 

The  banks  of  the  water  courses  bear  cot- 
tonwood,  elder,  wild  plums,  cherries,  etc.  In 
the  central  portion  of  the  plains  are  found 
scattering  pinyon  and  cedar,  and  on  entering 
the  foothills  these  become  of  considerable  size, 
and  the  foothills  are  covered  with  pine  timber 
of  large  growth  and  much  value. 

Wheat  is  generally  sown  in  the  spring,  and 
yields  on  an  average  twenty-five  bushels  to  the 
acre,  and  frequently  in  the  vicinity  of  the 
mountains  much  more.  Winter  wheat  has 
been  tried  and  did  far  better  than  spring  wheat, 
but  can  only  be  cultivated  in  inclosed  fields,  as 
our  laws  permit  stock  of  all  kinds  to  run  at 
large  from  the  latter  part  of  October  until 
spring.  Messrs.  S.  B.  Watrous  &  Son  sowed 
some  years  ago  thirteen  and  a  half  pounds  of 
winter  wheat  and  harvested  1,975  pounds. 
The  oats  raised  here  are  of  an  excellent  qual- 
ity, the  yield  being  forty  bushels  to  the  acre  in 


ordinary  years.  A  bushel  weighs  from  forty- 
two  to  forty-five  pounds.  Barley  yields  equally 
well;  heretofore  very  little  encouragement  has 
been  given  to  farmers  in  growing  it,  but  the 
railroads  now  open  a  market  to  the  south 
where  it  is  more  appreciated.  The  corn  orig- 
inally grown  is  of  a  flinty  nature  and  is  con- 
siderably mixed  with  King  Philip  corn,  which 
was  brought  from  the  East  many  years  ago. 
The  nights  are  too  cool  in  the  western  and 
central  portions  of  the  county  to  grow  the 
dented  varieties,  and  twenty-eight  bushels  to 
the  acre  may  be  considered  a  very  good  crop. 
In  the  eastern  part  of  the  county  American 
varieties  can  be  grown  successfully  and  yield 
well.  Beans  and  peas  do  remarkably  well. 
Hops  of  an  excellent  quality  can  be  grown, 
having  no  insect  enemies  or  mildew,  and  are 
pronounced  by  brewers  equal  to  the  best  New 
York  hops.  The  yield  is  from  800  to  1,000 
pounds  to  the  acre.  Vegetables  of  all  kinds 
are  of  susprising  size  and  excellence;  cabbage 
weighing  thirty  pounds  and  upward,  and  on- 
ions weighing  from  two  or  three  pounds  grown 
from  the  seed  the  same  year  are  not  a  rarity. 

The  greater  part  of  the  agricultural  lands 
of  the  county  are  especially  well  adapted  to 
the  cultivation  of  sugar  beets,  of  which  Will- 
iam Kroeing  has  grown  sixteen  tons  to  the 
acre.  The  manufacture  of  sugar  from  the 
beet  has  been,  in  many  instances,  a  failure 
elsewhere,  on  account  ot  drouth;  but  here, 
with  water  at  command  during  the  whole  sea- 
son, beets  can  be  raised  of  any  size  to  suit  the 
business.  Small  fruits,  especially  currants  and 
gooseberries,  flourish  exceedingly  well. 

The  late  blooming  trees  have  proved  to  be 
the  best  and  surest  of  success.  The  German 
prune  has  produced  fine  crops  of  superior  fruit. 
Of  cherries  the  early  Richmond  is  the  safest. 
Peaches  and  apricots  will  only  bear  in  very  shel- 
tered locations.  It  is  generally  necessary  to 
protect  the  orchards  •  against  the  prevailing 
southwest  winds  by  strips  of  quick-growing 
trees,  and  it  is  believed  that  the  white  willow 
will  give  the  best  protection  in  the  shortest 
time. 


HIS  TORT  OF  NE  W  MEXICO. 


'53 


Natural  meadows  are  limited;  but  any  piece 
of  prairie  land  can,  in  the  course  of  two  or 
three  years,  be  converted  into  a  good  meadow 
by  irrigation. 

Cattle  and  sheep-raising  form  the  main  in- 
dustry of  the  county,  and,  as  the  plains  are 
cut  up  by  ravines,  plenty  of  shelter  is  afforded 
for  cattle  in  stormy  seasons.  It  is  estimated 
that  the  county  contains  about  250,000  sheep, 
50,000  cattle,  5,000  horses  and  mules  and  15,- 
ooo  goats. 

All  the  mountain  streams  abound  with 
trout.  So  far  no  effort  has  been  made  to 
breed  them  artificially,  although  many  fine 
springs  offer  all  the  inducements  wished  for. 
A  number  of  reservoirs  have  been  made,  and 
as  they  are  fed  by  rivers  which  have  their 
sources  in  the  mountains,  some  trout  find  their 
way  into  the  lakes,  where  they  have  been 
caught,  weighing  as  much  as  five  and  a  half 
pounds.  Antelope,  turkeys,  white-tailed  deer, 
quails,  sage  hens,  etc.,  are  still  found  on  our 
prairies,  and  in  the  recesses  of  the  mountains 
are  various  wild  animals. 

The  mineral  resources  of  Mora,  though 
scarcely  at  all  developed,  are  various  and  ex- 
tensive. The  gold  region,  which  is  well  known 
a  little  farther  north,  extends  along  the  eastern 
side  of  the  mountain  into  this  county.  Mica 
is  found  in  many  localities,  one  of  which  takes 
its  name,  Talco,  from  this  substance,  and 
when  properly  extracted  it  will  be  a  source  of 
great  wealth.  There  are  also  deposits  of  iron 
and  coal,  but  the  most  generally  diffused  min- 
eral is  copper.  This  colors  the  rocks  over 
many  miles  of  area,  and  is  found  in  various 
localities,  the  most  important  mine  being  near 
Coyote. 

A  coal  oil  spring  has  recently  been  discov- 
ered twelve  miles  from  Mora,  the  county  seat 
of  the  county.  The  prevailing  rock  in  the 
eastern  and  central  part  of  the  county  is  sand- 
stone, which  is  very  suitable  for  building  pur- 
poses, and,  as  in  many  places,  limestone  of 
superior  quality  crops  out,  there  is  no  lack 
of  building  material.  Indifferent  parts  around 
the  craters  of  extinct  volcanoes  is  found  lava 


(mal  pais),  which  makes  excellent   millstones. 

The  feature,  however,  which  gives  to  Mora 
most  of  its  beauty,  and  at  the  same  time  is  of 
greatest  practical  value,  is  its  series  of  magnifi- 
cent valleys.  As  one  enters  the  Territory  by 
the  railroad  from  Kansas,  the  first  garden  spot 
that  attracts  attention  after  more  than  500 
miles  of  pastoral  or  comparatively  barren  land, 
is  the  beautiful  emerald  green  of  Cherry  valley 
and  Watrous. 

These  beautiful  valleys  are  watered  by  the 
Sapello  and  Mora,  from  each  of  which  the 
farmers  have  taken  out  small  ditches,  and 
brought  over  4,000  acres  under  high  cultiva- 
tion. To  see  these  lands  in  full  bloom  and 
beauty  is  a  wonderful  sight.  The  streams  are 
banked  with  cottonwood,  elder,  wild  plum  and 
cherry  trees;  the  fields  spread  with  orchards, 
gardens  and  lovely  homes.  Fields  of  alfalfa, 
topped  with  its  pretty  flowers,  wave  green  and 
purple,  loading  the  air  with  delicious  perfume. 

This  was  the  first  section  in  New  Mexico  to 
be  settled  by  American  farmers,  who  com- 
menced its  cultivation  before  the  Mexican  war; 
and  they  have  introduced  here  every  variety  of 
grass  that  is  grown  in  the  Eastern  States,  and 
at  various  public  exhibitions  have  made  extra- 
ordinary displays  of  them  which  have  attracted 
great  attention. 

The  Mora  valley  itself,  surrounding  the 
town  of  Mora,  is  a  vision  of  beauty.  It  ex- 
tends for  nearly  fifteen  miles  along  the  river, 
with  a  width  varying  from  a  half  mile  to  a  mile, 
and  contains  in  all  about  6,000  acres.  Sur- 
rounding it  on  all  sides  are  lofty  mountains, 
wonderfully  picturesque  in  form  and  covered 
with  lofty  pines.  The  valley  is  cut  up  into 
small  farms,  all  highly  cultivated,  and  is  speci- 
ally celebrated  for  its  wheat.  So  closely  does 
it  grow  and  so  full  and  even  are  the  heads,  that 
it  seems  as  if  one  could  walk  upon  its  surface. 

Another  charming  valley,  more  important 
in  extent,  is  that  of  La  Cueva,  situated  just 
outside  the  Canyoncito  of  the  Mora,  and  water- 
ed by  the  Cebolla  and  Coyote.  It  lies  in  a  per- 
fect amphitheatre  of  hills,  and  these  are  over- 
topped with  mountains.  The  floor  of  the 


'54 


HISTORT  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


valley  is  a  smooth  plain,  over  50,000  acres  in 
extent.  Considerable  work  is  being  done  here 
by  the  La  Cueva  Ranch  and  Cattle  Company, 
who  own  a  large  part  of  this  valley.  They 
have  now  4,000  acres  under  cultivation,  and  are 
running  out  their  ditches  so  as  to  cover  10,000 
or  12,000  acres  more.  At  the  head  of  the 
valley  there  are  two  large  reservoirs,  the  larg- 
est being  one  of  the  principal  lakes  in  the 
Territory  outside  of  the  Pecos  valley.  It  covers 
about  600  acres,  and  six  feet  of  water  can  be 
drawn  off  it.  The  feedway  is  still  fifteen  feet 
above  the  surface  of  the  water,  and  raising  the 
hight  of  the  embankment  so  as  to  confine  this 
extra  amount  of  water,  it  is  estimated  that  14,- 
400  acre  feet  will  be  impounded.  Besides  this 
there  are  two  other  small  reservoirs.  The 
present  works  of  this  company  assure  the  rec- 
lamation of  16,000  acres  of  land;  and  besides 
this  there  are  known  opportunities  to  reclaim 
30,000  acres.  All  through  the  western  portion 
of  the  county  are  smaller  valleys,  of  great 
beauty  and  fertility.  That  of  Rociada  or  Rin- 
con  Tecolote,  which  overlaps  the  border  into 
San  Miguel,  is  specially  celebrated.  Here  the 
crops  of  potatoes  and  oats  are  really  pheno- 
menal, and  some  specimens  of  the  latter  are  so 
high  that  a  man  would  be  lost  to  sight  in  such 
an  oat-field.  Specimens  of  oats  from  this 
county  attracted  great  attention  at  the  Colum- 
bian Exposition  at  Chicago. 

Large  amounts  of  lumber  are  cut  in  the 
west  of  the  county,  but  scarcely  an  impression 
has  yet  been  made  on  the  primeval  forests. 

The  town  of  Mora,  whose  full  name  is 
Santa  Gertrudes  de  Mora,  is  the  county  seat, 
and  is  situated  in  the  center  of  the  Mora  valley. 
Its  days  of  greatest  prosperity  were  when  Fort 
Union  was  being  built  and  money  flowed  here 
like  water,  and  it  contains  several  large  build- 
ings erected  at  that  time  that  seem  almost  out 
of  place  now.  But  it  is  a  most  beautiful  place 
so  far  as  situation  goes;  and  the  new  court 
house  is  one  of  the  handsomest  public  build- 
ings in  New  Mexico, — in  fact  it  stands  next  to 
that  of  San  Miguel  in  size,  beauty  and  expense. 

Watrous  is  a  very  flourishing  town  on  the 


railroad  twenty  miles  north  of  Las  Vegas,  and 
in  the  center  of  the  beautiful  valley  of  which 
we  have  spoken.  Mr.  Watrous,  for  whom  it 
is  named,  settled  there  long  before  the  Ameri- 
can occupation,  and  his  family  still  control  the 
most  of  the  land.  The  evidences  of  protracted 
intelligent  cultivation  are  to  be  seen  on  all 
sides. 

Wagon  Mound  is  a  newer  town  to  the  north 
of  Watrous  and  close  to  the  famous  ' '  Wagon 
Mound,"  which  was  the  land  mark  of  the  par- 
ties crossing  the  prairies  long  years  ago.  It  is 
an  important  mercantile  point  on  account 
of  the  number  of  sheep  and  amount  of  wool 
shipped  there. 

Coltnor,  a  station  on  the  boundary  line  be- 
tween Mora  county  and  Colfax,  is  chiefly  no- 
ticeable on  account  of  its  peculiar  manufact- 
ured name,  which  is  made  up  of  the  first  letters 
of  the  name  of  each  of  the  counties. 

SAN    MIGUEL    COUNTY. 

San  Miguel  county,  before  portions  were 
taken  from  it  at  the  foundation  of  Guadaloupe 
and  Union  counties,  was  larger  than  many  of 
the  States,  and  embraced  within  its  borders 
8,400,000  acres.  It  is  now  about  half  that 
size,  containing  4, 122,000  acres. 

It  is  bounded  on  the  north  by  Mora  county, 
on  the  east  by  Union,  south  by  Guadaloupe  and 
the  queer  strip  of  Bernalillo,  which  stretches 
far  east  from  the  main  body  of  that  county, 
and  west  by  Santa  Fe.  While  so  greatly  cur- 
tailed in  its  dimensions,  it  still  extends  from  the 
mountains  to  the  great  plains,  and  contains  the 
headwaters  of  streams,  some  of  which  flow 
into  the  Mississippi,  and  some  into  the  Rio 
Grande. 

The  eastern  portion  is  part  of  the  Great 
Plains,  which  stretch  from  the  British  line  to 
the  gulf  of  Mexico.  Toward  the  west  the 
country  rises  rapidly  from  about  4, 500  feet  on 
the  line  to  over  12,000  on  the  mountain  sum- 
mits, at  or  near  the  western  boundary.  The 
northern  boundary  of  this  tract  is  about  the  line 
of  the  thirty-sixth  degree  of  latitude,  and  it 
extends  south  to  the  thirty-fifth  degree.  It  is 


HIS  TORT  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


'55 


well  watered  by  the  Canadian,  Pecos,  Gallinas, 
Sapello  and  Tecolote  rivers  and  their  tributar- 
ies. Between  the  Sapello  and  the  Gallinas  .is 
the  great  divide,  which  separates  the  waters 
flowing  into  the  Mississippi  from  those  flowing 
into  the  Rio  Grande.  The  western  portion  of  the 
county  is  mountainous,  rising  from  the  plains 
to  the  highest  range  in  the  Territory,  capped 
with  eternal  snow,  which  constantly  feeds  the 
mountain  streams  with  pure  water,  that  passes 
off  and  through  the  valleys  below.  The  Mora, 
Sapello,  Gallinas,  Tecolote  and  Pecos  streams 
all  have  their  source  in  the  same  mountains, 
and  nearly  in  the  same  locality.  The  precipi- 
tation of  moisture  on  the  eastern  slope  of  the 
mountains  by  rain  and  snow  is  considerable. 
This  fact  is  highly  advantageous  to  all  kinds  of 
vegetation.  The  timber  is  particularly  exten- 
sive and  of  large  growth.  Forests  of  yellow 
pine  extend  from  the  summit  of  the  mountains 
down  to  the  foot  hills,  which  afford  an  almost 
inexhaustible  quantity  of  timber  for  lumber 
and  building  purposes.  In  addition  to  the 
yellow  pine,  suitable  for  lumber,  there  are 
great  forests  of  pinyon  and  cedar,  the  former 
affording  the  best  of  fire-wood  and  the  latter 
being  used  for  telegraph  poles  and  other 
purposes  for  which  cedar  is  adapted.  The 
timber  interest  of  this  county  is  an  important 
resource,  and  as  the  largest  portion  of  the  best 
forests  are  on  Government  land  it  will  be  avail- 
able to  actual  settlers,  and  eventually  a  source 
of  great  revenue. 

In  the  eastern  portion  of  the  county  the 
principal  industries  are  cattle  and  sheep-rais- 
ing, both  of  which  are  very  successful.  As  a 
rule  the  sheep-raisers  are  natives  of  the  Ter- 
ritory, and  the  cattle-owners  are  comparatively 
newcomers  from  the  East.  In  the  latter  branch 
of  business  successful  efforts  are  being  made 
to  improve  the  herds  by  the  introduction  of 
thoroughbred  bulls  from  the  East,  principally 
Durhams,  with  some  Herefords.  Wilson  Wad- 
dingham,  the  well-known  capitalist  and  land- 
owner, has  a  ranch  on  the  Canadian  thirty-six 
miles  in  length  by  thirty  in  breadth,  and  cov- 
ering nearly  800,000  acres.  The  ranch  is 


heavily  stocked  with  improved  herds,  and  is 
one  of  the  finest  properties  in  the  West.  The 
sheep  are  also  being  improved  year  by  year, 
and  are  much  larger  and  of  a  finer  grade  of 
wool  than  the  old  Mexican  animal. 

In  the  mountain  portion  of  the  county  in 
the  west  but  little  attention  has  yet  been  given 
to  the  stock  business.  Here  splendid  summer 
ranges  can  yet  be  located,  particularly  in  the 
valleys  of  the  higher  altitudes.  But  it  would 
be  necessary  for  a  ranchman  there  to  provide 
hay  to  carry  his  stock  through  occasional  heavy 
snows,  to  which  the  lower  plains  are  not  sub- 
ject. This  could  be  easily  done  by  means  of 
alfalfa  meadows  made  on  bottom  lands  ad- 
jacent to  streams.  Alfalfa  grows  luxuriantly 
at  any  altitude  below  the  timber  line,  and  can 
be  cut  from  two  to  five  times  a  year,  making  a 
forage,  when  well  cured,  upon  which  cattle 
thrive  and  fatten,  and  upon  which  even  hogs 
can  be  raised. 

For  agricultural  purposes  San  Miguel  pos- 
sesses as  great  advantages  as  any  other  por- 
tion of  the  Territory.  The  land  subject  to  ir- 
rigation along  the  streams  of  the  valleys  is 
much  greater  than  a  casual  observer  would 
suppose  at  first  sight.  The  soil  is  almost  in- 
variably rich,  and  anything  like  intelligent 
farming  produces  abundant  crops  of  corn, 
wheat,  oats,  barley,  buckwheat,  rye,  etc.,  and 
all  the  hardier  class  of  vegetables.  Cabbages, 
onions,  radishes,  turnips,  etc.,  grow  to  great 
size  and  have  a  peculiar  freshness  and  excel- 
lence much  superior  to  the  vegetables  of  the 
States.  Peas  and  beans  produce  enormously, 
particularly  the  latter,  which  are  raised  as  a 
leading  crop  by  the  native  population.  In  the 
mountain  districts  of  the  county  wheat  is  an 
important  crop,  producing  forty  bushels  to  the 
acre  of  the  finest  wheat  grown  anywhere  when 
anything  like  attention  is  given  it.  When  ir- 
rigation is  possible  the  crops  are  a  sure  thing; 
but  many  years  excellent  crops  are  grown 
without  irrigation.  The  uncommonly  heavy 
rainfall  on  the  eastern  slope  of  the  mountains 
renders  this  possible.  Lands  farmed  without 
irrigation  are  called  "  temporal  "  by  the  native 


HISTORY  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


population,  and  there  are  many  districts  so 
farmed.  The  experiment  of  deep  plowing  and 
careful  farming  without  irrigation  is  being 
tried,  and  the  indications  are  that  it  will  be  a 
success,  with  a  failure  of  crops  no  oftener  than 
in  the  States.  Mention  should  be  made  of  the 
wonderful  growth  of  oats,  both  in  height  and 
weight  of  the  product,  in  the  foothills  east  of 
the  mountains  and  the  little  valleys  that  extend 
up  into  the  mountains  themselves.  A  growth 
of  six  to  eight  feet  is  nothing  unusual,  and  the 
weight  runs  from  45  to  48  pounds,  while  the 
legal  weight  in  "the  States"  is  32  or  33. 

Fruit-raising  does  well  in  certain  sections, 
the  chief  obstacle  being  the  hail  storms  which 
occasionally  take  place  in  the  summer.  How- 
ever, as  localities  become  more  thoroughly 
tested,  many  will  be  found  which  are  free  from 
this  annoyance. 

The  minerals  found  in  this  county  are  simi- 
lar to  those  found  in  many  other  portions  of 
the  Territory,  and  comprise  mainly  gold,  sil- 
ver, copper,  coal  and  iron.  The  mineral 
wealth  of  the  county  is  already  an  assured 
fact,  and,  by  judicious  investment  and  man- 
agement, within  a  comparatively  short  time 
the  yield  from  precious  metals  will  be  large. 
The  mountains  are  almost  wholly  unexplored; 
but  so  far  as  prospecting  has  gone  the  results 
have  been  surprisingly  flattering. 

Gold  and  silver  bearing  veins  have  been 
discovered  in  the  Tecolote  mountains,  twelve 
miles  from  Las  Vegas.  The  ore  carries  silver 
and  gold  principally,  and  although  pronounced 
low  grade,  with  occasional  exceptions,  is 
abundant  and  easily  accessible.  A  large  vein 
of  copper  ore,  having  some  silver  and  gold, 
has  been  recently,  discovered  in  these  moun- 
tains and  traced  for  many  miles.  These  dis- 
coveries are  just  west  of  the  Tecolote  river. 
Still  further  west,  however,  in  the  mountains 
along  the  Pecos  river,  important  developments 
of  copper  have  been  made.  The  facts  are 
that  the  mountains  are  mineral-bearing 
throughout,  and  all  that  is  required  is  a 
thorough  investigation  to  demonstrate  beyond 
a  doubt  the  great  value  of  the  deposits. 


So  far  as  the  mineral  in  San  Miguel  county 
is  concerned,  it  may  be  called  a  virgin  field, 
known  to  exist,  but  little  prospected.  Coal  has 
been  found  in  various  places  in  this  county, 
and  of  good  quality,  especially  on  the  Pecos 
river.  The  mica  industry  promises  to  be  of 
considerable  importance  to  this  county.  The 
value  of  mica  mines  is  too  frequently  under- 
rated or  not  understood.  Good  mica  is  always 
a  merchantable  commodity. 

San  Miguel  has  a  suitable  capital  in  the 
active  and  flourishing  town  of  Las  Vegas. 
This  is  composed  of  two  towns,  properly, 
lying  on  each  side  of  the  Gallinas  river.  The 
new  town  has  been  built  since  the  advent  of 
the  railroad,  and  is  known  as  East  Las  Vegas. 
It  is  an  incorporated  city.  The  streets  are 
wide  and  clean,  the  buildings  commodious  and 
well  designed.  The  principal  streets  are  lined 
with  modern  business  houses,  and  around  the 
depot  are  some  very  large  warehouses.  The 
residence  portion  is  adorned  with  a  profusion 
of  shade  trees.  The  city  hall,  Masonic  Tem- 
ple, opera  house,  St.  Paul's  and  other  churches, 
public  school,  Female  Seminary  and  syna- 
gogue are  among  the  notable  buildings.  A 
beautiful  variety  of  red  sandstone  is  found 
near  at  hand,  which  adds  to  the  appearance  of 
the  structures. 

In  the  old  town  is  the  historic  Plaza,  where 
General  Kearny  made  his  first  proclamation 
to  the  New-Mexican  people,  a  large  stone 
Roman  Catholic  church,  two  fine  public  school 
houses,  and  numerous  handsome  business 
buildings,  erected  for  hotels,  stores,  banks,  etc. 

Las  Vegas  is  the  end  of  a  division  on  the 
Santa  Fe  route,  and  a  very  important  com- 
mercial point.  An  extensive  and  rich  coun- 
try is  directly  tributary  to  its  markets,  and  the 
energy  of  its  merchants  pushes  its  trade  into 
other  territories.  The  climate  has  over  and 
over  been  described  as  very  admirable  for  in- 
valids. 

The  Territorial  Insane  Asylum  is  located 
just  outside  of  the  town,  on  the  avenue  lead- 
ing to  the  Hot  Springs.  While  the  present 
building  is  intended  to  be  only  one  of  a  group 


HIS  TORT  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


'57 


of  structures  in  the  future,  yet  it  is  very  com- 
plete in  its  appointments  and  the  results  have 
been  entirely  satisfactory.  The  legislature  has 
recently  located  a  normal  school  here  also, 
and  it  is  now  being  erected  in  a  commanding 
position  equally  convenient  to  both  towns.  A 
branch  experiment  station  is  also  to  be  estab- 
lished here,  and  will  be  located  between  the 
town  and  the  springs. 

A  great  deal  of  the  wool  raised  in  the  Ter- 
ritory and  a  large  proportion  of  the  hides  pass 
through  Las  Vegas.  Another  thing  worthy  of 
notice  is  that  the  soil  and  altitude  of  the  north- 
ern tier  of  counties  seem  excellently  adapted 
to  the  culture  of  the  sugar  beet.  According 
to  the  analysis  of  the  Agricultural  Department, 
the  highest  averages  and  percentages  of  purity, 
solids  and  sugar  have  been  attained  from  the 
beets  grown  in  this  neighborhood.  The  estab- 
lishment of  a  branch  of  the  Agricultural  Ex- 
periment Station  at  this  place  is  a  very  im- 
portant step  in  the  development  of  this  and 
other  agricultural  industries,  as  it  will  care- 
fully examine  into  the  details  of  the  culture, 
and  formulate  the  general  rules  of  this  new  in- 
dustry. 

One  interesting  and  important  feature  of 
San  Miguel  county  is  the  Pecos  River  Timber 
Reservation.  While  it  is  not  all  in  this  coun- 
ty, small  portions  being  in  Taos,  Rio  Arriba 
and  Mora,  and  a  considerable  fraction  in  Santa 
Fe,  yet  the  Pecos  valley  is  in  San  Miguel,  and 
so  the  Reservation  is  usually  counted  as  a  San 
Miguel  institution.  It  was  set  apart  by  Presi- 
dent Harrison,  at  the  request  of  Secretary 
Noble,  in  order  to  preserve  the  forests  and  pre- 
vent a  diminution  in  the  water  supply  of  the 
Pecos  river.  It  comprises  no  less  than  702 
square  miles. 

The  region  is  rugged  and  mountainous,  and 
here  innumerable  small  streams  have  their  ori- 
gin, and,  flowing  southward,  form  the  source 
of  the  Rio  Pecos,  which  cuts  the  reservation 
about  midway  between  Las  Vegas  and  Santa 
Fe.  Here  for  twenty  miles  north  of  Glorieta 
mountains  nestles  one  of  the  most  beautiful 
and  attractive  upland  valleys  in  all  the  Rocky 


mountains.  The  snow  seldom  lies  longer  than 
forty-eight  hours  on  the  great  mountain  sides 
sloping  toward  the  sun,  and  horsemen  assert 
that  in  grazing  upon  these  precipitous  pastures 
the  colts  are  compelled  to  occupy  a  position 
that  expands  and  develops  their  lungs  to  an 
abundant  degree!  A  Texas  horseman  who  has 
had  experience  in  this  locality  suggests  that  the 
fast  horse  of  the  future  will  be  produced  in  the 
dry  air  of  the  Upper  Pecos. 

But  it  is  as  a  pleasure  and  health  resort  that 
this  locality  has  become  famous.  The  scenic 
effects  are  grand.  The  country  is  wild  and 
broken  and  much  game  abounds,  including 
bear  and  deer,  while  the  streams  are  literally 
alive  with  mountain  trout,  running  as  high  as 
five  pounds  in  weight.  From  a  health-seek- 
er's standpoint  this  is  one  of  the  most  delight- 
ful spots  in  the  summer  and  fall  that  one  could 
wish  for,  and  annually  hundreds  of  people 
from  the  southern  part  of  the  Territory  and 
from  Texas  and  other  points  go  into  camp 
along  this  beautiful  valley,  and  enjoy  and  re- 
gain vigor  and  strength  thereby  while  hunting 
or  fishing  along  the  Pecos  river. 

The  noted  Las  Vegas  Hot  Springs  are  situ- 
ated about  six  miles  above  the  town,  on  the 
Gallinas  river.  They  are  of  great  medical 
virtue,  and,  apart  from  that,  the  situation  is 
one  of  the  most  beautiful  and  romantic  imagin- 
able. Here  is  located  the  well-known  Monte- 
zuma  Hotel,  one  of  the  favorite  watering- 
places  of  the  West,  together  with  the  "Moun- 
tain House,"  nearer  to  the  Springs,  and  espe- 
cially for  the  accommodation  of  invalids.  The 
Springs  are  of  surprising  variety,  as  to  the 
minerals  contained  in  them,  and  also  as  to 
their  temperature,  and  were  celebrated  among 
the  Indians  long  before  the  advent  of  the  white 
man. 

GUADALOUPE    COUNTY. 

The  imperial  county  of  San  Miguel  was 
too  large  for  the  convenience  of  its  people, 
and  for  a  number  of  years  those  most  remote 
from  the  center  sought  to  have  a  division  made. 
At  length,  in  1891,  after  long  discussions  as  to 


1 58 


HISTORY  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


boundaries,  the  county  of  Guadaloupe  was 
formed,  or  at  least  an  attempt  to  form  it  was 
made.  As  thus  constituted  it  is  sixty  miles  wide 
from  north  to  south,  and  about  1 10  miles  long 
from  east  to  west,  with  a  little  square  of  nine 
townships  added  at  the  northwest  corner,  in 
order  to  include  the  town  of  Anton  Chico.  The 
total  area  is  3, 125, 160  acres.  The  Pecos  river 
runs  directly  through  the  county  from  north- 
west to  southeast,  and  the  population  is  almost 
entirely  in  its  valley. 

In  the  eastern  section  near  the  Texas  line 
are  streams  which  flow  eastward  to  the  Missis- 
sippi by  way  of  the  Canadian  and  Arkansas; 
and  on  the  plains  and  mesas  are  the  cattle  and 
sheep  which  form  the  principal  wealth  of  the 
county. 

The  act  passed  to  form  the  county  in  1891 
was  not  signed  by  the  governor,  and  so  a 
supplementary  act  was  passed  in  1893,  in  ac- 
cordance with  a  recommendation  in  the  execu- 
tive message  to  the  legislature,  confirming  the 
prior  act.  The  county  was  named  for  Our 
Lady  of  Guadalupe,  the  patron  Saint  of  Mexico, 
a  picture  of  whom  is  to  be  found  in  the  house 
of  every  Mexican  and  whose  festival  on  the 
1 2th  of  December  is  universally  observed  in 
that  country. 

In  the  southeastern  portion  of  the  county 
is  part  of  the  celebrated  Llano  Estacado  or 
Staked  Plain,  which  occupies  much  of  Chaves 
county  and  of  the  contiguous  portion  of 
Texas.  The  northern  boundary  of  this  great 
level  expanse  is  formed  by  a  line  of  high  bluffs 
which  extend  across  Guadaloupe  county  from 
the  Pecos  to  the  Texas  line  and  form  a  very 
noticeable  natural  object,  as  well  as  an  almost 
impassable  barrier  to  travel. 

The  Pecos  valley  is  of  great  fertility  and  in 
some  places  of  considerable  width.  The  up- 
per half  has  been  settled  for  half  a  century  or 
over  by  a  Mexican  population,  while  the  lower 
half  is  mostly  occupied  by  cattle  companies 
who  own  the  river  front  in  order  to  have  a  sup- 
ply of  water  and  then  use  the  land  farther 
back  for  pasturage. 

The  eastern  portion   of  the  county  extend- 


ing to  the  Texas  Panhandle,  is  pre-eminently 
a  stock  raising  country.  The  pasturage  is  the 
native  gama  grass,  which  stands  dry  weather 
as  no  other  grass  does,  and  although  of  short 
growth  is  extremely  nutritious;  and,  remark- 
able as  it  is,  this  grass  possesses  the  same 
quality  the  year  through.  The  cattle  come  off 
the  pastures  in  the  spring  as  fat  as  In  the  fall. 
This  fact  is  in  marked  contrast  with  other  graz- 
ing localities.  Even  Texas  does  not  possess 
such  grazing  advantages.  There  the  grass 
dies  after  frost  and  has  but  little  nutriment 
left.  "Northers"  are  but  little  felt,  perhaps 
for  the  reason  that  the  force  of  the  winds  is 
broken  by  the  spurs  of  the  Rocky  mountains 
extending  along  the  northeastern  border  of  the 
Territory  and  known  as  the  Raton  range.  That 
which  adds  to  the  success  of  stock  raising  in 
this  county  is  the  fact  that  the  grazing  locali- 
ties are  well  watered.  The  Canadian  and 
Pecos  rivers  with  their  tributaries,  supple- 
mented by  numerous  lakes  and  springs  upon 
the  high  prairies,  supply  water  for  immense 
ranges.  The  climate  is  mild  and  the  altitude 
is  such, — being  about  4,000  feet  above  the 
level  of  the  sea, — that  a  more  desirable  locality 
cannot  be  found  for  the  farmer  and  stock- 
raiser. 

At  Santa  Rosa  and  Eden  are  large  and  ex- 
cellent orchards,  which  supply  the  market  at 
Las  Vegas  to  a  considerable  extent.  The 
orchards  of  Don  Lorenzo  Dabadie  and  Don 
Cellso  Baca  are  to  be  particularly  mentioned. 
Both  are  owned  by  progressive  natives  of  the 
Territory  who  showed  great  enterprise  years 
ago  in  planting  these  charming  grounds.  The 
apples  from  here  have  frequently  taken  the 
highest  premiums  at  fairs. 

All  along  the  Pecos  are  great  flocks  of 
sheep,  most  of  them  improved  breeds.  There 
is  no  section  of  the  Territory  where  this  branch 
of  industry  has  been  more  successful  than  here. 

There  are  but  few  towns  in  Guadaloupe 
county.  Puerto  de  Luna  is  the  largest  as  well 
as  the  county  seat.  It  contains  about  1,000 
inhabitants.  There  is  a  $20,000  courthouse 
in  the  town,  some  good  schools  and  several 


7 


Pecos  Valley  Farm. 


SCENES  IN  THE  FECOS  VAELEY. 

2.     Peach  Orchard  at  Hagerman  Farm. 
4.     A  Four- Year-Old  Apple  Tree  in  Southern  New  Mexico. 


3.    Cattle  Fatted  on  Alfalfa,  iu  Southern  New  Mexico. 
5.    Cluster  of  Apples. 


HISTORT  OF  NE  W  MEXICO. 


'59 


large  stores.  It  is  the  center  of  a  good  trade 
with  the  surrounding  cattle  and  sheep  ranches, 
and  of  a  fine  farming  country.  Fruits  do  very 
well  in  the  vicinity  of  this  town.  The  town 
is  situated  on  the  Pecos  river,  and  there  is  a 
good  system  of  ditches  around  it.  With  rail- 
road connection  it  bids  fair  to  become  an  im- 
portant trade  center  and  a  prosperous  commu- 
nity. Its  climate  is  excellent,  and  many 
thousands  of  acres  of  fine  land  in  its  vicinity,  and 
for  many  miles  up  and  down  the  Pecos  river, 
could  be  brought  under  cultivation  by  a 
scientifically  constructed  system  of  ditches, 
dams  and  reservoirs.  To  the  east  and  west  of 
the  town  stretch  many  miles  of  the  finest  of 
grazing  country. 

Anton  Chico  in  the  extreme  northwest 
corner  of  the  county,  is  situated  in  the  center 
of  a  beautiful  valley  which  is  as  fertile  as  it  is 
beautiful.  This  town  was  the  first  settled  in 
the  vicinity  and  for  many  years  was  the  frontier 
bulwark  of  civilization  against  the  wild  Indians 
of  the  plains.  It  was  here  that  the  ill-fated 
Texan  "  Santa-Fe  Expedition  "  saw  the  first 
Mexican  settlement  after  their  long  journey; 
and  here  they  were  compelled  to  surrender  and 
one  of  their  company  was  shot. 

La  Cueva,  La  Junta  and  Las  Cclonias  are 
farming  and  fruit-growing  communities  along 
the  valley  of  the  Pecos,  and  each  is  the  seat  of 
a  happy  and  prosperous  population. 

TAGS    COUNTY. 

With  the  single  exception  of  Santa  Fe, 
Taos  is  probably  the  best  known  name  of  all 
places  in  New  Mexico,  on  account  of  the  Taos 
pueblo  and  the  number  of  descriptions  and 
pictures  of  its  great  terraced  buildings  which 
constantly  appear  in  magazines  and  news- 
papers. 

The  county  was  one  of  the  original  divisions 
of  the  Territory,  and  one  of  the  largest.  At 
the  date  of  the  American  occupation  the  bound- 
aries of  the  county  of  Taos  extended  across 
the  Territory  from  east  to  west;  and  then  in- 
cluded all  of  southern  Colorado  south  of  the 
Tepesta,  or  Arkansas  river,  besides  the  coun- 


ties of  Colfax  and  Mora  and  so  much  of  Rio  Ar- 
riba  county  as  lies  immediately  west  of  the  pres- 
ent county  boundaries.  The  present  bound- 
aries are,  on  the  north  by  the  Colorado  line; 
east  by  the  Sangre  del  Cristo  range  of  the 
Rocky  mountains;  south  by  Rio  Arriba  county, 
the  line  being  about  twenty  miles  south  of 
Fernandez  de  Taos;  and  on  the  west  by  the 
mountain  divide  west  of  the  Rio  Grande.  It 
is  traversed  from  north  to  south  by  the  Rio 
Grande  river,  which  within  its  boundaries  re- 
ceives the  waters  of  the  Red,  Taos,  Embudo 
and  Ojo  Caliente  rivers  and  several  smaller 
streams. 

The  Taos  valley  is  one  of  the  most  pictur- 
esque in  existence.  On  the  east  it  is  surround- 
ed by  a  half  moon  of  mountains,  with  no  foot- 
hills extending  out  into  the  mesas  to  break  the 
view  or  diminish  their  grandeur.  Eleven 
streams  issue  from  these  mountains  out  into 
and  across  this  valley  in  a  westerly  direction. 
It  is  estimated  that  there  are  about  180,000 
acres  susceptible  to  irrigation  from  these 
streams. 

This  valley  is  virtually  a  continuation  of 
the  famous  San  Luis  valley  of  Colorado,  but  it 
is  much  better  situated  as  to  elevation,  char- 
acter of  the  soil,  water  and  shelter.  The  Rio 
Grande  river  cuts  through  the  valley  in  a  can- 
yon about  500  feet  deep.  At  places  its  bed 
sinks  abruptly  from  the  high  tablelands  or  cuts 
through  the  mountain  spurs.  The  scene  is 
grand,  sometimes  awful.  That  part  of  its 
course  known  as  the  Taos  canyon  is  so  deep 
and  abrupt  that  it  is  one  of  the  remarkable 
gorges  of  the  world. 

There  are  now  25,000  to  30,000  acres  irri- 
gated and  cultivated  in  the  valley,  and  its  popu- 
lation is  only  about  10,000  people.  At  the  very 
lowest  estimate  this  same  land  would  support 
fully  20,  ooo  people,  and  with  close  and  intensive 
cultivation  these  figures  could  be  increased  to 
50, ooo,  which  would  allow  a  ten-acre  fruit  farm 
to  each  family  of  five  persons.  This  area  to  the 
Eastern  man  seems  very  small,  but  when  it  is 
considered  that  one  small  orchard  of  five  acres 
near  Taos  produced  over  $400  an  acre,  ten 


i6o 


HIS  TORT  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


acres  therefore  intensely  cultivated  would  give 
a  gross  income  of  $4,000.  How  many  farmers 
of  the  East  realize  such  a  sum  from  160  acres 
of  diversified  crops?  Of  course  it  must  be  un- 
derstood that  this  money  return  per  acre  is 
from  trees  in  full  bearing;  but  it  is  by  no  means 
excessive  or  a  prize  yield;  it  is  simply  what  can 
be  done  with  average  good  culture. 

The  agricultural  interests  of  this  county  are 
still  to  a  great  extent  carried  on  in  the  primi- 
tive style  of  the  middle  ages,  including  the 
wooden  plow,  grain  cut  with  a  sickle,  and 
thrashing  is  by  the  ancient  process  of  treading 
it  out,  yet  the  results  obtained  are  wonderful, 
almost  beyond  belief.  The  soil  around  and 
adjacent  to  Fernandez  de  Taos,  has  been  in 
cultivation  for  centuries,  and  the  use  of  fertil- 
izers is  unknown  beyond  the  sediment  in  the 
water  used  for  irrigation.  The  soil  in  the  val- 
ley is  a  dark  loam  and  very  deep,  and  espe- 
cially rich  in  wheat-bearing  properties. 

In  view  of  this  fact,  ninety  bushels  of 
wheat  to  an  acre  (another  fact  in  a  few  in- 
stances) is  startling.  The  wheat  raised  is  of  a 
superior  quality,  equaling,  and  often  excelling, 
the  finest  grades  grown  in  Colorado.  The  grain 
is  exceedingly  large  and  plump;  a  bushel  will 
average  in  weight  from  sixty-five  to  sixty-eight 
pounds,  the  latter  weight  being  by  no  means 
uncommon.  The  average  yield  is  about  fifteen 
for  one. 

It  is  one  of  the  few  sections  of  the  Terri- 
tory that  is  adapted  to  the  growing  of  potatoes. 
Vegetables  of  all  kinds  grow  to  astonishing 
size  and  perfection, — cabbage  weighing  from 
fifty  to  seventy  pounds;  beets  equally  large  in 
proportion,  lettuce,  turnips,  parnips,  onions, 
peas  and  beans;  the  latter  of  superior  quality, 
being  much  sweeter  than  the  common  white 
bean,  and  commanding  a  higher  price.  Corn 
is  also  a  staple  crop.  Grasses  grow  with  lux- 
uriance, the  Taos  valley  farmers  raising  suffi- 
cient hay  for  their  own  use,  and  some  for 
market. 

During  the  past  half  a  dozen  years  consid- 
erable attention  has  been  given  to  fruit  culture. 
The  cry  was  that  good  fruit  could  not  be  raised 


at  such  an  elevation.  This,  however,  has 
been  disproved  by  the  profits  realized  from 
several  orchards.  At  Ranchos  de  Taos  there 
is  an  orchard  of  thirty  acres.  It  shows  what 
the  Taos  valley  soils  can  do  under  irrigation  in 
the  way  of  raising  choice  deciduous  fruits. 
Apples,  peaches,  pears,  plums,  apricots  and 
nectarines  are  raised  to  perfection,  and  are  re- 
markable for  their  juiciness,  size,  coloring  and 
flavor. 

The  amount  of  land  under  the  plow  does 
not  exceed  one-seventh  of  the  available  area 
adapted  to  cultivation.  Numerous  ancient 
ruins,  and  old  ranches,  abandoned  in  the  days 
of  hostile  Indians,  show  that  at  one  time  this 
county  supported  a  much  larger  population 
than  at  present. 

On  the  western  side  of  the  river  the  valley 
is  practically  devoid  of  streams  suitable  to  sup- 
ply water  for  irrigation.  There  is,  however, 
in  contemplation  a  mammoth  canal,  to  be  con- 
structed from  a  point  near  Conejos,  Colorado, 
to  water  these  lands.  Large  reservoirs  to  store 
the  surplus  waters  of  the  Rio  Grande  in  natural 
depressions  on  the  table  lands  are  to  be  a 
feature  of  this  enterprise. 

The  climate  of  Taos  county  is  very  near 
perfection.  Its  altitude  insures  a  temperature 
during  the  summer  that  is  delightful,  the  heat 
of  the  day  being  relieved  by  dry  and  bracing 
breezes,  and  at  night  a  thick  blanket  is  always 
a  comfortable  covering.  In  winter  while  the 
snow  falls  plentifully  upon  the  mountains,  it 
rarely  appears  in  the  valleys  in  quantity,  and 
in  any  event  remains  but  a  short  time.  The 
temperature  is  almost  invariably  equable,  being 
protected  by  the  mountains  from  the  cold 
storms.  The  winter  thermometer  averages 
about  25  degrees  at  night,  and  rising  during 
the  day  to  35  or  40  degrees,  sometimes  higher. 
To  persons  afflicted  with  lung  complaints  and 
bronchial  affections,  it  is  especially  adapted. 

The  mineral  wealth  of  Taos  county  is 
chiefly  in  gold,  silver,  copper  and  lead. 

The  Rio  Grande  gravel  from  the  mouth  of 
Red  river  southward  carries  fine  gold,  and  in 
spots  where  the  windings  of  the  river  or  some 


HIS  TORT  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


161 


other  feature  has  caused  it  to  remain  and  accu- 
mulate, it  is  found  in  surprising  quantities. 
Red  river  (Rio  Colorado),  the  San  Cristobal 
and  Arroyo  Hondo  also  are  bordered  by  plac- 
ers of  great  value.  Copper  and  silver  abound 
in  the  mountains  east  of  the  Rio  Grande  and 
above  Rinconada. 

During  the  last  year  or  two  there  has  been 
a  rush  of  prospectors  and  miners  to  a  new 
camp  in  the  northeast  of  the  county,  where  a 
town  has  suddenly  arisen  called  Amizett. 

The  mines  here  are  all  rich.  Picked  speci- 
mens of  ore  from  the  surface,  pounded  up  in  a 
mortar  and  washed  out  have  yielded  at  the 
rate  of  $20,000  in  gold  to  the  ton,  and  the 
general  average  of  the  ore  will  be  about  $250 
per  ton.  The  ore  as  now  developed  is  mostly 
free-milling,  and  the  croppings  have  been 
traced  and  located  for  miles. 

The  town  of  Taos,  or  Fernandez  de  Taos, 
sometimes  called  Fernando  de  Taos  or  Don 
Fernando  de  Taos,  is  one  of  the  most  inter- 
esting places  to  visit  in  America.  It  is  quaintly 
built  around  a  large  plaza,  with  a  fenced  park 
in  the  center,  and  possesses  a  very  large  adobe 
church  of  considerable  antiquity.  Before  the 
advent  of  railroads  it  was  a  commercial  center 
of  considerable  importance.  It  was  also  the 
first  port  of  entry  established  for  merchandise 
brought  across  the  plains  to  the  Territory  from 
the  East. 

Among  the  early  American  residents  were 
Colonel  "  Kit  "  Carson  and  Governor  William 
Bent  (both  of  whom  are  buried  at  Taos),  Colonel 
Ceran  St.  Vrain,  Judge  Beaubien,  Lucien 
Stewart  and  others, — names  as  familiar 
throughout  the  West  as  household  words. 

Only  three  miles  to  the  northeast,  under 
the  shadows  of  great  mountains,  and  occupy- 
ing both  sides  of  a  clear,  bright  river,  is  the 
pueblo  of  Taos,  undoubtedly  the  most  interest- 
ing structure  in  the  United  States.  Tourists 
come  from  all  over  the  world  to  visit  the 
pueblo,  and  at  the  time  of  the  annual  festival, 
on  September  30,  thousands  of  visitors  are 
present,  including  Jicarilla  Apache  Indians, 

Pueblo  Indians    from    every  pueblo   north  of 
11 


Santa  Fe,  hundreds  of  Mexicans  from  Taos 
and  Rio  Arriba  counties,  and  strangers  from 
all  over  the  world.  It  is  a  very  interesting  and 
spectacular  occasion. 

Ranches  de  Taos  is  located  about  four 
miles  south  of  Fernandez  de  Taos.  It  has 
several  large  flouring  mills,  is  surrounded  by 
some  beautiful  orchards,  is  the  center  of 
60,000  acres  of  fertile  land,  of  which  about 
one-fifth  is  under  cultivation,  has  several 
schools,  is  the  headquarters  of  the  Presby- 
terian missions,  and  conducts  a  large  and 
growing  trade  with  all  the  surrounding  country. 

Arroyo  'Hondo,  Arroyo  Seco  and  Colorado 
are  thriving  little  towns,  north  of  Taos,  and 
are  engaged  in  mining,  agriculture  and  stock- 
raising. 

Ojo  Caliente  (Hot  Spring)  is  a  well-known 
health  resort  in  the  southwestern  part  of  the 
county,  on  Ojo  Caliente  creek,  and  at  an  alti- 
tude of  6,292  feet.  The  temperature  of  the 
waters  is  from  108  to  114  degrees  Fahren- 
heit. The  water  contains  an  extraordinarily, 
large  proportion  of  sodium  carbonate;  next  to 
that,  in  quantity,  is  common  salt;  then  sodium 
sulphate,  and  smaller  quantities  of  magne- 
sium and  calcium  carbonate  and  potassium 
sulphate. 

When  Lieutenant  Pike,  of  Pike's  Peak 
fame,  was  being  brought  to  Santa  Fe  from  his 
little  fort  on  a  branch  of  the  upper  Rio 
Grande,  he  was  conducted  down  the  valley  of 
Ojo  Caliente  creek,  and  visited  the  springs,  of 
which  he  gives  a  very  favorable  account.  That 
was  in  1 806.  He  called  it  Aqua  Caliente. 
There  are  also  other  hot  springs  situated  near 
Fernandez  de  Taos,  that  for  generations  have 
been  visited  by  local  residents  for  bathing  and 
other  sanitary  purposes. 

Although  distant  from  any  railroad,  and 
thus  quite  isolated,  Taos  sends  to  the  legisla- 
ture and  other  representative  meetings  men  of 
far  more  than  ordinary  ability.  This  is  largely 
attributed  to  the  teaching  and  influence  of 
Padre  Martinez, — Antonio  J.  Martinez, — who 
was  altogether  the  strongest  character  of  his 
generation,  and  who  taught  all  the  most  prom- 


162 


HISTORY  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


ising  boys  of  the  north  in  his  school  at  Taos. 
He  brought  the  first  printing-press  to  New 
Mexico,  and  printed  thereon,  in  1837,  the  first 
newspaper, — "El  Crepusculo," — ever  pub- 
lished in  the  Territory.  It  was  continued  only 
for  four  issues,  but  it  was  the  father  of  the  im- 
mense journalistic  family  which  has  since  in- 
creased and  multiplied. 

RIO   ARR1BA    COUNTY. 

This  county  may  be  divided  into  two 
parts.  The  first  is  that  for  which  it  is  named, 
"The  Upper  River, "  being  the  valley  of  the 
Rio  Grande  from  Espanyola  to  the  narrow  can- 
yon above  Embudo  and  Rinconada,  extending 
from  the  summit  of  the  Rocky  Mountains  on 
the  east  to  the  tops  of  the  high  mesas  which 
form  the  "divide"  west  of  that  river.  The 
second  part,  much  larger  in  area,  is  situated 
to  the  west  of  this,  including  the  valleys  of 
the  Chama  and  its  tributaries  from  the  Colo- 
rado line  southward. 

Between  the  river  valleys  are  high  mesas 
generally  capped  with  a  layer  of  lava,  over 
which  the  work  of  nature  through  centuries  has 
spread  a  rich  covering  of  soil. 

Thus  the  county  has  a  very  diversified  sur- 
face. In  the  middle  and  east  it  is  marked  by 
great  ranges  of  mountains.  The  "  Conti- 
nental Divide "  comes  down  through  its  cen- 
ter. On  the  west  the  water  flows  through  the 
San  Juan  system  toward  the  gulf  of  California, 
on  the  east  into  the  Rio  Grande  and  thence  to 
the  Gulf  of  Mexico. 

The  mesas  are  covered  with  good  grass, 
pinyon  and  cedar,  the  mountains  bear  excellent 
timber,  and,  while  large  stretches  of  land  are 
covered  with  sage,  the  soil  is  excellent,  and 
needs  only  irrigating  to  be  productive.  There 
is  no  finer  country  anywhere  on  the  continent 
than  the  valley  of  the  Chama  and  the  wider 
valley  of  the  Rio  Grande.  The  portion  of  the 
latter  in  Rio  Arriba  county  is  by  many  consid- 
ered the  most  beautiful  and  valuable  in  New 
Mexico.  It  is  just  about  twenty  miles  in 
length  from  the  northern  extremity  at  the  open- 
ing of  the  Embudo  canyon  to  the  wide  ex- 


panse near  Santa  Cruz  and  Espanyola,  and  it 
includes  the  fertile  lands  of  La  Joya,  Los  Lu- 
ceros,  Plaza  de  Alcalde,  San  Juan,  Chamita, 
Santa  Cruz,  El  Bosque  and  San  Jose.  One 
great  advantage  is  that  the  supply  of  water 
never  fails  even  in  the  driest  seasons.  When 
the  enormous  drain  on  the  river  for  irrigation 
purposes  has  largely  exhausted  its  store  of 
water,  and  it  has  become  almost  or  quite  dry 
lower  down  and  in  the  vicinity  of  El  Paso, 
here  in  Rio  Arriba  county  it  is  always  full  and 
awaits  only  the  desires  and  necessities  of  man 
to  respond  to  them  most  liberally.  Again, 
this  valley  is  wonderfully  protected  by  moun- 
tain heights  from  the  cold  blasts  of  winter. 
The  name  of  La  Joya  (the  jewel)  might  well 
be  applied  to  the  whole  of  it,  but  it  is  now 
generally  known  from  its  principal  railroad  and 
shipping  station  as  the  Espanyola  valley. 

The  Rio  Puerco  of  the  East  heads  on  the 
west  side  of  the  Nacimiento  range,  near  its 
northern  end,  where  it  has  many  well-watered 
affluents;  it  flows  south  and  its  wide  valley 
contains  excellent  soil  which  will  soon  be  made 
fertile  by  the  efforts  of  a  large  irrigating  com- 
pany. 

Next  is  the  Rio  Chama,  a  strong  stream 
originating  in  Colorado,  flowing  first  south, 
then  with  a  great  sweep  eastward;  it  empties 
into  the  Rio  Grande  five  miles  above  Espan- 
yola, the  terminus  of  the  Denver  and  Rio 
Grande  railroad. 

The  main  affluents  of  the  Chama  are  on  the 
west  side;  Rio  Gallinas,  running  from  south  to 
north,  Canyones  creek  and  Bear  creek,  and  on 
the  north  side  Rio  Brazos,  Nutrias,  Cangilon, 
El  Rito  and  Rio  Caliente,  all  well  watered  and 
bordered  by  fertile  valleys.  Fine  forests  cover 
the  mountains  and  hills  surrounding  these 
streams;  there  is  also  an  excellent  growth  of 
nutritious  grasses.  The  northeast  corner  of 
the  county  is  watered  by  the  Rio  de  los  Pinos 
and  the  Rio  San  Antonio,  flowing  east  into  the 
Rio  Grande;  both  streams  run  through  fine, 
fertile  valleys  and  abound  with  trout. 

The  Denver  &  Rio  Grande  Railroad  runs 
through  the  northern  part  of  the  county  from 


HISTORT  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


,63 


Antonito  to  Silverton,  while  the  New  Mej.ico 
branch  of  that  road  almost  forms  the  north- 
eastern boundary  of  the  county  and  follows 
the  west  bank  of  the  Rio  Grande  to  Espan- 
yola.  Bridges  over  the  Rio  Grande  at  Em- 
budo,  San  Juan  (Chamita  station)  and  Espan- 
yola  overcome  the  natural  obstacle  to  easy 
communication  presented  by  that  river  when 
the  water  is  high.  These  were  built  by  the 
railroad  company,  but  are  kept  in  good  order 
by  the  counties  interested. 

On  the  eastern  side  of  this  far-famed  val- 
ley there  are  thousands  of  acres  of  rich  land 
still  awaiting  enterprise,  to  place  it  under  a 
proper  state  of  cultivation.  This  land  is  of  a 
more  productive  nature  than  any  other  within 
the  county  limits,  and  the  only  thing  necessary 
to  develop  its  hidden  wealth,  is  the  construc- 
tion of  an  irrigating  ditch,  for  the  constant 
and  abundant  supply  of  which,  the  waters  of 
the  never-failing  Rio  Grande  are  ever  at  hand. 
The  purchase  of  this  land  and  the  construction 
of  an  irrigation  ditch  would  prove  a  most  ex- 
cellent investment  for  capitalists. 

We  refer  here  to  a  modern  system  of  irri- 
gation by  high  line  ditches,  which  will  greatly 
widen  the  area  of  available  land.  At  present, 
and  for  very  many  years,  there  has  been  a 
comparatively  large  population  here,  cultivat- 
ing the  narrow  strip  of  land  near  the  river 
which  could  be  irrigated  by  small  accquias 
without  much  difficulty.  What  is  needed  is  a 
much  larger  and  more  comprehensive  improve- 
ment which  will  widen  the  belt  of  agricultural 
land  under  irrigation  to  at  least  four  times  its 
present  size. 

Besides  the  river  valleys  there  is  also  a  val- 
ley called  Laguna  de  los  Caballos,  which  sig- 
nifies "horse  lake;  "  it  is  situated  about  eight- 
een miles,  a  little  south  of  west,  from  Tierra 
Amarilla,  the  lake  itself  having  an  area  of 
about  20,000  acres.  It  will  store  enough 
water  to  irrigate  at  least  10,000  acres  of  land. 
North  and  northwest,  between  the  laguna  and 
the  north  boundary  of  the  county,  are  some 
twenty  lakes,  varying  in  area  from  100  to  600 
acres,  with  water  sufficient  to  irrigate  at  least 


20,000  to  30,000  acres.  In  the  neighborhood 
of  the  lakes  are  large  quantities  of  excellent 
land,  which  only  require  a  systematic  use  of 
the  water  accumulated  during  every  season  in 
these  lakes,  to  render  them  immensely  pro- 
ductive. 

This  country  is  also  a  paradise  for  sports- 
men, as  almost  all  kinds  of  fish  and  wild  game 
are  plentiful.  Here  may  be  found  the  snipe, 
quail,  partridge,  duck,  goose,  pigeon  and  tur- 
key, as  well  as  the  hare,  deer,  bear  and  ante- 
lope, and  all  in  great  abundance.  The  atmos- 
phere is  clear  and  pure,  and  the  climate  genial, 
healthy  and  invigorating,  the  winters  short 
and  mild,  and  the  summers  long  and  pleasant. 
Health  being  the  rule  here,  and  disease  a  rare 
exception,  this  locality  is  remarkable  for  the 
longevity  of  its  inhabitants. 

The  principal  agriculture  of  Rio  Arriba 
county  is  found  on  the  Chama  and  its  tribu- 
taries, on  the  Rio  Grande  and  San  Antonio 
rivers.  It  is  all  conducted  under  irrigation, 
and  according  to  the  estimates  of  the  surveyor 
general  of  New  Mexico,  there  are  at  present 
under  ditch  in  this  county  and  cultivated  29,- 
623  acres  of  land. 

It  may  safely  be  assumed  that  four  times 
as  many  acres  as  are  now  cultivated  may  be 
brought  under  crop  by  a  system  of  ditches 
scientifically  constructed.  The  characteristic 
of  the  present  system  of  canals  is  that  it  cov- 
ers no  more  than  the  first  river  bottoms  or  low 
land.  The  ditches  are  all  communal  affairs, 
from  three  to  twelve  feet  on  bottom,  and  run 
out  so  as  to  cover  the  most  easily  available 
land.  Wherever  the  valleys  widen  out  for  a 
few  miles  the  country  is  characterized  by  a 
bottom  along  the  river  from  about  one-half  to 
a  mile  wide,  flanked  on  either  side  by  a  level 
mesa  rising  sheer  for  ten  or  twenty  feet  above 
the  water.  The  first  cultivators  rarely  irri- 
gated these  lands,  which  are  by  far  the  more 
valuable.  On  these  slight  elevations  above 
the  river  the  frost  leaves  the  ground  from  ten 
days  to  two  weeks  earlier  in  the  spring  than  in 
the  bottom,  and  does  not  settle  till  a  corre- 
spondingly later  period  in  the  fall.  This  is  an 


164 


H1STORT  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


inestimable  advantage.  In  Rio  Arriba  county 
there  are  available  in  the  first  bottoms  of  the 
rivers  and  creeks  108,203  acres,  of  which,  as 
stated  before,  29,623  acres  are  cultivated. 
This  soil  is  composed  of  the  best  silt,  and  of 
actually  inexhaustible  fertility.  In  addition  to 
this  there  are  78,580  acres  of  mesa  or  bench 
lands  easy  to  cover  with  modern  ditches. 
Therefore  there  are  available  and  ready  for 
occupation  and  irrigation  at  least  195,000  acres 
in  this  county. 

Portions  of  this  county  are  especially 
adapted  to  the  raising  of  fruit,  as  may  be  seen 
by  a  glance  at  the  numerous  and  extensive  or- 
chards and  gardens,  where  may  be  seen  many 
varieties  of  melons,  apples,  pears,  peaches, 
plums,  cherries,  grapes,  strawberries  and  other 
fruits  of  the  largest  size,  finest  flavor  and  in 
great  abundance.  Indeed,  the  constant, 
countless  and  complicated  operations  of  na- 
ture, which  have  been  transpiring  for  thou- 
sands of  years,  the  decay  of  vast  forests, 
and  gigantic  vegetable  growths,  the  decompo- 
sition of  rocks,  the  agency  of  heat,  winds  and 
waters,  have  all  united  in  rendering  the  soil  of 
such  rare  nature,  that  literally,  "if  you  tickle 
it  with  a  hoe,  it  laughs  with  a  harvest." 

Some  of  the  largest  and  finest  orchards  in 
the  Territory  are  in  the  Rio  Grande  valley  in 
this  county.  In  fact,  the  first  fine  peaches 
that  were  introduced  from  the  East  were 
planted  at  Rinconada.  There  is  now  a  large 
orchard  at  that  place,  and  others  at  the  mouth 
of  Embudo  creek,  at  La  Nassa,  La  Joya,  Los 
Luceros,  Plaza  de  Alcalde  and  San  Juan  on  the 
east  side,  and  at  Chamita  and  the  vicinity  of 
Espanyola  on  the  west  side.  All  kinds  of 
fruit  do  well,  except  that  peaches,  apricots  and 
nectarines  are  an  uncertain  crop  on  account  of 
late  frosts;  but  this  section  seems  especially 
adapted  to  plums  and  prunes,  which  grow 
with  amazing  rapidity,  and  produce  fruit  in 
great  perfection. 

Rio  Arriba  county  now  exports  wheat  in 
considerable  quantities,  principally  from  the 
valleys  of  the  Rio  de  los  Pinos,  the  Rio  San 
Antonio  and  the  Chama.  The  Gallinas  valley 


is  cultivated  in  the  very  best  modern  style  by 
improved  agricultural  instruments.  The  El 
Rito,  Ojo  Caliente  and  Bear  creek  valleys  are 
all  fine  producers  of  the  cereals. 

It  would  be  well  here  to  call  attention  to 
the  remarkable  growth  of  wild  hops  in  this 
section  of  the  country;  they  produce  enor- 
mously. The  hop  is  much  larger  than  any  cul- 
tivated variety,  and  it  is  infinitely  richer  in 
essential  oils,  and  with  a  remarkably  rich 
aroma.  The  cultivation  of  this  crop  will  un- 
doubtedly be  a  source  of  immense  revenue  to 
this  county  in  the  future. 

The  mineral  resources  of  Rio  Arriba  are 
principally  gold  and  copper,  together  with 
mica  and  some  other  industrial  minerals. 
Along  the  Chama  river  for  a  distance  of 
twenty  miles,  commencing  about  five  miles 
above  Abiquiu,  are  extensive  placer  gravel 
beds.  The  gold  is  fine,  but  very  pure,  and  the 
amount  of  gravel  may  be  said  to  be  inex- 
haustible. There  is  also  a  large  amount  of 
gold,  both  in  leads  and  placers,  at  the  Good 
Hope  camp,  about  twenty  miles  west  of  Tres 
Piedras.  In  the  vicinity  of  the  latter,  at  a 
place  called  Bromide,  are  rich  silver  deposits. 
Copper  is  found  in  the  east,  in  the  main  range 
of  mountains,  and  in  the  vicinity  of  Abiquiu. 
The  largest  beds  of  mica  in  the  Territory  are 
found  near  the  town  of  Petaca.  The  product 
is  not  only  of  extreme  purity  and  clearness, 
but  is  found  in  sheets  of  unusual  size.  There 
is  also  a  large  deposit  of  mica  of  merchantable 
quality  near  Nambe,  in  th  eeast.  Prospectors 
have  also  discovered  near  Petaca,  where  most 
of  the  mica  mines  are,  veins  of  ferruginous 
ore  with  the  mica  leads.  Specimens  of  this 
ore,  taken  almost  from  the  surface  (these  veins 
have  not  been  opened  more  than  four  or  five 
feet  down)  have  been  assayed  to  carry  from 
one-fourth  of  one  to  one  and  one-half  per 
cent  of  tin.  A  thorough  investigation  of  these 
deposits  will  no  doubt  develop  an  industry  that 
will  pay  largely,  and  at  the  same  time  supply 
a  metal  of  which  the  United  States  is  in  great 
need,  and  for  which  at  present  about  $25,000,- 
ooo  are  annually  sent  to  England. 


HISTORY  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


,65 


The  coal  fields  in  the  vicinity  of  Amargo 
and  Monero  are  among  the  most  important  in 
all  New  Mexico,  and  supply  much  of  southern 
Colorado. 

Here,  then,  in  Rio  Arriba  county  is  pre- 
sented a  field  as  alluring  to  the  laborer,  farmer, 
miner,  artisan,  merchant  or  capitalist  as  it  is 
full  of  attractions  to  the  invalid,  tourist,  pleas- 
ure-seeker, traveler,  artist  and  savant,  and,  as 
we  before  remarked,  it  may  be  truthfully  said 
that  a  rare  combination  of  most  favorable  cir- 
cumstances have  all  united  in  rendering  it  one 
of  the  attractive  localities  of  the  world. 

This  county  contains  one  of  the  largest  and 
most  celebrated  of  the  existing  pueblo  towns, 
at  San  Juan,  called  by  the  early  Spaniards 
"  San  Juan  de  los  Caballeros  "  ("  San  Juan  of 
the  Gentlemen")  on  account  of  the  excellent 
character  of  the  inhabitants.  It  also  contains 
a  large  number,  of  ruins  of  ancient  pueblo 
towns,  generally  built  of  stone.  Many  of 
these  old  towns  and  cities  were  of  vast  extent. 
Some  of  them  are  found  in  the  valleys,  others 
on  hills  and  table  lands,  some  upon  the  moun- 
tains, while  others  again  are  found  far  up  the 
face  of  the  high  and  rocky  cliffs,  which  are 
nearly  if  not  quite  perpendicular.  In  the 
southern  portion  of  this  county  the  quaint  and 
interesting  habitations  of  the  celebrated  "Cliff- 
dwellers  "  are  found  in  various  localities,  and 
are  well  worth  a  visit. 

Rio  Arriba  is  the  great  lumber-producing 
region  of  New  Mexico.  Until  the  recent  stag- 
nation in  building  operations  the  number  of 
feet  cut  annually  on  the  Tierra  Amarilla  grant 
in  the  vicinity  of  Chama,  was  not  less  than 
15,000,000,  requiring  the  constant  working  of 
three  large  rnjlls.  On  the  Petaca  grant  about 
3,000,000  feet  were  annually  produced  and 
shipped  from  Tres  Piedras.  In  each  case 
branch  railroads  were  built  to  accommodate 
the  business. 

This  county  is  essentially  a  rural  one, 
and  consequently  contains  no  large  towns.  The 
population  along  the  Rio  Grande  valley,  how- 
ever, is  as  numerous  as  anywhere  in  New 


Mexico,  the  line  of  farm  houses  along  the 
main  roads  being  almost  continuous. 

Tierra  Amarilla  is  the  county  seat  and  center 
of  a  finely  cultivated  country.  Los  Ojos,  Park 
View,  La  Puente  and  a  number  of  small  towns 
surround  and  depend  upon  it.  Here  the  land 
is  covered  with  a  number  of  irrigation  ditches, 
and  large  crops  are  produced.  A  good  court 
house  and  jail  are  located  here;  the  trade  of 
this  town,  especially  in  live  stock,  wool  and 
grain,  is  quite  large.  It  is  one  of  the  oldest 
towns  in  that  section  of  New  Mexico,  having 
been  settled  under  a  grant  from  the  Mexican 
government  in  the  thirties. 

Abiquiu,  on  the  Chama  river,  about  twen- 
ty miles  from  Chamita,  and  twenty-five  miles 
from  Espanyola,  is  surrounded  by  a  stock-rais- 
ing and  agricultural  country.  It  is  also  rich  in 
minerals.  Copper  and  placer  gold  abound. 
On  the  Arroyo  Cobre  copper  is  now  being  ex- 
tracted. The  gold  fields  begin  where  the 
Canyones  creek  empties  into  the  Chama.  They 
extend  thence  north  and  occupy  a  space  ap- 
proximately fifteen  miles  long  along  the  river, 
and  six  miles  wide.  The  old  Indian  pueblo  of 
Abiquiu  has  been  deserted  for  some  time,  but 
the  modern  Mexican  town  covers  much  of  the 
same  ground.  It  is  peculiarly  situated  on  a 
hill  overlooking  miles  of  the  Chama  valley. 

Chama,  near  the  northern  boundary  of  the 
county,  is  an  American  settlement  on  the  Cha- 
ma river,  surrounded  by  fine  pine  forests,  which 
are  extensively  worked  by  a  number  of  sawmills, 
supplying  the  Denver  and  Pueblo  markets. 
Fine  quarries  of  excellent  sandstone,  which 
has  been  used  for  the  erection  of  the  Colorado 
State  capitol,  are  a  short  distance  west,  on  the 
Denver  &  Rio  Grande  Railroad,  which  also  runs 
through  Chama.  Besides  this,  Chama  is  the 
shipping  point  for  sheep  and  cattle  raised  in 
the  surrounding  country.  There  are  good 
schools,  hotels,  stores,  churches,  etc.,  at 
Chama. 

El  Rito  is  in  the  eastern  part  of  the  county 
on  El  Rito  creek,  in  a  fertile  valley  surrounded 
by  low  hills,  three  to  five  miles  away,  except 
to  the  northwest,  where  the  El  Rito  mountains 


1 66 


HISTORY  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


lay;  this  section  has  access  to  the  Denver  & 
Rio  Grande  Railroad  at  Barranca,  Chamita 
and  Espanyola;  most  cultivation  is  done  by 
irrigation;  the  trade  of  the  town  chiefly  con- 
sists in  wool,  live  stock,  grain  and  country 
produce.  Of  late,  copper  and  silver  mining 
are  assuming  some  importance. 

Monero  is  the  center  of  a  very  extensive 
and  productive  coal  field.  It  is  situated  near 
the  Colorado  line  on  the  route  of  the  Denver 
&  Rio  Grande  Railroad.  Last  year  20,000 
tons  of  coal  were  shipped  from  this  town. 
These  fields  are  part  of  the  coal  beds  else- 
where described  in  this  book.  They  are  not 
mere  isolated  deposits,  but  part  of  a  wide- 
stretching  area  that  will  one  day  bring  New 
Mexico  to  the  front  as  a  manufacturing  State. 

SAN   JUAN  COUNTY. 

San  Juan  is  one  of  the  newer  parts  of  New 
Mexico,  both  as  to  its  settlement  and  its  estab- 
lishment as  a  separate  county.  It  was  too  near 
the  Indian  country,  or  rather  too  much  a  part 
of  the  Indian  country,  for  any  settlements  to 
be  made  there  in  Mexican  days  or  for  more 
than  a  quarter  of  a  century  after  the  better 
protection  of  the  American  government  had 
been  extended.  Abiquiu,  El  Rito  and  Ojo 
Caliente  were  then  the  extreme  frontiers  of 
civilization,  and  many  a  bloody  combat  and 
many  a  mourning  household  told  of  the  dangers 
and  sorrows  of  life  where  forays  and  sudden  in- 
roads were  continually  taking  place.  Even 
now  the  Mexican  population,  gradually  moving 
from  the  older  portions  of  New  Mexico,  has 
only  gone  as  far  as  Largo,  and  the  settlers  of 
the  other  parts  of  San  Juan  have  come  from 
Colorado  by  the  way  of  Durango.  They  were 
almost  exclusively  cattle  men  at  first,  but  the 
beauty  and  fertility  of  the  valley  soon  attracted 
the  farmer,  and  then  came  the  inevitable  con- 
flict which  at  some  time  has  been  waged  nearly 
all  over  the  far  West,  between  the  cowboy 
wishing  an  open  range  and  no  fences  to  cut  off 
the  water,  and  the  agriculturist  who  came  to 
establish  his  homestead  and  help  form  a  per- 
manent community.  The  result  is  always  the 


same;  all  the  efforts  of  the  cattle  men  can  only 
cause  delay,  and  sooner  or  later  they  have  to 
retreat  before  the  advancing  line  of  houses  and 
barns  and  other  regular  improvements.  So 
it  has  been  in  San  Juan,  until  the  cattle  inter- 
est has  become  comparatively  small,  and  the 
county  is  known  everywhere  as  the  home  of 
the  farm  and  the  orchard. 

For  a  considerable  time  it  constituted  a 
part  of  Taos  county,  then  it  was  attached  to  Rio 
Arriba;  but  the  hardships  and  inconveniences 
arrising  from  being  so  distant  from  the  seat  of 
justice,  were  so  evident  that  at  length,  in  1887, 
it  was  set  apart  as  a  separate  county,  and 
named  for  its  principal  river,  San  Juan. 

It  occupies  the  northwestern  corner  of  the 
Territory,  being  bounded  on  the  north  by  Col- 
orado, on  the  west  by  Arizona,  east  by  Rio 
Arriba  county  and  south  by  Bernalillo  county. 
Its  western  portion  is  included  in  the  Navajo 
reservation.  The  total  area  is  3, 542,000  acres. 
This  county  has  been  called  the  garden  spot  of 
New  Mexico;  certainly  it  is  the  best  watered, 
and  between  its  rivers  are  high  table  land  and 
picturesque  mountains. 

The  principal  agricultural  lands  of  the 
county  are  embraced  in  the  valleys  of  the  San 
Juan,  Animas,  La  Plata,  Rio  de  los  Pinos  and 
a  small  portion  of  the  Rio  Mancos. 

Considering  these  streams  in  the  order  of 
their  importance,  the  San  Juan  river  rises  in 
Archuleta  county,  Colorado,  and  drains  be- 
tween 80  and  100  miles  of  the  western  slopes 
of  the  continental  divide.  It  enters  New  Mex- 
ico at  the  northeast  corner  of  the  county, 
makes  a  huge  semi-circle,  and  departs  on  its 
course  through  Utah,  at  the  extreme  north- 
west corner  of  the  Territory;  within  the  county 
the  total  length  of  this  stream  Js  about  124 
miles,  about  thirty  miles  of  which  is  over  lands  of 
the  Navajo  reservation.  This  river  is  275  feet 
wide,  has  an  average  fall  of  eleven  feet  to  the 
mile.  In  the  spring  and  early  summer  it  is 
only  fordable  at  a  few  places,  and  its  lowest 
depth  is  about  two  feet.  Even  as  late  as  Oc- 
tober and  November  its  waters  will  reach  to  a 
wagon  bed.  The  lowest  flow  of  this  river  will 


HIS  TORT  OF  NE  W  MEXICO. 


167 


be  about  4,000  cubic  feet  per  second,  or  suffi- 
cient at  the  most  conservative  estimate  to  irri- 
gate 640,000  acres. 

At  the  town  of  Largo  the  river  bottom 
widens  out  into  rolling  mesas  and  bottom  lands 
which  are  available  for  cultivation.  The  most 
important  of  these  tracts  are  known  as  the 
Bloomfield  and  Solomon  mesas,  which  with 
the  bottom  lands  under  them  will  aggregate 
somewhat  over  20,000  acres.  They  are  on 
the  north  side  of  the  river.  On  the  south 
side,  between  the  mouth  of  the  Animas  and 
Farmington,  is  a  splendid  piece  of  bottom 
land  twenty-five  miles  long  and  from  one  to 
two  miles  wide.  The  Animas  and  La  Plata 
empty  into  the  San  Juan  near  Farmington, 
about  midway  in  the  county.  On  the  two 
points  of  land  formed  by  the  rivers  are  about 
12,000  or  15,000  acres  of  fine  land,  all  under 
ditch.  Beginning  then  at  the  mouth  of  the  La 
Plata,  and  for  twenty  miles  down  the  San 
Juan,  to  where  it  breaks  through  the  Hogback, 
a  line  of  low  hills,  there  is  a  continuous  series 
of  mesas  with  about  a  mile  wide  of  bottom 
land.  A  little  over  15,000  acres  here  are  now 
under  ditch.  To  the  north  of  this  are  a  series 
of  high  meadows,  or  vegas,  estimated  to  con- 
tain 44,000  acres. 

The  other  streams  mentioned  have  their 
sources  in  the  San  Juan  mountains  in  the  State 
of  Colorado,  and  flow  in  a  southerly  direction 
to  where  they  unite  with  the  San  Juan.  These 
streams  have  their  source  in  the  perpetual  snow- 
capped mountains  which  cause  them  to  carry 
a  large  volume  of  water  throughout  the  entire 
year  and,  consequently,  are  permanent,  afford- 
ing a  great  sufficiency  of  water  for  irrigation 
and  manufacturing  purposes. 

Besides  the  valleys  along  the  streams  there 
is  a  vast  extent  of  grain  and  fruit  land  lying 
back  from  the  rivers  in  large  plateaus  or  mesas, 
a  great  portion  of  which  can  be  irrigated  from 
the  streams  at  a  reasonable  expense.  The 
altitudes  of  these  valleys  are  4, 500  feet  in  the 
lower  portion  of  the  county,  increasing  as  we 
ascend  the  rivers,  at  the  rate  of  from  fifteen  to 
twenty-five  feet  to  the  mile 


The  Animas  river,  which  is  the  most  im- 
portant of  the  branches  of  the  San  Juan, 
flows  south  from  Durango,  Colorado,  near 
which  place  it  is  formed  by  the  junction  of  two 
mountain  streams,  and  will  irrigate,  if  proper- 
ly handled,  30,000  or  40,000  acres  of  fruit 
land.  Of  this  amount  10,000  or  12,000  acres 
are  already  under  ditch,  and  it  would  not  be 
wise  to  advise  large  settlement  on  any  new 
lands  unless  some  scheme  were  devised  by 
which  the  whole  amount  of  the  water  could  be 
handled  by  some  comprehensive  authority. 
This  river  flows  thirty  miles  within  San  Juan 
county.  It  is  about  1 50  feet  wide,  about 
eighteen  inches  deep  at  low  water,  and  has  a 
minimum  flow  of  2,000  cubic  feet  per  second. 

Besides  the  valley  of  the  Animas  there  is  an 
important  area  of  land  included  in  the  Farm- 
ington Glade,  an  intervale  between  the  Animas 
and  La  Plata  rivers.  It  is  a  strip  of  country 
two  to  three  miles  wide  by  eighteen  miles 
long.  It  will  aggregate  25,000  acres  of  good 
irrigable  land  well  adapted  to  fruit-raising. 
The  traces  of  an  ancient  Aztec  ditch  may  be 
seen,  which  once  irrigated  a  large  area  of  this 
glade  from  the  Animas.  At  present  8,000  acres 
of  the  northern  portion  are  irrigated  by  a 
ditch  brought  in  from  the  La  Plata. 

The  La  Plata  river  flows  in  a  deep,  sandy 
bed,  and  its  waters  generally  disappear  in  the 
last  week  of  August  or  the  first  week  of 
September.  On  the  upper  part  of  this  river 
after  it  enters  San  Juan  county  there  are  about 
8,000  acres  cultivated;  and  at  Jackson,  near  its 
mid-course,  there  is  a  small  Mormon  colony,  who 
till  about  1,000  acres.  The  river  has  an 
average  fall  of  forty  feet  to  the  mile,  is  about 
thirty  feet  wide  and  has  a  mean  average  flow 
of  about  250  cubic  feet  per  second. 

It  will  be  seen  from  the  foregoing  that 
there  are  available  from  these  three  rivers 
6,250  cubic  feet  of  water  per  second.  At  the 
low  estimate  of  160  acres  to  each  cubic  foot, 
this  is  sufficient  to  irrigate  1,000,000  acres  of 
land.  According  to  a  careful  computation 
there  are  only  175,000  acres  available  for  irri- 
gation. At  present  the  only  use  made  of  all 


1 68 


HIS  7^0  RT   OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


this  wealth  of  water  is  to  irrigate  about  25,- 
ooo  acres,  the  larger  part  of  which  is  under 
ditches  owned  by  small  associations  of  farmers. 

So,  whether  we  consider  the  present  use  or 
the  limit  of  ultimate  demand,  there  is  an  enor- 
mous supply  of  water  in  excess  of  the  require- 
ments. This  will  be  used  in  the  future  to  de- 
velop water  power,  which  can  be  advantage- 
ously used  for  many  purposes. 

Apart  from  the  neighborhood  ditches,  there 
are  now  under  process  of  construction  several 
large  irrigating  ditches,  which,  when  com- 
pleted, will  furnish  water  for  many  thousand 
acres  of  valuable  lands.  The  more  noted  of 
these  are  the  "Grand  Canal,"  taken  from  the 
Animas  river  near  Aztec,  extending  in  a  west- 
erly direction  to  the  La  Plata,  covering  from 
7,000  to  10,000  acres,  the  largest  body  of 
which  lies  just  north  of  the  town  of  Farming- 
ton.  The  Coolidge  ditch,  constructed  by  the 
Coolidge  Brothers,  is  taken  from  the  Animas 
near  Farmington  and  covers  many  thousands 
of  acres  of  land  near  Olio.  The  Canyon 
Largo  ditch,  taken  from  the  San  Juan,  south 
side,  near  Largo,  covers  a  large  tract  of  land 
opposite  Bloomrield,  and  the  High  Line  ditch, 
taken  from  the  La  Plata  river  near  the  Colo- 
rado State  line,  covers  a  large  tract  of  land 
between  the  La  Plata  and  the  Hogback. 

Irrigation  and  the  'cultivation  of  the  soil 
thereby  is  not  a  new  art  in  the  San  Juan  coun- 
try. The  traces  of  ancient  pueblos  and  sur- 
rounding irrigating  canals  may  be  followed 
throughout  the  country.  On  the  south  side  of 
the  Animas  and  skirting  the  bluffs  is  be  noticed 
a  ditch  of  higher  line  than  any  now  in  use.  It 
covers  all  that  side  of  the  valley  down  to  the 
San  Juan.  On  the  north  side  of  the  river  is 
another  entering  the  Farrnington  Glade.  At 
the  town  of  Aztec  the  foundations  of  more  than 
a  dozen  large  houses  are  to  be  found,  while  di- 
rectly across  the  river  was  a  large  pueblo,  of 
which  one  three-story  house  still  remains.  It 
is  estimated  that  this  house  was  originally  six 
stories  high  and  contained  upwards  of  1,000 
apartments.  Over  600  rooms  are  still  stand- 
ing and  in  good  state  of  preservation.  Fur- 


ther down  this  valley  many  other  ruins  are  no- 
:  ticeable,  and  in  the  neighborhood  of  Fruitland 
and  Olio  the  whole  valley  is  covered  with  them. 
These  pueblos  differ  from  the  others  in  New 
Mexico  in  that  they  are  not  built  in  inaccessi- 
ble places  but  out  on  the  open  mesas.  On  the 
Mancos,  however,  and  at  other  points  are  clus- 
ters of  cliff  dwellings  so  difficult  of  access  that 
modern  ingenuity  has  been  unable  to  penetrate 
them. 

The  county  at  present  is  almost  entirely 
horticultural  and  agricultural,  the  mineral  re- 
sources being  undeveloped. 

The  great  agricultural  crop  of  the  county 
is  alfalfa,  which  grows  with  the  utmost  luxuri- 
ance and  is  proof  against  any  frosts  experi- 
enced here.  The  product  is  enormous,  and 
great  stacks  containing  as  much  as  500  tons 
are  to  be  seen  as  one  descends  the  Animas.  In 
order  to  utilize  the  vast  crops  and  save  trans- 
portation, the  farmers  fatten  great  numbers  of 
cattle  and  sheep  which  are  brought  here  for 
the  purpose. 

Thus  the  surrounding  country  is  now  occu- 
pied to  a  considerable  extent  by  large  herds  of 
cattle  and  horses  and  flocks  of  sheep,  which 
guarantees  a  good  home  market  for  the  sur- 
plus forage  grown  in  the  valleys.  Aside  from 
the  lands  of  this  county  susceptible  of  irriga- 
tion and  cultivation,  the  balance  of  the  county 
is  one  vast  stock  range,  where,  under  the  mild 
winters,  all  kinds  of  stock  subsist  the  year 
around  without  any  expense  to  the  owner  ex- 
cept the  marking  and  branding,  until  the  time 
for  fattening  arrives. 

Cereals  of  all  kinds  are  grown  here,  wheat 
yielding  20  to  40  bushels  per  acre;  oats,  30  to 
80  bushels;  barley,  30  to  60  bushels;  rye,  15  to 
30  bushels;  corn,  25  to  50  bushels.  A  ready 
sale  is  found  at  good  prices.  Current  prices 
for  1893  were  as  follows:  Wheat,  per  hundred 
weight,  $1.40;  oats,  $1.50;  barley,  $1.40; 
corn,  $1.50;  bran,  per  ton,  $18.  Vegetables 
of  every  variety  flourish,  from  the  hardier  va- 
rieties, such  as  Irish  potatoes,  turnips  and 
beets,  to  the  more  tender  melons,  tomatoes, 
egg-plants,  etc. 


H1STORT  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


169 


The  county  has  the  advantage  of  the  ex- 
cellent market  afforded  by  the  mining  region  in 
southwestern  Colorado,  and  the  bulk  of  the 
product,  both  of  vegetables  and  fruit,  is  sold 
there.  The  vegetables  are  of  exceptional  size, 
there  being  potatoes  weighing  seven  pounds, 
cabbage  weighing  thirty  pounds,  beets  three 
feet  in  length  and  eight  inches  in  diameter, 
melons  weighing  fifty  pounds,  squashes  weigh- 
ing i  50  pounds,  and  tomatoes  sweet  potatoes 
and  peanuts  as  good  as  raised  anywhere. 

The  bee  business,  a  new  industry  in  New 
Mexico,  is  fast  coming  to  the  front  in  the  west- 
ern portion  of  the  county,  the  Animas  and 
San  Juan  valleys,  having  such  an  abundance 
of  the  Rocky  mountain  bee  plant,  that  those 
who  have  tried  that  industry  have  found  it  very 
interesting  and  remunerative.  The  quality  of 
the  honey  is  the  very  best,  wh'le  the  mild  win- 
ters render  it  easy  to  carry  the  bees  through 
with  comparatively  small  loss. 

Fruit-raising,  however,  is  the  most  notice- 
able industry.  The  orchards  extend  along  all 
the  rivers,  and  are  large  and  admirably  cared 
for.  Those  at  Farmington  and  Junction  City 
are  the  oldest  and  largest.  All  kinds  of  ordi- 
nary fruit,  —  apples,  pears,  plums,  peaches, 
apricots,  cherries,  and  all  small  fruits, — do  well 
here.  Besides  American  grapes,  vineyards 
have  been  planted  with  foreign  varieties,  which 
have  succeeded  beyond  expectation,  even  the 
seedless  Sultana  ripening  to  perfection. 

Many  varieties  of  apples  bear  the  next  year  i 
after  setting,  when  set  at  two  years  from  graft, 
and  seem  to  be  quite  regular  bearers  there- 
after, so  that  it  is  not  necessary  to  wait  from 
five  to  ten  years  for  fruit,  as  is  often  the  case  in 
the  middle  States.  Peaches,  plums  and  apri- 
cots often  bear  the  first  year  after  being  planted, 
and  produce  large  crops  during  the  second  year. 

Southwestern  Colorado  is  almost  wholly 
supplied  from  the  San  Juan  orchards.  So  re- 
munerative has  fruit  culture  proved  that  in 
1891,  23,000  trees  were  planted,  and  in  1892 
about  50,000.  In  the  succeeding  years,  even 
that  large  number  has  been  exceeded.  The 
product  in  1893  was: 


POUNDS. 

Apples 900,000 

Peaches   465,000 

Pears 10,000 

Plums 40,000 

Grapes ;   412,600 

GALS. 
Wine 2, 800 

Single  acres  of  fruit  land  return  from  $400 
to  $500;  and  in  one  orchard,  near  Farming- 
ton,  are  three  trees,  of  whose  yield  an  accurate 
account  has  been  kept  for  four  years  past,  that 
show  an  average  return  of  $53  per  tree. 

So  important  has  become  this  industry  that 
in  1893  the  legislature  passed  an  act  estab- 
lishing an  experiment  station  in  this  county, 
under  the  charge  of  the  Regents  of  the  Agri- 
cultural College.  Considerable  delay  took 
place  in  the  selection  of  a  location,  but  it  has 
finally  been  fixed  near  Aztec,  and  the  station 
will  soon  be  an  important  institution. 

Thus  far,  little  has  been  done  with  the 
mineral  resources  of  the  county.  It  is  well 
known,  however,  that  almost  the  entire  county 
is  underlaid  with  coal.  Near  Aztec,  La  Plata, 
Farmington,  Olio,  Fruitland  and  Jewett,  large 
veins  are  opened.  The  average  price  of  coal 
is  principally  the  cost  of  hauling.  The  beds 
are  so  generally  distributed,  and  the  coal  so 
easily  extracted,  that  there  is  very  little  cost 
for  mining.  None  of  the  veins  are  opened 
more  than  200  feet  as  yet,  but  they  run  from 
ten  to  twenty  feet  thick  of  pure  coal;  and  one 
good  blast  every  day  at  the  different  mines  will 
supply  the  demand. 

We  cannot  leave  San  Juan  without  refer- 
ring to  its  remarkable  scenery.  It  has  a 
grandeur  peculiarly  its  own;  and,  when  access 
is  more  convenient,  will  attract  many  tourists. 
There  is  one  view  from  near  the  center  of  the 
county  that  is  specially  celebrated.  To  the 
west,  and  far  down  the  San  Juan  valley,  towers 
Ship  Rock,  a  beautiful  peak,  rising  1,200  feet, 
like  a  giant  ship  with  all  sails  set.  In  the  far 
southeast,  on  a  high  crag,  stand  the  "Angels," 
two  stone  figures  of  great  resemblance  to  the 
conventional  messengers  of  heaven.  Mys- 


170 


HISTORT   OF  NE  W  MEXICO. 


tically  they  tower  over  the  surrounding  country 
as  guardians  of  its  peace  and  prosperity.  All 
along  the  southern  horizon  stretch  either  high- 
rolling  mesas,  or  the  bluff,  weather-worn  faces 
of  the  cliffs.  In  the  north  tower  the  cloud- 
crowned  summits  of  the  blue  La  Plata  moun- 
tains, and  over  all  is  the  sheen  of  an  arid  sky, 
toning  from  the  vivid  grey  background  of  the 
horizon  to  lovely  azure  blue  of  the  zenith. 
Few  scenes,  even  in  the  romantic  West,  pre- 
sent such  beauty.  This  is  only  one  of  the 
many  delightful  prospects;  but  it  takes  in  a 
stretch  of  country  nearly  100  miles  long. 

The  county  is  so  entirely  rural  that  it  con- 
tains no  large  towns.  The  following,  however, 
may  be  mentioned: 

Aztec  is  the  county  seat,  situated  on  the 
southeast  bank  of  the  Animas.  It  is  on  the 
site  of  the  pueblo  before  described  and  is  a 
flourishing  town.  It  has  a  bank,  several  large 
stores,  hotel  and  livery  and  stage  stables.  The 
county  jail  is  a  well-built,  steel-lined  adobe 
structure.  The  surrounding  country  is  well 
cultivated,  the  farms  extending  up  and  down 
the  river  for  several  miles.  At  this  point  the 
valley  is  about  two  miles  wide. 

About  half-way  down  the  river,  between 
Aztec  arid  Farmington,  is  Flora  Vista.  This 
little  village  and  vicinity  has  a  population  of 
about  250  souls.  It  is  situated  at  about  the 
widest  part  of  the  Animas  valley,  seven  miles 
from  Aztec,  raises  the  same  crops,  and  its  or- 
chards are  spreading;  its  alfalfa  fields  have  a 
particularly  good  appearance. 

Farmington  and  Junction  City  are  situated 
at  the  mouth  of  the  Animas.  The  population 
of  each  is  about  the  same  as  at  Aztec.  The 
location  is  very  beautiful.  Junction  City  is  on 
the  east  and  Farmington  on  the  west  side  of 
the  Animas.  At  this  point  the  full  scenic 
beauty  of  the  valley  reveals  itself.  From  a 
little  hill  overlooking  the  towns  a  solid  planta- 
tion of  three  or  four  square  miles,  including 
orchards,  alfalfa  fields,  grain  and  meadow  is 
seen.  Here  is  at  present  the  densest  popula- 
tion of  the  county  and  the  widest  spread  of 
cultivation.  The  three  valleys  here  converge 


into  the  main  valley  of  the  San  Juan.  There 
are  several  good  stores,  public  stables,  good 
schools  and  general  facilities.  Near  this  town 
are  located  several  brick  kilns,  a  sawmill  and  a 
roller-process  flourmill. 

Largo  may  be  considered  the  center  of  pop- 
ulation on  the  upper  San  Juan.  Taking  in 
with  it  the  settlement  on  Pine  river  and  at 
Bloomfield,  the  population  is  between  1,000 
and  1,200  persons,  the  majority  of  whom  are 
of  Spanish  descent.  The  high  culture  of  the 
fields,  orchards  and  vineyards  speaks  well  for 
the  progress  of  the  community. 

Olio,  Fruitland  and  Jewett  are  situated  on 
the  San  Juan  below  its  junction  with  the  La 
Plata.  The  population  of  the  three  is  about 
600  persons.  The  greater  part  of  the  land  is 
under  a  fine  modern  canal  and  in  a  high  state 
of  cultivation.  At  Fruitland  is  one  small  or- 
chard of  seven  acres,  from  which  the  annual 
net  return  has  been  over  $2, 500  per  annum 
for  the  past  five  years.  This  is  the  property 
of  the  resident  Mormon  bishop,  and  is  culti- 
vated according  to  the  theory  of  his  people 
that  a  small  place  well  cared  for  is  more  valu- 
able than  broad  acreage  poorly  farmed.  La 
Plata  can  hardly  be  called  a  town,  but  is  a 
compact  farming  community  of  about  seventy 
well-cultivated  homesteads  at  the  head  of  the 
La  Plata  valley.  On  the  western  side  the 
land  rises  in  three  terraces,  one  over  the  other, 
every  one  of  which  is  highly  cultivated,  The 
sight  would  remind  one  more  of  a  French 
landscape  than  of  a  Western  community  as 
yet  removed  from  railroads  and  ten  years  ago 
given  over  to  the  Indians  as  a  hunting-ground. 

SANTA    FE    COUNTY. 

This  county,  though  one  of  the  smallest  in 
the  Territory,  yet  from  its  position  and  re- 
sources is  one  of  the  most  important.  The 
city  itself  is  one  of  surpassing  historic  interest, 
and  as  an  invalid  resort  is  unequaled  any- 
where; the  mountains  on  the  east  are  full  of 
picturesque  scenery;  the  northern  portion  of 
the  county,  as  well  as  its  central,  is  the  chosen 
home  of  horticulture,  and  the  southern  por- 


HISTORY  OF  NE  W  MEXICO. 


171 


tion  has  a  variety  of  mineral  wealth  seldom,  if 
ever,  surpassed.  The  soil  is  excellent,  and 
produces  large  crops  of  the  best  quality  if  i 
water  be  adduced.  There. is  no  dew  in  the  j 
valleys,  but  some  occurs  up  the  mountain 
sides.  Wheat,  corn,  grapes,  apples,  peaches, 
plums,  rhubarb,  cabbage,  apricots,  pears, 
celery,  melons,  cauliflower,  beets,  onions,  peas, 
beans,  carrots,  turnips,  parsnips,  strawberries, 
etc.,  are  raised  to  perfection  where  irrigation 
can  be  had.  The  soil  is  of  such  physical  and 
chemical  composition, — as  shown  by  analysis, 
— as  to  make  it  prolific  in  the  extreme,  with- 
out resort  to  any  kind  of  manure  whatever; 
each  irrigation  adds  new  fertilizing  material, 
and  keeps  up  the  strength  of  the  soil. 

Most  of  the  streams  in  the  county  emanate 
from  the  west  side  of  the  Santa  Fe  range  of 
the  Rocky  mountains,  and  have  a  westerly 
course,  being  affluents  of  the  Rio  Grande, 
which  itself  flows  from  northeast  to  southwest 
through  the  extreme  western  part  of  the 
county.  They  are  the  Santa  Cruz  river,  flow- 
ing down  from  the  canyons  near  Chimayo; 
Nambe  creek  and  its  different  heads,  Tesuque 
creek  and  Santa  Fe  creek,  heading  at  Baldy 
and  Lake  Peaks  respectively,  and  Galisteo 
creek,  rising  with  its  two  heads,  Apache  and 
Canyoncito  creeks,  near  the  summit  of  the 
southern  end  of  the  Santa  Fe  range,  etc. 
Their  waters  are  derived  from  snow,  rain  and 
springs  of  the  mountains,  in  Archaean  rocks, 
flowing  thence  through  carboniferous  beds, 
finally  reaching  cretaceous  beds,  which  fill  the 
valley  between  the  mountain  range  and  the 
Rio  Grande,  overlaid  nearer  the  latter  river  in 
places  by  sheets  of  lava,  which,  on  the  east 
side  of  the  river,  were  thrown  out  from  the 
Tetilla,  an  extinct  volcano,  and  on  its  west 
side  from  craters  farther  west. 

Cereals  are  raised  to  perfection  in  the  Rio 
Grande  valley  and  all  those  valleys  which 
empty  into  the  same  in  Santa  Fe  county.  If 
the  mode  of  cultivation  there  is  still  somewhat 
primitive,  certainly,  the  "incoming  man  will 
find  a  fine  and  remunerative  field  of  labor." 

The  fruits — apricots,  peaches,  pears,   rasp- 


berries, strawberries,  plums,  nectarines  and 
others — surpass  par  excellence  anything  that 
can  be  raised  in  California;  the  products  of 
the  Santa  Fe  orchards  are  celebrated,  and 
eagerly  bought  in  all  surrounding  markets, 
near  and  far.  Asparagus  and  celery,  to  men- 
tion only  these  two,  raised  here,  are  so  rich 
and  fine  that  no  Eastern  product  can  be  com- 
pared with  them.  The  first  fine  orchard  in 
the  southwest  was  in  the  "  Bishop's  Garden," 
planted  by  Archbishop  Lamy  at  Santa  Fe. 
This  naturally  was  followed  by  others,  no- 
ticeable among  which  are  those  of  W.  H. 
Manderfield  and  Arthur  Boyle,  and  in  time  the 
whole  city  became  a  succession  of  orchards  and 
gardens  of  the  finest  fruit.  There  is  some- 
thing in  the  situation  which  seems  to  add  to 
the  flavor  as  well  as  the  beauty  of  the  fruit. 
At  Tesuque,  six  miles  north,  is  the  Miller  apple 
orchard,  which  is  a  wonderfully  productive  en- 
terprise. At  Pojuaque  is  another,  and  in  the 
Rio  Grande  valley,  on  both  sides  of  Santa 
Cruz  river,  and  around  Espanyola,  are  other 
excellent  orchards,  and  horticulture  is  quite 
sure  to  occupy  all  the  best  portions  of  those 
localities. 

A  large  portion  of  the  Santa  Fe  valley  will 
soon  be  irrigated  from  the  immense  reservoir 
now  being  constructed  just  north  of  the  city. 

While  mineral  wealth  of  some  kind  is  to 
be  found  in  nearly  all  parts  of  Santa  Fe 
county,  yet  it  is  the  southern  section  that  is 
famous  in  this  respect.  Standing  on  Fort 
Marcy  heights  in  the  capital  city  and  looking 
south,  the  view  is  of  great  beauty.  But  more 
than  that,  it  embraces  a  field  of  wealth  rarely 
equaled.  The  nearest  hills,  seen  over  a 
broad  expanse  of  plain,  are  those  which  con- 
tain the  turquoise  mines  now  most  actively 
worked;  just  beyond  are  the  Cerrillos  moun- 
tains, full  of  silver  and  lead;  beyond  to  the 
right  are  the  hills  across  the  railroad,  where 
the  great  coal  measures  are,  and  behind  them 
all  are  seen  the  Ortiz  mountains,  and  the  more 
distant  Tuertos,  carrying  untold  riches  in  gold 
and  copper. 

The  knowledge  of  these  mines  is  nothing 


I72 


H1STORT  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


new.  Even  Cabeza  de  Baca  speaks  of  seeing 
a  turquoise  from  these  mines,  and  in  Coronado's 
time  this  stone  was  regarded  as  the  most  preci- 
ous possessions  of  the  Indians  as  far  west  as  Ari- 
zona. The  silver  mines  of  Cerrillos  were  worked 
to  an  enormous  extent  during  the  early  Span- 
ish occupation.  Over  forty  ancient  mines  have 
been  discovered,  and  there  are  probably  as 
many  more  so  thoroughly  filled  as  to  defy  de- 
tection. In  the  midst  of  this  silver  district 
rises  the  dome  of  Mount  Chalchuitl  (whose 
name  the  Mexicans  gave  to  the  turquoise,  its 
much  valued  mineral),  the  summit  of  which  is 
about  7,000  feet  above  tide,  and  is  therefore 
almost  exactly  on  a  level  with  the  plaza  of 
Santa  Fe.  In  the*  other  direction  this  moun- 
tain has  its  drainage  into  the  valley  of  the 
Galisteo,  which  forms  the  southern  boundary 
of  the  Cerrillos  district.  The  age  of  eruption 
of  these  volcanic  rocks  is  probably  tertiary. 
The  rocks  which  form  Mount  Chalchuitl  are  at 
once  distinguished  from  those  of  the  surround- 
ing and  associated  ranges  of  the  Cerrillos,  by 
their  white  color  and  decomposed  appearance, 
closely  resembling  tuff  and  kaolin,  and  giving 
evidence,  to  the  observer  familiar  with  such 
phenomena,  of  extensive  and  profound  altera- 
tion, due  probably  to  the  escape  through  them 
at  this  point  of  heated  vapor  of  water,  and 
perhaps  of  other  vapors  or  gases,  by  the 
action  of  which  the  original  crystalline  struc- 
ture of  the  mass  has  been  completely  decom- 
posed or  metamorphosed,  with  the  production 
of  new  chemical  compounds.  Among  these 
the  turquoise  is  the  most  conspicuous  and  im- 
portant. In  this  yellowish-white  and  kaolin- 
like  tufaceous  rock  the  turquoise  is  found  in 
thin  veinlets  or  little  balls  of  concentrations 
called  "nuggets,"  covered  with  a  crust  of 
nearly  white  tuff.  The  greater  part  of  the 
veins  and  nuggets  only  contain  the  less  valued 
varieties  of  this  gem;  but  occasionally  afford 
fine  sky-blue  stones  of  higher  value  for  orna- 
mental purposes.  Blue-green  stains  are  seen 
in  every  direction  among  the  decomposed 
rocks;  but  the  turquoise  in  masses  of  any  com- 
mercial value  is  extremely  rare,  and  many 


tons  of  the  rock  may  be  broken  without  find- 
ing a  single  stone  which  a  jeweler  or  virtuoso 
would  value  as  a  gem. 

The  observer  is  deeply  impressed  on  in- 
specting this  locality  with  the  enormous 
amount  of  labor  which  in  ancient  times  has 
been  expended  here.  The  waste  of  debris  ex- 
cavated in  the  former  workings  cover  an  area 
of  at  least  twenty  acres.  On  the  slopes  and 
sides  of  the  great  piles  of  rubbish  are  growing 
large  cedars  and  pines,  the  age  of  which, — 
judging  from  their  size  and  slowness  of  growth 
in  this  very  dry  region, — must  be  reckoned  by 
centuries.  It  is  well  known  that  in  1680  a 
large  section  of  the  mountain  suddenly  fell  in 
!  from  the  undermining  of  the  mass  by  the 
Indian  miners,  killing  a  considerable  number, 
and  that  this  accident  was  the  immediate 
cause  of  the  uprising  of  the  Pueblos  and  the 
expulsion  of  the  Spaniards  in  that  year,  just 
two  centuries  since. 

The  irregular  openings  in  the  mountains, 
called  "  wonder  caves,"  and  the  "mystery," 
are  the  work  of  the  old  miners.  It  was  this 
sharp  slope  of  the  mountain  which  fell.  In 
these  chambers,  which  have  some  extent  of 
ramification,  were  found  abundantly  the  frag- 
ments of  their  ancient  pottery,  with  a  few  en- 
tire vessels,  some  of  them  of  curious  workman- 
ship, ornamented  in  the  style  of  color  so  famil- 
iar in  the  Mexican  pottery.  Associated  with 
these  were  numerous  stone  hammers,  some  to 
be  held  in  the  hand  and  others  swung  as 
sledges,  fashioned  with  wedge-shaped  edges 
and  a  groove  for  a  handle.  A  hammer  weigh- 
ing over  twenty  pounds  was  found  to  which 
the  wyth  was  still  attached,  with  its  oak 
handle, — the  same  scrub  oak  which  is  found 
growing  abundantly  on  the  hillsides, — now 
quite  well  preserved  after  at  least  two  centuries 
of  entombment  in  this  perfectly  dry  rock. 

The  stone  used  for  these  hammers  is  the 
hard  and  tough  hornblende  andesite,  or  prop- 
ylite,  which  forms  the  Cerro  d'Oro  and  other 
Cerrillos  hills.  With  these  rude  tools  and 
without  iron  or  steel,  using  fire  in  place  of  ex- 
plosives, these  patient  old  workers  managed  to 


HISTORY  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


'73 


break  down  and  remove  the  incredible  masses 
of  the  tufaceous  rocks  which  form  the  mounds 
already  described. 

That  considerable  quantities  of  the  tur- 
quoise were  obtained  can  hardly  be  questioned. 
We  know  that  the  ancient  Mexicans  attached 
great  value  to  this  ornamental  stone,  as  the 
Indians  do  to  this  day.  The  familiar  tale  of 
the  gift  of  the  large  and  costly  turquoise  by 
Montezuma  to  Cortez  for  the  Spanish  crown, 
as  narrated  by  Clavigero  in  his  history  of 
Mexico,  is  evidence  of  its  high  estimation. 

The  origin  of  the  Los  Cerrillos  turquoise,  in 
view  of  late  observations,  is  not  doubtful. 
Chemically  it  is  a  hydrous  aluminum  phosphate. 
Its  blue  color  is  due  to  a  variable  quantity  of 
copper  oxide  derived  from  associated  rocks.  It 
is  found  that  the  Cerrillos  turquois  contains  3.81 
per  cent  of  this  metal.  Neglecting  this  con- 
stituent, the  formula  for  turquoise  requires; 
phosphoric  acid  32.26,  alumina  47.0,  water 
20.5. 

Evidently  the  decomposition  of  the  feldspar 
of  the  trachyte  furnishes  the  alumina,  while  the 
apatite,  or  phosphate  of  lime,  which  the 
miscroscope  detects  in  this  section  of  the  Cer- 
rillos rock,  furnished  the  phosphoric  acid.  A 
little  copper  ore  is  diffused  as  a  constituent  of 
the  veins  of  this  region  and  hence  the  color 
which  that  metal  imparts. 

About  three  miles  northeast  of  the  Tur- 
quoise mountain,  was  another  old  Spanish 
turquoise  mine,  called  the  "Old  Castilian. " 
This  was  worked  somewhere  about  the  year 
1880,  and  some  good  material  extracted.  But 
the  most  important  discovery  came  ten  years 
later,  when  two  Mexicans  who  had  been  pros- 
pecting in  the  vicinity  for  some  months,  sud- 
denly were  delighted  to  find  specimens  of  tur- 
quoise of  perfect  quality  and  the  true  blue 
color.  The  mine  thus  discovered  has  since 
passed  into  Eastern  hands  and  has  supplied 
the  American  market,  in  great  part,  with  all 
the  turquoise  sold  in  the  last  five  years.  No 
one  knows  the  value  it  has  produced. 

The  most  noted  of  the  ancient  mines  from 
which  metal  was  extracted  is  the  Mina  del 


Tiro,  or  Mine  of  the  Shaft,  located  less  than  a 
mile  south  of  the  Turquoise  mountain.  The 
Mina  del  Tiro  was  worked  for  silver.  Its  cir- 
cuitous shaft  can  be  explored  to  a  depth  of 
1 20  feet,  when  you  reach  water.  To  what 
depth  this  mine  has  been  worked  cannot  be  as- 
certained until  the  water  has  been  pumped 
out.  It  is  impossible  to  use  sounding  lines,  as 
the  shaft  continues  in  its  windings  below  the 
water  level.  At  this  level  the  mineral  is  a  fine- 
grained galena,  showing  some  gray  copper. 
The  pay  vein  is  four  feet  wide  and  very  com- 
pact. 

The  Indians  used  stone  tools  almost  en- 
tirely. Their  hammers,  which  are  found  in 
the  debris  of  the  old  mines  and  scattered  about 
the  country,  are  of  various  forms,  some  being 
quite  large  and  pointed  to  take  the  place  of 
picks.  The  ore  and  debris  was  removed  from 
the  mine  in  leather  baskets  on  the  backs  of 
the  enslaved  pueblo  or  peoned  Mexicans.  Their 
ladder  ways  were  round  poles,  about  eight 
inches  in  diameter,  having  notches  cut  in  them 
twelve  inches  apart  for  steps.  These  ladders 
were  from  twelve  to  fourteen  feet  long,  reach- 
ing from  one  landing  to  another.  The  ore  was 
smelted  in  small  furnaces  constructed  of  stones 
cemented  together  with  mud.  Vast  quantities  of 
gold  and  silver  were  obtained  in  this  manner 
in  other  mines. 

For  over  a  century  and  a  half,  after  the 
Revolution  of  1680,  there  was  no  mining  done 
in  this  vicinity,  when  suddenly  the  old  placers 
were  discovered  at  the  place  now  called  Dolores, 
and  soon  hundreds  of  men  were  at  work  wash- 
ing out  the  precious  yellow  metal.  A  few  years 
later  history  repeated  itself  at  the  new  placers, 
now  Golden.  This  was  before  the  American 
occupation,  and  Mexicans  by  the  thousand 
passed  the  winter  here  in  order  to  utilize  the 
snow  which  fell  at  that  season, — for  the  diffi- 
culty in  these  placers  was  the  lack  of  water. 
The  gravel  had  to  be  carried  in  bags  on  the 
back  for  miles  to  some  spring,  or  else  the  water 
had,  equally  laboriously,  to  be  brought  to 
the  placers.  In  the  winter  they  took  the 
snows  in  the  canyons  and  of  the  blizzards  and 


'74 


HISTORT  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


melted  it  by  means  of  heated  rocks,  and  with 
the  scanty  supplies  of  water  thus  obtained 
washed  out  the  precious  metal !  Modern  science 
has,  however,  improved  upon  this  operation. 
At  San  Pedro  and  at  Kelley's  deep  bore  wells 
have  been  sunk  and  Knowles  and  Dean  pumps 
attached.  These  wells  furnish  an  unlimited 
supply  of  water  for  washing  the  dirt.  At 
Golden  another  scheme  has  been  started,  but 
as  the  well  was  sunk  in  a  deep  intrusion  of 
shale,  no  sufficient  amount  of  water  was  found 
to  warrant  the  company  beginning  operations. 
The  well-borers,  however  say  if  the  drill  was 
put  down  1,000  feet  instead  of  430,  the  pres- 
ent depth,  a  sufficient  volume  of  water  could 
be  found  to  answer  all  purposes.  But  even 
by  the  old  crude  processes,  many  hundreds  of 
thousands  of  dollars  were  obtained;  and  to-day 
there  are  scores  of  men  working  over  the  same 
old  gravel  and  managing  even  now  to  "make 
wages  "  from  the  result! 

San  Pedro,  also  in  Santa  Fe  county,  yields 
a  fine  quality  of  iron,  quartz  and  placer  gold, 
and  the  finest  bodies  of  lead  carbonates  yet 
discovered  in  the  West,  outside  of  Leadville, 
are  being  worked  here,  while  the  deposit  of 
copper  ores  have  given  rise  to  the  creation  of 
one  of  the  largest  copper  smelting  works  in 
the  Southwest,  the  Concentrating  and  Reduc- 
tion Works  of  the  Santa  Fe  Copper  Company. 

The  "  Big  Copper  "  mine  at  this  place  has 
produced  enormous  amounts  of  metal,  although 
its  title  has  been  a  fruitful  source  of  litigation, 
which  has  often  interfered  with  operations. 

The  most  important  mineral  product,  how- 
ever, though  not  so  attractive  as  the  precious 
metals,  is  coal.  Near  Cerrillos,  south  of  the 
Galisteo  river,  in  addition  to  an  area  covering 
thousands  of  acres  producing  gold,  silver,  cop- 
per, iron,  lead  carbonates  and  zinc,  there  is 
found  the  best  and  truest  anthracite  west  of 
Pennsylvania,  and  the  openings  so  far  made 
show  that  it  exists,  together  with  the  bitumi- 
nous coals,  over  an  area  of  40,000  or  50,000 
acres.  The  soft  coal  makes  even  a  better  coke 
than  does  that  of  El  Moro  and  Trinidad,  and 
is  the  equal  of  Connellsville.  The  coal  fields 


are  found  in  the  immediate  vicinity  south  of 
Cerrillos,  a  station  on  the  Atchison,  Topeka 
&  Santa  Fe  railroad.  The  veins  are  four  to 
six  feet  thick,  and  almost  horizontal,  and  with- 
in a  radius  of  four  or  five  miles  from  Cerrillos, 
coal  can  be  had  to  supply  almost  any  number 
of  reduction  works.  The  so-far  opened  coal 
area  covers  about  15,000  acres;  the  anthracite 
coal  is  hard,  dense  and  of  brilliant  lustre,  con- 
taining in  the  average  88.71  fixed  carbon  and 
but  five  per  cent.  ash.  About  two  miles  west 
of  the  anthracite  deposits  and  a  short  distance 
north  of  them,  are  the  veins  of  bituminous 
coal,  of  which  seventeen  have  been  exposed. 
The  worked  veins  of  this  coal  are  about  four 
and  one-half  feet  thick,  rendering  a  free-burn- 
ing coal,  which  is  also  manufactured  into  coke 
for  the  use  of  the  copper  smelters  at  San 
Pedro,  twelve  miles  south,  in  Santa  Fe  county. 

As  a  proof  of  the  excellent  quality  of  the 
coals  of  the  Cerrillos  coal-fields  it  may  be 
mentioned  that  the  United  States  Government 
had  tests  made  a  few  years  ago,  comparing  the 
heating  quality  of  coal  with  one  cord  of  oak 
wood,  and  it  was  found  that  1,657  pounds  an- 
thracite, or  1,742  pounds  bituminous  coal  are 
equal  to  one  cord  of  oak  wood,  upon  which  all 
contracts  for  the  delivery  of  coal  to  the  Gov- 
ernment are  based. 

The  coal  mines  have  caused  the  establish- 
ment of  a  mining  town  called  Madrid,  and  of 
a  special  station  on  the  railroad,  for  shipping, 
named  Waldo. 

A  high  authority  had  said:  "  That  the  next 
five  generations  of  men  will  not  see  a  percepti- 
ble decrease  in  the  quantity."  In  matter  of 
variety  no  coal-field  shows  a  greater  range. 
Here  are  soft,  free-coking  veins  and  non-cok- 
ing bituminous,  also  semi- anthracite  and  an- 
thracite. Natural  beds  of  coke  are  found  in 
some  places,  and  besides  this  bituminous  and 
anthracite  veins  are  found  in  alternate  strata  in 
the  same  mines.  This  phenomenon  puzzles  all 
geologists,  but  it  is  probably  a  corollary  of  the 
natural  coke  beds,  and  caused  by  the  heat  of 
the  porphyric  dykes  that  intrude  into  the  gen- 
eral formation.  The  certainty  is  that  southern 


HISTORY  OF  NE  W  MEXICO. 


'75 


Santa  Fe  county  will  not  take  second  place  with 
the  famous  coal-fields  of  Pennsylvania,  West 
Virginia,  Tennessee  or  Illinois.  The  territory 
in  which  the  fuel  is  found  is  compact,  and  the 
different  varieties  are  contiguous.  Indeed,  one 
trunk  line  of  railroad  could  serve  all  the  mines. 
To  accommodate  the  demands  a  $30,000  coal- 
crusher  has  been  erected  during  the  summer. 

Thus  it  will  be  seen  that  mining  proposi- 
tions are  not  only  various  but  profitable.  Gold 
and  silver  lodes  from  a  foot  to  thirty-five  feet 
broad  are  open;  placers  run  from  twenty-five 
cents  to  $2. 50  per  cubic  yard;  and  the  coal 
veins  are  from  five  to  ten  feet  thick.  Metallic 
and  magnetic  iron  are  found  in  paying  quan- 
tities. 

Throughout  the  county  about  two-thirds  of 
the  land  is  arable  or  good  for  pasture.  The  ! 
surface  of  the  country  is  beautifully  diversified. 
On  the  eastern  boundary  the  main  range  of  the 
Rockies  protects  the  plains  from  violent  winds, 
while  on  the  west  the  Jemez  and  Valle  moun- 
tains perform  the  same  office.  It  comprises 
most  of  that  area  selected  by  the  Spaniards  as 
most  adaptable  to  the  purposes  of  coloniza- 
tion. 

A  general  sketch  of  the  city  of  Santa  Fe 
will  be  given  under  the  head  of  Cities  and 
Principal  Towns,  and  may  be  found  by  the  ta- 
ble of  contents. 

The  other  towns  in  the  county  include  the 
following:  Cerrillos,  in  the  western  central 
part  of  Santa  Fe  county,  on  the  Atchison, 
Topeka  &  Santa  Fe  Railroad  and  Galisteo 
river,  is  the  center  of  the  silver  producing  Cer- 
rillos mining  district.  Silver,  lead,  copper, 
iron,  anthracite  and  bituminous  coal  fields 
abound  in  the  vicinity.  No  place  in  the  Ter- 
ritory has  a  better  future.  Nature  designed 
this  as  the  location  for  great  smelters,  as  every 
requisite  for  the  business  is  close  at  hand, 
with  a  down-hill  haul  from  all  points.  The 
foundations  of  a  smelter  have  just  been  laid 
(1895),  and  this  will  certainly  be  followed  by 
others. 

San  Pedro  and  Golden  are  important  mining 
points  south  of  Cerrillos. 


Just  as  the  southern  part  of  the  county  is 
famous  for  and  favored  in  its  vast  mineral  re- 
sources, so  is  the  northern  half  of  the  county 
in  its  agricultural  development.  Beginning  at 
the  towns  of  Espanyola  and  San  Ildefonso, 
about  thirty  miles  north  of  Santa  Fe,  is  a  se- 
ries of  beautiful  valleys.  The  Espanyola, 
Santa  Cruz,  Chama  and  Pojoaque  valleys  sup- 
port a  population  of  about  4,000  people,  who 
are  mostly  engaged  in  the  raising  of  fruit  and 
cereals.  In  Chimayo,  Quemado  and  Las 
Truchas  valleys  the  land  is  principally  devoted 
to  wheat,  yielding  at  the  rate  of  35  bushels  per 
acre.  These  valleys  are  all  subdivisions  of  the 
Rio  Grande  valley  and  have  an  abundance  of 
water  during  the  whole  year. 

Espanyola  is  a  bright,  active  railroad  town, 
with  a  large  trade. 

Santa  Cruz  is  one  of  the  oldest  and  most 
interesting  towns  in  the  country.  The  church 
here  is  larger  than  any  other  and  its  records 
extend  back  about  200  years. 

In  this  part  of  the  county  are  five  pueblo 
Indian  towns, — Tesuque,  nine  miles  from  San- 
ta Fe,  and  a  favorite  tourist  resort;  Nambe, 
Pojuaque,  San  Ildefonso  and  Santa  Clara. 
Each  has  abundant  agricultural  land,  and  the 
people  live  in  peace  and  contentment. 

Glorieta,  near  the  east  line  of  the  county, 
7,587  feet  high  on  the  summit  of  Apache  pass, 
a  station  on  the  Atchison,  Topeka  &  Santa 
Fe  Railroad,  is  pleasantly  located  in  a  moun- 
tain part,  the  starting  point  for  sportsmen  go- 
ing to  the  fishing  grounds  of  the  Upper  Pecos, 
and  the  center  of  a  rich  but  yet  undeveloped 
copper  region. 

BERNALILLO    COUNTY. 

- 

This  county  is  the  most  northerly  of  the 
three  great  central  counties  of  the  Territory. 
It  extends  from  north  to  south  seventy-five 
miles,  and  from  its  eastern  boundary  to  the 
Arizona  line  about  200  miles.  It  has  an  area 
of  5,024,136  acres,  with  nearly  1,000,000 
acres  subject  to  irrigation,  and  about  3,000,000 
acres  fit  for  pasture. 

Its  principal  agricultural   valley  is  that  of 


176 


HISTOJRT  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


the  Rio  Grande,  for  a  distance  of  about  sixty- 
five  miles.  The  Rio  Jemez  and  the  Puerco  are 
tributaries  of  the  Rio  Grande  from  the  west, 
and  the  Rio  Galisteo  and  Tuerto,  tributar- 
taries  from  the  east.  In  addition  to  these 
streams,  there  are  numerous  springs  and  a  few 
lesser  streams  of  more  or  less  permanence. 
The  population  is  principally  settled  in  the  val- 
ley of  the  Rio  Grande,  which  in  this  county  is 
particularly  valuable  for  agricultural  purposes 
and  the  products  of  horticulture  and  vinicul- 
ture. The  area  outlying  from  the  Rio  Grande 
valley  is  generally  well-grassed,  is  rolling  or 
broken  by  hills  and  canyons,  has  some  timber, 
is  well  adapted  to  grazing,  and  is  largely  oc- 
cupied by  sheep  and  cattle  ranges,  the  hills, 
canyons  and  timber  affording  excellent  winter 
protection  for  stock.  The  Sandia  mountains 
on  the  east,  and  the  Jemez  mountains  in  the 
central  portion  of  the  county,  and  their  vicini- 
ty, are  rich  in  mineral  products,  including  gold, 
copper  and  silver,  while  near  the  Arizona  line 
are  extensive  coal-fields,  located  and  mined  at 
Gallup. 

The  railroad  system  is  the  Atchison,  Tope- 
ka  &  Santa  Fe,  running  north  and  south  in  the 
Rio  Grande  valley,  and  the  Atlantic  &  Pacific. 
The  line  of  the  latter  road  is  east  and  west 
along  or  near  the  southern  boundary  of  the 
county,  touching  at  Fort  Wingate,  and  run- 
ning through  its  western  coal-fields.  The  val- 
ley of  the  Rio  Grande,  running  from  north  to 
south,  is  from  one  to  four  miles  in  width,  and 
every  foot  of  it  is  susceptible  of  cultivation. 
In  the  lower  plane,  formed  almost  entirely  of 
alluvium,  all  of  the  vineyards  are  now  located, 
where  they  can  be  easily  irrigated  by  means  of 
ditches.  A  fair  yield  in  this  county  for  a  good 
vineyard  is  from  two  to  three  gallons  of  wine 
to  a  vine.  With  the  vines  eight  feet  apart 
each  way,  there  would  be  680  vines  to  the 
acre,  which,  at  the  lowest  estimate  above  given, 
would  yield  1,360  gallons.  This  is  not  above 
the  average  for  a  vineyard  in  fair  bearing. 

Much  attention  is  now  being  given  to  larger 
fruits,  and,  though  it  has  only  been  about 
twelve  years  since  the  improved  varieties  of 


American  fruits  were  introduced,  fine  orchards 
are  flourishing  in  every  settlement.  These  are 
yielding  large  returns,  and  doing  much  to  es- 
tablish and  maintain  the  reputation,  which  New 
Mexico  is  so  rapidly  acquiring,  as  one  of  the 
finest  and  most  successful  fruit-growing  districts 
on  the  American  continent.  The  fruits  of  the 
temperate  zone,  without  exception,  find  a 
kindly  home  in  the  Rio  Grande  valley.  Ap- 
ples, however,  will  thrive  better  on  the  uplands 
than  in  the  low  bottom-lands.  In  the  high 
mountain  valleys  this  fruit  can  be  raised  with- 
out irrigation  on  account  of  the  always  abund- 
ant rain,  and  the  heavy  snows  of  winter  seem 
to  improve  the  quality  and  flavor  of  the  ap- 
ple, especially  the  late  varieties.  Peaches, 
plums,  cherries  and  apricots  thrive  better  in 
the  valleys.  In  agriculture  this  county  is  one 
of  the  foremost  in  New  Mexico.  While  all 
crops  common  to  a  temperate  climate  grow 
here,  grains  do  especially  well.  Corn  grows 
abundantly,  and  eighty  bushels  to  the  acre  is 
no  uncommon  crop.  The  rich  soil  of  the  val- 
leys is  well  adapted  to  corn,  and  makes  it  one 
of  the  staple  crops.  Wheat  is  grown  exten- 
sively. The  yield  is  often  fifty  bushels  to  the 
acre.  The  present  yield  in  the  county  is  about 
200,000  bushels,  but  this  could  be  almost  in- 
definitely increased.  Wheat  would  grow  par- 
ticularly well  on  the  plains.  Barley  and  oats 
are  raised  to  some  extent,  and  do  well  in  the 
soil  of  the  valley.  Outside  of  the  Rio  Grande 
valley,  those  of  the  Jemez,  the  Rio  Puerco,  the 
El  Rito,  San  Mateo  and  many  other  smaller 
ones  are  well  adapted  to  the  raising  of  cereals 
and  vegetables.  The  latter  are  raised  in  great 
abundance,  and  find  a  ready  market  in  Albu- 
querque and  other  towns  along  the  river.  Cab- 
bages grow  to  a  large  size,  often  weighing  from 
thirty  to  forty  pounds.  Onions  are  also  very 
large,  weighing  from  one  to  two  pounds.  Beets, 
carrots  and  parsnips  also  grow  readily  here. 
Beans  are  cultivated  in  great  quantities,  and 
form  one  of  the  principal  articles  of  food  for 
the  native  population.  Melons  develop  finely, 
and  are  very  rich  in  flavor. 

The  raising  of  cattle   and  sheep  has  been 


HISTORY  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


177 


and  probably  always  will  be  one  of  the  princi- 
pal pursuits  in  this  county.  For  hundreds  of 
years  immense  fortunes  have  been  made  in' 
this  business.  Thousands  of  acres  of  land, 
rendered  unfit  for  cultivation  because  of  lack 
water,  are  specially  adapted  for  grazing.  The 
gama  grass,  which  is  sweet  and  nutritious, 
covers  most  of  the  plains  and  provides  an  un- 
failing supply  of  food,  summer  and  winter. 
Hundreds  of  thousands  of  sheep  and  cattle  cover 
the  plains,  and  as  a  rule,  both  sheep  and  cat- 
tle are  free  from  disease.  The  warm  winters 
make  it  unnecessary  to  provide  shelter  or  hay 
for  their  support.  The  number  of  sheep  in  the 
county  is  large,  and  many  of  these  are  partly 
improved. 

Near  the  larger  towns,  dairy  farms  pay  a 
large  profit.  Milk,  butter  and  cheese  are  in 
great  demand.  In  fact  all  agricultural  pro- 
ducts find  a  ready  market.  Some  of  the  finest 
timber,  and  most  extensive  tracts  of  it,  exist  in 
Bernalillo  county;  the  pines  of  the  San  Mateo 
range,  of  the  Valles  mountains  and  of  the 
Zunyi  mountains,  are  of  the  best  quality  and  in 
places  of  immense  size. 

Turning  now  to  mineral  resources,  it  may 
first  be  remarked  that  Bernalillo  county  is  very- 
rich  in  coal.  From  Campbell's  Pass  almost  to 
the  line  of  Arizona,  near  Manuelito  Station,  for 
a  distance  of  at  least  fifteen  miles,  numerous 
seams  of  coal  make  their  appearance  on  both 
sides  of  the  Atlantic  &  Pacific  Railroad.  The 
coal  is  of  a  very  good  quality,  containing  from 
92  to  95  per  cent  of  combustible  matter.  Coal 
banks  have  been  opened  and  are  worked  all 
along  the  line,  supplying  the  railroads,  iron 
works,  machine  shops,  etc. ,  as  far  east  as  Al- 
buquerque, and  as  far  west  as  the  San  Francisco 
mountains  in  Arizona,  a  distance  of  more  than 
300  miles.  The  seams  of  coal  average  from 
four  to  six  feet,  gaining  in  thickness  to  the 
northward,  so  that  in  some  places  they  reach 
ten  and  even  fifteen  feet  in  thickness. 

Mining  on  a  large  scale  is  done  at  Gallup, 
which  is  157  miles  west  of  Albuquerque.  The 
regular  output  of  these  mines  is  about  1,000 

tons  per  day.    During  the  year  1892  the  actual 
12 


shipments  amounted  to  247,000  tons.  The  out-, 
put  for  1893  was  somewhere  in  the  neighbor- 
hood of  380,000  tons.  The  product  may  be 
increased  almost  indefinitely  as  the  market  de- 
mands. Coal  is  also  found  in  Tijeras  canyon  in 
the  Sandia  mountains,  in  seams  of  considerable 
thickness.  Beds  of  excellent  bituminous  coal 
are  also  found  in  the  Puerco  valley.  It  is  so 
easily  mined  and  handled  that  it  pays  to  team 
it  with  oxen  to  Albuquerque  and  sell  it  as  low 
i  as  $4  per  ton.  They  extend  throughout  the 
entire  area  of  the  valley,  and  in  the  northern 
part  in  the  vicinity  of  Nacimiento  and  Copper 
City  the  veins  are  of  unusual  thickness.  At 
one  point  in  the  vicinity  named,  a  vein  has 
been  opened  which  shows  twenty-  five  feet  of 
clear  coal  without  a  particle  of  slate,  and  with 
a  solid  roof. 

The  Sandia  mountains,  one  of  the  largest 
ranges  in  this  part  of  the  Territory,  are  fifteen 
miles  east  of  Albuquerque,  and  are  known  to 
be  rich  in  gold  and  silver.  But  little  pros- 
pecting was  ever  done  in  this  range  till  1882; 
but  since  that  time  numerous  valuable  discov- 
eries of  both  gold  and  silver  leads  have  been 
made,  and  there  is  every  indication  that  some 
of  the  most  valuable  and  extensive  mining  in- 
terests in  New  Mexico  will  be  developed  in  this 
range  during  the  next  few  years.  The  copper 
ores  in  the  vicinity' of  Copper  City  are  of  very 
large  extent,  though  of  low  grade.  Very  val- 
uable deposits  of  onyx  have  recently  been  dis- 
covered west  of  Albuquerque,  and  are  now  be- 
ing developed. 

The  Rio  Puerco  is  a  large  tributary  of  the 
Rio  Grande.  It  traverses  the  county  from 
north  to  south,  on  its  course  receives  numer- 
ous tributaries,  and  embraces  a  body  of  rich 
irrigable  land  sufficient  in  area  to  support  a 
population  much  greater  than  the  number  now 
resident  in  the  entire  county.  A  tract  in  this 
valley  embracing  50,000  acres  of  agricultural 
land  was  recently  purchased  by  an  Eastern 
syndicate,  and  the  land  is  to  be  divided  into 
small  tracts  and  parceled  out  as  homes  to  sev- 
eral colonies  of  settlers  from  the  Eastern 
States  and  from  Europe.  The  plans  of  this 


178 


HISTORY  OF  NEW  MEXICO, 


company  have  been  partially  executed;  and  en- 
gineers are  now  outlining  a  system  of  new 
ditches  which  will  carry  water  to  every  part  of 
the  tract.  The  soil  and  climate  of  this  valley 
are  essentially  the  same  as  the  soil  and  climate 
of  the  Rio  Grande. 

The  principal  town  in  the  county,  as  well 
as  the  county  seat,  is  Albuquerque. 

Bernalillo,  situated  on  the  Atchison,  Topeka 
&  Santa  Fe  railroad,  eighteen  miles  north  of 
Albuquerque,  is  one  of  the  old  established 
towns,  constituting  the  residence  of  many  of 
the  most  substantial  and  influential  people  of 
the  county  and  Territory.  It  contains  about 
1,000  people,  and  in  the  adjacent  farming 
country  there  are  probably  2,000  more  people. 
This  is  one  of  the  gardens  of  the  world,  one 
of  those  spots  where  a  man  can  pitch  his 
tent  and  say,  "Here  I  rest."  The  blooming 
fields  and  orchards,  the  climate,  the  Rio 
Grande,  the  convenience  of  the  town,  combine 
to  make  it  an  important  point.  Wine-making, 
wheat-raising  and  fruit  culture  are  the  represent- 
ative industries;  but  outside  the  cultivable  valley 
there  is  a  wide  stretch  of  country  fit  for  pasture, 
upon  which  the  farmers  keep  considerable  herds 
and  flocks.  This  is  one  of  the  richest  places 
in  the  Territory.  It  is  located  in  the  midst  of 
a  broad  valley  of  rich,  alluvial  bottom  land, 
largely  devoted  to  producing  grapes  and  the 
fruits,  as  well  as  agricultural  products  gener- 
ally. The  wool  clip  marketed  at  this  point  is 
one  of  the  largest  in  the  Territory.  The  Jemez 
river  empties  into  the  Rio  Grande  near  this 
point.  The  Rio  Grande  bridge  here  crossing 
the  river  leads  to  the  road,  following  the  course 
of  the  Jemez  to  the  Jemez  Springs  and  sani- 
tarium. The  waters  of  these  springs  are  not 
only  very  various,  but  of  great  medical  value 
in  many  cases,  and  nothing  but  the  difficulty 
of  access  prevents  Jemez  being  a  largely  visited 
resort. 

Wallace  was  at  one  time  the  end  of  a  rail- 
road division,  but  is  now  best  known  as  the 
station  for  the  Cochiti  mining  district,  and  also 
for  Santo  Domingo  Pueblo. 

The  Cochiti  district  first  attracted  attention 


late  in  1893,  and  in  the  spring  of  1894  hun- 
dreds of  mining  locations  were  made  there. 
At  present  it  is  the  most  talked  of  mining  dis- 
trict in  the  entire  Southwest.  Several  villages 
have  been  established,  among  which  the  leader 
at  this  time  is  Bland,  which  is  furnished  with 
all  kinds  of  shops  and  has  a  weekly  newspaper. 
The  ore  bodies  here  are  of  great  size,  and  all 
appearances  point  to  the  establishment  of  a 
permanent  mining  industry  at  this  point.  The 
district  is  named  for  the  Indian  pueblo  of 
Cochiti. 

Penya  Blanca  is  a  flourishing  Mexican  com- 
munity on  the  east  bank  of  the  Rio  Grande, 
at  the  head  of  the  valley  in  this  county. 
Above  this  point  the  river  flows  through  a  nar- 
row canyon  for  about  twenty  miles,  called  the 
Caja  del  Rio,  the  "box  of  the  river."  At 
Penya  Blanca  the  valley  land  is  exceedingly 
wide  and  fertile.  While  the  county  of  Santa 
Ana  existed,  Peny  a  Blanca  was  the  county 
seat. 

Gallup  is  the  most  important  town  in  the 
west  of  the  county  and  the  center  of  the  coal 
business.  It  has  several  churches,  a  good 
schoolhouse,  one  or  two  newspapers,  etc.  The 
people  of  this  vicinity  have  been  endeavoring 
for  some  time  to  have  a  county  formed  from 
the  western  portions  of  Benalillo  and  Valen- 
cia counties,  to  be  called  Summit  county,  and 
whenever  this  is  done,  Gallup  will  be  the 
county  seat. 

Pajarito,  on  the  Rio  Grande,  below  Albu- 
querque, is  a  considerable  town,  noted  for  its 
fine  orchards.  This  county  includes  more 
pueblo  towns  than  any  other.  They  are  Santo 
Domingo,  Cochiti,  San  Felipe,  Sandia,  Santa 
Ana,  Zia,  Jemez  and  Isleta,  being  eight  of  the 
nineteen.  The  annual  festival  at  Santo 
Domingo,  on  the  4th  of  August,  is  visited  by 
many  strangers  and  tourists,  often  including 
some  from  Europe. 

VALENCIA    COUNTY. 

This  is  the  middle  one  of  the  great  central 
counties,  and  has  been  one  of  the  principal 


HISTORT  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


179 


subdivisions  of  New  Mexico  ever  since  it  was 
organized  as  a  Territory. 

The  Rio  Grande  valley  in  this  county  has 
always  been  the  home  of  many  of  the  wealth- 
iest and  most  influential  families  among  the 
Spanish  population,  and  from  here  nearly  all 
of  the  governors  who  were  residents  of  New 
Mexico  were  appointed. 

In  fact,  the  Rio  Grande  valley  in  Valencia 
is  a  perfect  garden  spot,  producing  enormous 
crops  with  little  labor;  with  a  charming  winter 
climate  and  warmth  enough  in  the  summer  to 
ripen  foreign  grapes  to  perfection. 

The  county  has  a  population  of  13,876 
persons,  is  230  miles  from  east  to  west  and 
about  50  miles  from  north  to  south.  The  total 
area  is  5,621,760  acres,  and  of  this  3,000,000 
acres  are  fit  for  pasturage  in  their  natural 
state,  and  about  800,000  acres  are  possibly  ir- 
rigable from  all  sources.  At  present  there  are 
about  19,000  acres  cultivated,  of  which  1,000 
acres  are  without  irrigation. 

The  cultivated  land  is  divided  somewhat  as 
follows:  In  the  valley  of  the  Rio  Grande, 
10,000  acres,  all  irrigated;  in  the  eight  pre- 
cincts to  the  west,  6,000  acres;  and  in  the 
north  3,000  acres. 

The  county  is  traversed  by  two  railroads, 
the  Atchison,  Topeka  &  Santa  Fe,  running 
from  north  to  south  through  the  Rio  Grande 
valley,  dotted  with  farms,  orchards,  rich  looking 
fields  of  all  descriptions,  and  the  Atlantic  &  Pa- 
cific railway,  running  from  east  to  west.  Both 
roads  are  of  material  importance,  as  the  coun- 
ty presents  unusual  attractions  to  the  farmer, 
stock-raiser  and  miner.  The  latter  road  runs 
for  nearly  100  miles  centrally  through  the 
county,  passing  up  from  the  Rio  Grande  val- 
ley the  rich  and  pleasant  valley  of  the  Rio 
San  Jose  to  the  continental  divide,  crossing  on 
the  way  the  valley  of  the  Rio  Puerco  of  the 
east,  thence  descending  the  valley  of  the  Rio 
Puerco  of  the  west,  and  passing  through  rich 
coal  regions. 

The  principal  crops  are  wheat,  barley, 
corn,  beans,  chile  or  peppers,  alfalfa  and 
fruits.  Peaches  and  grapes  are  the  best  fruits 


in  the  lower  valleys  and  apples  on  the  uplands. 
The  greatest  spread  of  fruit  is  in  the  neighbor- 
hoods of  Belen  and  Los  Lunas. 

The  cereals  not  only  have  an  enormous 
yield,  but  the  quality  is  phenomenal.  In  the 
San  Mateo  valley  Indian  corn  250  fold,  and 
wheat  returns  a  product  eighty  times  as  great 
as  the  seed  sown. 

It  was  from  Belen,  in  this  county,  that  the 
wheat  was  sent  which  took  the  first  prize  over 
all  the  world  at  the  Columbian  Exposition  at 
Chicago,  and,  strange  to  say,  it  was  not  grain 
that  was  specially  raised  by  extra  cultivation, 
or  even  particularly  selected,  but  was  some 
wheat  taken  from  the  store  of  Mr.  Becker,  who 
had  received  it  in  the  ordinary  course  of  trade, 
and  sent  it  to  Chicago  to  help  fill  up  the  New 
Mexico  exhibit,  with  no  idea  that  it  was  par- 
ticularly good!  The  good  people  of  Valencia 
insist  that  they  could  have  sent  a  much  su- 
perior article  if  they  had  thought  of  entering 
the  competition.  But  the  ordinary  product  of 
this  choice  piece  of  valley  was  good  enough  to 
bear  away  the  first  prize  in  the  great  world's 
exhibit. 

The  oats  here  are  also  exceptionally  fine. 

The  whole  of  Valencia  county  seems  to  be 
the  natural  home  of  the  potato.  White  or 
Irish  potatoes  grow  wild  in  great  abundance. 
They  vary  from  one  and  one-half  to  three 
inches  in  size.  As  found,  they  are  of  a  some- 
what irregular  appearance,  with  a  pink  skin 
and  a  white,  crispy  heart.  The  children  eat 
them  raw,  and  say  that  the  flavor  is  extremely 
good,  having  a  peculiar  sweet  taste.  There  is 
no  doubt  that  if  these  wild  potatoes  were 
properly  cultivated  and  developed  according 
to  modern  methods  a  new  and  valuable  va- 
riety might  be  propagated.  They  have  all  the 
good  qualities  of  the  cultivated  tubers  except 
size,  are  indigenous  to  the  soil  and  climate, 
and  would  need  very  little  water. 

For  all  kinds  of  husbandry  the  Rio  Grande 
valley  offers  the  best  inducements.  The  soil 
is  rich  and  very  productive.  Fruits  of  all 
kinds  and  varieties  do  well,  and  the  wine  that 
is  produced  is  considered  of  the  best  quality. 


i8o 


HIS  TORT  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


The  valleys  of  the  San  Jose  and  Rio  Puerco 
are  very  fertile,  and  in  the  different  settlements 
along  them  all  small  grains  are  raised  in 
abundance.  All  of  the  Rio  Grande  and  Puerco 
valleys  is  especially  adapted  to  fruits.  In 
these  two  valleys  there  are  fully  100,000  acres 
of  bottom  lands,  easily  irrigable  and  splendidly 
fitted  to  these  crops.  The  general  elevation 
above  sea  level  is  about  5,000  feet.  Peaches 
and  grapes  are  the  staple  crops,  and  there  are 
now  single  farms  that  yield  tens  of  thousands 
of  pounds  of  the  Mission  grape.  At  present 
the  majority  of  this  product  is  utilized  to  make 
wine  and  brandy.  Among  connoisseurs,  the 
wine  and  brandy  of  Valencia  county  have 
already  a  high  reputation.  Only  the  very 
finest  fruit  is  used  to  distill  brandy,  and  the 
wine  is  made  of  pure  juice,  and  without  arti- 
ficial sweetening.  To  satisfy  those  who  prefer 
a  very  sweet  wine,  the  vintners  take  the  resi- 
due of  the  grapes  after  the  wine  is  made,  press 
it  and  boil  the  juice  down  to  a  thick  sirup. 
This  is  added  to  the  wine  as  a  sweetener.  The 
Mission  grape  is  almost  as  sugary  as  a  raisin, 
and  its  wine  really  needs  no  added  sugar. 

For  grazing  purposes  there  is  no  better  op- 
portunity than  in  this  county,  as  the  high- 
lands, valleys  and  hillsides  are  covered  with 
nutritious  grasses,  furnishing  a  pasturage  of 
large  extent,  where  flocks  and  herds  can  fatten 
the  whole  year  round.  Scattering  springs  and 
creeks  have  for  years  past  rendered  possible 
the  production  of  wool,  mutton  and  beef  in 
the  county  at  a  low  cost.  The  wool  industry 
has  always  proven  to  be  the  most  profitable. 
Some  of  the  wealthiest  men  in  New  Mexico 
live  in  this  county,  and  are  deriving  large  rev- 
enues from  this  industry.  Not  counting  the 
Indian  stock,  which  is  quite  numerous,  there 
are  400,000  sheep,  100,000  cattle  and  over 
5,000  horses  and  mares  in  the  county.  These 
find  nutritious  and  abundant  pasture  on  the 
wide  mesas  and  plateaux.  The  Manzano  val- 
ley especially  will  always  remain  a  favored  cat- 
tle country.  Springs  abound,  and  while  there 
are  no  rivers  or  streams  of  sufficient  importance 
to  make  a  considerable  area  of  this  land  valua- 


ble for  irrigation,  still  water  can  be  developed 
almost  anywhere.  The  western  part  of  the 
county  is  no  less  valuable  in  this  respect.  The 
canyon  streams  and  the  springs  on  the  mesas 
furnish  an  ample  supply.  In  this  region  farm 
irrigation  and  stock-raising  can  be  pursued  to- 
gether. The  stock  may  be  allowed  to  range 
at  will  during  the  spring,  summer  and  fall  sea- 
sons on  the  best  grass,  then  be  brought  in  and 
fed  alfalfa  for  a  short  time  before  shipping,  so 
that  the  animals  may  be  sent  to  market  in 
prime  condition. 

There  are  about  400,000  acres  of  excellent 
timber  in  this  county.  Great  stretches  of  pine 
forest  are  found  in  the  western  part,  especially 
in  the  Zunyi  mountains,  on  the  Zunyi  plateau 
and  east  of  the  Zunyi  reservation;  and  al- 
though these  forests  have  furnished  all  the  ties 
used  on  the  Atlantic  &  Pacific  railroad  they 
may  still  be  described  as  virgin.  This  is  all 
timber  of  sufficient  size  for  lumber.  On  the 
uplands  and  mesas  cedar  and  pinyon  grow  in 
sufficient  abundance  to  furnish  fuel  for  a  num- 
ber of  years.  All  the  higher  mountain  regions 
are  covered  with  dense  forests  of  pine,  spruce 
and  fir,  intermingled  in  some  locations  with 
oak  and  aspen.  At  no  point  are  the  edges  of 
the  forest  belts  more  than  six  or  eight  miles 
from  the  railroad.  The  San  Mateo  mountain 
forests  are  virgin.  In  fact,  the  whole  of  the 
western  half  of  the  county  is  covered  with 
heavy  timber.  The  part  of  Valencia  county 
east  of  the  Rio  Grande  is  an  extremely  fine 
agricultural,  stock-raising  and  timber  country. 
There  are  several  new  settlements  in  that  re- 
gion, and  as  there  are  but  few  small  grants  the 
chances  for  homesteaders  and  homeseekers  are 
excellent.  There  are  a  dozen  lovely  and  fer- 
tile valleys  in  that  section,  and  as  the  lands 
are  public  lands  of  the  United  States,  they  can 
be  located  under  the  laws  of  the  Government. 
A  large  area  of  that  part  of  the  county  is  cov- 
ered with  fine  pine  timber  that  has  not  yet 
been  touched  for  any  purpose  except  to  supply 
the  very  small  local  demand. 

The  mineral  resources  of  Valencia  county 
are  very  varied.  A  few  miles  west  of  the  Rio 


HIS  TORT  OF  NE  W  MEXICO. 


181 


Grande  the  coal  measures  begin,  and  extend 
almost  in  a  continuous  body  to  the  western 
boundary,  including  an  area  100  miles  long  by 
50  miles  wide.  Coal  crops  out  on  all  the 
higher  mesas.  These  measures  are  a  continu- 
ation of  the  San  Juan  and  Bernalillo  county 
beds.  They  have  been  very  little  prospected, 
but.  when  development  begins  there  is  little 
doubt  that  more  than  1,000,000  acres  of  choice 
coal  lands  will  be  added  to  the  New-Mexican 
coal  beds. 

Salt  is  found  in  the  Manzano  valley  and  in 
the  Zunyi  mountains.  The  lakes  of  brine  in 
this  valley  are  well  known.  If  properly  worked 
these  salt  deposits  would  add  greatly  to  the 
commerce  of  the  Southwest. 

Gold  and  copper  mines  are  being  worked 
to  some  extent  in  the  Zunyi  mountains.  In 
the  Manzano  range  gold  is  found  and  some 
mines  are  open.  At  Abo  Pass  silver  and  cop- 
per are  found.  "  Hell  Canyon,"  in  the  same 
range,  has  some  excellent  gold  properties. 
These  mines  are  all  of  recent  discovery. 

Gypsum  is  found  near  El  Rito,  adjoining 
the  Atlantic  &  Pacific  Railroad.  This  deposit 
is  very  pure,  lies  in  regular  strata,  and  is  ex- 
posed in  a  bluff  between  80  and  100  feet  high. 
It  is  extremely  valuable  as  a  fertilizer. 

In  the  western  part  of  the  county,  along 
the  line  of  the  Atlantic  &  Pacific  Railroad,  are 
extensive  deposits  of  building  stone,  with  sand- 
stone and  granite.  These  have  been  tried  and 
used  in  the  construction  of  several  of  the  larg- 
est buildings  in  the  Territory,  and  are  found  to 
be  handsome  and  durable. 

There  is  no  large  town  in  Valencia  county. 
Los  Lunas  is  the  county  seat,  and  is  beauti- 
fully situated  in  the  Rio  Grande  valley,  which 
is  here  covered  by  a  succession  of  towns,  or 
rather  by  a  long  line  of  houses  and  farms, 
with  an  occasional  aggregation  of  dwellings 
and  stores,  with  a  church  and  postoffice,  for 
the  convenience  of  the  people. 

Belen,  a  short  distance  below  Los  Lunas, is  a 
flourishing  business  place.  It  was  from  here 
that  the  celebrated  wheat  came  which  carried 
off  the  honors  at  the  Columbian  Exposition. 


Peralta  and  Tome  are  other  towns  in  this  same 
valley,  and  the  latter  was  at  one  time  the 
county  seat. 

In  the  northwest,  in  what  is  called  the  San 
Mateo  country,  near  Mount  Taylor,  are  San 
Mateo,  San  Rafael  and  Cubero,  all  Mexican 
towns  of  importance,  and  in  the  far  west,  near 
the  Zunyi  reservation,  is  the  Mormon  town  of 
Ramah. 

East  of  the  Rio  Grande  valley,  in  the  val- 
leys watered  from  the  Manzano  mountains,  are 
Manzano  and  Tojique;  and  in  this  vicinity  are 
the  famous  ruins  of  the  ancient  towns  of  Abo 
and  Quarra,  which  form  a  kind  of  group  with 
the  Gran  Quivera,  as  all  show  the  same  char- 
acteristics. The  latter,  however,  is  over  the 
line  in  Socorro  county.  All  of  these  were  evi- 
dently at  one  time  populous  towns,  while  now 
it  is  impossible  for  human  beings  to  remain 
there  on  account  of  the  scarcity  of  water.  It 
is  thought  that  a  great  lava  flow  or  some  other 
volcanic  convulsion  of  nature  destroyed  the 
waterways  both  above  and  below  ground,  and 
so  left  this  section  of  country  without  the 
means  of  sustaining  life. 

SOCORRO    COUNTY. 

Socorro  county,  besides  being  the  largest 
in  the  Territory,  possesses  the  most  magnifi- 
cent area  of  valley  land  and  the  greatest 
variety  of  natural  resources.  When  fully  de- 
veloped it  will  really  be  an  empire  in  itself, 
and  its  people  might  live  almost  independently 
of  the  rest  of  the  world.  Its  vast  plains  would 
supply  all  that  is  needed  of  the  animal  king- 
dom, this  wide  and  beautiful  valley  would  fur- 
nish all  the  vegetable  products  that  grow  from 
mother  earth,  and  from  the  marbles,  clays  and 
coal  of  the  east,  to  the  gold  silver  and  lead  of 
the  center  and  west,  it  contains  all  that  is 
most  needed  from  the  mineral  world. 

It  extends  from  about  the  center  of  the 
Territory  to  the  Arizona  line,  having  a  width 
of  164  miles  east  and  west,  and  its  greatest 
length  is  94  miles.  It  area  is  about  13,968 
square  miles,  or  8,939,520  acres,  of  which 
about  2, 700,000  acres  are  mountainous  and  the 


lS2 


HISTORT  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


balance  fit  for  agriculture  or  pasture.  In  order 
that  the  reader  may  realize  the  truth  of  this 
bald  statement,  it  may  be  said  that  this  great 
county  is  about  eleven  times  the  size  of 
Rhode  Island,  seven  times  that  of  Delaware, 
and  more  than  one  and  one-half  times  as 
large  as  Massachusetts,  New  Hampshire, 
Vermont  or  New  Jersey. 

Socorro  county  is  divided  into  two  unequal 
parts  by  the  Rio  Grande,  the  most  extensive 
being  that  which  lies  on  its  western  shore. 

The  Rio  Grande  valley  in  this  county  is 
unexcelled  by  any  other  part  of  its  entire 
length.  It  is  bounded  on  the  west  by  the 
Socorro,  Magdalena  and  San  Mateo  mountains, 
whose  average  elevation  is  about  9,000  feet, 
with  some  peaks  reaching  a  height  of  over  10, - 
ooo  feet.  On  the  east  the  Sierra  Oscura,  part 
of  the  frontal  range  of  the  Rockies,  walls  in 
the  valley.  The  first  named  ranges  are  very 
precipitous  on  their  eastward  faces,  and  their 
rocks  are  granitic  or  eruptive  in  character. 
The  eastern  mountains  are  of  sedimentary 
formation  and  consequently  more  absorptive 
of  moisture  as  is  evidenced  by  the  number  of 
springs  that  break  out  in  the  eastern  part  of 
the  valley.  The  bottom  lands  of  this  great 
valley  are  from  4,000  to  nearly  5,000  feet 
above  sea  level,  and  the  trough  of  the  Rio 
Grande  in  this  county  is  very  wide.  Thence 
west  across  the  Magdalena  range  stretch  the 
San  Agustin  plains,  into  which  the  Black 
Range,  Datil,  Mogollon  and  Pinyon  mountains 
intrude  their  rugged  fronts,  beyond  which 
again,  and  flanking  the  great  Cooney  district, 
rise  the  snowy  San  Francisco  mountains.  Be- 
tween the  Black  Range  and  the  Mogollons  is  a 
great  timber  belt  whose  forests  continue  to  the 
summits  of  the  bounding  mountains;  and  with- 
in this  area  runs  the  continental  divide.  These, 
roughly,  are  the  great  physical  features  of  this 
interesting  region. 

The  population  of  this  county  according 
to  the  last  census  is  9, 595  persons.  Practi- 
cally, however,  this  includes  only  the  inhabi- 
tants of  the  valley  of  the  Rio  Grande,  as  little 
or  no  account  was  taken  of  the  outlying 


ranchers  and  stockmen.  The  population  of 
this  county  will  in  all  probability  figure  up  more 
than  12,000,  at  this  writing.  The  people 
generally  are  progressive  and  thrifty  and  of 
good  moral  habits. 

The  farms  of  this  county  are  principally 
found  in.the  Rio  Grande  valley,  beginning  at 
Sabinal,  about  thirty  miles  north  of  Socorro, 
and  then  stretching  down  to  the  beautiful 
fields  of  San  Marcial,  near  the  southern 
boundary.  All  this  section  is  easily  irrigated, 
and  much  more  land  than  is  now  cultivated 
might  easily  be  reclaimed.  On  the  ninety  miles 
of  the  course  of  the  Rio  Grande  in  this  county 
there  are  over  150,000  acres  of  land  easy  to 
reclaim  in  the  first  bottoms.  On  the  mesas 
and  bench  lands  there  are  100,000  acres  more. 
This  is  all  of  inexhaustible  fertility,  and 
capable  of  supporting  at  the  very  lowest  esti- 
mate 1 5,000  families  of  farmers  alone.  The 
entire  distance  from  La  Joya,  ("the  jewel") 
to  the  Sierra  county  line  will  soon  be  filled 
with  magnificent  farms,  vineyards  and  or- 
chards. There  are  now  probably  60,000  acres 
under  ditch  in  this  tract,  and  there  are 
actually  cultivated  somewhere  between  20,000 
and  30,000. 

Wheat  is  the  largest  product  of  the  valley, 
and  is  of  a  very  superior  quality.  Every  year 
sees  a  greater  acreage  of  alfalfa,  which  is  a 
very  profitable  crop. 

Corn  with  proper  care  will  yield  seventy 
bushels  to  the  acre.  Oats,  barley  and  rye 
furnish  unfailing  crops  far  in  excess  of  those 
produced  in  the  Atlantic  States  on  the  same 
acreage,  and  of  a  quality  that  leaves  nothing 
to  be  desired.  All  the  products  of  the  Eastern, 
and  with  few  exceptions  those  of  the  Gulf  States, 
thrive  in  this  valley  and  yield  unfailing  crops, 
owing  to  our  system  of  irrigation,  our  equable 
climate  and  our  fertile  alluvial  lands.  This  not 
only  includes  all  the  garden  vegetables,  fruits 
and  berries,  but  also  cotton,  which  yields 
fully  up  to  the  Tennessee  standard,  and  of  fine 
strong  fibre;  tobacco,  of  excellent  flavor  and 
a  leaf  having  an  exceedingly  fine  fibre,  adapted 
alike  for  wrappers  and  fillers,  as  well  as  hemp, 


HIS  TORT   OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


'83 


hops  and  flax.  The  silk  culture  is  commenc- 
ing to  receive  attention,  and  thousands  of 
Russian  mulberries  are  being  planted  this 
year,  and  as  they  grow  and  thrive  well  here, 
and  as  our  climatic  conditions  are  exceptionally 
favorable  for  the  propagation  of  the  silk  worm, 
every  indication  points  to  the  fact  that  this  in- 
dustry will  take  important  proportions  in 
Socorro  county  and  the  Rio  Abajo  generally. 

Socorro  county  has  three  distinct  classes  of 
lands:  The  agricultural,  which  is  found  as  a 
rule  on  the  Rio  Grande  and  other  streams 
which  traverse  the  county:  the  uplands  or 
mesas,  especially  adapted  to  grazing  and  which 
abound  with  nutritious  grasses;  and  the  moun- 
tain ranges  which  tower  above  the  plains, 
several  of  which  are  covered  from  base  to  sum- 
mit with  a  luxuriant  growth  of  tirnbef,  afford- 
ing employment  to  a  number  of  sawmills, 
which  supply  our  population  with  an  excellent 
quality  of  lumber. 

In  the  western  part  of  the  county,  near  the 
Arizona  line,  are  found  the  ever-flowing  wa- 
ters of  the  Tularosa  and  San  Francisco,  with 
their  multitude  of  affluents.  Another  large 
body  of  good  land  with  ample  water  is  to  be 
found  here.  The  probability  is  that  the  Santa 
Fe  route  will  at  no  distant  day  fill  the  gap  be- 
tween its  Magdalena  branch  in  New  Mexico 
and  its  Prescott  &  Phoenix  extension  in  Ari- 
zona. Then  will  be  opened  to  commerce  one 
of  the  richest  mineral,  grazing  and  irrigable 
regions  in  the  world. 

Within  a  few  years  some  of  the  finest  or- 
chards in  New  Mexico  have  been  planted  in  this 
county.  The  experience  of  many  years  among 
the  older  population  had  demonstrated  that 
no  place  is  better  adapted  to  this  purpose. 
The  most  notable  of  these  orchards  is  that  of 
Mr.  A.  D.  Coon,  which,  with  one  exception,  is 
probably  the  largest  in  the  Territory.  The 
specially  interesting  point  about  this  is  that 
it  has  never  been  irrigated!  It  is  planted 
on  the  flat  land  near  the  Rio  Grande,  and  the 
soil  appears  to  be  sufficiently  moistened  by 
natural  sub-irrigation  to  cause  a  thrifty  growth 
of  the  trees  even  when  first  planted.  In  writ- 


ing of  this  peculiarity  a  few  years  ago — 1892— 
Mr.  Coon  said:  "I  planted  1,200  fruit  trees 
this  spring.  My  orchard,  which  I  am  growing 
on  first-bottom  land  without  irrigation,  is  look- 
ing well  and  making  a  very  nice  growth  this 
year,  as  it  has  always  done  from  the  start. 
Many  of  my  four-year-old  pear  and  apple 
trees  are  fruiting  this  year,  which  is  evidence 
that  my  orchards  will,  with  age,  fruit  without 
water.  All  my  trees  require  is  age.  Among 
my  8,000  trees  one  cannot  see  an  off-colored 
leaf;  all  are  bottle  green  and  healthy."  Since 
that  time,  succeeding  seasons  have  proved  that 
the  experiment  is  an  entire  success. 

The  cattle  interests  of  Socorro  county  are 
very  large.  The  animals  do  not  seem  to  suffer 
as  much  during  the  bad  seasons  as  in  other 
places.  The  mild,  open  winters  permit  them 
to  use  up  all  their  food  for  the  making  of  flesh 
and  not  for  the  creation  of  heat.  This  is  an 
advantage  of  great  importance.  In  the  north 
cattle  are  subject  to  long  spells  of  great  cold, 
blizzards,  etc.  This  is  unknown  in  New  Mex- 
ico and  especially  in  Socorro  county.  There 
are  now  upward  of  250,000  cattle,  and  im- 
mense flocks  of  sheep,  on  the  ranges,  especially 
in  the  west. 

It  is  a  fortunate  peculiarity  of  this  portion 
of  Socorro  county,  not  only  that  there  are  nu- 
merous small  streams  which  come  from  the 
mountains  and  run  for  some  distance  into  the 
plains,  but  that  there  are  many  springs  scatter- 
ed all  over.  This,  of  course,  is  of  vast  import- 
ance, and  the  consequence  is  that  a  very  large 
number  of  cattle  and  sheep  occupy  this  portion 
of  the  county.  Here,  in  the  western  part  of 
the  county  are  the  head-waters  of  the  Rio 
San  Francisco  and  of  the  Rio  Gila,  each  with 
numerous  affluents. 

But  while  her  other  products  are  valuable, 
it  is  as  a  mineral  county  that  Socorro  holds 
special  pre-eminence.  This  county  possesses 
within  its  limits  no  less  than  fifty-three  mining 
districts  yielding  gold  in  place  and  placer,  sil- 
ver, lead,  copper,  iron,  arsenic,  sulphur,  man- 
ganese, antimony,  cobalt,  soda,  alum,  borax, 
nitrous-earth,  potters'  clay,  fire-clay,  kaolin, 


1 84 


HISTORT  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


several  of  the  rare  metals  and  numerous  ex- 
tensive bodies  of  excellent  bituminous  coal. 
Thus  the  number  of  minerals  found  is  sur- 
prising!}' diversified,  ranging  from  salt  to  gold. 
There  are  carbonates,  sulphates,  sulphides, 
phosphates,  etc.,  of  ores;  magnesia,  calcium, 
alum,  clays,  etc.,  of  earths. 

At  the  Tertio-Millennial  Celebration  in  San- 
ta Fe,  in  1883,  and  at  the  great  mineral  exhi- 
bitions at  New  Orleans  and  Denver,  this  coun- 
ty was  represented  by  specimens  from  over 
forty  mining  districts,  and  made  a  greater  va- 
riety of  display  than  any  other  county  in  the 
whole  country. 

Of  the  districts  which  are  being  most  ex- 
tensively worked,  the  following  may  be  men- 
tioned, with  their  chief  products,  it  being 
added  that  the  minerals  in  these  camps  occur 
in  well-defined  leads:  Socorro  mountain  dis- 
trict: chloride  of  silver,  blue  carbonate  of  cop- 
per, argentiferous  galena,  green  carbonates  of 
copper,  all  occurring  in  ganguesof  calcite  heavy 
spar;  quartz  and  quartzite  are  the  principal 
ores  here.  Copper  glance  is  also  found.  Mag- 
dalena  district  produces  argentiferous  galena, 
grey  copper,  copper  pyrites,  besides  iron  and 
zinc.  The  celebrated  mines  of  Kelly  are  in- 
cluded in  this  district.  Water  Canyon  district 
has  gold  (placer),  argentiferous  galena,  grey 
copper,  zinc  and  manganese.  Mogollon  dis- 
trict is  rich  in  gold,  silver,  varigated  copper, 
silver-bearing  grey  copper  and  galena;  and  the 
Datil  district  produces  copper  and  argentifer- 
ous galena. 

The  total  mineral  product  of  this  county  in 
1885  was  $2,021,544.  In  1886  it  reached 
about  $3,000,000.  By  far  the  greatest  output 
has  come  from  the  silver-lead  mines  at  Kelly, 
which  for  years  supplied  the  Rio  Grande  smel- 
ter at  Socorro  with  the  great  bulk  of  the  ore 
treated  there.  Owing  to  the  demonetization 
of  silver,  these  mines  cannot  now  be  worked 
profitably  without  concentration  of  the  ores, 
and  they  are  therefore  resting  until  more  just 
laws  shall  re-establish  their  activity. 

At  present  the  most  productive  camps  are 


those  in  the  west  of  the  county,  in  the  Mogol- 
lon county,  at  Cooney  and  in  its  vicinty. 

The  principal  towns  of  the  county  are  on 
the  Rio  Grande  or  in  mining  sections. 

The  county  seat,  Socorro,  enjoys  some  un- 
rivaled advantages.  It  is  a  town  of  about 
3,000  to  4,000  inhabitants,  and  is  situated  on 
the  principal  meridian  of  New  Mexico,  which 
is  the  initial  point  for  all  public  surveys.  The 
town  contains  a  public  school  costing  $25,- 
ooo,  a  fine  court  house,  the  Territorial  School 
of  Mines,  numerous  business  houses,  a  brew- 
ery and  ice  plant,  a  good  rlouring-mill  and  a 
fire-clay  works.  The  Rio  Grande  smelter,  at 
present  working  over  200  men,  is  within  the 
town  limits.  These  works  in  good  times  em- 
ploy about  400  operatives,  and  are  amongst 
the  most  important  smelters  in  the  country. 
Immediately  across  the  Rio  Grande  are  im- 
mense measures  of  coal,  extending  from  fifteen 
to  twenty  miles.  The  city  is  almost  in  the 
center  of  the  Territory,  conveniently  situated 
for  all  trade  purposes.  Its  climate  is  mild  and 
equable;  its  altitude  is  about  4,300  feet;  it  is 
exceedingly  well  sheltered  from  winds.  Its 
water  supply  is  excellent  and  plentiful,  and  is 
partly  obtained  from  large  springs  about  two 
and  one-half  miles  from  the  city.  These 
springs  are  so  important  that  Lieutenant  Pike 
makes  special  mention  of  them  in  his  journal. 
No  town  in  New  Mexico  has  such  natural 
advantages  and  magnificent  surroundings  as 
Socorro.  Surrounded  by  rich  mineral,  in  the 
midst  of  an  unsurpassed  piece  of  valley,  with 
coal  and  iron  for  its  smelters  and  mills,  its 
future  cannot  but  be  one  of  great  prosperity. 

One  branch  of  industry  recently  estab- 
lished there,  the  Fire  Clay  Works,  illustrates 
the  variety  of  the  natural  surroundings  just 
referred  to.  The  manager  writes  as  to  this: 
"In  the  San  Felicita  mountains,  east  of 
Socorro,  this  company  has  its  fire-clay  prop- 
erties, which  consist  of  different  grades  of  fire- 
clay in  thick  strata,  the  entire  bed  as  far  as  ex- 
plored being  twenty  feet  in  thickness.  In  ad- 
dition to  the  above  it  has  in  the  Socorro  moun- 
tains very  extensive  deposits  of  kaolin  and 


HISTORY  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


'85 


sanodin,  both  of  which  materials  are  used  in 
manufacturing  pottery.  The  company  has  also 
in  the  Socorro  mountains  extensive  beds  of 
red  clay  and  white  clay  for  the  manufacture  of 
pressed  and  common  brick.  The  purpose  of 
the  company,  in  time,  in  addition  to  fine  and 
common  brick,  which  are  now  being  manu- 
factured, is  to  extend  their  works  to  include 
the  manufacture  of  pottery  of  common  and 
higher  grades,  sewer  pipe,  tiling,  etc." 

San  Marcial,  twenty-eight  miles  south  of 
Socorro,  in  the  Rio  Grande  valley,  has  rail- 
road division  headquarters.  Good  trade  with 
sheep  and  cattle  ranches  and  with  silver  and 
gold-mining  camps.  Splendid  opportunities  are 
offered  farmers  with  small  capital  in  this  sec- 
tion. The  soil  is  well  adapted  for  garden  and 
farm  products,  also  grass  and  alfalfa.  Poultry, 
grapes  and  fruit  do  well.  It  has  railroad 
shops,  employing  many  men,  and  is  one  of  the 
prettiest  towns  on  the  Santa  Fe  route.  It  is 
situated  on  the  Armendaris  grant.  Prepara- 
tions are  now  being  made  to  reclaim  82,000 
acres  of  land  in  this  immediate  vicinity,  and 
also  to  develop  the  mineral  and  pastoral  re-  j 
sources  of  this  valuable  grant.  San  Marcial 
will  be  the  center  of  all  these  operations. 

San  Antonio  is  twelve  miles  south  of 
Socorro,  on  the  Atchison,  Topeka  &  Santa  Fe 
Railroad,  and  there  is  a  branch  line  to  Car- 
thage from  here,  and  a  stage  line  to  Carthage, 
White  Oaks,  Nogal  and  Fort  Stanton.  It  has 
over  eighty  coke  furnaces,  which  give  employ- 
ment to  a  large  number  of  hands. 

Magdalena,  northwest  twenty-three  miles, 
and  connected  by  rail  with  Socorro,  is  in  the 
center  of  a  carbonate  ore  camp,  producing  ore 
easy  of  reduction  and  without  the  cumbersome 
addition  of  a  stamp  mill.  Pine  and  pinyon  for 
fuel  is  plentiful,  coal  is  from  seven  to  twenty- 
five  miles  north,  and  clay,  hematite  and  lime- 
stone abound  in  the  vicinity. 

The  great  camp  of  Kelly,  situated  four 
miles  southeast  of  Magdalena,  the  present  ter- 
minus of  a  branch  of  the  Santa  Fe  route,  is 
embraced  in  the  Magdalena  mountains  and 
sheltered  from  the  winds  in  almost  every  direc- 


tion. It  is  7, 500  feet  above  sea  level  and  en- 
joys a  most  genial  climate.  There  is  not  a  day 
in  the  rolling  year  when  work  must  shut  down 
on  account  of  inclement  weather.  The  principal 
mines  are  the  Kelly,  Graphic,  Imperial,  Mary 
Lode,  Ambrosia,  Grand  Tower,  etc. 

Carthage,  in  the  eastern  part  of  the  coun- 
ty, nine  miles  east  of  Antonito,  at  the  end  of  a 
branch  of  the  Atchison,  Topeka  &  Santa  Fe, 
in  a  hilly  country,  is  the  center  of  extensive 
coal  mining.  The  mines  are  owned  by  the 
railroad  company.  The  coal  is  of  superior 
quality,  especially  for  coking.  At  present  the 
mines  are  not  in  operation. 

La  Joya,  thirty  miles  north  of  Socorro,  is 
"the  jewel  "  on  the  river  for  business,  relying 
upon  fruit,  viniculture,  wine,  agriculture  and 
stock  raising. 

Limitar,  fourteen  miles  north  of  Socorro, 
on  the  railroad,  derives  subsistence  from  agri- 
culture and  stock  raising. 

Paraje  is  in  the  southern  part  of  the  coun- 
ty. Very  fine  fruit  is  raised  here.  Stock  rais- 
ing is  also  followed  here. 

Polvadera,  eighteen  miles  north  of  Socorro, 
is  on  the  railroad.  The  inhabitants  raise  fruit 
and  otherwise  depend  upon  agricultural  pur- 
suits and  stock  raising. 

Cooney,  180  miles  from  Socorro,  in  the 
southwestern  part  of  the  county,  is  a  prosper- 
ous mining  camp,  located  in  a  canyon  in  the 
Mogollon  mountains,  on  Cooney  creek.  The 
nearest  shipping  point  is  Silver  City,  Grant 
county,  85  miles  south.  Gold,  silver  and  lead 
mining  are  industries  here,  with  stamp  mills. 

Alma,  in  the  southwest  corner  of  the  coun- 
ty, at  the  mouth  of  Cooney  canyon  of  the  Mo- 
gollon mountains,  on  the  San  Francisco  river, 
is  in  the  center  of  an  extensive  stock  country, 
from  which  it  draws  trade.  It  trades  also  with 
adjacent  mining  districts. 

Joseph,  on  Tularosa  creek,  in  the  west  of 
the  county,  near  the  Arizona  line,  is  the  center 
of  a  district  full  of  ancient  ruins,  and  in  which 
the  most  beautiful  Aztec  pottery  is  found.  The 
excavation  and  shipping  of  this  pottery  forms 
an  extensive  business. 


i86 


HISTORY  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


SIERRA    COUNTY. 

Sierra  county  was  formed  by  an  act  of  the 
legislature  in  1883,  from  parts  of  Socorro, 
Donna  Ana  and  Grant  counties,  the  impelling 
cause  being  the  desire  of  the  miners  in  the 
vicinity  of  Lake  Valley,  Hillsboro  and  King- 
ston to  govern  themselves,  and  their  belief 
that  their  interests  would  be  benefited  by  having 
one  county  in  which  mining  would  be  the  lead- 
ing industry,  rather  than  live  on  the  borders  of 
three  large  counties  in  none  of  which  could 
they  have  a  controlling  influence.  Although, 
as  will  be  seen,  it  has  very  considerable  graz- 
ing and  agricultural  interests  in  the  valley  of 
the  Rio  Grande  and  those  of  the  streams  that 
flow  into  that  river  from  the  mountains,  yet 
its  great  interest  is  and  always  will  be  that  of 
mining. 

The  principal  meridian  of  New  Mexico  forms 
its  eastern  boundary  for  forty-eight  miles;  the 
summit  of  the  Black  Range  is  the  western 
limit.  If  not  very  large  in  extent,  averaging 
fifty-four  miles  from  north  to  south,  and  about 
the  same  from  east  to  west,  or  2,376  square 
miles,  the  county  has  a  diversified  topography. 
In  the  extreme  east  are  large  plains;  then  a 
system  of  mountain  ranges,  running  from  north 
to  south,  along  the  east  bank  of  the  Rio  Grande 
(Sierra  Fra  Cristobal  and  Caballo)  and  at  their 
western  base  that  river,  leaving  about  one-third 
of  the  area  of  the  county  on  its  eastern  bank. 
On  the  west  side  plains,  interrupted  here  and 
there  by  prominences,  extend  to  the  foot-hills 
of  the  Black  Range  for  from  twenty  to  thirty 
miles,  while  finally  that  range  occupies  the 
westernmost  portion.  With  the  exception  of  a 
few  creeks,  in  the  uttermost  northwest  corner, 
which  flow  westward  into  the  Rio  Gila,  all 
streams  flow  southeast,  into  the  Rio  Grande. 
The  beds  of  these  streams,  approaching  their 
mouths,  are  worn  deep  into  the  plains. 

Elevations,  in  the  northern  part  of  the 
county,  vary  from  4,184  (Fest's  Ferry)  to 
5,177  (Alamosa),  9,540  (Canyada  Alamosa) 
to  8,045  (Nell's  Pass),  from  the  Rio  Grande, 
to  the  west  boundary;  in  the  northern  part  from 


4,000   (Rio   Grande,   above  Rincon)  to  4,689 
(above    Nutt    station),    5,224    (Hillsboro),    7,- 
494    (Berrenda  Spring)  to  7,574  (Hendrick's 
Peak).      On   the  east  side  of  the   Rio  Grande, 
the  plains  gradually  descend  from  4,720  (below 
Lava  station)  to  4,342  feet  (above  Grama)  in 
a    distance    of    forty-eight    miles.     There   are 
springs  scattered  over  this  eastern  part  of  the 
county,  and    that   water  can    be  obtained  by 
sinking  tubular  wells,  there  is  very  little  doubt. 
The  weather  all  the  year  round  is  very  mild. 
In  winter  the  thermometer  rarely  falls  to  twenty 
degrees  below  freezing  and  never  touches  zero. 
Consequently  mining  operations  are  prosecuted 
continuously,  and  agriculture  has  no  disadvan- 
tages.   Blizzards  and  snow  slides  are  unknown. 
The  county  is  well  divided  into  the  valley, 
mesa  and   mountain   lands,  embracing  a  con- 
siderable   section  of   the   Rio  Grande  valley, 
where  agriculture  is  followed;  wherever  open- 
ings in  the  valleys   of   the  different   affluents 
afford  room  enough  to  do  so,  agricultural  pur- 
suits are  followed.      Being  well    watered,  the 
pasturage    lands   are    fully    available,  and  the 
stock   interests   are,  for  this  reason,  in  a  good 
condition.      But  the  main    interests  of    Sierra 
county  are  centered  in  the  mines.     The  prin- 
cipal    mining    districts    are:     Apache,    Black 
Range,   Cuchillo    Negro,    Kingston,  Hermosa, 
Animas,  Hillsboro,  Percha  and  Lake  Valley. 

To  begin  with  the  most  famous  of  all  the 
romances  of  mining,  Lake  Valley  furnishes  the 
best  story.  Here  abounds  the  highest-grade 
silver  ore.  In  the  early  days,  when  Victoria, 
Loco  and  Nana  made  this  valley  unhealthy, 
two  miners  struck  a  gold  prospect.  They  sold 
it  for  $100,000  to  a  Philadelphia  syndicate, 
and  two  days  after  the  lead  ran  into  the  '•  Bri- 
dal Chamber,"  the  working  of  which  yielded 
over  $3,000,000.  The  expense  was  so  trifling 
that  one  man  offered  the  owners  $200,000  for 
the  privilege  of  entering  the  mine  and  taking 
the  metal  that  he  could  knock  down  single- 
handed  with  his  pick  in  one  day!  This  was  an 
era  of  wild  speculation,  from  which  Lake  Val- 
ley suffered  a  natural  reaction;  but  the  riches 
of  the  camp  seem  only  touched  as  yet.  Eight 


HIS  TORT  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


187 


million  dollars  have  been  taken  from  its  mines, 
but  there  is  still  rich  ore.  It  lies  in  blanket 
form  and  quickly  runs  into  pockets  and  cham- 
bers. 

The  history  of  the  discovery  of  these  won- 
derful mines  is  too  interesting  not  to  be  nar- 
rated. In  the  year  1878  a  miner  named  Luf- 
kin,  then  living  at  Hillsboro,  New  Mexico,  fif- 
teen miles  northwest  of  Lake  Valley,  or  Mc- 
Evers'  ranch,  as  it  was  then  called,  in  com- 
pany with  a  companion,  started  out  on  a  pros- 
pecting trip  to  the  foot-hills  of  the  southern 
extremity  of  the  Black  Range.  They  had  no 
luck  for  some  weeks;  but  finally,  at  a  point 
about  two  miles  west  of  McEvers',  they  dis- 
covered a  large  body  of  black  ore  croppings 
extending  over  a  hundred  acres  of  territory, 
and  indicating  plainly  the  presence  of  mineral 
of  some  kind  The  big,  black  bodies  of  ore, 
cropping  out  above  the  surface,  showed  that, 
whatever  the  nature  of  the  mineral  to  be  found, 
it  was  certainly  in  immense  quantities.  They 
sank  several  prospect  holes,  and  soon  satisfied 
themselves  that  they  had  "struck  it  rich"  in 
silver;  but  as  their  "grub  stake"  was  by  this 
time  exhausted,  they  returned  to  Hillsboro  and 
obtained  employment,  one  as  a  cook  and  the 
other  as  a  miner,  saved  up  their  wages  for  sev- 
eral months,  in  order  to  have  a  "grub  stake" 
when  they  should  go  again  to  work  on  their 
claim. 

In  a  few  weeks  the  Indian  war  broke  out 
upon  the  country,  and  mining  operations  in 
that  section  were  suspended.  Finally,  how- 
ever, through  the  assistance  of  Hon.  J.  A.  Mil- 
ler, of  Grant  county,  who  was  then  the  post- 
trader  at  Fort  Bayard,  Lufkin  and  his  partner 
were  enabled  to  develop  their  mines  sufficient- 
ly to  prove  that  they  were  first-class;  and  then 
a  rush  began  towards  the  new  district.  Claims 
were  located  on  all  sides  and  quite  a  mining 
camp  sprung  into  existence.  Ore  running  as 
high  as  $1,000  per  ton  was  exposed,  and  Mr. 
Miller  began  to  look  around  for  means  to  bet- 
ter develop  the  mines.  The  result  was  that 
about  a  year  ago  Mr.  Miller  effected  a  sale  of 
the  principal  mines  in  the  district  to  a  syn- 


dicate of  New  York  capitalists  for  $225,000, 
Lufkin  and  his  partner  receiving  $25,000  of 
the  amount. 

The  center  of  Apache  district  is  chloride; 
in  Chloride  gulch,  Dry  creek,  Mineral  creek, 
Bear  creek,  and  others,  silver-bearing  copper 
ores,  bornites,  occur,  which  are,  as  a  rule, 
rich  ($  i  oo  per  ton  or  more),  and  secure  large  re- 
turns to  those  who  work  them. 

While  ores,  along  the  main  portion  of  the 
Black  Range,  mostly  occur  on  the  contact  line 
between  limestone  and  porphyry,  argentiferous 
copper  ores  also  occur  between  porphyry  and 
trachyte,  the  ores  being  sulphides,  oxides  and 
some  iron. 

This  district  was  the  scene  of  a  great  min- 
ing excitement  more  than  ten  years  ago,  when 
the  Apaches  were  removed  from  the  adjacent 
reservation,  but  the  difficulty  and  expense  of 
transportation  keep  it  in  the  background. 
Hillsboro  and  Kingston  have  both  been  fa- 
mous in  their  days  as  enormous  producers,  one 
of  gold  and  the  other  of  silver. 

Hillsboro  is  the  center  of  the  gold  mining 
district.  It  has  one  of  the  handsomest  court- 
houses in  the  West,  good  schools  and  good  ho- 
tels. It  was  founded  in  1878.  The  success 
and  prosperity  of  this  town  and  its  great  repu- 
tation as  a  gold  camp  were  only  obtained  after 
years  of  persistent  effort.  For  the  first  ten 
years  of  its  existence  the  discouragement  was 
only  cheered  by  flitting  gleams  of  success.  The 
ore  veins  are  found  on  either  side  of  the  in- 
trusive porphyry  dykes  that  cross  the  country, 
radiating  from  Animas  Peak. 

The  metal  carrier  in  this  district  is  quartz, 
impregnated  with  copper  and  iron  pyrites,  and 
containing  precious  metals  in  the  proportion  of 
one  ounce  of  gold  to  five  ounces  of  silver.  Sur- 
face.ores,  to  the  depth  of  1 50  to  300  feet,  are 
much  oxidized  and  are  free-milling.  The  gold 
values  vary  from  $6  to  $175  per  ton.  Ore  is 
also  found  in  solid  pyrites. 

Perhaps  the  most  notable  feature  in  the 
Hillsboro  gold  mines  is  the  unbroken  continu- 
ity of  the  ore  veins.  In  the  Opportunity  mine 
a  drift  1,600  feet  in  length  was  carried  without 


iSS 


H1STORT  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


a  break  in  its  average  of  about  one  foot  thick- 
ness of  pay  ore.  Thirty-two  hundred  feet  of 
drifts  in  the  Bonanza  mine  show  the  same  con- 
ditions, always  some  ore  to  go  on.  Several 
thousand  feet  of  workings  in  the  Snake  and  in 
the  Richmond  mines  still  further  attest  this 
valuable  feature.  The  ore  varies  in  thickness, 
of  course,  but  there  is  always  some  for  the 
miner  to  follow,  and  once  having  ore  you  have 
it  always. 

Along  the  bases  of  the  porphyry  hills  in 
which  the  gold  mines  are  located  is  a  quartzite 
dyke  in  which  crystallized  lead,  sulphate  of  lead 
and  lead  carbonates  are  found.  Much  work  is 
being  done  and  good  results  are  expected. 
Manganese,  iron  ores  and  some  flint  deposits 
rich  in  gold  are  also  found. 

North  of  the  lode  district  and  near  the  An- 
imas  river  are  found  extensive  beds  of  white, 
black  and  variegated  marble.  These  quarries 
contain  some  of  the  purest  marble  known. 

To  the  west  of  the  lode  district  lie  some 
phenomenally  rich  placers.  Up  to  date  some  of 
the  richest  dirt  has  been  teamed  and  packed  to 
the  Rio  Percha  and  washed  out,  and  men 
have  made  wages  fanning  out  the  gold  from  the 
dry  dirt. 

Kingston  is  the  center  of  a  phenomenally 
rich  silver  district.  This  camp  is  situated  in  the 
valley  of  the  Rio  Percha,  and  was  discovered 
in  1878.  Within  a  few  years  thereafter 
$6,000,000  were  realized  from  the  surface 
riches  alone.  Since  this  period  of  rapid  de- 
velopment the  work  has  become  more  sys- 
tematic, and  nearly  every  well-worked  mine  has 
yielded  from  $20,000  to  $i,  500,000.  The  ores 
are  native,  brittle,  sulphide,  chloride  and 
chloro-bromide,  and  are  found  in  connection 
with  quartz,  iron,  copper,  zinc,  galena  and 
talc.  Binoxide  of  manganese  prevails  through- 
out the  district.  The  ore  belt  stretches  from 
the  Trujillo  to  the  North  Percha,  and  no  one 
able  to  devote  intelligent  labor  to  mining  need 
fear  for  results  in  the  beautiful  camp  of  Kings- 
ton. The  town  itself  is  well  situated,  has  a 
public  water  service,  churches  and  schools, 
two  good  hotels,  and  a  pushing,  go-ahead 


population.  The  magnificent  specimens  of  na- 
tive silver  shown  in  the  miner's  cabin  at  the 
World's  Fair  will  bear  out  this  testimony  to 
the  richness  of  that  region.  Native  silver  is 
prevalent.  While  this  district,  like  all  others 
in  which  silver  is  the  chief  product,  is  suffer- 
ing greatly  from  the  depression  in  the  price  of 
that  metal,  yet  much  of  the  ore  obtained  here 
is  of  such  high  grade  that  it  can  still  be 
shipped. 

Hermosa  is  a  thriving  camp  between  Hills- 
boro  and  Chloride,  and  nineteen  miles  south  of 
the  latter.  The  principal  group  of  mines  is 
the  Pelican,  carrying  silver  and  lead.  These 
ores  are  always  valuable.  Before  the  fall  of 
silver  there  were  about  109  miners  at  work  in 
this  camp,  and  all  doing  well.  The  mines  are 
worked  a  good  deal  on  the  lease  system,  and, 
as  a  rule,  are  of  high  grade. 

The  county  also  contains  extensive  beds  of 
coal  on  the  Armendaris  grant,  near  the  Rio 
Grande. 

GRANT  COUNTY. 

This  county  was  organized  by  act  of  the 
legislature  in  1870,  during  the  first  presidential 
term  of  the  great  soldier,  and  hence  received 
its  name  in  his  honor.  It  forms  the  southwest 
corner  of  New  Mexico,  and  is  bounded  on  the 
north  by  Socorro  county,  on  the  east  by  Donna 
Ana  and  Sierra  counties,  on  the  south  by  Chi- 
huahua, Republic  of  Mexico,  and  on  the  west 
by  Arizona.  It  contains  9,234  square  miles  in 
area,  being  1 14  miles  from  north  to  south  and 
eighty-one  miles  from  east  to  west. 

The  general  appearance  and  contour  of 
Grant  county  is  anomalous.  The  great  divide 
comes  down  near  its  western  line,  trending 
southwest.  It  divides  the  county  into  two 
very  unequal  portions,  the  larger  of  which,  or 
Mimbres  basin,  has  no  ocean  drainage,  but  its 
waters  flow,  sometimes  in  great,  all-devouring 
floods,  at  others  in  unnoticed  seepage,  toward 
Palomas  lake,  the  sink  of  this  great  region. 
The  Gila  drains  the  northwest  of  the  county 
into  the  gulf  of  California. 

The  country  abounds  in  mountain  ranges, 


HISTORY  Of  NEW  MEXICO. 


189 


in  which  mines  of  great  value  are  being  de- 
veloped, or,  more  correctly  speaking,  in  moun- 
tain clusters,  rising  to  altitudes  not  exceeding 
1,000  feet  above  the  level  of  the  plains,  and 
elevated  from  the  undulating  plains,  repre- 
senting the  former  islands,  when,  during  the 
cretaceous  period,  the  waters  of  the  sea  still 
covered  the  country.  A  multitude  of  evi- 
dences in  the  shape  of  ruins,  old  graves,  an- 
cient pottery,  and  remnants  of  implements, 
conclusively  prove  that  this  country,  in  pre- 
historic ages,  has  been  inhabited  by  a  human 
race,  or  races,  who,  comparatively,  occupied  a 
high  scale  of  civilization. 

The  Gila  rises  in  Socorro  county,  and  car- 
ries off  the  Pacific  drainage  of  the  San  Fran- 
cisco, the  Mogollons,  the  Datil  and  Black 
mountain  ranges.  Owing  to  the  influence  of 
the  moist  winds  that  constantly  pass  over  it 
from  the  western  ocean,  it  has  generally  been 
supposed  that  farming  might  be  conducted 
without  irrigation.  On  the  Sapello,  Copper, 
Duck  and  Mogollon  creeks,  and  the  Gila 
meadows  and  plateaus,  there  are  numerous 
small  tracts  where  crops  had  been  matured  for 
a  period  of  fifteen  years  without  any  artificial 
application  of  water.  A  succession  of  dry 
years  has,  however,  dissipated  this  idea  to  a 
great  extent.  During  this  dry  period  a  large 
increase  of  irrigation  on  the  Gila,  by  means 
of  small  farm  ditches,  has  taken  place.  This 
region,  however,  offers  tempting  possibilities 
of  gain.  It  is  in  the  midst  of  one  of  the 
greatest  mining  centers  of  the  world.  Every  j 
hillside  is  pregnant  with  rich  ore;  the  market  j 
for  farm  produce  is  immediate,  and  high  prices 
are  realized.  With  a  comprehensive  system 
of  works,  about  30,000  or  40,000  acres  could 
be  reclaimed,  and  the  farmers  could  realize 
from  deciduous  fruits  returns  that  would  rival 
those  from  the  orange  groves  of  California,  j 
Apples,  pears,  berries  and  such  fruits  here 
reach  perfection.  The  country  is  free  from 
insect  pests,  and  the  intelligent  farmer  with 
well-watered  land  has  nothing  to  fear  from  | 
drouth  or  frost. 

The  Mimbres  rises  in  the  mountains  of  the 


same  name,  taking  its  head  waters  within  a 
mile  or  so  of  some  of  the  principal  feeders  of 
the  Gila,  but  on  the  gulf  side  of  the  mountains. 
During  its  upper  course  it  takes  up  the  waters 
of  many  large  springs  and  small  water  courses, 
and  supplies  water  for  over  100  farms  ranging 
from  200  to  about  10  acres  in  extent.  These 
furnish  the  majority  of  the  vegetable  food  of 
Silver  City  and  the  surrounding  mining  camps. 
The  water  is  taken  out  of  the  river  on  the 
community  system  by  small  ditches  and  dis- 
tributed pro  rata  to  each  cluster  of  farms. 
Owing  to  the  peculiar  situation  of  the  valley  it  is 
doubtful  if  this  plan  could  be  much  improved 
by  a  comprehensive  ditch  system.  The  apples 
and  hardy  fruits,  together  with  fine  vegetables, 
raised  in  the  upper  valley  of  the  Mimbres,  are 
of  a  very  superior  quality.  In  the  aggregate 
there  are  about  5,000  acres  cultivated. 

Below  the  mountains  the  Mimbres  takes 
the  form  of  what  is  usually  termed  a  "lost 
river."  About  thirty  miles  north  of  Deming 
it  debouches  upon  a  plateau  of  the  Sierra 
Madre,  a  large  plain  of  deep  alluvial  soil. 
Little  or  no  water  is  in  sight  except  in  the 
flood  seasons;  but  it  may  always  be  had  at 
moderate  depths  below  the  surface.  For  sixty 
miles  south  of  the  Mexican  line,  and  for  a  sim- 
ilar distance  east  and  west,  the  same  condition 
prevails.  The  rivers  rise  in  the  mountains, 
drain  a  considerable  water-shed  and  then  dis- 
appear into  the  earth.  The  importance  of  this 
underflow  may  be  judged  by  the  numerous 
lakes  which  appear  in  old  Mexico  just  south 
of  the  line.  Palomas  lake  is  the  principal. 
It  is  five  or  six  miles 'long,  three-quarters  to 
two  miles  wide  and  fed  by  hundreds  of  springs. 
Some  of  these  are  so  strong  that  their  dis- 
turbance of  the  water  can  be  plainly  seen  on 
the  surface  of  the  lake. 

This  important  source  of  supply  is  being 
exploited  by  two  large  companies.  One  project 
is  to  sink  a  bed  rock  dam  across  the  Mimbres 
canyon,  effectually  stopping  the  underflow  of 
the  river  at  that  point,  and  then  to  take  the 
water  raised  to  the  surface  out  by  gravity 
ditches  on  about  20,000  acres  of  as  good  land 


190 


HISTORT  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


as  exists.  The  other  is  by  underflow  ditches 
to  obtain  the  water  of  the  Mimbres  and  also 
that  of  the  Burro  mountains,  which  will  then 
be  carried  by  canals  to  the  neighborhood  of 
Deming  and  placed  on  ten-acre  tracts. 

The  soil  of  the  valleys  is  a  rich,  sandy 
loam,  composed  of  the  disintegrated  matter  of 
the  older  rocks  and  volcanic  ashes.  It  is  light 
and  porous  and  of  surprising  fertility.  Corn, 
wheat,  oats  and  barley  grow  well;  corn  is  a 
staple  product.  The  cereals  do  best  in  the 
northern  districts  and  elevated  plateaus.  Corn, 
vegetables  and  all  kinds  of  fruit  do  best  in 
the  valleys;  corn,  in  the  rich  bottoms,  along 
the  principal  streams,  if  well  cultivated,  may 
be  made  to  yield  over  eighty  bushels  per  acre; 
wheat  on  the  uplands  often  yields  over  fifty 
bushels  to  the  acre. 

Cabbages  grow  splendidly,  often  weighing 
from  thirty  to  fifty  pounds  each.  Onions  also 
grow  wonderfully  large,  weighing  from  one  to 
two  pounds  each.  Beets,  radishes,  turnips 
and  carrots  grow  well  everywhere.  Beans, 
peas  and  tobacco  are  also  grown  successfully; 
beans  to  the  native  population  are  what  the 
potato  is  to  the  Irish.  Apples  do  well  in  all 
parts  of  the  county.  Melons  of  all  kinds  grow 
to  grand  proportions,  and  of  the  most  delicious 
flavor. 

The  valleys  are  marvelously  romantic  and 
beautiful,  ranging  from  one  to  five  miles  in 
breadth,  and  all  easy  of  irrigation.  All  the 
cereals,  vegetables  and  fruits  grown  in  the  mid- 
dle States  can  be  successfully  raised  in  them. 
The  black  and  white  gama  grasses  furnish 
ample  subsistence  for  sheep  and  stock.  During 
the  winter  months  these  grasses  retain  their 
full  nutriment,  their  tops,  although  of  a  pale 
color,  have  become  cured,  and  stock  of  all 
kinds  can  graze  on  this  grass  without  being 
stall  fed.  The  Animas  valley,  valley  de  las 
Playas,  the  plains  east  and  west  of  the  Florida 
mountains,  the  Gila plains,  etc.,  are  all  covered 
with  this  kind  of  natural  product,  and  they  are 
the  range  of  immense  herds.  There  are  also 
thousands  of  acres  in  the  mountainous  part  of 
the  county  which  cannot  be  cultivated,  but 


which  are  good  for  grazing,  as  the  grass  is  sweet 
and  nutritious. 

At  a  conservative  estimate  there  are  200,- 
ooo  head  of  cattle  in  Grant  county.  The 
most  favorable  conditions  prevail  for  stock- 
raising.  The  county  presents  the  appearance 
of  a  great  inland  sea  that  had  been  drained 
after  the  cretaceous  period.  The  plains  lie 
flat,  with  only  the  gentle  undulations  caused 
by  wave  action.  Dotted  here  and  there  over 
the  surface  are  clusters  of  mountains  from 
1,000  to  2,000  feet  above  the  general  level. 
The  broad  plains  are  covered  with  black  and 
white  gama  grass,  and  the  showers  ordinarily 
induced  by  the  mountain  clusters  serve  to  keep 
these  herbs  in  nutritive  condition.  Of  the 
dozens  of  valleys  where  good  range  is  found, 
the  Animas,  valley  de  las  Playas,  the  Florida 
plains,  the  Gila  plains,  the  Sapello,  Upper 
Mimbres,  Mule,  Mogollon  and  Duck  creek  are 
the  principal. 

Nowhere  in  the  world  is  the  per  cent,  of 
increase  in  cattle  greater  than  in  this  county, 
where  nothing  less  than  eighty-five  per  cent,  is 
ever  calculated  on,  while  in  many  herds  often- 
times numbering  several  thousands,  ninety-five 
per  cent,  is  figured  on  with  comparative  cer- 
tainty. While  it  is  so  far  superior  to  most  all 
others  as  a  breeding  country,  the  mountain 
portions  of  Grant  county  will  produce  as  fine 
beef  as  the  best  ranges  of  the  northern  Terri- 
tories. There  is  no  such  thing  as  loss  from 
severe  weather. 

The  first  settlement  of  Grant  county,  how- 
ever, was  on  account  of  its  minerals.  From 
east  to  west  and  from  north  to  south,  it  is  a 
treasure  house  of  mineral  wealth  of  different 
kinds.  Of  all  our  territorial  acquirements 
from  Mexico,  no  portion  has  created  so  much 
attraction,  so  much  worthy  interest,  or  pos- 
sessed such  historic  fame  as  the  famous  copper 
mines  known  as  Santa  Rita  del  Cabres,  which 
are  located  five  miles  east  from  Fort  Bayard. 
These  mines  were  discovered  by  Lieutenant 
Colonel  Carrasco,  of  the  Spanish  army  in 
1800,  through  the  medium  of  a  friendly  In- 
dian. Colonel  Carrasco,  not  possessing  the 


HJSTORT  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


191 


means  to  work  these  mines,  was  habilitated  by 
Don  Francisco  Manuel  Elguea,  a  wealthy 
Spanish  merchant  of  Chihuahua.  In  the  be- 
ginning of  1804,  however,  Colonel  Carrasco 
sold  the  Santa  Rita,  entire,  to  Don  F.  M. 
Elguea,  who  immediately  commenced  working 
the  property  extensively,  and  on  his  first  ship- 
ment of  copper  to  the  City  of  Mexico, 
was  enabled  on  account  of  the  extraordinary 
quality  of  the  metal  to  make  a  contract  with 
the  Royal  Mint  for  the  purpose  of  coinage  for 
the  full  annual  product  of  the  mines.  The 
copper  was  transported  from  the  mines  to  the 
city  of  Mexico,  a  distance  of  1,000  miles,  go- 
ing on  pack  mules  to  Chihuahua,  from  thence 
thence  by  wagon,  and  100  mules,  carrying  300 
pounds  each,  were  continually  employed. 

While  the  Santa  Ritas  are  undoubtedly  the 
richest  deposits  of  red  oxide  of  copper  known, 
they  are  strictly  the  most  peculiar  and  really 
singular  copper  mines  of  the  world.  They  are 
not  veins  or  lodes.  But  in  sinking  a  shaft  the 
miner  continually  meets  with  veins  of  sheet 
copper  (native)  from  one-eighth  of  an  inch  to 
two  inches  thick  all  through  the  country  or 
white  porphyry  rock.  Again  he  frequently 
meets  with  boulder  or  nugget  copper  in  lumps 
weighing  from  2O  to  I  50  pounds.  These  lumps 
are  kidney-shaped,  and  by  the  miners  called 
kidney  ore. 

Grant  county  possesses  vast  wealth  in  gold, 
silver,  lead,  copper,  opals,  marbles  and  building 
stone.  The  following  statistics  will  show  that 
notwithstanding  the  dull  times  mining  is  still 
vigorously  practiced. 

In  the  gold  and  silver  camps  of  Lordsburg, 
Pyramid  and  Shakespeare  seventy-five  miners 
are  at  work;  Victorio,  a  silver  camp,  has  twen- 
ty-five; Central  City,  a  gold-producer,  works 
200;  Pinos  Altos,  gold,  100;  Cook's  Peak, 
the  greatest  lead  camp  in  the  Southwest,  and 
also  a  good  silver-producer,  employs  100  men; 
Hadley,  silver,  fifty;  The  Floridas,  silver,  ten; 
Tres  Hermanyas,  silver,  ten;  Oak  Grove, 
silver,  ten;  Georgetown,  low  grade  silver, 
130;  Hachitas,  high-grade  silver,  twenty-five 
men.  The  county  annually  produces  over 


$1,000,000  of  gold  and  about  $800,000  worth 
of  silver. 

The  first  camps  opened  in  Grant  county 
during  this  generation  were  at  Pinos  Altos  and 
Central  City.  At  the  two  there  are  over  600 
lodes  located,  most  of  which  have  produced 
some  good  ores.  These  are  gold  camps.  When 
silver,  during  the  year  1893,  was  depressed  and 
the  mines  producing  it  shut  down,  it  was  at 
once  supposed  that  a  serious  blow  had  been 
struck  at  the  general  prosperity.  The  miners, 
however,  immediately  pushed  work  on  their 
gold  leads,  and  the  output  of  Grant  county, 
which  is  now  almost  entirely  gold,  with  some 
silver  and  lead,  has  increased  to  nearly  double. 
The  gold  ores  from  this  district  are  very  simi- 
lar to  those  of  Central  City,  Colorado.  On  the 
surface  they  consist  of  the  same  iron-stained 
quartz,  containing  free  gold.  At  a  lower  depth 
the  ore  is  composed  of  sulphurets  of  iron  and 
copper,  with  auriferous  galena,  and  zincblende 
deeper  still.  Nor  is  gold  the  only  paying  ore. 
Near  Pinos  Altos  one  mine  shows  a  streak  of 
native  silver  that  runs  $25,000  per  ton.  Since 
the  introduction  of  large  capital  even  the  re- 
bellious ores  of  the  lower  levels  are  yielding 
their  riches. 

The  famous  "76"-  mine,  owned  by  Mr. 
Breman,  is  situated  on  the  Chloride  flat,  two 
miles  west  of  Silver  City.  Work  was  com- 
menced on  this  mine  in  1871,  and  the  yield  of 
paying  ore  probably  exceeds  20,000  tons.  The 
bullion  taken  from  this  mine  probably  exceeds 
three-quarters  of  a  million  dollars. 

There  has  been  discovered  in  one  of  the 
cross-cuts  a  large  body  of  silver-bearing  slate. 
Where  the  tunnel  was  cut  through  this  slate 
it  exposed  ' '  face "  from  five  to  eight  feet  in 
depth,  for  a  distance  of  240  feet;  horn-silver  is 
found  all  through  the  slate,  and  in  the  seams 
broad  sheets  of  native  silver,  no  thicker  than 
tissue  paper,  are  found.  But  the  most  singu- 
lar form  in  which  the  metal  is  found  in  this 
slate  is  in  round  balls,  or  pellets,  of  almost 
pure  silver,  ranging  from  the  size  of  a  pin-head 
up  to  that  of  a  quail's  egg.  These  balls,  which 
very  much  resemble  fossil,  are  in  many  places 


192 


HISTORT  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


thickly  interspersed  through  the  slate,  and  on 
actual  test  are  found  to  contain  95  percent,  of 
silver.  Hundreds  of  tons  of  this  singular  sil- 
ver-bearing slate  is  exposed  by  the  cut,  andean 
be  mined  at  less  than  $2  per  ton. 

In  1866  the  camp  of  Georgetown  was  first 
struck  by  Messrs.  Butine  and  Streeter,  George 
Duncan,  Andy  Johnson  and  others.  No  work 
was  done  for  two  years  later,  when  operations 
were  commenced  by  E.  Weeks  and  J.  Fresh, 
on  what  is  known  as  the  McNulty.  In  1872 
the  wealth  of  the  camp  became  apparent,  and 
it  took  a  start  that  it  has  maintained  up  to  the 
present  time.  There  is  also,  without  doubt, 
in  Georgetown,  a  vast  amount  of  mineral 
wealth  as  yet  undiscovered.  The  town  itself 
presents  to  the  eye  of  a  traveler,  on  entering 
on  the  Silver  City  road,  more  the  appearance 
of  a  mining  camp  than  any.  Work  has  been 
done  on  both  sides  of  the  road  for  a  mile  or 
more. 

Central  City  is  nine  miles  from  Silver  City, 
and  situated  on  a  flat  or  table  leading  down 
from  the  mountain  in  which  are  located  the 
celebrated  Hanover  and  Santa  Rita  copper 
mines.  These  mines  cover  a  space  some  five 
miles  in  length  from  north  to  south,  by  half 
that  distance  in  width.  Granite  is  the  pre- 
dominating "country  rock,"  interspersed  with 
limestone  and  slate.  The  country  is  covered 
with  a  thick  growth  of  pine,  pinyon,  cedar 
and  oak.  The  entire  table  is  checked  with 
gold  and  silver-bearing  leads,  and  the  numer- 
ous ravines  cutting  through  the  flat  furnish  an 
unfailing  supply  of  the  purest  mountain  water. 

Here  are  found  inexhaustible  bodies  of  low 
grade  ore,  mostly  gold-bearing. 

In  some  sections  of  Grant  county  vast  de- 
posits of  white  magnesian  rock  have  been 
found.  It  is  of  a  superior  quality,  and  al- 
though not  yet  extensively  quarried,  bids  fair 
to  become  one  of  the  thriving  industries  of  the 
county,  as  it  is  now  being  shipped  in  large 
quantities  to  outside  markets,  and  has  been 
furnished  the  new  opera  house  at  El  Paso. 
The  rock  is  easily  worked  by  the  saw,  plane  or 
chisel,  and  is  finely  stratified  in  smooth  layers 


ranging  from  thin  flagging  to  massive  dimen- 
sions. 

The  marble  of  Bear  creek,  ten  miles  from 
Silver  City,  will  without  a  doubt  attract  a  great 
deal  of  attention  in  the  near  future.  It  is  jet 
black,  and  the  variegated  marbles  of  the  same 
series  are  as  fine  as  can  be  found  anywhere, 
very  even  in  texture,  and  susceptible  of  a  very 
high  polish.  Within  the  next  year  these  quar- 
ries will  be  shipping  large  quanties  east  and 
west,  as  there  is  great  demand  for  this  kind  of 
marble.  As  to  the  white  sculpture  marble  of 
the  Hanover  district,  said  to  be  equal  to 
Italian  marble  for  sculptural  use,  the  quarry 
has  not  been  opened  sufficiently  to  show  its 
full  merit,  but  from  surface  indications  the  de- 
posit is  extensive. 

The  Serpentine  rock  with  the  newly  coined 
name  of  Ricolite,  is  found  on  the  Gila  river 
near  Carlisle,  and  is  a  beautiful  ornamental 
stone  for  architectural  purposes.  It  is  banded 
with  alternate  strata  of  grey  and  green  colors 
from  one-half  to  one  inch  in  thickness.  It  has 
rapidly  gained  the  front  rank  in  the  east,  and 
the  demand  is  greater  than  the  supply,  for  the 
reason  that  transportation  facilities  are  meager. 
It  is  susceptible  of  a  fine  finish,  and  is  quite 
durable.  This  is  probably  the  only  deposit  of 
it  in  the  world,  as  no  mention  is  made  of  any 
such  rock  in  any  work  on  geology  or  lithology. 

The  owners  have  christened  it  "  Ricolite  " 
(or  "rich  stone")  because  it  is  claimed  that  it 
is  so  different  in  its  composition  from  any 
thing  previously  discovered  that  it  can  not 
possibly  be  classed  under  any  existing  name. 
The  quarries  are  southwest  of  Silver  City, 
and  the  stone  resembles  the  green  marble  or 
verd-antique  of  Vermont  and  other  localities, 
but  it  is  claimed  that  the  absence  of  lime  as 
an  important  constitutent  renders  it  much 
harder  and  more  durable.  The  colors  are 
green,  yellow,  black  and  blue,  in  various 
shades  and  combinations,  and  it  is  considered 
specially  adapted  to  interior  decoration.  The 
specific  gravity  is  2.57  or  1 60  pounds  to  the 
cubic  foot;  and  its  composition  is  given  as  fol- 
lows: Silica,  43.52  per  cent.;  aluminum, 


HISTORY   OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


'93 


16.88  per  cent.;  magnesia,  23.78  percent.; 
water  (combined),  1 1. 10  per  cent.;  lime,  2.22 
per  cent. ;  soda  and  potash,  2.  50  per  cent. ; 
and  a  slight  trace  of  iron  oxide. 

At  the  mouth  of  the  Gilita,  where  it  empties 
into  the  Gila,  are  springs  of  good  medicinal 
properties,  breaking  out  in  six  or  eight  differ- 
ent places  from  the  mountain  side;  the  water 
is  extremely  hot,  and  contains  a  large  quantity 
of  iron.  It  is  about  forty-five  miles  by  wagon 
road  to  Silver  City. 

On  the  banks  of  the  Gila  near  the  springs 
and  just  south  of  the  Socorro  county  line,  is  a 
very  extraordinary  deposit  of  alum,  said  to  be 
the  largest  in  the  world.  Another  similar  de- 
posit is  found  a  few  miles  distant  to  the  east. 
The  absence  of  facilities  for  transportation 
makes  it  impossible  to  utilize  this  commerci- 
ally at  present,  but  of  its  ultimate  value  there 
is  no  doubt. 

\Vithin  the  past  three  years  important 
mines  of  turquoise  have  been  discovered  in  the 
Burro  mountains  and  several  of  them  are  be- 
ing worked  successfully.  The  stone  is  lighter 
in  color  than  the  turquoise  of  Santa  Fe  county, 
but  by  some  is  considered  preferable  for  that 
reason.  The  bed  in  which  it  is  found  extends 
westward  into  Arizona. 

Silver  City  is  the  county  seat  of  Grant 
county,  and  is  one  of  the  principal  outfitting 
places  for  the  mining  camps.  Its  mining  re- 
sources are  numerous,  and  valuable  enough  to 
build  up  and  support  a  large  and  thriving  city. 
Good  stone,  sand  and  lime,  for  building  pur- 
poses, are  obtainable,  at  reasonable  figures. 
Situated  as  it  is,  surrounded  by  mills  and  con- 
centrators, almost  in  the  very  center  of  the 
mining  region,  its  stability  and  prosperity  are 
assured.  Large  business  blocks  are  built  or 
projected,  and  during  the  year  1893  about 
twenty-five  business  houses  and  handsome 
residences  were  built  within  the  city  limits. 
It  has  a  number  of  civic  and  social  organiza- 
tions. Its  water-works,  lying  about  two  miles 
from  town,  assure  the  city  not  only  a  good  and 
pure  supply  of  water,  but,  as  there  is  a  normal 
pressure  in  the  fire  hydrants  of  144  pounds  to 

13 


the    inch,    immunity     from     the    ravages    of 
that  dangerous  element  is  certain. 

The  court  house,  the  Sisters'  hospital,  the 
fine  blocks  that  line  the  business  streets,  the 
churches,  the  commodious  and  comfortable 
hotels,  of  which  there  are  four,  give  the  city 
a  metropolitan  air.  The  salubrious  climate 
makes  good  the  local  claims  as  a  sanitarium. 
Situated  at  about  6,000  feet  elevation,  at 
about  35  degrees  15  seconds  north  latitude, 
protected  by  encircling  mountains,  all  the  con- 
ditions are  perfect  for  the  preservation  of 
health  or  the  restoration  of  the  invalid  to 
sound  physical  existence. 

Deming,  at  the  junction  of  the  Southern 
Pacific  and  Atchison,  Topeka  &  Santa  Fe  Rail- 
roads, which  from  here  run  west,  toward  Cali- 
fornia, southeast  to  El  Paso,  Texas,  and 
northeast  to  the  upper  portion  of  New  Mexico, 
is  not  only  the  center  of  an  extensive  stock 
raising  country,  but  the  mines,  south  and 
north,  give  trade  to  many  people  here.  Dem- 
ing  has  all  the  requirements  of  an  American 
town.  The  people  have  introduced  a  great 
number  of  wind-mills,  by  which  the  vast 
underflow  of  water  is  raised  to  the  surface 
and  put  on  the  land.  Dozens  of  gardens  sur- 
round the  town.  These  are  rapidly  develop- 
ing into  a  comprehensive  system  of  irrigation. 
Two  enterprises  are  now  under  way,  and  the 
town  itself  has  constructed  a  reservoir  of  45,- 
000,000  gallons  capacity.  Its  supply  is  pump- 
ed from  an  immense  well. 

The  great  Mormon  railroad  is  projected 
from  this  point.  As  proposed  it  will  run  south 
via  Columbus,  on  the  boundary  line,  thence  to 
Guerrero  and  then  to  Chihuahua,  a  distance  of 
510  miles.  A  branch  of  this  road  has  also 
been  surveyed  across  the  Sierra  Madre  moun- 
tains to  Sonora,  on  the  Gulf  of  California. 

Deming  is  the  headquarters  of  the  canyai- 
gre  business  in  the  Territory,  though  no  doubt 
there  will  be  a  number  of  establishments  in 
various  localities  within  a  short  time,  as  the 
knowledge  of  this  new  tanning  agent  extends. 
We  have  referred  in  another  place  to  the 
general  subject  of  canyaigre,  its  characteristics 


1 94 


HISTORT  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


and  value,  but  in  connection  with  the  factory 
at  Deming,  which  is  the  principal  practical 
business  enterprise  of  this  kind  in  New  Mexico 
in  actual  operation,  its  seems  proper  to  intro- 
duce the  following  statement,  made  by  C.  B. 
Allaire,  the  president  of  "The  Tanning  Ex- 
tract Company"  of  Peoria,  who  own  the 
works.  He  says: 

"We  have  erected  at  this  place  (Deming) 
a  factory  74  by  250  feet,  partly  one  story  and 
partly  two  stories,  for  the  manufacture  of 
an  extract  from  the  tubers  of  the  canyaigre 
root  (Rumex  himenocephalum),  to  be  used  for 
tanning  purposes.  We  expect  to  export  our 
entire  product  to  England,  because  freights 
are  cheaper  from  here  to  Liverpool  than  from 
here  to  New  York  city  or  Boston,  and  because 
Europe  is  not  so  well  supplied  with  tanning 
materials  as  America.  This  product  is  used 
only  for  light  leather,  such  as  goat,  sheep,  kid, 
dongola,  calf,  etc.,  and  does  not  come  into 
competition  with  oak  and  hemlock  extracts, 
which  are  cheaper  and  are  used  for  heavy 
leather,  such  as  sole,  harness,  etc.  Our  pres- 
ent capacity  is  about  thirty  tons  of  green  or 
undried  root  per  day,  which  should  make 
about  five  tons  of  extract  of  a  consistence 
about  like  putty,  dry  enough  to  ship  in  sacks. 
We  do  not  expect  to  be  able  to  secure  enough 
root  from  the  natural  growth  that  is  available 
to  run  us  continuously  for  the  first  three  years. 
At  the  ruling  freight  rates  we  cannot  afford  to 
ship  root  to  this  factory  outside  of  a  radius  of 
about  100  miles  by  rail  and  a  less  distance,  say 
twenty  miles,  by  wagon.  To  meet  this  de- 
ficiency and  to  provide  for  a  steady  supply  of 
the  raw  material  near  at  hand  we  are  clearing 
and  planting  about  1,000  acres  this  season  of 
selected  sandy  bottom  land  suitable  for  this 
plant,  and  expect  to  have  at  the  end  of  three 
years  a  crop  of  from  five  to  ten  tons  per  acre 
without  irrigation,  and  we  shall  do  the  same  in 
1893  and  1894,  eventually  having  3,000  acres 
in  cultivation  near  at  hand,  which  we  estimate 
will  keep  us  continuously  supplied  with  raw 
material. 

"If  this  experiment   is  a  success  we  shall 


be  able  to  demonstrate  to  land  owners  in  this 
arid  region  that  they  can  raise  a  valuable  com- 
mercial crop  without  irrigation  where  irriga- 
tion is  impracticable;  that  has  an  eight  months' 
planting  and  harvesting  period;  that  is  not 
subject  to  drought,  decay  or  market  fluctua- 
tions, and  that  will  yield,  over  and  above  all 
cost  for  labor,  seed,  etc.,  a  good  return  on  $50 
per  acre  value  of  the  land,  and,  in  fact,  make 
a  profitable  industry  where  now  they  have  ab- 
solutely nothing. 

"Our  method  of  planting  is  as  follows: 
We  first  clear  the  land  of  soapweed,  willow 
and  mesquite.  Very  little  of  the  latter  grows 
on  this  class  of  land.  The  cost  averages 
about  $i  per  acre  over  and  above  the  value  of 
the  fuel  obtained.  Sage  brush  and  other  light 
growths  are  left  on  the  land,  as  they  are  easily 
plowed  under.  Then  we  put  on  a  twelve-inch 
plow,  with  four  horses,  two  men  and  three 
boys.  The  plow  must  have  a  side  and  well- 
curved  mold  board  so  as  to  cover  well  the  pre- 
ceding furrow.  One  man  drives  the  team,  the 
other  guides  the  plow;  one  boy  follows  the 
plow  and  picks  up  and  carries  to  be  deposited 
at  the  end  of  the  furrow  any  natural  growth 
of  canyaigre  that  may  be  turned  up;  another 
boy  follows  him  and  drops  into  the  bottom  of 
the  furrow  small  roots,  say  three-fourths  inch 
in  diameter  and  less,  about  twelve  to  eighteen 
inches  apart.  He  cannot  plant  as  fast  as  the 
furrow  is  made,  so  that  it  takes  two  boys  to  do 
the  planting.  The  return  furrow  covers  the 
first,  and  this  process  is  continued  until  all  the 
land  is  planted.  We  plant  about  six  inches 
deep. 

"  The  cost  of  clearing,  plowing  and  plant- 
ing, etc.,  is  as  follows:  • 

Clearing  2\  acres $  2  50 

Two  men  and  two  teams,  per  day 7  SO 

Three  boys  per  day,  50  cents  each  ....      i  50 

Seed  2\  acres,  $6  per  ton 2  50 

$14  oo 
Cost  per  acre 5  67 

"If  we  add  to  this  $5  per  acre  for  harvest- 


HISTORY  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


'95 


ing  we  have  a  total  of  $9.67  per  acre  charge- 
able to  the  crop,  the  $i  for  clearing  being  con- 
sidered a  permanent  improvement  to  the  land, 
and  no  labor  being  required  for  cultivation 
during  the  growth  of  the  crop.  At  the  lowest 
estimate  of  five  tons  to  the  acre,  which  is  at 
present  worth  $6  per  ton  at  the  factory,  we 
have  a  net  profit'  of  $20.33  per  acre  over  and 
above  all  cost  for  plowing,  planting,  seed  and 
harvesting  the  crop.  This  is  equal  to  10  per 
cent  return  per  annum  on  a  valuation  of  $68 
per  acre  for  the  land,  three  years'  use  of  the 
land  being  required  to  mature  a  crop.  Natur- 
ally a  farmer  would  plant  one-third  of  his  land 
each  year,  and  so  secure  a  regular  annual 
income." 

Lordsburg  is  sixty  miles  west  of  Deming, 
twenty  miles  east  of  the  line  between  New 
Mexico  and  Arizona.  The  town  is  of  import- 
ance not  only  as  the  starting  point  of  the  Ari- 
zona &  New  Mexico  Railroad,  which  runs 
from  here  to  the  prosperous  copper  mining  and 
smelting  camps  at  Clifton,  seventy-six  miles 
north,  but  also  because  surrounded  by  good 
mining  camps,— Gold  Hill,  Pyramid,  Stein's 
Pass,  Steeple  Rock  and  others.  There  are 
good  business  houses  here.  Water  is  pro- 
cured from  wells  in  the  vicinity. 

Hudson's  Springs  have  long  been  a  resort 
for  invalids  and  others.  A  large  hotel  has  just 
been  erected  (1895).  The  building  is  of  ce- 
ment built  around  a  placita.  There  are  forty- 
six  rooms,  and  as  business  increases  more 
rooms  will  be  built.  There  will  be  a  bath- 
house at  the  springs  40  by  60  and  bath-rooms 
all  through  the  house,  supplied  with  hot  water 
from  the  spring. 

DONNA    ANA    COUNTY. 

Donna  Ana  occupies  the  center  in  the  south- 
ern range  of  counties,  and  is  by  far  the  most 
conspicious  to  the  ordinary  traveler,  as  it  is 
traversed  from  north  to  south  by  the  Rio 
Grande  and  by  the  railroad  which  follows  the 
banks  of  the  river;  and  the  famous  Mesilla 
valley  never  fails  to  attract  attention. 

The  area  of  the  county  may  be  calculated 


(its  shape  is  not  regular)  at  1 1 5  miles  from  east 
to  west  and  seventy-two  miles  from  north  to 
south,  or  equal  to  8,280  square  miles. 

While  the  surface  of  the  county  is  mainly 
made  up  of  plains  and  mesas,  there  are  never- 
theless the  San  Andres,  Organ  and  Franklin 
mountains  running  almost  due  north  and  south 
at  some  distance  from  the  Rio  Grande,  on  its 
eastern  bank,  and  approaching  the  river  at  or 
near  the  southern  boundary  line  of  the  county 
and  Territory.  The  Sacramento  mountains, 
or  the  southern  portion  thereof,  are  in  the 
northeast  corner,  while  the  plains  are  inter- 
rupted in  the  northwest  by  the  Sierra  Magda- 
lena,  the  Roblado  Peak  at  Fort  Selden  and 
other  elevations  scattered  over  the  southwest, 
where  also  the  Sierra  del  Potrillo  is  a  promi- 
nent landmark.  The  Organ  mountains  lie  about 
eighteen  miles  east  of  the  Rio  Grande.  They 
are  unique  in  their  appearance  and  instantly  at- 
tract attention. 

They  no  doubt  derive  their  name  from  the 
tall  spire-shaped  peaks  closely  grouped,  that, 
in  the  distance,  resemble  the  pipes  of  a  large 
church  organ,  especially  when  viewed  from 
the  plains  on  the  eastern  side  of  the  moun- 
tains; hence  the  name  is  not  inappropriate. 

Other  than  the  Rio  Grande,  there  is  no 
large  running  stream  in  the  county  except  the 
lower  parts  of  Tularosa  creek  and  Lost  river  in 
the  northeastern  corner. 

The  county  slopes  from  north  to  south. 
Rincon,  at  the  northern  end  is  4,031  feet  above 
sea;  Anthony  at  the  southern  end,  3,789  feet. 
Organ  Peak  is  9, 108  feet  high;  Florida  station, 
just  outside  the  western  boundary,  is  4,484; 
and  Tularosa  on  the  eastern  boundary  4,344 
feet  high. 

What  was  acquired  from  Mexico  by  the 
Gadsden  Treaty  of  1853  is  embraced,  in  its 
greatest  portion,  within  the  limits  of  Donna 
Ana  county,  and  the  Mesilla  valley  lies  within 
its  boundaries. 

Donna  Ana  county  is  traversed  from  north 
to  southeast  along  the  Rio  Grande,  by  the 
Atchison,  Topeka  &  Santa  Fe  Railroad;  a 
branch  running  also  from  Rincon  to  Deming 


196 


HISTORY  OF  NE  W  MEXICO. 


in  Grant  county.  The  Southern  Pacific  Rail- 
road crosses  from  west  to  southeast  through 
the  western  part  of  the  county,  running  from 
Deming  to  El  Paso. 

That  which  gives  its  special  reputation  to 
Donna  Ana  county,  however,  is  the  far-famed 
Mesilla  valley.  This  was  the  first  portion  of 
New  Mexico  to  attract  the  attention  of  the 
Anglo-Saxon  and  to  secure  settlement. 

In  the  early  days  its  richness  attracted  im- 
migration from  the  four  corners  of  the  earth, 
and  its  fame  had  reached  to  the  oldest  Cau- 
casian cities,  inviting  the  bold  and  brilliant  to 
come  and  found  wealthy  families.  The  era 
that  succeeded  the  war,  during  which  the  great 
transcontinental  roads  were  building,  drew  off 
from  it  the  tide  of  immigration.  It  is  one  of 
the  countries  to  be  rediscovered.  A  man  goes 
there,  views  the  lights  and  shades  ever  chang- 
ing on  the  Organ  mountains,  sees  the  wide 
alfalfa  fields,  glowing  and  luscious  orchards, 
grain  fields  and  vineyards,  and  is  impressed 
with  the  beauty  of  the  scene.  It  is  indeed  one  of 
the  most  fruitful  areas  in  the  world.  At 
Fort  Selden  the  valley  spreads  out  to  a  fertile 
plain,  some  six  miles  in  width  and  forty  miles 
in  length.  Through  it  the  turbid  Rio  Grande 
del  Norte  meanders  to  where  it  enters  the  can- 
yon above  El  Paso,  Texas.  On  the  east, 
some  seventeen  miles  distant,  rises  the  range 
of  mountains  whose  tall  pinnacles,  piercing  the 
blue  dome  of  the  heavens,  resemble  the  pipes 
of  a  monster  organ,  while  on  the  west  the  bat- 
tlement-like walls  of  the  table  land  rise  some 
200  feet  above  the  level  of  the  valley.  To-day 
this  section  of  paradise,  with  its  fine  climate, 
its  numerous  irrigating  canals,  leading  the  wa- 
ters of  the  river  to  the  alfalfa  fields,  beautiful 
vineyards  of  America's  most  lucious  grapes, 
orchards  of  the  finest  fruits,  both  for  size,  form 
and  flavor,  gardens  supplied  with  every  known 
vegetable  that  tempt  the  palate  of  mortals,  and 
with  flower  gardens  giving  forth  the  richest 
perfumes  of  the  tropics,  well  deserves  the 
name  it  bears,  ' '  The  Happy  Valley. " 

The  agricultural  crops  of  Donna  Ana,  and 
especially  of  the  Mesilla  valley,  are  alfalfa, 


fruits  and  the  cereals.  In  the  gardens  and 
vineyards  the  finest  fruits  of  the  temperate 
zone  reach  perfection.  Nowhere  does  alfalfa 
flourish  better  or  produce  a  greater  tonnage. 
Indian  corn  grows  to  an  almost  fabulous  height. 
But  it  is  of  its  fruits  that  the  valley  is  justly 
proud. 

All  hardy  fruits  reach  perfection  in  Donna 
Ana  county.  Peaches,  pears,  plums,  apricots, 
quinces,  prunes  and,  above  all  except  peaches, 
apples  flourish.  There  are  many  large  orchards, 
and  as  the  first  systematic  tree-planting  in  the 
Territory  was  at  Mesilla,  a  number  of  them  are 
in  full  age  and  full  bearing.  The  earliest  ones 
were  entirely  of  apples,  the  future  trees  having 
been  brought  out  on  the  stages  of  those  days 
in  the  form  of  root-grafts.  The  later  orchards 
are  more  general  in  their  varieties,  and  peaches 
are  the  favorite  fruit.  To  illustrate  the  results 
obtained  just  one  case  will  be  cited,  and  that, 
although  startling,  is  absolutely  incontestible. 
Judge  G.  W.  Woods  has  a  most  beautiful, 
well-attended  orchard.  It  is  set  out  in  apples 
and  peaches  alternately,  seventy  trees  of  each 
to  the  acre.  Last  year  his  full-bearing  peaches 
yielded  $10  per  tree  or  $700  to  the  acre!  This 
does  not  include  the  apples,  which  yielded  in 
proportion!  Each  peach  and  apple  is  perfect, 
and  his  product  sells  from  one  to  two  and  one- 
half  cents  per  pound  higher  than  the  best  Cali- 
fornia fruit. 

The  vineyards  of  this  valley  have  long  been 
famous.  For  a  long  time  they  were  composed 
entirely  of  the  Mission  grape,  but  within  a  few 
years  a  large  number  of  other  foreign  varieties 
have  been  introduced,  with  great  success.  These 
include  the  Muscat  of  Alexandria,  Flaming  To- 
kay, Rose  of  Peru,  Gros  Coleman,  Cornichon, 
Black  Burgundy,  etc.  In  writing  of  this  val- 
ley Monsieur  Pierre  Viala,  Professor  of  Vine- 
growing  at  the  National  School  of  Vine-grow- 
ing, France,  who  was  in  the  United  States 
studying  viniculture,  says:  "It  really  makes 
me  homesick  to  see  these  vineyards.  It  is  a 
splendid  soil  for  the  purpose.  It  could  hardly 
be  better."  *  *  *  As  an  illustration  of 
quick  growths  the  following  from  Judge  Woods 


HISTORY   OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


197 


is  interesting.  He  says:  "In  May,  1889,  I 
placed  cuttings  of  the  Gros  Coleman  grape  on 
my  place,  which  I  had  brought  from  the  Isle 
of  Jersey,  as  an  experiment.  In  the  summer 
of  1891  these  cuttings  produced  sixty  pounds 
of  grapes  to  the  vine,  some  of  them  measur- 
ing three  and  three-fourths  inches  in  circum- 
ference. The  average  weight  to  the  bunch 
was  one  and  one-half  pounds. 

All  through  the  valley  alfalfa  is  a  paying 
crop.  Four  to  five  cuttings  are  made  per  year, 
and  each  cutting  averages  from  about  one  to 
three  tons  per  acre. 

The  plains  furnish  a  large  crop  of  gama 
grass  each  year,  and  large  herds  of  beef  cattle 
fatten  upon  it.  If  the  range  is  not  overstocked 
the  cattle-men  can  winter  their  beeves  without 
loss,  and  the  bottoms,  where  the  nutritious 
grasses,  that  must  have  water,  grow,  will  fat- 
ten them  for  the  market.  Thousands  of  dol- 
lars are  annually  made  from  this  industry.  The 
more  progressive  stockmen  raise  or  lease  large 
alfalfa  fields,  on  which  they  give  their  cattle  a 
final  feed  before  sending  them  to  market. 
This,  however,  is  not  necessary  as  a  rule.  The 
showers,  which  are  not  infrequent  during  the 
summer  months,  keep  the  ranges  in  good  con- 
dition, and  it  is  only  during  a  series  of  dry 
years  that  tame  grass  is  at  all  necessary  to 
bring  stock  into  condition. 

Donna  Ana  is  rapidly  acquiring  a  reputa- 
tion for  its  vintage.  The  vineyards  yield  from 
1,300  to  1,500  gallons  of  wine  per  acre.  The 
basis  in  the  best  wineries  is  to  estimate  that 
fifteen  pounds  of  grapes  will  yield  one  gallon 
of  wine  and  one  pint  of  the  finest  brandy.  No 
addition  of  any  kind  is  made  to  the  natural 
juices  of  the  grape,  and  the  purchaser  can  be 
assured  of  an  absolutely  pure  article.  It  is 
very  fine  in  flavor.  All  that  is  necessary  to 
make  these  vineyards  rival  the  famous  wines 
of  France  and  Germany  is  age.  A  five-year- 
old  wine  from  this  section  is  unrivaled  for 
body  and  flavor. 

Bee  culture  is  a  source  of  profit  in  connec- 
tion with  all  the  above.  The  wide-stretching 
alfalfa  fields  yield  a  peculiar  variety  of  honey 


that  is  exceptional  as  a  remedy  in  consumption 
and  all  throat  and  lung  diseases.  A  hive  will 
yield  fifty  pounds  of  honey  per  year,  worth 
twelve  to  fifteen  cents  per  pound.  An  acre  of 
ground  with  1 50  trees  will  accommodate  twice 
that  number  of  hives.  The  reader  can  make 
his  own  calculations  of  profit  from  this  source. 
Bee  culture  is  practical  on  every  ranch  in 
Donna  Ana  county. 

A  recent  experiment   with   imported    bees 

shows  that  they  take  kindly  to  the  climate  and 

food.     The  artemisia,  mesquite  and  other  wild 

j  plants    afford    unlimited    pasture,   even   if  the 

alfalfa  was  not  available. 

The  principal  mining  is  carried  on  in  the 
Organ  mountains,  some  eighteen  miles  east  of 
the  Rio  Grande,  ores  occurring  on  the  contact 
line  between  limestone  (which  is  here  a  dolor- 
ite)  and  porphyry,  filled  in  with  quartz  veins 
in  different  widths,  and  containing  silver, 
galena  and  sulphuret  of  iron. 

The  Stephenson  mine  was  the  first  that  as- 
sumed large  proportions  in  this  camp.  It  had 
a  far  earlier  history  among  the  Spaniards.  As 
an  evidence  of  its  early  use  in  the  long  ages 
past,  is  an  old  ruin,  with  walls  about  two  feet 
high,  showing  that  at  least  a  four-room  house 
had  an  existence,  and  near  this  are  the  remains 
of  an  old  smelting  furnace,  and  around  it  is 
found  a  quantity  of  antimonial  silver.  This  is 
now  called  the  "  Bennett-Stephenson,"  and  it 
puts  out  such  a  rich  silver  ore  that  it  is  run- 
ning even  at  the  present  low  price  of  silver.  A 
mill  capable  of  turning  out  half  a  ton  of  con- 
centrates per  hour  is  working  up  this  ore  prior 
to  shipment  to  the  smelter  at  Socorro.  The 
Modoc,  also,  is  a  good  shipper. 

The  Jarilla  mountains,  about  twenty  miles 
east  from  San  Augustin,  which  is  on  the  east 
side  of  the  Organs,  are  a  short  ridge,  twenty 
miles  long,  and  but  a  few  miles  wide  at  the 
largest  extension  east  and  west,  are  of  vol- 
canic origin,  arising  suddenly  out  of  surround- 
ing plains.  They  are  gold,  silver  and  copper- 
bearing,  but  can  hardly  be  worked  on  account 
of  water  not  being  present;  the  nearest  supply 
of  water  is  twenty  miles  west,  at  Shedd's 


HIS  TORT   OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


ranch.     An    attempt    to    bore    for   water  has 
failed. 

The  Portrillas  are  also  ore-bearing,  but 
labor  under  the  same  difficult)1:  no  water, 
which  is  at  least  forty  miles  distant. 

The  White  Sands,  which  occur  in  the 
northeastern  part  of  the  county,  in  the  large 
plain  east  of  the  Oscura,  west  of  the  Sacra- 
mento mountains,  are  a  very  peculiar  forma- 
tion, deriving  their  name  from  their  snow-white 
appearance,  really  being  a  vast  deposit  of 
gypsum  in  pulverized  form,  in  many  places 
absolutely  pure.  The  hills,  which  are  about 
twenty-five  miles  north  from  Shedd's  ranch 
and  eighteen  south  from  Tularosa,  occupy  a 
section  about  thirty  miles  long  from  north  to 
south  and  from  one-half  to  five  and  six  miles 
in  width.  The  deposit  forms  hills  twenty  to 
fifty  feet  high,  which  move  like  the  dunes  on 
the  seashore  under  the  wind.  It  is  a  most 
valuable  material  for  the  manufacturing  of 
plaster  of  Paris  as  well  as  for  fertilizing  pur- 
poses in  the  wheat  fields  of  the  east,  and, 
when  the  railroad  from  El  Paso  to  White  Oaks 
is  built,  fortunes  will  be  made  out  of  handling 
it  in  a  short  time.  Strange  to  say,  there  is  a 
good,  pure-water  spring  at  the  southeastern 
end  of  the  hills,  while  every  other  water  run- 
ning from  these  hills  after  rains  is  so  saturated 
with  gypsum  that  it  is  entirely  unfit  for  any 
use.  No  particle  of  any  kind  of  humus  (soil) 
is  on  these  hills. 

The  great  soda  beds  are  in  close  proximity 
to  this  deposit  in  the  vicinity  of  Tularosa. 
They  are  four  miles  long  and  a  mile  wide. 

These  products  are  at  present  valueless  on 
account  of  the  lack  of  transportation  facili- 
ties. The  proposed  railroad  from  El  Paso  to 
White  Oaks  will  pass  directly  by  these  depos- 
its, and  they  will  then  find  a  ready  market  and 
at  the  same  time  furnish  almost  unlimited 
freight  for  the  railroad. 

The  principal  towns  are  in  the  Rio  Grande 
valley,  though  a  few  are  otherwise  situated. 
All  the  way  along  the  Santa  Fe  Railroad  from 
Rincon  to  El  Paso  the  eye  is  gladdened  with 
the  verdure  and  life  of  pretty  little  towns,  the 


most  important  of  which  are    Rincon,    Donna 
Ana,  Mesilla  and  Las  Cruces. 

Las  Cruces,  the  county  seat,  has  a  fine 
court  house,  churches,  an  academy  conducted 
by  the  Sisters  of  Loretto,  and  is  the  seat  of 
the  Territorial  Agricultural  College.  This  in- 
stitution is  a  model  of  its  kind.  It  has  taken 
up  the  culture  of  canyaigre,  and  two  plats,  one 
watered  and  the  other  not,  are  devoted  to  the 
study  of  the  peculiarities  of  this  plant.  It  is 
also,  by  example,  introducing  the  very  latest 
methods  among  the  surrounding  farmers.  At- 
tached to  the  college  is  an  experiment  station, 
to  which  the  United  States  Government  pays 
$15,000  a  year.  While  its  situation  in  the  ex- 
treme south  of  the  Territory  lessens  its  gen- 
eral usefulness,  yet  it  is  doing  good  work,  and 
its  grounds  are  interesting  to  visit. 

Las  Cruces  has  become  quite  a  winter  re- 
sort for  invalids,  and  a  number  of  places  have 
been  prepared  for  their  care  and  entertain- 
ment. 

It  is  in  the  heart  of  a  rich  agricultural,  hor- 
ticultural, mining  and  stock-raising  section, 
and  is  one  of  the  principal  supply  points  for 
Lincoln  county  and  the  mining  camps  of  the 
various  mountain  ranges  to  the  east  and  north, 
with  which  it  is  connected  by  stage  lines. 

The  leading  industry  is  fruit  culture.  There 
is  also  an  extensive  export  trade  in  wool, 
hides,  baled  hay,  ores,  wine,  brandy,  etc. 

Mesilla  is  two  miles  west  from  Las  Cruces. 
The  town  is  famous  for  its  magnificent 
orchards  and  vineyards,  and  is  laid  out  regu- 
larly and  the  streets  lined  with  shade  trees. 
The  soil  is  rich,  the  climate  semi-tropical,  and 
an  abundance  of  water  is  obtained  by  means 
of  irrigating  ditches  from  the  Rio  Grande,  and 
also  from  drive  wells.  Fruit  and  wine  culture 
and  the  manufacture  of  wine  are  the  principal 
resources,  but  there  is  also  a  considerable 
quantity  of  hay  and  grain  raised.  There  is  a 
good  outlying  stock  range.  Until  1880  Mesilla 
was  the  county  seat,  also  the  headquarters  of 
the  Third  Judicial  District  and  of  the  United 
States  Land  office. 

Mesilla  Park  is  a  village   and    railroad  sta- 


HISTORY   OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


199 


tion  adjoining  the  Agricultural  College,  and 
intended  as  a  residence  place  for  students  and 
their  friends. 

Chamberino,  a  very  busy  little  town,  is 
situated  on  the  west  bank  of  the  Rio  Grande, 
about  eighteen  miles  south  of  Las  Cruces  and 
three  miles  west  of  Anthony,  a  station  on  the 
Atchison,  Topeka  &  Santa  Fe  Railroad.  The 
valley  in  which  the  town  is  located  is  very  fer- 
tile, and  the  climate  splendid.  By  means  of 
irrigation  from  a  canal,  fruits,  vegetables  and 
grain  are  raised  in  quantities.  It  is  also  quite 
a  stock  center.  A  mill  and  factory  in  the 
neighborhood  give  employment  to  a  number  of 
people. 

Colorado  is  on  the  west  bank  of  the  Rio 
Grande,  about  five  miles  west  of  Rincon,  in  west- 
ern Donna  Ana  county,  on  the  Atchison,  Topeka 
&  Santa  Fe  main  line,  the  section  being  called 
Hatch.  There  is  a  large  agricultural  district 
adjacent,  which  is  supplied  with  water  for  irri- 
gation by  a  canal  from  the  Rio  Grande.  Other 
industries,  fruit  and  stock.  Climate  mild. 

Donna  Ana  is  in  the  Mesilla  valley,  in  the 
central  portion  of  the  county.  Wine  and  fruit- 
growing are  the  most  important  industries. 
The  close  proximity  of  this  town  to  the  Organ 
mountain  mines  gives  it  prospective  importance 
as  it  is  the  nearest  railroad  point  and  has  other 
facilities.  The  best  quality  of  bottom  lands, 
under  cultivation,  with  water  privilege,  adapted 
to  the  cultivation  of  the  grape,  fruits  and  onion, 
occurs  in  this  section. 

Earlham  is  a  new  town  on  the  Atchison, 
Topeka  &  Santa  Fe,  fifteen  miles  south  of  Las 
Cruces,  on  the  east  bank  of  the  Rio  Grande, 
has  a  new  irrigating  ditch,  fine  bottom  lands, 
and  a  bridge  across  the  Rio  Grande. 

La  Mesa  is  in  western  Donna  Ana  county, 
a  short  distance  from  San  Miguel.  The  Mesilla 
valley  in  this  neighborhood  is  one  immense  or- 
chard, and  the  vine  and  fruits  nourish.  There 
is  also  considerable  wine  made.  A  broom 
factory  here  is  making  quite  a  success  and 
furnishes  employment  to  some  people. 

Rincon,  in  northern  Donna  Ana  county,  at 
the  junction  of  the  southern  branch  and  the 


main  line  of  the  Atchison,  Topeka  &  Santa  Fe 
Railroad,  is  a  shipping  point  for  agricultural 
products  raised  in  the  valley  of  the  Rio  Grande, 
in  which  it  is  situated.  It  is  also  the  center  of 
a  good  stock  country. 

Tularosa  is  a  pretty,  well  laid  out  town 
southwest  of  the  Mescalero  Apache  reserva- 
tion, and  is  situated  at  the  mouth  of  the  can- 
yon of  the  river  of  the  same  name.  It  is  on 
the  western  slope  of  the  Sacramento  moun- 
tains, eighty  miles  northeast  from  Las  Cruces. 
It  is  growing  in  importance  and  is  destined  for  a 
great  future.  The  fruit  industry  of  this  section 
is  coming  more  into  prominence.  The  peaches 
and  grapes  are  especially  fine.  A  great  deal 
of  good  wine  is  also  made  here.  Mining  and 
stock-raising  are  also  profitable  lines  of  busi- 
ness. 

LINCOLN     COUNTY. 

Lincoln  county  is  situated  in  the  south- 
eastern section  of  New  Mexico,  bounded  on 
the  east  by  Eddy  and  Chaves,  on  the  north  by 
Valencia,  on  the  west  by  Socorro  and  Donna 
Ana  counties,  and  on  the  south  by  Texas.  Its 
length  is  1 56  miles  from  north  to  south,  its 
width,  in  the  northern  half  69  miles,  in  the 
southern  half  42  miles,  comprising  in  all  8,495 
square  miles.  Formerly  Lincoln  county  occu- 
pied the  entire  southeastern  corner  of  the 
Territory,  but  by  legislative  act  of  1889  Chaves 
and  Eddy  counties  were  separated  from  it.  At 
that  time  it  was  the  largest  county  in  the 
Territory,  containing  about  30,000  square 
miles.  It  embraced  all  the  grazing  country  of 
southeastern  New  Mexico,  and  for  two  or  three 
years,  from  1876  to  1879,  was  the  scene  of 
what  was  known  as  the  "Lincoln  county 
war,"  between  rival  cattle  owners.  The  whole 
population  was  compelled  to  take  sides  in  this 
conflict  and  partisanship  of  the  most  bitter 
character  was  engendered.  More  than  a  score 
of  men  were  killed  during  the  contest,  which 
was  practically  for  the  control  of  the  range 
on  the  Government  land  in  that  section. 
Each  side  employed  desperadoes  as  cow-boys 
and  sieges  and  battles  succeeded  each  other  as 


2OO 


HISTORY  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


in  a  regular  war.  It. is  difficult,  as  one  views 
the  county  now,  to  realize  that  all  this  occur- 
red within  the  last  twenty  years.  For  a  more 
detailed  account  of  this  fracas,  see  sketch  of 
J.  B.  Mathews,  which  may  be  found  by  the 
index. 

The   average    elevation   of    the    county    is 
from  4,000  to  5,000  feet  above  sea  level,  and 
its   mountains  rise  9,000  or  10,000  feet  high. 
The    Sierra    Blanca,    Capitan,    Nogal,  Jicarilla 
and  Sacramento  mountains  are  well  forested. 
In  general  aspect  the  county  consists  of  wide 
grass-covered    plains,     and    on    the    western 
border  this   formation  is  broken  by  the  intru- 
sion   of  a    wide    lava  flow,    which   is   a    very 
interesting    feature.       Mountain    ranges  com- 
pose the  principal  part   of  the  western  edge  of 
the  county;  running  from  north  to  south  they 
pass  the  entire  length  of  the  county,  forming  a 
complete    drain    along    the    western    border. 
There    are  beds   of    crystallized  gypsum,   ex- 
haustless  quantities  of  the  finest  coal,  similar 
to  the  Trinidad  coal,  valuable  and  exceedingly 
rich  mines  of  copper  and  lead  in  these  moun- 
tains around  White   Oaks,  Nogal,  the  Capitan 
mountains  and  other  places.     The  Sacramento 
mountains  are   one   of  the   finest  ranges    and 
contain  silver  and  copper.      Gold   is   found  in 
the    Carrizo,     Jicarilla,    Capitan    and    Sierra 
Blanca  mountains.    During  the  last  two  years, 
within    a    radius    of    twenty   miles    of    White 
Oaks,    mining  has  received   quite   an  impetus 
through   new  discoveries  of  gold  and  the  dis- 
covery of  supplies  of  water  in  regions  before 
considered  too  dry  for  practical  work.      In  the 
Jicarilla  mountains  are  extensive  gold  placers, 
which  have  been   worked  by  Mexicans   in  the 
winter   by  the  use  of  melted  snow,  but  which 
were  valueless  at  other  seasons.    Water  has  now 
been  discovered  in  sufficient  quantities  to  per- 
mit of  profitable  operations  all  through  the  year. 
The   face   of   the  county  is   varied,    being 
composed  mainly,  and  especially  in  the  north- 
ern part,   of  vast  plateaus,  interspersed   with 
valleys,    mountains    and    table    lands.       The 
character   of  the   soil   varies  also,    the   larger 
portion  being  a  sandy  loam  with  frequent  and 


considerable  districts  of  chocolate  and  black 
soil  similar  to  the  prairie  lands  of  more  east- 
ern States.  The  plains,  plateaus  and  valleys 
are  generally  without  timber  of  sufficent  size 
for  building  or  agricultural  uses,  still  there  is 
found  an  abundant  supply  of  mesquite  upon 
the  plains  for  fuel,  and  this  supply  seems  to  be 
inexhaustable.  In  the  mountains  and  foot- 
hills, however,  the  supply  of  fine  timber  is  so 
extensive  that  taken  all  together  it  is  one  of 
the  best  timbered  counties  in  the  Territory,  and 
this  quantity  of  timber  constitutes  one  of  its 
chief  sources  of  wealth.  The  timber  belt  ex- 
tends through  the  entire  length  of  the  county, 
from  north-northeast  to  south-southwest, — a 
distance  of  1 56  miles.  The  wood  consists  of 
pine,  pinyon,  juniper,  ash,  cottonwood,  oak, 
etc.,  and  affords  excellent  building  material. 

The  central  parts  of  the  county  are  well 
watered  by  running  streams,  the  principal  of 
which  is  the  Rio  Hondo,  a  deep,  swift  stream 
draining  the  Sierra  Blanca  and  Capitan  moun- 
tains. Besides  this  are  the  Feliz  or  Felix, 
Ruidoso,  Bonito,  Eagle,  Upper  and  Lower 
Penyasco  and  Nogal  creeks.  In  the  northern 
portions  springs  break  out  on  the  wide  plateaus 
and  afford  water  for  stock.  The  native  grasses 
flourish  abundantly  on  these  plains  fed  by  the 
slight  rains.  It  is  very  difficult  to  estimate 
the  amount  of  land  that  might  be  irrigated 
from  the  various  sources. 

The  agricultural  interests  of  the  county 
have,  until  recently,  been  conducted  in  a 
primitive  style;  and  yet  the  annual  yield  has 
been  marvelous,  and  always  furnished  the 
resident  population  with  abundance.  The  old 
system  has,  however,  passed  away  with  the 
advent  of  improved  methods  and  implements, 
so  that  to-day  the  county  is  dotted  all  over 
with  thrifty  farms. 

Farming  is  materially  aided  by  irrigation. 
The  soil,  where  properly  cultivated,  yields  as 
generously  and  abundantly  as  the  most  ex- 
acting farmer  can  demand.  There  is  no  kind 
of  produce  yet  tried  (and  experiments  have 
been  numerous)  that  has  not  yielded  fruit  to 
perfection. 


HJSTORT  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


201 


Grapes  and  currants  in  their  native  state 
prow  and  mature  in  great  abundance,  while 
cultivated  vines,  as  well  as  apples,  peaches, 
pears  and  other  kindred  fruits,  have  but  to 
be  planted  and  husbanded  to  yield  splendid 
harvests.  In  the  mountain  districts,  the  wild 
potato  is  found  in  large  quantities,  while  the 
cultivated  article  is  astonishing  in  its  pro- 
duction. Indian  corn,  wheat,  oats,  barley 
and  rye,  have  all  been  tried  with  flattering 
results;  while  millet,  clover,  blue  grass,  alfalfa 
and  other  kindred  grasses  and  fertilizers  have 
all  developed  in  our  soil  to  complete  per- 
fection. 

Vegetables,  such  as  cabbage,  lettuce,  tur- 
nips, parsnips,  carrots,  radishes,  peas,  toma- 
toes, the  different  kinds  of  pumpkins  and 
squashes,  onions,  melons,  okra,  celery,  cucum- 
bers and  ground  peas,  grow  to  astonishing 
size  and  perfection.  Beans  of  various  sorts, 
largely  grown  for  market,  produce  from  900 
to  i ,  500  pounds  to  the  acre,  are  relied  on  by 
the  farmer  as  a  sure  crop,  and.  sell  at  from 
four  to  six  cents  per  pound. 

Alfalfa  is  also  notable  in  its  yields.  From 
four  to  five  cuttings  are  made  every  year,  and 
the  crop  will  average  from  five  to  eight  tons. 

For  pasturage  and  as  a  stock  country  Lin- 
coln county  has  few  equals.  The  varied  kinds  of 
grasses  are  most  abundant  and  nutritious,  and 
afford  an  unlimited  supply  of  the  most  nutri- 
tious feed  for  stock,  summer  and  winter,  while 
the  mountains  and  foothills  furnish  the  best 
of  natural  protection  in  winter.  Stock  of  all 
descriptions  subsist  on  the  range  alone,  winter 
and  summer,  and  keep  in  fine  condition;  no 
one  ever  thinks  of  housing.  The  profit  on  cat- 
tle here  is  at  least  fifty  cents  monthly  per 
head  from  the  time  they  are  calved,  while  the 
profit  on  sheep  is  not  less  than  fifty  per 
cent.  Circumstances  are  so  favorable  to 
stock-raising  in  Lincoln  county  that  pru- 
dent managers  think  two  per  cent  is  a 
very  liberal  estimate  of  loss  from  all  causes 
while  the  cattle  or  sheep  are  on  the  range. 
Both  sheep  and  cattle  men  have  shown 
wisdom  by  importing  to  their  ranges  the  very- 


best  and  purest  blood  to  cross  with  the  native 
breeds.  The  flocks  and  herds  are  now  splen- 
didly graded,  of  fine  form  and  size,  and  are 
vigorous  and  healthy.  The  bountiful  and  last- 
ing pasture;  the  excellent  climate,  where  snow 
scarcely  ever  covers  the  grass,  combine  to  make 
this  country  an  ideal  stock  region. 

The  county  has  several  good  and  thriving 
towns,  which,  although  off  the  railroads,  are 
considered  among  the  best  in  the  Territory. 

Lincoln  is  the  county  seat,  in  the  central 
part  of  the  county,  on  the  Rio  Bonito;  con- 
nected by  daily  stages  with  Carthage  and  San 
Antonio  on  the  Atchison,  Topeka  &  Santa  Fe 
Railroad,  128  miles  northwest,  and  by  good 
wagon  road  with  Lava,  on  the  same  railroad, 
100  miles  west;  water  supply  obtained  from 
Rio  Bonito  and  wells. 

The  surrounding  country  is  principally  de- 
voted to  stock-raising  and  mining,  and  the 
trade  of  the  town  is  with  the  ranch  men  and 
adjacent  miners.  The  climate  is  so  mild  that 
business  is  prosecuted  all  the  year  through. 
Some  attention  is  being  devoted  to  agriculture, 
and  there  are  a  number  of  good  farms  near 
the  town.  The  adjacent  mountains  are  cov- 
ered with  pine,  cedar,  pinyon  and  walnut. 

White  Oaks,  forty-one  miles  northwest 
from  Lincoln,  is  altogether  the  most  important 
point  in  the  county.  It  is  surrounded  by  good 
gold  mines  and  mills,  and  is  altogether  a 
thriving  town.  The  mountains  are  filled  with 
coal  and  precious  mineral.  It  enjoys  an 
equable  climate,  good  water,  and  the  plains 
are  grassy  and  afford  good  pasture.  The  sur- 
rounding mountains  are  rich  in  coal  and  iron, 
and  covered  with  pine,  cedar  and  pinyon  tim- 
ber. It  has  a  daily  stage  and  express  line  to 
Carthage,  eighty  miles  distant,  on  the  Atchi- 
son, Topeka  &  Santa  Fe  Railroad;  also  a  daily 
line  to  Fort  Stanton  and  Lincoln. 

It  is  very  rare  to  find  a  town  so  distant  from 
a  railroad  enjoy  the  prosperity  seen  at  White 
Oaks.  But  for  years  it  has  been  the  seat  of 
successful  gold-mining,  the  Homestakes,  North 
and  South,  being  famous  producers  of  the 
precious  metal.  Then  came  the  extraordinary 


2O3 


HISTORr  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


"strike"  in  the  "Old  Abe,"  which  was  a  ver- 
itable bonanza.  There  are  a  number  of  other 
gold  properties  near  the  town.  It  may  safely 
be  said  that  whenever  a  railroad  connects 
White  Oaks  with  the  outside  world  it  will  be 
one  of  principal  cities  of  New  Mexico.  A  line 
has  already  been  commenced  from  El  Paso, 
and  others  are  projected  from  Los  Vegas  and 
from  Roswell. 

Nogal  is  situated  midway  between  White 
Oaks  and  Fort  Stanton.  It  is  located  in  a 
beautiful  mountain  park,  containing  pine, 
cedar,  pinyon,  juniper  and  "  nogal "  (black 
walnut)  timber,  and  is  watered  by  a  mountain 
stream  and  springs.  Extensive  deposits  of 
placer  gold  and  coal  are  close  to  town. 

There  are  large  veins  of  low-grade  silver 
ore  in  the  vicinity  which  cannot  now  be  worked 
at  a  profit. 

The  military  post  of  Fort  Stanton  is  lo- 
cated in  a  beautiful  valley  seven  miles  from 
Lincoln,  the  county  seat,  and  is  now  garri- 
soned by  two  companies  of  infantry.  It  is 
about  forty  miles  north  of  the  Mescalero 
Apache  Indian  Agency,  and  was  originally  es- 
tablished forty  years  ago  to  keep  the  Mescalero 
Apaches  in  check. 

Bonito,  Ruidoso,  Weed,  Upper  and  Lower 
Penyasco,  Las  Tablas,  Puertecito,  Tecolote 
Wells  and  Red  Cloud  are  the  remaining  towns 
and  settlements. 

In  the  southwestern  part  of  the  county  is 
situated  the  Mescalero  Apache  reservation. 
This  country  is  a  paradise,  well  grassed,  watered 
and  full  of  game.  These  Indians  are  making 
great  progress  in  farming  and  the  industrial 
arts,  and  many  of  their  children  are  attending 
the  several  Indian  schools  of  the  Territory. 
The  reservation  contains  575,000  acres,  and 
there  are  about  600  Indians.  This  gives  about 
960  acres, — a  section  and  a  half,— to  the 
Indian. 

CHAVES    COUNTY. 

By  an  act  of  the  legislature  passed  in  1889, 
two  new  counties,  named  Chaves,  with  Ros- 
well as  the  county  seat,  and  Eddy,  with  Eddy 
as  the  county  seat,  were  cut  off  from  the  east- 


ern half  of  Lincoln  county.  Chaves  county 
comprises  a  section  of  country  about  100  miles 
square,  and  is  the  heart  of  the  Pecos  valley, 
through  which  flows  the  Pecos  river,  the  sec- 
ond largest  river  in  the  Territory. 

Chaves  county  extends  from  the  eastern 
boundary  of  New  Mexico  (103  degrees  west 
longitude)  108  miles  west,  and  has  a  length  of 
ninety-six  miles,  from  north  to  south,  covering 
an  area  of  10,368  square  miles,  the  eastern 
one-half,  however,  being  occupied  almost 
wholly  by  the  Staked  Plains. 

The  Rio  Pecos  runs  through  the  western 
third,  from  north  to  south,  the  Rio  Hondo  and 
Rio  Felix,  Spring  river  and  others,  being  its 
affluents  from  the  west. 

Chaves  county  is  bordered  on  the  east  by 
the  Panhandle  of  Texas;  on  the  .  north  by 
Guadaloupe;  on  the  west  by  Lincoln,  and  on 
the  south  by  Eddy  county. 

It  is  difficult  to  consider  Chaves  county 
separately  from  Eddy  county.  The  two  to- 
gether form  the  celebrated  "  Pecos  Valley;  " 
they  were  constituted  as  counties  at  the  same 
time,  they  have  the  same  physical  characteris- 
tics, they  are  being  improved  by  the  same  great 
system  of  irrigation  work,  under  the  same  en- 
ergetic and  capable  management,  and  they  are 
becoming  rapidly  populated  by  the  same  thrifty, 
enterprising  class  of  people. 

Public  attention  has  been  so  largely  at- 
tracted to  this  valley  and  the  immense  irriga- 
tion enterprises  successfully  accomplished  there 
that  the  facts  are  quite  generally  familiar.  The 
names  of  C.  B.  Eddy  and  J.  J.  Hagerman  are 
indissolubly  connected  with  the  development  of 
this  whole  region:  the  Pecos  valley  itself  will 
be  their  most  fitting  monument. 

While  endeavoring,  therefore,  to  treat  each 
county  separately,  much  that  is  said  of  one  will 
apply  to  all  parts  of  the  valley,  although  it 
may  be  divided  by  a  legislative  act  into  two 
civil  divisions.  On  maps  not  over  five  years 
old  no  towns  appear  in  the  Pecos  valley,  and 
the  only  points  designated  are  "  Chisum's 
Ranch"  and  "  Beckwith's  Ranch."  The 
former  is  still  one  of  the  most  beautiful  and 


HISTORY  OF  NE  W  MEXICO. 


203 


productive  spots  in  New.  Mexico,  and  near  it 
has  grown  up  the  town  of  Roswell,  the  coun- 
ty seat  of  Chaves  county.  It  is  situated  in  the 
Pecos  valley  about  six  miles  west  of  the  river 
itself.  From  this  valley,  in  the  vicinity  of  Ros- 
well, burst  forth  mammoth  springs,  the  wonder 
of  an  arid  section,  which,  flowing  unceasingly, 
form  good-sized  rivers.  The  valley  about  Ros- 
well is  also  dotted  with  numerous  fresh-water 
lakes.  These  spring  rivers  and  lakes  abound 
with  fish.  From  these  spring  rivers,  the  pio- 
neer farmers  have  taken  ditches,  and  through 
these  arteries  have  made  the  arid  land  to  grow 
with  vegetation.  It  is  here  that  the  immi- 
grant and  homeseeker  will  find  a  fertile  soil,  a 
salubrious  climate,  pure  water  and  an  invigorat- 
ing atmosphere.  He  will  find  that  here  through 
the  investment  of  capital,  the  flood-waters  of 
the  White  and  El  Capitan  mountains  are  being 
impounded  in  reservoirs,  to  be  given  out  upon 
thirsty  soil  for  the  growth  of  crops.  Such  an 
enterprise  is  the  First  New  Mexico  Reservoir 
and  Irrigation  Company.  These  reservoirs 
will  be  the  largest  built  in  the  United  States, 
and  will  impound  sufficient  water  to  irrigate 
125,000  acres  of  land.  The  lands  which  these 
reservoirs  cover  are  adjacent  to  Roswell.  The 
reservoirs  are  eighteen  miles  from  the  town. 
Five  hundred  thousand  dollars  will  be  used  in 
developing  this  vast  water  supply  forirrigation 
which  will  reclaim  as  fine  a  body  of  land  as  ex- 
ists in  the  world,  and  which  without  water  is 
good  only  for  grazing  purposes,  but  with  water 
becomes  productive  in  the  highest  degree. 
Sweet  potatoes,  watermelons,  barley  and  oats 
can  be  raised  in  quantities  from  one  acre,  and 
of  such  sizes,  that  it  will  sound  fabulous  to  the 
eastern  farmer.  All  fruits  grown  in  California, 
except  the  lemon  and  orange,  can  be  raised  un- 
surpassable in  size  and  flavor.  Peaches  grow 
to  the  size  o'f  coffee  cups,  are  beautiful  in  color 
and  delicious  to  the  taste.  Fruit  trees  are  so 
prolific  that  they  have  to  be  relieved  of  much 
of  their  fruit  when  green  to  preserve  the  trees 
from  breaking  under  their  load.  The  Pecos 
valley  is  the  natural  home  of  the  grape,  all  va- 
rieties doing  excellently. 


A  great  inducement  that  the  Pecos  valley 
extends  to  the  immigrant  and  homeseeker,  lies 
in  the  fact  that  all  her  lands  are,  or  within  re- 
cent years  were,  vested  in  the  United  States 
Government,  and  therefore  titles  are  never 
questioned.  No  Spanish  grants  ever  existed 
within  Chaves  county. 

Besides  the  great  reservoir  system  above 
mentioned,  the  Pecos  Irrigation  and  Invest- 
ment Company  are  putting  the  finishing  touches 
on  a  mammoth  enterprise  for  the  reclamation 
of  arid  land.  Beginning  on  the  Rio  Hondo, 
about  five  miles  east  of  Roswell,  their  northern 
canal  takes  its  water.  This  system  commands 
the  country  down  to  Seven  Rivers.  The  canal 
is  thirty  feet  wide  on  bottom,  six  feet  deep, 
and  has  a  gentle  fall  of  one  foot  per  mile.  It 
is  over  thirty-five  miles  long  and  now  waters 
60,000  acres.  It  will  be  so  extended  as  to 
cover  100,000  acres  more.  At  the  intake  of 
the  canal  the  water  is  raised  fifteen  feet  by 
means  of  a  heavy  timber  dam  well  founded  on 
closely  driven  piles.  It  will  carry  a  maximum 
amount  of  561  feet  per  second,  or  ample  water 
for  100,000  acres.  The  natural  flow  is  suffi- 
cient in  the  growing  months  to  irrigate  the 
land  served  with  water;  but  in  order  that  no 
dearth  shall  be  suffered  in  times  of  exceeding 
drought,  a  reservoir  is  now  being  constructed 
at  a  favorable  point  to  feed  this  canal.  Its 
dam  is  2,850  feet  long,  thirty-five  feet  high, 
slopes  three  and  one-half  to  one  on  the  face 
and  two  to  one  on  back,  and  the  reservoir  has 
a  capacity  of  over  2 ,  ooo,  ooo, ooo  cubic  feet.  All 
the  waste  water  will  therefore  be  stored  and 
the  area  served  by  the  canal  will  be  amply 
supplied  with  water. 

Under  the  stimulating  influence  of  these 
gigantic  enterprises,  Chaves  county  is  rapidly 
filling  with  the  best  class  of  population.  In 
the  fall  of  1 894  the  Pecos  valley  railroad  was 
extended  from  Eddy  to  Roswell,  thus  making 
access  easy  to  the  center  of  the  county.  It 
will  soon  be  extended  to  White  Oaks  on  the 
west  and  to  a  point  of  connection  with  the 
Texas  railroad  system  on  the  east. 

Roswell  was  settled  in    1875  and  is  a  pros- 


204 


HIS  TOR  r  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


perous,  pretty  and  very  interesting  town.  It 
has  many  orchards  and  the  fruit  raised  there 
is  fine,  luscious  and  plentiful.  At  the  Pecos 
valley  fair,  held  at  Roswell  every  year,  the 
display  of  fruit  is  wonderful.  Nearly  every 
person  has  seen  a  picture  of  the  great  alfalfa 
palace  which  was  part  of  the  exhibit  of  1892. 
Fruit,  alfalfa  and  vegetables  are  the  staples. 
Roswell  is  also  a  great  wool  depot,  receiving 
the  fleeces  of  Lincoln  and  Chaves  counties. 
It  is  steadily  increasing  in  population  and 
growing  in  prosperity  and  importance.  It  is 
connected  with  the  city  of  Eddy  by  a  telephone 
and  telegraph  line  ninety  miles  in  length.  An- 
cient cottonwoods  and  extensive  orchards  lend 
to  it  a  settled  look. 

One  great  advantage  it  has  over  the  lower 
country  is  that  artesian  water  in  light  flows 
can  be  had  with  comparative  ease.  The  fol- 
lowing gentlemen  have  wells  that  have  been 
carefully  measured:  Jaffa  &  Prager:  Depth, 
207  feet;  \\  inch  pipe;  flow  2\  gallons  per 
minute;  Main  street:  Depth,  165  feet;  \\ 
inch  pipe;  flow,  very  slow;  S.  Truxton:  Depth, 
1 56  feet;  \\  inch  pipe;  flow,  3|  gallons  per 
minute;  J.  C.  Lea:  Depth,  165  feet;  3  inch 
pipe;  flow,  not  definitely  taken;  andCosgrove: 
Depth,  185  feet;  \\  inch  pipe;  flow,  \  gallon 
per  second. 

The  town  is  well  supplied  with  hotels, 
schoolhouses,  a  fine  courthouse,  well  laid  out 
streets  and  the  general  conveniences  of  a  city. 

The  town  of  Hagerman  has  recently  been 
established  on  the  line  of  the  railroad  near  the 
southern  boundary  of  the  county.  It  is  beau- 
tifully situated  and  will  no  doubt  be  worthy  of 
the  name  it  bears. 

The  alfalfa  fields  on  the  old  Chisum  ranch, 
now  the  property  of  J.  M.  Poe,  are  the  most 
famous  in  the  whole  county  and  will  alone  re- 
pay the  traveler  for  the  journey  from  either 
seaboard  to  this  wonderfully  fertile  section. 

I.DUY    COUNTY. 

Eddy  county  was  formed  from  part  of  Lin- 
coln county,  at  the  same  time  that  Chaves 
county  was  established,  in  1889.  Eddy  county 


occupies  the  southeastern  corner  of  New  Mex- 
ico, extending  108  miles  from  east  to  west,  and 
66  miles  from  north  to  south,  and  containing, 
therefore,  7,128  square  miles,  of  which,  how- 
ever, about  two-fifths  of  the  eastern  portion 
belong  to  the  Staked  Plains. 

The  portion  of  the  Pecos  valley  bordering 
on  the  Staked  Plains  of  Texas  has  been  a 
paradise  for  cattlemen.  Their  herds,  by  tens 
of  thousands,  have  fed  on  its  rich  grass  since 
1870.  Before  that  it  was  the  domain  of  the 
Apache  and  a  favorite  hunting-ground,  rich  in 
game,  as  it  is  yet.  The  buffalo,  antelope, 
deer,  and  all  varieties  of  smaller  game,  like 
grouse,  quail,  duck,  geese  and  jack  rabbits, 
have,  in  unnumbered  thousands,  had  here  their 
habitation  and  range. 

The  Eddy  brothers  entered  this  country  as 
cattlemen,  and  with  one  or  two  equally  large 
cattle  companies  occupied  the  range.  The 
great  herds  of  the  V.  V.  N.  Cattle  Company 
and  others,  roaming  from  the  Pecos  to  the 
points  sixty  miles  east  on  the  Staked  Plains, 
are  proofs  of  its  adaptability  for  cattle-raising. 

Mr.  C.  B.  Eddy  had  long  seen  the  surpass- 
ing value  of  this  region  for  an  agricultural 
country,  and  began  a  series  of  irrigating  ditches 
about  1886,  taking  the  water  in  a  ditch  twenty- 
five  feet  wide  from  the  west  side  of  the  Pecos, 
and  constructing  forty  miles  of  laterals  on 
what  is  now  the  Laguna  Vista  property  of  the 
Hagerman  Irrigation  Company. 

Soon  after  this,  Mr.  J.  J.  Hagerman,  of 
Colorado,  became  largely  interested  in  this  re- 
gion in  connection  with  Mr.  Eddy.  The  large 
capital  under  his  influence  and  command  has 
been  poured  out,  and  the  result  is  that  by  an 
expenditure  of  $3,000,000  this  vast  empire, 
with  its  water  rights  and  latent  wealth,  has 
been  developed  into  a  world-renowned  agricul- 
tural region,  to  which  are  flocking  colonists 
from  every  nation. 

The  counties  of  Eddy  and  Chaves  no  longer 
belong  to  the  region  of  future  expectations, 
but  are  among  the  most  pushing  and  vigorous 
communities  in  the  Southwest.  The  Pecos 
Irrigation  and  Improvement  Company,  .  with 


BLOCK  i\  ROSWELI,. 


PARK  ON  SPRING  RIVER,  AT  Ros\\  EI.I, 


<    t    ^t. 


HAXK  OK  ROSUELL. 


HISTORT  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


205 


its  kindred  corporations,  found  what  is  now 
Eddy  and  Chaves  counties  five  years  ago 
merely  a  promising  wilderness.  The  native 
grasses,  through  which  over  300,000  cattle 
roamed,  were  the  only  signs  of  its  wonderful 
fertility;  but  there  was  the  water  flowing  to 
waste,  and  engineers  could  accomplish  the  rest. 

Up  to  date,  the  completed  improvements 
consist  of  1,200  miles  of  irrigating  canals  and 
main  ditches,  200,000  acres  of  land  reclaimed 
and  under  ditch,  50,000  acres  settled  by  intel- 
ligent farmers,  20,000  acres  actually  culti- 
vated; 100  miles  of  railroad  have  been  built 
and  are  in  operation;  also  175  miles  of  tele- 
graph; and  two  counties,  Chaves  and  Eddy, 
have  been  created,  containing  between  9,000 
and  10,000  thrifty,  energetic  and  live  people. 

The  foundation  of  the  town  of  Eddy,  with 
2,500  inhabitants,  newspapers,  schools  and 
churches;  the  rapid  development  of  Roswell 
to  a  town  of  1,200  people;  the  foundation  of 
half  a  dozen  smaller  towns,  with  well-selected 
and  laid-out  sites;  the  construction  of  railroads, 
telegraphs  and  telephones,  and  all  the  im- 
provements above  referred  to,  are  works  of  no 
small  magnitude. 

The  farmers  and  settlers  themselves  have 
not  been  backward.  Hundreds  of  beautiful 
farm  homesteads  have  been  erected.  With 
the  use  of  telegraph  and  telephone  the  isola- 
tion of  the  farm  life  has  disappeared.  Farm- 
ers' clubs  and  social  organizations  are  general. 

Two  hundred  and  fifty  thousand  fruit  trees 
were  planted  in  1892.  Over  300,000  were  set 
out  during  1893.  The  fact  that  nursery  men 
say  that  the  Pecos  valley  is  one  of  their  best 
and  most  reliable  markets  is  a  significant 
encomium  for  a  new  community. 

Two  hundred  and  fifty  thousand  dollars 
have  been  expended  in  three  private  improve- 
ments in  the  suburbs  of  the  town  of  Eddy 
alone.  As  much  more  has  been  laid  out  on 
large  model  farms.  Eight  million  feet  of  lum- 
ber have  been  consumed  in  house  building. 
On  January  i,  1894,  there  were  $200,000 
worth  of  improved  live  stock  in  the  valley. 
There  are  three  model  stud  farms. 


The  system  of  irrigation  is  the  largest  on 
the  American  continent,  and  in  its  plan  one  of 
the  most  perfect  in  the  world.  The  irrigable 
area  of  this  great  valley  begins  a  short  distance 
above  Roswell.  It  stretches  thence  south  to 
below  the  Texas  line  a  distance  of  about  1 70 
miles. 

We  have  referred  to  the  northern  canal 
under  the  head  of  Chaves  county,  although  it 
extended  down  to  Seven  Rivers  in  Eddy. 

The  next  system  in  order  is  known  as  the 
southern  canal,  which  starts  from  a  reservoir 
six  miles  above  Eddy.  It  is  forty-five  feet 
wide  on  bottom,  with  a  side  slope  of  one  and  a 
half  to  one,  carries  seven  feet  of  water,  and 
has  a  maximum  discharge  of  1,320  cubic  feet 
per  second.  Three  and  two-tenth  miles  from 
its  head  it  divides  into  two  branches,  the 
southern  of  which  crosses  the  Pecos  by  means 
of  a  terre-plein  or  dyke,  2,600  feet  long  and 
sixteen  feet  high,  and  a  splendid  flume.  It 
also  crosses  the  Black  river  by  another  flume, 
1,040  feet  long  and  sixteen  feet  high,  carrying 
five  feet  of  water.  It  is  now  constructed  for  forty 
miles.  The  other  canal,  known  as  the  east  side 
canal,  has  a  total  length  of  nineteen  and  three- 
tenths  miles. 

The  reservoirs  from  which  this  canal  will 
be  fed  with  water  are  splendid  examples  of 
wise  location, and  good  construction.  Water 
is  taken  from  reservoir  No.  2,  as  it  is  known, 
through  a  gate  cut  out  of  live  rock.  The  stor- 
age is  1,000,000,000  cubic  feet  of  water,  and 
submerges  1,032  acres  of  land.  This  is  again 
supplemented  by  the  largest  single  storage 
basin  on  the  continent.  This  reservoir  will 
turn  its  water  as  needed  into  the  Pecos  river  to 
be  taken  up  and  distributed  from  reservoir  No. 
2  by  the  southern  system  just  described.  The 
whole  system  will  serve  when  completed  200,- 
ooo  acres. 

Intermediately  between  these  will  be  an- 
other reservoir,  known  as  No.  3,  formed  in  a 
basin  similar  to  the  Seven  Rivers  reservoir, 
which  will  store  3,500,000,000  cubic  feet. 

The  southern  system,  as  projected  and  de- 
scribed, when  fully  complete,  will  have  10,- 


2C)6 


HISTORY  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


300,  ooo,  ooo  cubic  feet  of  stored  water  to  serve 
its  needs.  This  storage  alone  is  more  than  suf- 
ficient to  irrigate  200,000  acres. 

The  third  system  of  canals,  known  as  the 
Hagerman  system,  is  on  the  east  side  of  the 
Pecos  and  has  its  dam  head  about  fifteen  miles 
below  Eddy.  It  has  a  reservoir  on  its  course 
a  mile  and  a  half  long  by  one-half  a  mile 
wide,  with  an  average  depth  of  twenty-five 
feet.  This  canal  is  twenty  feet  wide  and  ten 
miles  long.  It  will  be  extended  to  a  total  of 
twenty-five  miles. 

A  summary  of  the  above  information  will 
show  that  there  have  been  constructed  up  to 
date: 

MILES. 

Total  length  main  canals 121 

Necessary  main  laterals 273 

Farm  or  sub-laterals 900 

Total i ,  294 

CUBIC  FEET. 

Capacity  of    completed    reser- 
voirs     7,000,000,000 

Capacity  of  projected  reservoirs  6,000,000,000 


Total  storage 1 3,000,000,000 

The  climate  of  the  Pecos  valley  is  unsur- 
passed in  winter,  and  in  summer  the  pure,  dry, 
ozone-burdened  air  tempers  the  heat. 

The  general  altitude  ranges  from  3,000  to 
4,000  feet.  At  Eddy,  in  the  center  of  the  val- 
ley, it  is  3,250  feet.  This  height,  combined 
with  the  bracing  air  from  the  surrounding 
mountain  ranges,  makes  the  valley  a  peculiar- 
ly good  sanitarium.  The  thermometer  rarely 
falls  below  1 5  above  zero  in  winter,  and  al- 
though it  rises  to  100  degrees  in  summer,  it  is 
not  damp  heat  and  therefore  perfectly  tolerable 
and  not  oppressive.  With  this  genial  climate 
and  rich  soil  it  is  not,  after  all,  so  wonderful 
that  Eddy  and  Chaves  counties  have  shown 
such  marked  development.  Under  these  ge- 
nial influences  trees  and  fruits  attain  a  beauty 
and  fragrance  unsurpassed  and  almost  un- 
known elsewhere,  and  their  flavor  is  such  as 


can  only  be  imparted  on  a  good  gypsum  soil 
under  a  warm,  brilliant  sunshine. 

The  saccharine  elements  are  best  brought 
out  under  these  influences.  It  is  for  this  reason 
that  the  sugar  beets  raised  in  this  valley  show 
an  average  of  75.9  per  cent  of  purity,  and  this 
under  the  rigid  official  analysis  of  Professor 
Wiley,  chemist  of  the  United  States  Agricul- 
tural Department.  All  fruits  do  proportion- 
ately well.  Six-year-old  apple  trees  at  Ros- 
well  yield  1,600  to  1,800  pounds  of  fruit  each 
year;  pears  three  to  four  bushels;  plums  four 
to  six  bushels;  peaches  400  to  600  pounds.  On 
the  Hagerman  farm,  near  Eddy,  three  almond 
trees  bore  and  matured  over  100  pounds  of 
nuts  per  tree. 

Two  crops  that  will  be  specially  important 
in  this  county,  on  account  of  the  soil  and  cli- 
mate, are  canyaigre  and,  as  above  suggested, 
sugar  beets. 

No  finer  or  more  productive  farms  can 
elsewhere  be  found  than  those  about  Seven 
Rivers,  Eddy,  Lake  View  and  along  Black 
river, — all  in  Eddy  county.  There  is  still 
room  in  this  county,  under  the  flow  of  the 
great  irrigating  canals,  for  upward  of  3,000 
more  farms  just  as  good,  and  some  of  these 
(many  thousands  of  acres)  are  to  be  had  for 
the  land  office  fees  incidental  to  the  location 
of  a  homestead, — less  than  one  cent  per  acre! 

From  the  great  flume  to  Black  river,  a  dis- 
tance of  about  twenty  miles,  most  of  the  land 
lying  between  or  under  the  already  completed 
portion  of  the  two  southern  canals  has  been 
taken  up,  only  a  few  detached  portions  of 
public  land  remaining;  but  between  Black 
river  and  the  Delaware,  and  further  south  to 
the  Texas  line,  there  still  remain  many  thou- 
sands of  acres  of  Government  land  subject  to  lo- 
cation under  the  homestead  and  other  acts  of 
congress,  most  of  it  a  fine  dark-chocolate  loam, 
from  sixteen  to  thirty  feet  deep  and  exceed- 
ingly rich.  This  portion  of  the  valley,  like  that 
extending  northward  to  and  above  Eddy,  is  an 
unbroken  plain,  sloping  almost  imperceptibly 
from  the  distant  foothills  of  the  Guadaloupe 
mountains  on  the  west  to  the  Pecos  river. 


HISTORT  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


207 


This  plain  is  cut  through  eighteen  miles  south 
of  Eddy  by  Black  river,  a  clear  and  powerful 
stream,  fifteen  to  twenty  feet  wide,  having  its 
rise  in  the  Guadaloupes,  where  immense  stor- 
age reservoirs  might  be  constructed  at  little 
cost.  The  Delaware,  another  beautiful  stream 
of  considerable  volume,  also  rises  in  the  Guad- 
aloupe  mountains,  thirty  miles  or  more  south  of 
the  head  of  Black  river,  but  running  northeast- 
erly, cuts  through  the  same  rich  plain  and  en- 
ters the  Pecos  river  only  about  twelve  miles 
south  of  the  head  of  the  Black,  and  five  miles 
north  of  the  Texas  line.  Such  is  the  charac- 
ter of  nearly  every  quarter  section  of  the  ex- 
tensive area  embraced  within  the  most  econom- 
ically irrigable  portion  of  the  Pecos  valley,— 
south  from  Roswell  to  the  Texas  line,  1 1 5 
miles,  and  east  from  the  mouth  of  Dark  canyon 
or  the  foot  of  the  Guadaloupe  mountains  to  the 
watershed  of  the  Staked  Plain,  eighty  miles. 

The  streams  of  the  valley  are  filled  with 
choice  food  fish;  the  mountains  on  the  west, 
the  valley  itself,  and  the  Staked  Plains  to  the 
east  of  it,  afford  numerous  black-tail  deer,  an- 
telope, the  coyote,  fox,  swift  and  rabbit,  wild 
turkeys,  prairie  chickens,  plover,  curlew,  quail, 
doves  and  smaller  birds. 

With  an  abundance  of  good  water  at  com- 
mand, a  soil  that  might  be  used  elsewhere  with 
profit  as  a  fertilizer,  and  a  climate  of  matchless 
geniality  and  salubrity,  the  Pecos  valley  is  des- 
tined to  become  one  of  the  most  remunera- 
tive farming  and  fruit  growing  regions  within 
the  jurisdiction  of  the  United  States.  Almost 
any  kind  of  grain,  grass,  fibrous  plant,  bulb- 
ous or  edible  root,  garden  vegetable,  cucurbi- 
taceous  or  berry  vine,  fruit  or  forest  tree  that 
will  grow  anywhere  will  grow  here  with  aston- 
ishing luxuriance  and  attain  the  greatest 
fecundity.  Maize,  wheat,  barley,  oats,  rye 
and  millet;  alfalfa,  clover  and  timothy;  agave, 
cotton,  jute,  ramie,  okra  and  sorghum  cane; 
the  native  and  sweet  potato,  peanut,  onion, 
beet,  carrot,  turnip  and  radish;  beans,  peas, 
pepper,  domestic  sage,  cauliflower,  cabbage 
(weighing  from  five  to  forty  pounds),  lettuce, 
spinach,  etc. ;  watermelon,  muskmelon,  canta- 


loupe, pumpkins  weighing  from  20  to  1 50 
pounds,  squashes  from  20  to  240,  cucumbers 
from  one  to  five,  and  tomatoes  from  one- half 
to  three  pounds  each;  strawberries,  grapes  and 
kindred  fruits;  the  peach,  prune,  the  Giant 
peach  from  Persia,  apricot,  apple,  quince, 
English  and  black  walnut,  soft-shell  almond, 
olive,  cherry  and  the  famous  Capri  fig, — all 
flourish  in  the  Pecos  valley  when  properly  cul- 
tivated. 

One  of  the  great  factors  of  its  prosperity 
is  the  adaptability  of  the  Pecos  valley  to  wool- 
growing.  All  day  long  heavy  freight  wagons 
in  the  clipping  season  are  hauling  the  fine 
fleeces  to  the  Eddy  depot.  More  than  500,- 
ooo  pounds  of  wool  were  shipped  last  year. 
The  ranges  for  sheep  are  good  and  the  non- 
irrigable  land  affords  good  winter  grass.  These 
places  will  be  sufficiently  removed  from  the 
farm  settlements  to  make  wool  and  mutton- 
raising  a  profitable  investment. 

The  eastern  part  of  the  county  contains 
splendid  range,  but  the  effort  here  is  to  own 
well-  bred  live  stock.  The  demands  of  the 
farm  are  no  longer  satisfied  with  range  ponies, 
nor  the  dairy  or  market  with  semi-wild  cows 
or  range  beef.  In  nothing  else  is  the  progress 
of  the  valley  better  shown  than  in  the  improve- 
ment of  the  number  and  quality  of  its  live 
stock.  In  the  county  there  are  already  about 
7,000  horses,  80,000  cattle  and  30,000  sheep. 

The  county  seat  of  Eddy  county  is  the  well 
built  and  regulated  town  of  Eddy.  It  is  situ- 
ated on  a  rolling  mesa,  and  contains  some  of 
the  best  business  blocks  and  most  costly  and 
handsome  private  residences. 

Scattered  around  are  handsome  churches, 
erected  by  the  Episcopalians,  Baptist,  Meth- 
odists, Roman  Catholics,  and  smaller  ones  by 
other  religious  organizations. 

Two  large,  commodious  schools  are  con- 
veniently located,  while  another  of  brick,  iron 
and  stone,  two  stories  high,  heated  and  venti- 
lated according  to  the  latest  modern  science, 
has  been  erected  at  a  cost  of  $10,000. 
When  the  town-site  company  laid  out  the  town 


208 


HISTORY  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


the  first  business  attended  to  was  the  location 
and  building  of  schoolhouses. 

The  courthouse  is  a  model  county  building. 
It  is  of  brick  and  cost  $30,000.  The  design  is 
so  appropriate  and  elegant  and  the  workman- 
ship so  thorough  that  it  would  be  always  esti- 
mated as  worth  $50,000. 

Eddy  contains  sixty-eight  miles  of  graded 
streets;  130  miles  of  irrigating  ditches,  so  that 
every  lot  has  water  for  irrigation;  ninety-four 
miles  of  shade  trees  planted  by  the  city  alone; 
a  dozen  large  general  stores,  business  estab- 
lishments and  public  markets  such  as  are  usual 
in  a  thrifty  modern  city. 

There  is  a  proverb  in  the  Sahara,  ' '  put  a 
stick  in  the  ground  and  water  it  and  you  can 
have  a  tree."  That  is  just  the  case  in  the 
Pecos  valley.  Take  cottonwood  stakes  twelve 
feet  long,  stick  them  in  the  warm  soil  and 
water  them  and  they  grow  into  large  trees. 
The  planted  shade  trees  of  Eddy  and  sur- 
rounding little  towns,  if  stretched  in  a  single 
line  would  shade  a  road  from  Chicago  to  St. 
Louis  and  thence  almost  to  Cincinnati.  All 
this  has  been  done  since  1890. 

Outside  of  the  county  seat,  which  is  the 
necessary  center  of  all  operations,  more  time 
and  money  have  been  devoted  to  building  up 
the  county  than  to  the  establishment  of  town- 
sites.  But  yet  there  are  several  pleasant  small 
villages  with  various  improvements  and  conven- 
iences. Seven  Rivers  is  the  oldest  of  them 
and  antedates  Eddy;  Otis,  Vaud  and  Malaga 
are  entirely  modern  towns. 

UNITED    STATES    LAND    LAWS. 

Following  is  a  synopsis  of  the  United  States 
land  laws,  with  reference  to  homestead,  timber 
culture,  etc. : 

Not  more  than  160  acres  can  be  entered 
under  the  homestead  laws.  The  settler  is  re- 
quired to  reside  at  least  five  years  on  the  land 
before  final  proof  may  be  made,  by  doing 
which  the  land  costs  him  nothing;  but  he  can, 
after  a  continuous  residence  of  six  months, 
commute  the  entry,  that  is,  make  final  proof 


and  get  his  final  certificate  by  paying  the  Gov- 
ernment price  of  $1.25  an  acre. 

Any  man  who  served  in  the  United  States 
Arm)-  or  Navy  during  any  portion  of  the  war 
of  the  Rebellion,  is  entitled  to  have  the  time 
so  served  deducted  from  the  five  years  other- 
wise required  in  order  to  acquire  title. 

The  pre-emption  law  requires  at  least  six 
months'  continuous  residence  on  the  land,  also 
suitable  and  substantial  improvements,  before 
final  proof  can  be  made.  Not  more  than  160 
acres  may  be  taken  under  this  act,  and  the  set- 
tler's right  to  make  proof  expires  in  thirty- 
three  months  from  the  date  of  settlement. 
The  Government  price  is  $1.25  an  acre  on  pre- 
emption entries. 

Only  such  lands  as  are  entirely  devoid  of 
timber  may  be  entered  under  the  timber-cul- 
ture act,  and  not  more  than  160  acres  can  be 
allowed  in  any  one  section. 

On  an  entry  of  160  acres  the  settler  is  re- 
quired to  plow  five  acres  the  first  year  ;the  second 
year  he  must  plant  that  five  acres  to  an  agricul- 
tural crop  of  some  kind,  and  plow  an  additional 
five  acres;  the  third  year  he  must  plant  the  first 
five  acres  to  tree  seeds  or  cuttings,  and  the  sec- 
ond five  acres  to  an  agricultural  crop;  the  fourth 
year  the  second  five  acres  must  be  planted  to 
tree  seeds  or  cuttings,  making  in  all,  at  the  end 
of  the  fourth  year,  ten  of  the  160  acres  plant- 
ed to  trees,  seeds  or  cuttings. 

Not  less  than  2,700  trees  must  be  planted 
on  each  acre,  and  these  must  be  cultivated  and 
protected  for  not  less  than  eight  years  preced- 
ing the  time  of  making  final  proof.  At  the 
time  of  making  final  proof  there  must  be  grow- 
ing not  less  than  675  living  and  thrifty  trees  to 
each  acre.  Perfect  good  faith  must  be  shown 
by  claimant.  If  trees,  seeds  or  cuttings  are  de- 
stroyed they  must  be  replanted;  and  not  only 
must  trees  be  planted,  but  they  must  also  be 
cultivated  and  protected  in  such  a  manner  as 
to  insure  and  promote  their  growth.  Final 
proof  cannot  be  made  until  the  expiration  of 
eight  years  from  the  date  of  entry,  and  may  be 
made  at  any  time  within  five  years  thereafter. 
Any  tree  recognized  as  of  value  for  timber, 


HIS  TORT  Of  NEW  MEXICO. 


209 


fire-wood  or  domestic  use,  or  for  commercial 
purposes,  may  be  planted.  Fruit  trees,  hedges 
and  shrubbery  cannot  be  classed  as  timber. 

Entries  under  the  desert-land  act  can  be 
made  only  upon  lands  which  will  not  produce 
an  agricultural  crop  of  any  kind  without  arti- 
ficial irrigation;  and  lands  which  border  on 
streams  or  other  bodies  of  water,  or  which 
have  upon  them  any  stream,  spring  or  lake  or 
live  water  of  any  kind,  will  not  be  allowed  un- 
der the  desert-land  act  unless  good  proof  of 
their  desert  character  is  submitted. 

Persons  making  desert-land  entries  must 
acquire  a  clear  right  to  the  use  of  sufficient 
water  for  the  purpose  of  irrigating  the  whole 
of  the  land,  and  of  keeping  it  permanently  ir- 
rigated. A  person  who  makes  a  desert  entry 
before  he  has  secured  a  water  right  does  so  at 
his  own  risk;  and  as  one  entry  exhausts  his 
right  of  entry  such  right  cannot  be  restored  or 
again  exercised,  because  of  failure  to  obtain 
water  with  which  to  irrigate. 

Not  more  than  320  acres  can  be  entered 
under  the  desert-land  act,  and  this  must  be  in 
as  compact  a  form  as  possible.  Final  proof 
may  be  made  at  any  time  within  three  years 
from  the  date  of  entry.  The  claimant  must 
show  proper  reclamation  and  irrigation  of  the 
entire  tract  on  which  he  desires  to  make  proof. 
Twenty-five  cents  an  acre  is  paid  when  entry 
is  made,  and  $i  an  acre  at  the  time  of  making 
final  proof. 

We  close  this  "exhibit"  of  New  Mexico's 
resources  in  the  eloquent  language  of  Mr. 
Ritch: 

"To  the  young  men  of  New  Mexico,  I 
say:  Look  about  you  for  a  moment  and  ob- 
serve your  exceptional  advantages.  New 
Mexico  is  the  center  or  hub  of  the  railroad 
system  of  the  Rocky  Mountain  States  and  of 
the  great  Southwest.  One  spoke  touches 
Kansas  City  and  St.  Louis,  another  Denver,  a 
third  Salt  Lake,  still  another  Los  Angeles, 
San  Diego  and  the  whole  Pacific  coast,  another 
Guaymas  and  the  west  coast  of  Mexico, 
another  Chihuahua  and  central  Mexico,  and 
still  another  New  Orleans  and  all  the  riches  of 

14 


the  Gulf  States.  What  can  you  send  to  them 
in  exchange  for  all  the  infinite  variety  of  arti- 
cles of  utility  and  luxury  which  they  stand 
ready  and  eager  to  barter  with  you?  Look  at 
only  two  articles;  use  but  two  words,  more  po- 
tent to  conjure  with  than  any  '  open  sesame  ' 
of  the  magician, — coal  and  iron. 

"You  can  unite  here  the  practical  sense  of 
the  Anglo-Saxon  with  the  subtle  brain  and 
deft  hand  of  the  Latin  race;  revive  the  old 
dreams  of  glory;  gird  yourselves  for  the  con- 
tests and  victories  of  peace;  let  the  light  of  a 
thousand  forges  illuminate  your  hills,  and  let 
the  loom  and  spindle  sing  the  songs  of  thrift 
and  plenty.  The  distance  from  the  world's 
great  manufacturing  center  is  such  protection 
as  no  empires  can  grant  or  disturb.  To  un- 
limited coal  and  metal  you  add  unlimited  wool 
and  leather,  and  beef  and  wheat  to  feed  your  mil- 
lion operatives.  O,  young  men  of  New  Mexico, 
look  about  you!  There  never  was  such  a  field 
for  enterprise.  If  the  world's  gratitude  is  due 
to  the  agriculturist  who  causes  two  blades  of 
grass  to  grow  where  but  one  grew  before,  what 
a  crown  will  be  laid  for  you  when  you  build  a 
forge  or  establish  a  factory.  If  it  was  glory  to 
organize  and  lead  into  battle  a  regiment  of  a 
thousand  men,  how  much  greater  glory  to  pay, 
over  your  own  counter,  a  thousand  workmen 
at  the  end  of  every  week;  to  provide  sus- 
tenance for  a  thousand  families!  Labor  is 
king.  Up,  men,  and  at  it! 

"The  brave  pioneers  from  Spain  discov- 
ered the  country  and  rendered  its  settlement 
possible:  the  no  less  brave  pioneers  from  east 
of  the  Mississippi  made  possible  what  we  be- 
hold to-day.  You  are  the  pioneers  of  the 
greater  future.  May  the  glory  of  your  achieve- 
ments as  much  exceed  theirs  as  a  locomotive 
excels  a  carreta,  or  a  Winchester  rifle  excels 
the  bow  and  arrow!" 

CITIES  AND  PRINCIPAL  TOWNS. 

Many  of  the  smaller  places  in  the  Territory 
are  noticed  in  the  preceding  section,  in  con- 
nection with  resources,  etc.,  while  such  towns 


2IO 


HIS  TORT  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


as  require  a  more  extended  notice  are  reserved 
for  a  separate  chapter. 

SANTA    FE. 

The  city  of  Santa  Fe,  founded  even  before 
Plymouth  or  Jamestown  on  the  Atlantic  coast, 
abounds  in  features  of  historic  interest.  Edi- 
fices still  stand  which  are  of  vast  archaeologi- 
cal importance.  The  mountains  embrace  it 
with  loving  arms,  perfectly  sheltering  it  from 
wind  and  storm. 

Here,  after  a  careful  investigation,  the  first 
European  settlement  was  made,  at  Santa  Fe, 
about  the  year  1600.  The  general  altitude, 
varying  from  5,500  feet  in  the  south  to  7,000 
feet  at  the  city  of  Santa  Fe,  the  fertility  of  the 
soil  reminding  the  colonists  of  their  homes 
under  the  Sierras  of  Spain,  the  bracing  air,  the 
blue  sky  and  the  running  streams, — all  com- 
bined to  fix  the  residence  of  these  hardy 
wanderers. 

The  first  permanent  colony  founded  by  them 
was  named  the  City  of  the  Holy  Faith  of  St. 
Francis,  in  honor  of  the  founder  of  the  order 
to  which  the  priests  who  accompanied  the 
early  expeditions  belonged,  all  being  Francis- 
cans. 

The  city  of  Santa  Fe  is  certainly  the  most 
interesting  historically  of  all  in  the  United 
States.  Taking  its  entire  career,  as  an  Indian 
pueblo  before  the  Spanish  occupation  as  well 
as  its  subsequent  existence  as  a  Spanish,  Mex- 
ican and  American  city,  it  is  the  oldest  town 
in  the  country.  Considering  it  only  from  its 
European  occupation,  it  is  second  to  none  but 
St.  Augustine.  It  is  the  oldest  capital  in  the 
United  States,  and  antedates  even  St.  Peters- 
burg, Berlin,  Brussels,  and  a  number  of  other 
European  capitals. 

It  would  be  impossible  to  here  enumerate 
its  objects  of  interest;  a  list  of  forty  places  has 
been  published  as  a  guide  to  tourists!  A  few 
of  the  most  important  are: 

The  Capitol,  now  in  ruins,  burned  May  12, 
1892.  Before  that  it  was  considered  the  finest 
public  building  of  its  cost  in  the  country. 

The    Territorial    Library,    containing   the 


ancient  Spanish  and   Mexican  archives,  from 
1621  to  1846. 

San  Miguel  church,  the  oldest  church  in 
the  United  States,  built  early  in  the  seven- 
teenth century,  partially  destroyed  in  the 
revolution  of  1680,  reoccupied  in  1693,  com- 
pletely restored  in  1710. 

The  Old  House,  believed  to  antedate  the 
Spanish  occupation. 

The  Cathedral  of  San  Francisco,  behind 
which  is  the  chancel  of  the  old  parish  church 
with  a  carved  and  painted  reredos,  both  curi- 
ous and  interesting,  erected  by  Governor  Del 
Valle  and  his  wife  in  1761. 

The  Cathedral  Museum,  containing  many 
Spanish  paintings  and  other  interesting  ob- 
jects. 

The  Historical  Rooms,  full  of  objects  of 
antiquarian  and  historical  interest. 

Old  Fort  Marcy,  the  commanding  situation 
famous  in  all  the  seiges  of  the  city;  ruins  of 
the  old  fort  built  by  General  Kearny  in  1846; 
magnificent  view  extending  100  miles  south 
and  60  miles  west. 

The  Garita,  on  the  road  to  old  Fort 
Marcy;  old  Mexcan  fort.  By  the  west  wall  the 
leaders  of  the  revolution  of  1837  were  exe- 
cuted. 

The  Old  Cemetery  and  Chapel,  used  for 
generations,  but  now  in  ruins. 

The  Plaza,  a  center  of  historical  interest, 
where  are  seen  the  soldiers'  monument,  etc. 

The  Church  of  Our  Lady  of  Guadaloupe, 
large  and  interesting  altar  piece  on  canvas, 
containing  six  pictures  of  the  appearance  of 
the  Virgin  to  Juan  Diego,  etc. ;  picture  by 
Salcedo  on  copper  (1779);  many  old  paintings 
and  wood  carvings  in  an  adjoining  room. 

The  Indian  Schools,  the  Government 
school,  called  Dawes  Institute;  St.  Catherine's 
School, largely  a  gift  from  Miss  Drexel;  Ramona 
School,  a  memorial  of  Helen  Hunt, — all  in- 
teresting to  visit. 

St.  Michael's  College,  the  first  college  in 
New  Mexico,  founded  by  the  Christian  Broth- 
ers in  1859. 

Academy  of  Our  Lady  of  Light,  in  charge 


HISTORT  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


21  I 


of  Sisters  of  Loretto,  the  oldest  girls'  school 
in  the  Southwest;  established  1852. 

The  Presbyterian  Mission  House,  a  large 
boarding  school  for  girls. 

The  Military  Quarter,  including  head- 
quarters; officers'  quarters  and  accomodations 
for  three  companies  and  band. 

The  United  States  Court  House,  contain- 
ing offices  of  the  United  States  Land  Court, 
Surveyor-General,  United  States  Collector  of 
Internal  Revenue,  United  States  Marshal, 
United  States  Land  Office,  etc. 

Monument  to  Kit  Carson,  erected  by  the 
Grand  Army  of  the  Republic. 

The  Rosario  Chapel,  erected  on  the  spot 
where  De  Vargas  made  his  vow,  before  the 
surrender  of  the  city,  in  1692. 

The  Military  Cemetery,  where  rest  many 
army  heroes  of  the  last  half  century. 

The  most  interesting  object  of  all,  without 
doubt  is  the  Governor's  Palace,  sometimes 
called  the  Old  Adobe  Palace.  It  was  built  in 
i  598  and  continuously  occupied  by  the  Span- 
ish, Mexican  and  American  governors  for  al- 
most 300  years. 

Without  disparaging  the  importance  of  any 
of  the  cherished  historical  localities  of  the 
East;  it  may  be  truthfully  said  that  this  ancient 
palace  surpasses  in  historic  interest  and  value 
any  other  place  or  object  in  the  United 
States.  It  antedates  the  settlement  of  James- 
town by  nine  years,  and  that  of  Plymouth  by 
twenty-two,  and  has  stood  during  the  two 
hundred  and  ninety-two  years  since  its  erec- 
tion, not  as  a  cold  rock  or  monument,  with  no 
claim  upon  the  interest  of  humanity  except 
the  bare  fact  of  its  continued  existence,  but  as 
the  living  center  of  everything  of  historic  im- 
portance in  the  Southwest.  Through  all  that 
long  period,  whether  under  Spanish,  Pueblo, 
Mexican  or  American  control,  it  has  been  the 
seat  of  power  and  authority.  Whether  the 
ruler  was  called  viceroy,  captain-general,  po- 
litical chief,  department  commander  or  gov- 
ernor, and  whether  he  presided  over  a  king- 
dom, a  province,  a  department  or  a  Territory, 
this  has  been  his  official  residence. 


From  here  Onyate  started  in  1 599  on  his 
adventurous  expedition  to  the  eastern  plains; 
here,  seven  years  later,  eight  hundred  Indians 
came  from  far-off  Quivira  to  ask  aid  in  their 
war  with  the  Axtaos;  from  here,  in  1618,  Vin- 
cente  de  Salivar  set  forth  to  the  Moqui  coun- 
try, only  to  be  turned  back  by  rumors  of  the 
giants  to  be  encountered;  and  from  here  Pen- 
yalosa  and  his  brilliant  troop  started  on  the 
6th  of  March,  1662,  on  their  marvelous  expe- 
dition to  the  Missouri;  in  one  of  its  strong 
rooms  the  commissary  general  of  the  Inquisi- 
tion was  imprisoned  a  few  years  later  by  the 
same  Penyalosa;  within  its  walls,  fortified  as 
for  a  siege,  the  bravest  of  the  Spaniards  were 
massed  in  the  revolution  of  1680;  here,  on  the 
1 9th  of  August  of  that  year,  was  given  the 
order  to  execute  forty-seven  Pueblo  prisoners 
in  the  plaza  which  faces  the  building;  here,  but 
a  day  later,  was  the  sad  war  council  held 
which  determined  oh  the  evacuation  of  the 
city;  here  was  the  scene  of  triumph  of  the 
Pueblo  chieftains  as  they  ordered  the  destruc- 
tion of  the  Spanish  archives  and  the  church 
ornaments  in  one  grand  conflagration;  here  De 
Vargas,  on  September  14,  1692,  after  the 
eleven  hours'  combat  of  the  preceding  day, 
gave  thanks  to  the  Virgin  Mary,  to  whose  aid 
he  attributed  his  triumphant  capture  of  the 
city;  here,  more  than  a  century  later,  on  March 
3,  1807,  Lieutenant  Pike  was  brought  before 
Governor  Alencaster  as  an  invader  of  Spanish 
soil;  here,  in  1822,  the  Mexican  standard,  with 
its  eagle  and  cactus,  was  raised,  in  token  that 
New  Mexico  was  no  longer  a  dependency  of 
Spain;  from  here,  on  the  6th  of  August,  1837, 
Governor  Perez  started  to  subdue  the  insur- 
rection in  the  north,  only  to  return  two  days 
later,  and  to  meet  his  death  on  the  9th,  near 
Agua  Fria;  here,  on  the  succeeding  day,  Jose 
Gonzales,  a  Pueblo  Indian  of  Taos,  was  in- 
stalled as  governor  of  New  Mexico,  soon  after 
to  be  executed  by  order  of  Armijo;  here,  in 
the  principal  reception  room,  on  August  12, 
1846,  Captain  Cooke,  the  American  envoy, 
was  received  by  Governor  Armijo,  and  sent 
back  with  a  message  of  defiance;  and  here, 


212 


If  IS  TORT  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


five  days  later,  General  Kearny  formally  took 
possession  of  the  city,  and  slept,  after  his  long 
and  weary  march,  on  the  carpeted  earthen 
floor  of  the  palace. 

From  every  point  of  view  it  is  the  most 
important  historical  building  in  the  country, 
and  its  ultimate  use  should  be  as  the  home  of 
the  wonderfully  varied  collections  of  antiqui- 
ties which  New  Mexico  will  furnish. 

Coming  down  to  more  modern  times,  it 
may  be  added  that  here  General  Lew  Wallace 
wrote  "Ben  Hur, "  while  governor,  in  1879 
and  1880. 

Turning  from  the  old  to  the  new,  it  may  be 
remarked  that  Santa  Fe  was  for  sixty  years 
the  distributing  point  of  all  the  goods  brought 
into  the  Southwest  over  the  Santa  Fe  trail. 
While  the  building  of  railroads  has  changed 
the  old  system,  yet  the  largest  warehouses  are 
still  here.  The  plaza  is  a  famous  pleasure  re- 
sort, and  on  summer  evenings  presents  a  charm- 
ing scene  when  filled  with  people  representing 
almost  every  nation  of  the  earth,  listening  to 
the  band  in  the  pagoda. 

As  a  health  resort  Santa  Fe  is  unrivaled. 
So  much  has  been  written  of  this  that  we  will 
not  dwell  upon  it.  Two  points  are  worthy,  how- 
ever, of  mention, — dryness  and  temperature. 
Santa  Fe  lies  in  the  driest  part  of  the  United 
States.  This  region  is  extensive,  but  changes 
in  form  from  season  to  season.  Santa  Fe  is 
always  in  it,  however,  and  it  is  always  possi- 
ble to  pass  out  of  it  into  a  moist  island  by  go- 
ing a  few  miles  north  or  northwest.  In  spring 
this  region  embraces  New  Mexico,  Arizona, 
Nevada,  a  part  of  California  and  small  por- 
tions of  the  adjoining  States  and  Territories. 
In  summer  it  embraces  the  same  territory,  but 
has  enlarged  its  borders,  extending  northward 
to  the  British  possessions  and  including  Utah, 
the  most  of  Colorado,  Wyoming  and  Idaho, 
and  a  large  part  of  Oregon.  In  the  autumn  it 
shrinks  to  its  spring  dimensions,  with  the  ad- 
dition of  a  broad  arm  running  up  east  of  the 
Rockies  into  Wyoming.  In  the  winter  it  with- 
draws from  most  of  Nevada,  but  increases 
somewhat  to  the  northeast,  occupying  a  large 


part  of  Colorado  and  a  part  of  Wyoming.  In 
all  seasons  it  holds  firmly  on  New  Mexico  and 
Arizona.  Santa  Fe  is  never  outside  of  this  dry 
region,  let  it  fluctuate  as  it  may. 

All  the  best  medical  authorities  warn  con- 
sumptives to  avoid  hot  climates  now,  whatever 
may  have  been  their  practice  in  the  past.  By 
examining  any  good  climatic  map  of  the  United 
States  it  will  readily  be  seen  that  Santa  Fe 
possesses  a  cool  climate  while  it  has  a  compar- 
tively  low  latitude.  It  is  cooler  than  any  other 
station  inthe  United  States  in  the  same  latitude, 
and  cooler  than  most  stations  with  a  latitude 
less  than  4.1  or  4.2  degrees.  It  is  at  the  ex- 
treme southern  point  of  the  cool  region  of  the 
United  States. 

The  unique  position  of  Santa  Fe  consists 
in  this:  While  it  has  a  cool  climate,  as  has 
been  shown,  its  comparatively  low  latitude 
and  almost  complete  protection  by  the  lofty 
mountains  in  its  immediate  vicinity,  preclude 
the  possibility  of  its  ever  being  visited  by  ex- 
treme cold.  This  is  an  inestimable  advantage, 
for  it  insures  equability  and  makes  the  place  a 
delightful  all-the-year-round  residence.  The 
invalid  is  not  compelled  by  the  mutterings  of 
the  north  wind,  as  winter  approaches,  to  seek  the 
miasmatic  regions  of  the  more  southern -land 
that  he  may  escape  the  sharp  assaults  of  Bore- 
as; nor,  as  summer  approaches,  do  the  sultry 
breaths  of  Africus,  filling  him  with  languor, 
compel  him  to  seek  the  ocean,  where  the  heavy 
moist  air  is  ready  to  close  up  the  passages  of 
his  struggling  lungs.  He  is  not  forced  to  flee 
to  the  mountains,  only  to  be  reached,  perhaps, 
by  a  fatiguing  journey,  and  then  offering  him, 
perchance,  few  of  the  comforts  of  home;  at  any 
rate,  compelling  him,  if  he  be  socially  in- 
clined, to  look  about  for  new  friends  and  ac- 
quaintances. Here  he  may  pitch  his  tent 
with  the  certainty  that  no  extremes  of  weather 
will  force  him  to  strike  it  in  a  land  of  perpet- 
ual sunshine,  kindly  nature  the  while  exerting 
all  her  curative  powers  to  restore  to  him  health 
and  strength,  those  greatest  of  all  physical 
blessings. 

Santa  Fe  has  the  finest  water-works  sys- 


HIS  TORT  Of  NEW  MEXICO. 


213 


tern  in  the  Southwest.  The  dam  in  the  can- 
yon is  350  feet  thick  at  the  base  and  120  feet 
at  the  deepest  point.  It  cost  nearly  $300,000, 
and  the  reservoir  not  only  supplies  the  city  but 
the  surrounding  country.  Another  dam,  much 
larger,  is  now  being  constructed  to  create  a 
reservoir  which  will  irrigate  a  large  part  of  the 
valley.  These  gigantic  works  will  be  of  im- 
mense material  benefit. 

ALBUQUERQUE. 

Europeans  first  visited  Albuquerque,  then 
an  Indian  pueblo  of  some  12,000  inhabitants, 
in  1 540.  In  that  year  Francisco  Vasquez  de 
Coronado,  then  governor  of  Sonora,  Mexico, 
under  Cortez,  after  occupying  the  pueblo  of 
Zunyi  for  some  months,  crossed  the  Rio  Grande 
at  Albuquerque,  and  after  taking  possession  of 
the  surrounding  country  proceeded  on  his  fa- 
mous expedition  north  and  east  to  the  Missouri 
river,  and  by  some  writers  is  said  to  have 
crossed  the  Missouri  somewhere  in  the  vicinity 
of  the  present  city  of  St.  Joseph,  Missouri. 

The  city  derives  its  name  from  the  Duke  of 
Albuquerque,  a  Spanish  commander,  and  gov- 
ernor of  New  Mexico  from  1703  to  1710. 

It  has  at  all  times  been  an  important  point 
and  the  gateway  between  the  East  and  the 
West  in  New  Mexico.  Twenty  miles  east,— 
Tijires  canyon, — is  the  only  practical  route  for 
railroads  through  the  Sandia  and  Manzano 
mountains,  a  route  that  has  been  used  by 
freighters  since  traffic  first  opened  between 
Mexico  and  the  United  States.  It  is  the  gate- 
way also  to  northern  Arizona  and  Calfornia, 
and  the  junction  of  the  Atlantic  &  Pacific  Rail- 
road with  the  Atchison,  Topeka  &  Santa  Fe, 
and  the  headquarters  of  that  important  line  of 
railway  that  extends  through  Arizona  and  Cali- 
fornia, and  connects  with  the  Southern  Pacific 
and  the  Santa  Fe  system  in  southern  Califor- 
nia. 

It  has  a  population,  including  the  old  town, 
of  about  12,000  inhabitants,  and  is  steadily  im- 
proving in  every  respect.  The  first  railroad 
iron  was  laid  in  Albuquerque, — the  New  Mexi- 
co &  Southern  Pacific  (now  the  Atchison,  To- 


peka &  Santa  Fe), — on  the  2Oth  day  of  April, 
1880.  The  history  of  the  new  city  really  dates 
from  that  time. 

The  ancient  city,  which  adjoins  it  on  the 
west,  was,  however,  at  that  time  a  central 
trading  point  in  the  Territory,  and  at  present  has 
a  population  of  about  3,000,  and  several  stores, 
markets,  etc.,  and  one  of  the  most  complete 
modern  school  systems  in  the  West.  It  con- 
tains the  county  courthouse  and  jail,  costing 
over  $100,000,  the  offices  of  the  Albuquerque 
Street  Railroad  Company,  the  Territorial  Fair 
Grounds,  and  one  of  the  oldest  church  build- 
ings in  America.  It  was  the  headquarters  of 
several  of  the  early  governors  under  the  Span- 
ish rule,  and  a  large  military  post  after  the  oc- 
cupation of  the  country  by  the  United  States. 
It  contains  some  of  the  finest  orchards  and  gar- 
dens in  the  West. 

Albuquerque  was  connected  by  telegraph 
with  the  outside  world  in  the  spring  of  1875. 
The  Atlantic  &  Pacific  (western  division)  com- 
menced its  construction  from  this  point  in  the 
summer  of  1880,  and  was  completed  to  the 
eastern  boundary  of  Arizona  in  July  of  1881. 
It  now  extends  to  Mojave,  California, — 802 
miles.  The  Atlantic  &  Pacific  was  incorpo- 
rated by  act  of  Congress,  approved  July  27, 
1866,  and  names  Albuquerque,  New  Mexico,  as 
a  point  on  the  main  line. 

The  first  Territorial  Fair  was  held  in  Al- 
buquerque, October  3,  4,  5,  6,  7,  8,  i88i,and 
has  been  held  every  year  since  on  the  same 
grounds,  at  about  the  same  dates. 

The  Albuquerque  Street  Railway  Company 
was  organized  May  14,  1880,  and  the  line  was 
constructed  in  a  few  months,  and  the  cars  were 
running  between  the  railroad  depot  and  the  old 
city,  connecting  a  city  of  but  a  few  days  with 
one  of  many  hundreds  of  years.  This  was 
the  first  street  railroad  in  New  Mexico,  and  is 
now  in  successful  operation  by  its  builder  and 
owner,  the  Hon.  O.  E.  Cromwell,  of  New 
York,  for  a  long  time  a  resident  of  Albu- 
querque. 

This  city  was  also  one  of  the  first  in  the 
Territory  to  establish  gas-works,  electric-light 


214 


HIS  TOR  2'  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


plants,  telephone  exchanges  and  water-works, 
and  is  well-supplied  with  foundries,  machine- 
shops,  mills  and  many  small  factories.  It  com- 
mands the  trade  of  the  country  to  the  Cali- 
fornia line  on  the  west  and  the  Mexico  line  on 
the  south,  and  competes  with  Santa  Fe  and 
Las  Vegas  for  the  trade  of  northern  and  east- 
ern New  Mexico.  Situated  in  the  center  of 
one  of  the  richest  mineral  districts  in  the  world, 
it  is  destined  at  no  distant  day  to  become  one 
of  the  greatest  smelting  and  reduction  centers 
in  the  whole  West.  It  supplies  all  the  mining 
camps  in  the  Territory,  not  only  with  grocer- 
ies, hardware  and  dry  goods,  but  also  nearly  all 
the  fresh  fruits  and  vegetables.  The  gardens 
of  the  Rio  Grande  in  the  vicinity  of  Albu- 
querque have  no  superior  in  the  United  States. 

Albuquerque  was  occupied  by  the  Con- 
federate forces  under  General  Sibley  during 
the  months  of  March  and  April,  1862.  Being 
hard  pressed  by  the  Union  forces  and  short 
of  transportation,  they  buried,  in  a  corral  near 
the  old  plaza,  eight  brass  howitzers,  which 
under  the  direction  of  Major  Teel,  ex-Con- 
federate quartermaster,  under  whose  instruc- 
tions they  were  buried, — Major  H.  R.  Whiting 
and  E.  S.  Stover  of  G.  K.  Warren  Post, 
G.  A.  R. ,  in  the  summer  of  1888,  brought 
them  to  light  after  they  had  lain  in  darkness 
for  twenty-six  years. 

Albuquerque  had  long  been  well  supplied 
with  weekly  newspapers,  but  on  June  5,  1880, 
her  first  daily  was  published, — The  Daily 
Golden  Gate, — by  E.  W.  Deer,  editor  and 
proprietor.  After  his  death,  in  the  fall  of 
1880,  it  was  changed  to  the  Republican,  and 
published  by  the  Albuquerque  Publishing  Com- 
pany, under  the  management  of  James  A. 
Spradling.  Thomas  Hughes  purchased  Sprad- 
ling's  interest  and  finally  bought  the  whole 
plant,  which  he  afterward  sold  to  the  Journal 
Publishing  Company,  and  the  name  was 
changed  to  The  Morning  Journal  and  published 
as  such  until  1887,  when  it  was  bought  by  J. 
G.  Albright,  of  the  Albuquerque  Morning 
Democrat,  formerly  an  evening  paper,  and  the 
two  were  published  as  one  under  the  latter 


name  by  Mr.  Albright  until  the  spring  of  1895, 
when  it  was  sold  to  the  Democrat  Publishing 
Company,  and  is  now  the  leading  Democratic 
paper  in  the  Territory. 

The  city  has  had  several  evening  dailies,— 
The   Review,    the   Democrat,   the  Times  and 
now   The    Daily   Citizen    by    Hughes    &    Mc- 
Creight. 

The  Albuquerque  Daily  Citizen  was  first 
published  on  August  26,  1886,  under  the 
management  of  Hubbs  &  Company,  and  on 
May  3  ist  it  was  purchased  by  Thomas  Hughes. 
He  published  it  until  August  i,  1894,  when 
W.  T.  McCreight,  who  had  been  its  city 
editor,  purchased  a  half  interest.  The  success 
of  The  Citizen  has  been  almost  phenomenal. 
It  is  to-day  considered  the  most  profitable 
newspaper  plant  in  the  Southwest.  On  account 
of  its  large  increase  in  advertising  it  is  com- 
pelled to  issue  an  eight-page  paper  every 
Saturday  afternoon.  It  is  Republican  in 
politics. 

The  Weekly  Times  was  first  published  in 
the  fall  of  1890,  by  C.  E.  Stivers,  as  Adobe 
Land;  next  it  was  under  the  management  of 
W.  W.  Hite  &  Company.  In  the  fall  of  1892, 
it  was  changed  to  a  daily  and  was  published  as 
a  morning  paper,  until  the  spring  of  1894, 
when  it  suspended. 

Albuquerque  has  also  had  several  monthly 
publications,  which  would  have  honored  a 
much  larger  city.  The  Montezuma,  by  O. 
Corner  Roberts  and  Howard  W.  Mitchell  de- 
serves special  mention.  Its  equal  was  not 
published  west  of  New  York.  We  at  present 
have  The  Southwest  Illustrated  Magazine,  a 
journal  devoted  to  the  development  of  the 
Southwest,  Geo.  F.  Albright  &  Company 
publishers  and  proprietors,  which  is  also  a 
credit  to  New  Mexico  and  journalism  generally. 

All  of  the  professions  are  well  and  ably 
represented  in  Albuquerque. 

LAS    VEGAS. 

Las  Vegas  is  the  county  seat  of  San  Miguel 
county,  one  of  the  largest  and  most  wealthy 
counties  in  New  Mexico,  and  is  the  place  where 


HISTORT   Of  NE  W  MEXICO. 


the  District  and  United  States  Courts  for  the 
Fourth  Judicial  District  are  held.  The  town 
derives  its  name  from  the  surroundings  exist- 
ing at  the  time  of  its  location.  At  that  period, 
extensive  and  beautiful  meadows  along  the 
fertile  valley  of  the  Gallinas  river,  gave  the 
place  its  name.  Las  Vegas  in  the  Spanish 
means  the  vegas,  or  meadows;  hence  the 
name  of  the  town,  which  is  often  called  The 
Meadow  City,  the  population  being  sufficiently 
large  to  justify  that  title. 

The  Gallinas  river,  a  beautiful  stream  of 
pure  water,  has  its  source  in  the  adjacent 
mountains,  branches  of  the  Rockies,  and  flow- 
ing to  the  southwest,  separates  Las  Vegas  in 
two  parts,  the  eastern  portion  having  a  regu- 
larly organized  city  government,  under  the 
name  of  the  City  of  East  Las  Vegas,  while 
that  portion  lying  to  the  west  is  without  any 
formal  city  or  town  government,  and  is  gener- 
ally known  as  the  Old  Town,  that  being  the 
part  first  settled;  but  the  term  Las  Vegas  in 
common  usage  is  applied  to  the  entire  popula- 
tion on  both  sides  of  the  river. 

Six  miles  distant  up  the  Gallinas  are  the 
famous  Hot  Springs,  noted  for  the  curative 
properties  of  their  waters.  A  dozen  or  more 
springs  of  hot  water  at  this  place  are  utilized 
for  bathing  purposes,  large  numbers  of  people 
constantly  visiting  them  for  medical  treatment. 
Here  is  located  the  Montezuma  Hotel,  one  of 
the  most  elegant  in  structure  and  appoint- 
ments west  of  the  Missouri  river.  The  Atchi- 
son,  Topeka  &  Santa  Fe  Railroad  Company 
has  expended  upwards  of  a  million  dollars  up- 
on the  hotel,  baths,  parks  and  grounds,  and 
have  connected  the  place  with  Las  Vegas 
proper  by  a  railroad,  upon  which  cars  are  run 
at  frequent  intervals  during  the  day.  In  addi- 
tion, a  fine  boulevard  extends  from  Las  Vegas 
to  the  Hot  Springs  on  the  west  side  of  the 
river,  and  these  connections  make  the  two 
places  substantially  one  and  the  same. 

Interspersed  along  the  valley  between 
these  two  points  are  numerous  rural  homes, 
and  it  is  confidently  believed,  when  the  fine 
climatic  conditions  of  this  favored  region  and 


its  wonderful  resources  are  better  known,  that 
Las  Vegas  will  in  name,  as  well  as  in  fact, 
cover  the  entire  distance  between  these  two 
points. 

The  population  of  Las  Vegas  is  about 
8,000,  one  half  of  which  is  composed  of  native 
citizens,  or  Spanish-speaking  people,  and  the 
other  half  of  persons  from  various  States  and 
foreign  countries, — the  foreign  element,  how- 
ever, being  small  in  proportion  to  the  entire 
population.  No  town  of  its  size  can  produce 
a  better  educated,  more  refined  and  cultivated 
people.  Thrift,  energy,  and  enterprise  are 
visible  on  every  hand,  while  the  beautiful 
homes  adorned  with  shrubs  and  flowers  denote 
a  people  of  wealth,  refinement  and  cultivated 
taste.  Las  Vegas  is  the  home  of  many  stock- 
men whose  ranches  are  distantly  located,  and 
who  reside  in  Las  Vegas  for  the  benefit  of  its 
society,  schools  and  churches;  and  as  time 
advances  stockmen,  mine  operators,  and 
families  of  wealth,  desiring  to  enjoy  a  delight- 
ful and  healthful  climate,  with  the  advantages 
of  society,  schools  and  churches,  will  greatly 
add  to  its  existing  population. 

The  following  religious  denominations  have 
good  church  buildings  and  substantial  congre- 
gations: The  Roman  Catholics,  Episcopalians, 
Presbyterians,  Methodists  and  Baptists.  The 
Catholic  Church  is  predominant  among  the 
Spanish-speaking  people,  and  maintains  a  ca- 
thedral in  the  Old  Town,  a  stone  church  edi- 
fice and  fine  congregation  in  the  city  of  East 
Las  Vagas,  and  also  a  high  school  in  the  Old 
Town,  under  the  control  and  management  of 
the  Christian  Brothers,  and  a  school  for  young 
ladies  under  the  direction  of  the  Sisters  of  Lo- 
retto;  and  excellent  advantages  for  education 
are  afforded  at  each  of  these  institutions. 

In  addition,  there  are  three  commodious 
public-school  buildings  in  Las  Vegas,  con- 
structed of  the  fine  sandstone  so  abundant  in 
this  locality,  the  buildings  costing  in  the  ag- 
gregate not  less  than  $40,000,  in  which,  dur- 
ing the  school  season,  schools  of  a  high  grade 
are  maintained.  There  is  also  established  here, 
under  the  auspices  of  the  Presbyterian  Church, 


2l6 


HISTORT  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


a  mission  school  for  the  education  of  the  chil- 
dren of  the  Spanish-speaking  people.  The 
New  West  maintains  an  academy,  well  man- 
aged and  largely  attended.  The  Territory  has 
commenced  the  construction  of  a  Territorial 
normal  school  building,  on  a  sightly  location, 
convenient  to  the  entire  population,  which  will 
be  finished  in  the  near  future,  at  a  cost  of  about 
$50,000.  Schools  of  music  were  established 
many  years  ago  by  Professors  Miller  and  Hand, 
accomplished  and  competent  teachers,  and 
have  ever  since  been  maintained. 

The  presence  and  flourishing  condition  of 
these  educational  institutions  make  Las  Vegas 
an  educational  center  in  the  Territory.  The 
people  are  active  in  their  efforts  to  afford  those  • 
who  come  to  Las  Vegas  the  very  best  facilities 
for  the  education  of  their  children,  so  that  in 
all  respects  Las  Vegas  may  now  properly  be 
regarded  as  a  prominent  educational  point  in 
the  Southwest. 

In  the  year  of  1886,  Charles  Tamme,  one 
of  the  enterprising  citizens  of  the  place,  erect- 
ed the  Opera  House  Block,  at  a  cost  of  $50,- 
ooo,  in  which  is  the  Tamme  Opera  House,  of 
ample  size  and  convenient  and  elegant  con- 
struction and  appointments,  with  a  seating  ca- 
pacity of  600.  In  capacity  and  elegance  it 
would  be  a  credit  to  a  city  of  much  larger  size. 
The  entertainments  afforded  by  this  enterprise 
are  of  the  highest  class  and  well  patronized,  so 
that  in  Las  Vegas  instruction  and  entertain- 
ment in  music,  the  drama  and  by  lectures,  is 
equal  to  that  of  the  best  cities  in  the  States. 

A  Territorial  musical  contest  was  held  at 
the  opera  house  during  the  present  season, 
which  brought  to  Las  Vegas  much  of  the  best 
musical  talent  of  the  Territory,  and  the  ar- 
rangements which  have  already  been  made  for 
an  annual  contest  of  this  character  in  the  fu- 
ture will  stimulate  the  cultivation  of  this  art 
and  add  an  additional  attraction  to  the  many 
already  existing  in  this  among  the  most  beau- 
tiful spots  of  the  Rocky  mountain  region. 

The  various  orders  are  well  represented. 
During  the  past  season  the  Ancient  Order  of 
Free  and  Accepted  Masons  erected,  on  one  of 


the  prominent  business  streets,  a  magnificent 
Masonic  temple.  There  is  in  this  immediate 
vicinity  a  great  abundance  of  fine  brown  sand- 
stone, of  beautiful  color;  and  of  this  native 
material,  the  Masonic  temple,  with  a  front  of 
seventy-five  feet,  and  in  height  three  stories, 
is  constructed.  The  entire  second  floor  of  the 
building  is  occupied  by  the  Montezuma  Club, 
a  social  organization  of  long  standing  in  Las 
Vegas.  In  the  spacious  rooms  of  the  club, 
strangers  visiting  the  city  always  find  a  warm 
welcome,  and  the  citizens  frequent  and  pleas- 
ant entertainment.  The  upper  and  third  sto- 
ry of  the  temple  is  used  for  lodge  rooms  by  the 
Masonic  fraternity,  and  they  are  seldom  ex- 
celled either  in  convenience  of  appointments 
or  perfection  in  finish. 

The  Odd  Fellows,  A.  O.  U.  W.,  Knights 
of  Pythias  and  Grand  Army,  all  have  flourish- 
ing organizations  and  commodious  lodge 
rooms. 

Projects  are  already  in  course  of  comple- 
tion for  the  maintenance  at  Las  Vegas  of  a 
national  sanitarium,  which  when  completed 
must  add  largely  to  its  wealth  and  population. 

Perhaps  no  place  can  be  found  in  the  entire 
Rocky  mountain  region  having  greater  outside 
attractions  and  sources  of  enjoyment.  In  easy 
reach  are  to  be  found  numerous  health  and 
pleasure  resorts,  with  ample  accommodations 
for  all  who  come,  among  which  may  be  men- 
tioned the  Harvey  Ranch,  at  an  elevation  of 
10,000  feet,  a  resort  of  considerable  local  celeb- 
rity; Mineral  Hill,  where  many  people  spend 
the  summer;  El  Porvenir,  under  the  manage- 
ment of  Don  Marguerite  Romero,  a  member  of 
one  of  the  oldest  and  best  respected  families  of 
the  Territory;  Lujan's,  at  the  foot  of  the  Her- 
mit's Peak;  Glenwood  Springs,  a  lovely  place 
in  the  mountains,  under  charge  of  Dr.  William 
Sparks;  Blake's,  Heinlan's,  Mora,  Anton 
Chico,  Watrous,  and  numerous  other  places 
affording  the  most  beautiful  scenery,  fine  water, 
excellent  fishing,  and  an  atmosphere  which 
cannot  be  excelled. 

With  these  conditions,  Las  Vegas  is  fast 
becoming  a  resort  city,  and  the  numerous  cures 


HIS  TORT  OF  NE  W  ME-XICO. 


217 


effected  by  climatic  conditions  alone,  especially 
in  pulmonary  cases,  have  given  Las  Vegas  an 
enviable  reputation. 

The  early  proprietors  of  the  town  having  in 
view  the  future  growth,  provided  bountifully  in 
parks  and  pleasure  places,  among  which  may 
be  mentioned  the  Plaza  Park  in  Old  Town, 
which,  under  the  management  of  one  of  the 
oldest  and  best  respected  citizens,  F.  O. 
Kihlberg,  is  a  real  bower  of  beauty. 

Various  business  enterprises  mark  Las 
Vegas  as  a  place  of  much  importance.  Among 
them  may  be  mentioned  the  Aqua  Pura  Com- 
pany, a  corporation  existing  for  many  years 
past  for"  the  storage  and  shipment  of  ice  and  for 
the  supply  of  water  to  Las  Vegas,  for  irrigation 
and  domestic  uses.  This  company  has  its  place 
of  business  in  the  town,  and  has  established 
above  the  Hot  Springs  numerous  dams  and 
reservoirs  for  the  storage  of  water  and  the  .ac- 
cumulation of  ice,  and  has  constructed  large 
ice-houses  for  storage.  From  this  point  the 
company  distributes  ice  from  the  pure  waters 
of  the  Gallinas  to  the  neighboring  cities  of  the 
Territory.  On  some  of  its  reservoirs  the  sun 
never  shines,  and  the  ice  stored  and  furnished 
to  the  people  of  New  Mexico  from  this  source 
is  equal  to  any  that  can  elsewhere  be  found, 
while  the  water  supply  for  the  city  is  of  the 
purest  and  best.  The  water  of  Las  Vegas  is  a 
real  luxury. 

A  fine  roller  flouring-mill  is  located  on  the 
Gallinas  within  the  city  limits. 

Wool  is  one  of  the  staple  products  of  New 
Mexico,  and  Las  Vegas  is  not  only  a  center  of 
the  wool  producing  region,  but  as  well  the 
largest  and  best  market  for  that  staple  in  the 
Southwest.  Two  large  scouring  mills,  one 
owned  and  conducted  by  George  Ludeman 
and  one  by  the  Robins  Brothers,  are  kept  con- 
stantly busy  in  preparing  for  shipment  wo6l 
stored  in  Las  Vegas. 

This  city  is  the  end  of  one  of  the  divisions 
of  the  Atchison,  Topeka  &  Santa  Fe  railroad, 
and  a  roundhouse  and  repair  shops  are  here 
located,  as  well  as  the  tie-preserving  works, 
connected  with  the  railroad  company. 


Prior  to  the  treaty  of  Guadalupe  Hidalgo, 
February  2,  1848,  Las  Vegas  was  under  the 
jurisdiction  of  the  government  of  Mexico,  and 
subject  to  the  laws,  usages  and  customs  of  that 
country,  different  in  almost  every  respect  from 
those  of  the  present.  It  was  the  settled  policy 
of  that  government  to  grant  large  tracts  of 
land  upon  which  to  establish  colonies,  villages, 
and  towns,  as  military  outposts,  for  the  pro- 
tection of  advancing  civilization.  With  the 
exception  of  such  places,  the  entire  country 
was  inhabited  by  hostile  Indians,  constantly 
attacking  the  sparse  Mexican  population 
gathered  in  the  villages,  and  confining  by  con- 
tinuous warfare  the  slow  tide  of  immigration  to 
a  few  small  valleys  along  the  rivers,  in  the  im- 
mediate vicinity  of  these  outposts.  Occasion- 
ally men  cf  courage  would  explore  the  adjacent 
country,  select  some  suitable  location,  and  pro- 
cure from  the  Mexican  Republic  a  grant  of 
land  upon  which  they  would  gather  about  them 
a  few  brave  spirits,  constituting  a  nucleus  for 
future  settlement. 

It  was  thus  that  Las  Vegas  was  founded, 
and  the  memory  of  the  hardy  pioneers  who 
ventured  so  much  in  its  early  history  should  be 
sacredly  treasured  by  posterity.  Out  on  the 
open  plains,  at  the  foot  of  a  spur  of  the  Rocky 
mountain  range,  was  a  beautiful  and  fertile 
.valley,  watered  by  the  Rio  Gallinas,  sheltered 
by  the  foothills,  the  numerous  meadows  afford- 
ing fine  pasture,  and  the  grazing  lands  extend- 
ing to  the  eastward  for  hundreds  of  miles,  over 
which  roamed  countless  herds  of  wild  buffalo. 
This  place  was  selected  as  the  site  for  the 
future  city,  but  it  was  necessary  to  procure  the 
consent  of  the  government  for  its  permanent 
occupation.  Accordingly,  Juan  de  Dios  Maes, 
Manuel  Duran,  Miguel  Archuleta  and  Jose 
Antonio  Casaus,  March  20,  1835,  made  a  peti- 
tion to  the  properly  constituted  Mexican 
authorities  for  a  grant  of  land  to  the  town  of 
Las  Vegas,  consisting  of  over  400,000  acres,  as 
a  basis  upon  which  to  build  the  new  settle- 
ment. The  documents  which  constituted  the 
foundation  and  title  of  Las  Vegas  must  ever  be 
of  interest,  and  as  the  years  go  by  and  witness 


2l8 


fflSTORT   OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


the  successful  unfolding  of  an  enterprise  in- 
augurated at  such  an  early  date,  in  perilous 
times,  these  papers  must  become  of  increasing 
importance,  and  worthy  of  preservation  in  the 
history  of  the  town. 

In  the  order  of  importance  they  are:  The 
petition  for  the  grant  of  land  upon  and  with 
which  to  build  the  town;  the  grant  of  the 
same;  and  the  action  of  the  officer  giving  the 
possession.  Attached  to  these  documents  are 
the  names  of  over  one  hundred  citizens  who 
became  inhabitants  of  the  new  town,  to  each 
of  whom  was  allotted  a  small  tract  of  land, 
sufficient  for  the  support  of  himself  and  family; 
while  the  adjacent  lands  were  held  for  pastur- 
age and  for  general  use  of  the  town  and  its  in- 
habitants. 

In  the  beginning  this  establishment  was  in 
some  respects  a  military  outpost.  It  will  be 
observed,  in  the  report  of  the  constitutional 
justice,  that  each  inhabitant  was  to  be  well 
provided  with  arms,  to  be  inspected  every  eight 
days,  under  the  care  of  the  lieutenant  of  police, 
— an  absolute  necessity  for  protection  at  that 
period. 

The  Romero  family  is  one  of  the  largest  and 
most  highly  respected  in  the  history  of  Las 
Vegas.  It  sprang  from  Don  Miguel  Romero  y 
Baca,  who  in  1836  resided  in  Santa  Fe,  the 
capital  of  New  Mexico.  At  that  time  he  was 
on  a  visit  to  Las  Vegas,  and  was  invited  by 
Santiago  Montoya,  the  father  of  Jose  Montoya, 
recently  a  member  of  the  board  of  county  com- 
missioners of  San  Miguel  county,  to  take 
charge  of  a  short  expedition  against  a  maurad- 
ing  band  of  Indians,  who  had  stolen  Montoya's 
sheep,  and  captured  and  was  holding  in  cap- 
tivity two  of  his  nephews.  The  purpose  of  the 
expedition  was  to  rescue  the  captives.  The 
danger  was  very  great,  and  five  men  only  were 
found  who  were  willing  to  undertake  a  conflict 
with  the  Navajos,  at  that  period  a  fierce  and 
warlike  tribe.  About  forty  miles  from  Las 
Vegas,  at  what  is  now  known  as  Wagon 
Mound,  then  called  Santa  Clara,  about  300 
Indians  were  discovered,  camped  on  the  plains, 
holding  the  sheep  herds  and  the  captives. 


The  five  men  under  the  command  of  Romero 
undertook  what  seemed  an  almost  hopeless 
task, — the  rescue  of  the  prisoners, — and  attack- 
ed the  Indians  early  in  the  morning.  The 
battle  lasted  the  entire  day,  and  in  the  evening 
the  rescuers  succeeded  in  retaking  the  captive 
boys.  The  rescuing  party  was  on  horseback, 
and  lost  everything  except  a  small  quantity  of 
corn-meal,  and  began  their  retreat  for  Las 
Vegas. 

At  Watrous,  one  of  the  rescuing  party,  who 
was  wounded,  became  greatly  exhausted,  and 
nourishment  became  absolutely  essential;  so 
the  party  halted,  but  had  no  utensils  in  which 
to  prepare  food.  In  this  emergency  Don 
Miguel  Romero  invented  a  novel  method  of 
making  mush.  His  hat  was  made  of  sheep- 
skin. Stones  were  heated  in  the  fire,  water 
poured  in  the  hat,  and  by  means  of  the  heated 
stones  mush  was  prepared  for  the  wounded 
man.  Some  years  ago  Miguel  Romero  pointed 
out  to  his  sons,  among  them  Don  Benino 
Romero,  the  spot  where  the  food  was  prepared, 
and  located  it  as  the  place  where  the  rail- 
road depot  at  Watrous  now  stands. 

This  is  only  one  instance  of  thousands  that 
could  be  mentioned  in  the  experience  of  the 
early  settlers. 

Until  the  modern  railroad  era  was  ushered 
in,  Las  Vegas  could  make  but  little  headway; 
and  as  each  new  point  was  reached  the  rail- 
road was  hailed  with  delight  by  the  people  of 
Las  Vegas.  Finally,  in  the  season  of  1879, 
the  Atchison,  Topeka  &  Santa  Fe  railroad 
reached  Las  Vegas,  and  for  the  first  time  in 
its  existence  opportunities  for  development 
were  offered;  but  even  then,  the  immense 
freight  tariff  encountered  offered  but  little  ad- 
vantage over  the  old  freight  lines  across  the 
plains.  The  real  advancement  of  the  town 
dates  from  the  advent  of  the  railroad,  and 
what  was  at  that  period  a  small  village,  inhab- 
ited mostly  by  the  native  population,  with 
small  houses  constructed  of  adobe,  has  become 
the  greater  Las  Vegas  of  to-day,  with  splen- 
did business  blocks,  large  wealth  and  elegant 
private  residences.  The  entire  town  east  of 


HIS  TORT  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


219 


the  Gallinas  river,  and  the  best  portion  of  it 
west  of  that  stream,  and  all  of  the  business 
buildings  have  been  constructed  since  1879; 
and  in  estimating  the  progress  of  the  city  it 
should  be  considered  not  as  dating  in  1838, 
but  as  beginning  in  1879. 

RATON 

lies  snugly  resting  in  a  rincon  surrounded  by 
the  foothills  of  the  Raton  mountains,  and  is 
situated  twelve  miles  south  of  the  Colorado 
line  on  the  Santa  Fe  Railroad.  It  was  laid 
out  early  in  the  year  1879.  but  not  platted  until 
the  month  of  December,  1880,  by  A.  A.  Rob- 
inson, then  the  chief  engineer  of  that  railroad, 
but  now  the  president  of  the  Mexican  Central 
Railroad. 

When  the  Santa  Fe  road  was  first 'built  the 
company  laid  out  and  sold  lots  at  Otero,  six 
miles  south  of  Raton,  which  for  several  months 
was  the  terminus  of  the  road;  and  where  all 
the  trade  and  commerce  of  the  lower  country 
converged.  Southern  California,  Arizona,  Mex- 
ico and  Texas  brought  their  wool,  hides,  ores, 
etc.,  for  shipment  by  ox  and  mule  teams, 
taking  back  all  kinds  of  goods,  from  the  size  of 
a  cambric  needle  to  that  of  a  steam  sawmill 
and  heavy  mining  machinery.  Otero  at  one 
time  had  a  population  of  3,000  in  houses,  be- 
sides many  hundreds  camping  in  tents  while 
grazing  their  live  stock  employed  in  freighting. 
When  the  railroad  was  extended  to  Las  Vegas, 
Albuquerque  and  other  places  along  the  line, 
one  after  another  took  down  and  shipped  their 
business  and  dwelling  houses  to  other  localities. 
The  town  of  Otero  is  now  completely  blotted 
out,  only  one  building  remaining, — the  railroad 
station  house.  Like  all  the  frontier  towns  of 
that  time,  it  had  its  rough  element,  and  the 
little  grave-yard  near  it  contains  many  a  bad 
man  who  died  with  his  "boots  on." 

Mention  is  made  of  Otero  for  the  reason 
that  the  first  settlers  of  Raton  moved  their 
dwelling  and  business  houses  from  that  town. 
The  first  hotel,  the  Vandevere  House,  had  a 
remarkable  history  because  of  its  many  re- 
movals from  town  to  town  along  the  railroad,— 


Granada,  Las  Animas,  La  Junta,  Otero, — and 
finally  found  its  last  resting  place  at  Raton, 
where,  with  its  numerous  additions,  it  is  now 
one  of  the  series  of  Fred  Harvey's  eating- 
houses. 

Though  the  town  was  platted  in  Decem- 
ber, 1880,  lots  were  laid  out  early  in  1879. 
M.  A.  McMartin  moved  his  general  store,  and 
George  J.  Pace,  his  general  store,  from  Otero 
to  Raton.  From  that  period  to  the  first  of 
the  year  1882  the  remainder  of  the  stores  and 
dwellings  followed,  and  with  them  came  the 
postomce  and  postmaster.  The  postmaster, 
Ed  Tompkins,  kept  the  office  for  a  while  and 
was  succeeded  by  George  J.  Pace,  R.  K.  Van- 
dever,  and  Mrs.  J.  R.  McPherson,  the  present 
incumbent. 

The  first  persons  to  build  houses  in  the  new 
town  were  George  J.  Pace,  M.  A.  McMartin, 
T.  F.  McAuliffe,  Robert  Ferguson,  J.  W.  Dwyer, 
Jim  O'Toole,  Edward  Parsons,  R.  P.  Letton, 
— affectionately  called  "Pap"  by  everybody, 
— R.  K.  Vandever,  Harvey  Moulton,  W.  C. 
Clark,  G.  W.  Cook,  A.  Morgan,  Laurence 
Shields,  W.  Fullbright,  Charles  M.  Bayne  and 
Edwin  Franks.  The  two  last  named  con- 
structed the  first  two-story  building  and  they 
were  the  first  attorneys  locating  here.  Sub- 
sequently came  Abram  C.  Voorhes  and  the 
first  two  physicians,  Drs.  J.  J.  Shuler  and  C. 
B.  Koldhousen,  during  the  first  year,  and  they 
all  still  remain.  There  are  now  in  the  place 
five  physicians,  four  lawyers,  six  dry-goods 
stores,  seven  grocery  stores,  three  drug  stores 
and  five  saloons.  The  first  drug  store,  estab- 
lished here  by  Joseph  B.  Schroeder,  is  still 
carried  on  by  him.  Moulton  &  Edelson  were 
the  owners  and  builders  of  the  first  hotel. 

The  first  church  erected  here  was  built  by 
the  Methodists,  which  was  followed,  in  order, 
by  the  Presbyterians,  Baptists  and  Catholics. 
All  of  them  have  good  and  comfortable  edi- 
fices. 

During  the  first  two  years  after  the  loca- 
tion of  the  town,  and  when  the  Santa  Fe 
Railroad  Company  had  fixed  this  point  as  the 
end  of  one  of  their  grand  divisions,  they  com- 


22O 


HISTORT  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


menced  the  construction  of  their  shops,  round- 
houses, etc.  These  shops  are  next  in  size  to 
the  company's  establisment  in  Topeka.  Here 
are  employed  over  400  mechanics.  This  point 
being  the  end  of  the  divisions,  all  train  crews 
are  changed  here.  The  usual  disbursements 
per  month  for  the  employes  exceed  $30,000. 
During  the  construction  of  the  shops,  etc.,  the 
accommodations  for  families  were  meager,  and 
as  a  consequence  200  families  were  accommo- 
dated by  the  company  in  box  cars,  while  a 
large  number  accommodated  themselves  in 
tents  and  rudely  constructed  "  shacks." 

The  new  town  went  through  the  usual  tur- 
bulence and  turmoils  of  a  frontier  settlement, 
toughs  and  tin-horn  gamblers  running  it  until 
an  attempt  to  reform  the  place  was  made,  re- 
sulting in  the  'death  by  shooting  of  five  per- 
sons and  the  lynching  of  the  criminal  who  was 
the  cause  of  all  the  trouble.  All  these  killings 
were  made  within  ten  minutes  from  the  firing 
of  the  first  shot  and  the  hanging  of  Minchel, 
the  disturber.  Harvey  Moulton,  the  hotel 
man,  justice  of  the  peace,  issued  a  warrant  for 
the  arrest  of  a  gambler  named  Minchel.  The 
latter  resisted  arrest,  ran  up  to  a  locomotive, 
jumped  upon  it,  and  as  it  was  pulling  out  he  shot 
from  the  engineer's  cab  four  persons  who  were  in 
pursuit  of  him.  He  was  arrested  and  taken  to 
a  saloon  near  by  for  safety,  but  by  a  misunder- 
standing another  shooting  took  place  among  the 
officers,  resulting  in  the  death  of  two  more  of  the 
participants, — the  justice  of  the  peace  and  a 
deputy  sheriff.  Within  the  next  five  minutes 
Minchel  was  hanging  from  a  sign-post!  The 
other  gamblers  and  their  followers  becoming 
very  belligerent,  purchased  all  the  guns  and 
ammunition  in  the  town,  fortified  themselves 
in  the  second  story  over  the  principal  saloon 
and  defied  the  remaining  authorities. 

The  crisis  was  reached.  Then  all  the  good 
law-and-order  people,  numbering  some  six 
hundred,  from  town  and  country,  assembled 
in  the  park  immediately  in  front  of  the  fortified 
saloon  and  adopted  strong  resolutions.  They 
appointed  a  committee  of  thirteen,  facetiously 
called  a  "strangling  "committee,  and  instructed 


them  to  organize  for  the  extermination  of 
the  disturbing  element.  Great  violence  and 
destruction  of  life  was  expected,  but  to  the 
satisfaction  and  gratification  of  all,  the  gam- 
blers asked  for  terms, — for  hours  in  which  to 
depart  in  peace.  Their  terms  were  granted, 
and  they  took  no  chances  in  delaying  depart- 
ure. With  an  exceptionable  squabble  now  and 
then  the  town  has  ever  since  then  been  one  of 
the  most  quiet  and  peaceable  of  communities. 

June  27,  1894,  the  town  witnessed  the  be- 
ginning of  the  Debs  strike,  or  strike  of  the 
American  Railway  Union.  The  first  Pullmans 
were  cut  from  the  trains  here  twenty-four 
hours  before  the  strike  was  inaugurated  else- 
where,— by  some  misunderstanding  among  the 
officers  of  the  order.  No  trains  passed  either  way 
'for  nine  days,  and  during  all  the  time  of  strike 
the  railroad  men  kept  away  from  the  railroad 
property,  holding  a  continuous  meeting  day  and 
night  at  the  opera  house,  where  they  furnished 
amateur  entertainments,  balls,  etc.,  for  their 
own  amusement.  The  strike  extended  to  the 
coal  miners  at  Blossburg,  two  miles  away,  and 
they  joined  in  the  daily  processions,  number- 
ing several  hundred  men,  accompanied  by  two 
brass  bands,  and  with  it  all  not  a  dollar's 
worth  of  property  was  damaged  or  destroyed 
within  the  town  limits. 

As  an  evidence  of  the  peaceable  and  law- 
abiding  character  of  the  citizens  of  Raton,  it 
may  be  stated  as  a  fact  that  there  does  not 
probably  exist  any  other  town  in  the  United 
States  of  equal  population  that  is  more  order- 
ly. There  was  never  but  one  lawsuit  in  the 
district  court  between  citizens  of  the  town  and 
no  citizen  of  the  place  has  ever  been  sent  to 
the  penitentiary. 

As  to  the  distribution  of  wealth,  it  can  be 
said  that  there  is  not  a  rich  man  living  in  the 
town, — that  is  to  say,  worth  in  property  or 
money  over  $10,000.  The  poor  people,  such 
as  require  charity,  do  not  receive  from  our 
charitable  associations  over  $200  a  year.  All 
have  steady  employment. 

Raton  was  incorporated  under  the  laws  of 
the  Territory  in  April,  1891,  electing  as  its 


HISTORT  OF  NE  W  MEXICO. 


221 


first  officers:  Mayor,  William  Tindal;  and  as 
trustees,  John  Jelfs,  Pedro  Padilla,  James  H. 
Walker  and  J.  J.  Shuler;  recorder,  C.  A.  Fox; 
marshal,  Theodore  Gardiner. 

In  April,  1892,  William  Tindal  was  re- 
elected  mayor,  Jelfs  and  Shuler  trustees,  and 
C.  C.  Wray  and  C.  D.  Stevens  were  added  to 
the  board;  recorder,  Harry  Carr,  and  marshal, 
James  Howe. 

In  April,  1893,  there  was  elected  for 
mayor,  J.  J.  Kelly,  who  subsequently  resigned, 
and  George  E.  Lyon  was  elected  to  fill  the 
vacancy;  the  trustees  elected  were  J.  J.  Mur- 
phy, B.  F.  Houts,  V.  E.  Hestwood  and  T.  F. 
McAuliff;  recorder,  J.  H.  Kleinz,  and  marshal, 
R.  J.  Doyle. 

In  April,  1894,  W.  E.  Symonds  was  elected 
mayor,  but  soon  resigned,  and  Joseph  W. 
Dwyer  was  elected  to  fill  the  vacancy.  J.  W. 
Grouse,  J.  McPherson,  Celso  Chavez  and  J. 
W.  Dwyer  were  elected  trustees.  Dwyer  re- 
signed to  take  the  office  of  mayor,  and  Daniel 
Risdon  was  elected  trustee  to  fill  this  vacancy. 
James  McPherson  resigned,  changing  his  resi- 
dence to  California,  and  C.  H.  Clark  was 
elected  to  fill  this  vacancy.  Jules  H.  Kleinz 
was  re-elected  recorder,  and  Thomas  Thatcher 
town  marshal. 

In  April,  1895,  the  mayor  elected  was  P. 
P.  Fanning;  trustees,  J.  J.  Murphy,  C.  Can- 
ton, A.  H.  Letton  and  E.  J.  Gibson;  recorder, 
Julius  Kleinz,  and  marshal,  Charles  Gray. 

Politics  have  never  entered  into  any  town 
election. 

A  large  brick  school  building  adds  grace 
and  dignity  to  Raton, — the  only  school  build- 
ing in  the  Territory  erected  by  private  sub- 
scription. It  was  built  jointly  by  Marcy  & 
McQuiston, — an  old  bachelor  cattle  firm,  who 
have  since  married, — and  the  Santa  Fe  Rail- 
road Company.  The  schoolhouse  has  a  ca- 
pacity for  six  hundred  children.  The  average 
attendance  is  five  hundred  and  twenty,  while 
over  seven  hundred  children  of  school  age  are 
registered.  Besides  the  public  schools,  there 
are  three  denominational  schools,  supported  as 
church  missions  by  Presbyterians,  Methodists 


and  Catholics, — all  fully  attended.  There  are 
also  some  private  schools,  a  kindergarten,  etc. 

Owing  to  the  absence  of  the  original  pro- 
jectors of  the  first  newspapers,  it  cannot  now 
be  coveniently  ascertained  which  paper  was 
the  first  to  enter  the  field  after  the  town 
began  settlement, — the  Raton  Guard,  or  the 
Raton  Comet.  However,  both  of  these  papers 
and  the  New  Mexico  News  and  Press,  a  later 
publication,  were  each  in  turn  consolidated  and 
are  all  now  published  as  the  Raton  Range,  by 
Captain  Thomas  W.  Collier,  a  veteran  news- 
paper man,  who  all  his  life,  excepting  five  years' 
service  in  the  Union  army  during  the  Rebellion, 
has  devoted  his  time  and  energies  to  journalistic 
work. 

The  altitude  of  Raton  is  6,550  feet.  The 
climate  cannot  be  excelled  in  any  country. 
One  can  sleep  under  blankets  any  night  during 
the  warmest  season,  and  the  place  is  well  shel- 
tered from  storms  on  account  of  its  being  situ- 
ated in  the  foothills.  They  can  depend  upon 
three  hundred  days  of  sunshine  in  every  year, 
without  a  cloud. 

Water  is  brought  to  the  place  through  iron 
pipes  from  the  Chico  Rico  river,  seven  miles 
distant,  in  sufficient  quantity  for  a  population 
of  twenty  thousand.  The  place  is  well  supplied 
with  ornamental  trees  and  grassy  lawns.  The 
business  blocks  and  the  dwelling  houses  are 
lighted  by  incandescent  electric  lights  and  all 
the  streets  are  lighted  by  the  arc  lights. 

The  Catskill  branch  of  the  Union  Pacific 
Railroad  is  now  built  to  within  seventeen  miles 
of  Raton  and  will  soon  be  completed,  thus 
giving  the  town  competing  lines.  The  place 
has  one  national  bank  and  could  support  an- 
other. There  has  been  no  financial  depression 
during  the  last  two  years,  and  within  this  time 
over  one  hundred  and  fifty  houses,  some  of 
them  very  fine,  have  been  erected. 

WATROUS. 

The  valley  immediately  around  Watrous, 
on  the  Atchison,  Topeka  &  Santa  Fe  Railway, 
is  typical  of  this  county  and  all  of  northern 
New  Mexico.  It  is  watered  by  the  Sapello  and 


222 


HISTORY  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


Mora,  from  each  of  which  the  farmers  have 
taken  out  small  ditches,  and  brought  over  4,000 
acres  under  high  cultivation.  To  see  these 
lands  in  full  bloom  and  beauty  is  a  wonderful 
sight.  The  streams  are  banked  with  cotton- 
wood,  elder,  wild  plum  and  cherry  trees;  the 
fields  spread  with  orchards,  gardens  and  love- 
ly homes.  Here  a  house  peeps  from  its  shel- 
tering grove;  there  the  precise  lines  of  an  or- 
chard break  the  landscape;  at  hand  an  alfalfa 
field,  topped  with  its  pretty  flowers  waves  green 
and  purple,  loading  the  air  with  delicious  per- 
fume. The  Santa  Fe  and  Las  Vegas  ranges 
on  the  west,  on  the  east  the  Agua  Fria  and 
Turkey  mountains  close  in  the  view.  Owing 
to  the  high  light  the  scene  changes  with  every 
passing  cloud. 

The  valley  in  the  immediate  vicinity  of  the 
present  town  of  Watrous  was  known  in  the 
early  days  as  La  Junta  de  los  Rios  (the  junc- 
tion of  the  rivers),  and  was  settled  in  the  year 
1843  by  thirty  men,  among  whom  was  an  En- 
glishman by  the  name  of  Bonney.  Difficul- 
ties in  making  a  proper  dam  and  ditch,  and  the 
continual  fear  of  an  attack  by  the  Indians, 
caused  all  the  Mexicans  to  leave  the  same 
year,  Bonney  only  remaining,  who  lost  his  life 
a  few  years  afterward  at  the  hands  of  the  red 
savages,  when  he  was  in  search  of  his  cattle  in 
Turkey  mountains. 

That  region  afterward  became  part  of  the 
reservation  of  Fort  Union,  a  military  post  of 
the  United  States  Government.  After  this  the 
tract  of  land  was  given  by  Governor  Armijo  to 
Scolly  and  others,  on  the  strength  of  the  first 
settlers  not  having  complied  with  the  laws  of 
colonization,  and  an  attempt  was  made  to  set- 
tle this  tract  of  land,  which,  however,  was  in- 
terrupted by  an  invasion  of  the  Texans. 
Another  petition  for  the  same  land  was  subse- 
quently made  by  Scolly  and  his  associates, 
which  was  granted  by  the  governor,  and  efforts 
in  earnest  were  made  to  bring  the  fertile  valley 
under  cultivation.  S.  B.  Watrous,  Alexander 
Barclay  and  J.  B.  Doyle  were  the  leaders  in 
this  enterprise.  Mr.  Watrous  came  out  in  the 
year  1835,  had  lived  in  Abiquiu,  New  Mexico, 


and  afterward  settled  at  the  Plaoers  (alluvial 
gold  diggings),  about  twenty-five  miles  south 
of  Santa  Fe,  where  he  had  a  store,  exchanging 
his  goods  for  gold  dust.  In  1848  or  1849  he 
moved  to  the  valley  of  the  Junta  de  los  Rios, 
and  engaged  in  farming  and  stock-raising. 
Barclay  and  Doyle,  above  mentioned,  both 
came,  in  1848,  from  what  is  now  known  as 
Colorado.  They  had  been  Indian  traders  on 
both  sides  of  the  Arkansas  river  and  north- 
ward as  far  as  the  North  Platte.  Mr.  Wat- 
rous made  such  improvements  as  were  neces- 
sary to  carry  on  his  farm.  He  was  a  very  in- 
telligent man,  but  confined  himself  to  the  mak- 
ing of  such  improvements  only  as  were  neces- 
sary to  his  agricultural  and  pastoral  pursuits. 
Barclay  and  Doyle  built  an  adobe  fort,  a 
square  acre  in  extent,  with  walls  sixteen  feet 
high,  two  bastions,  with  a  six-pounder  gun  in 
each  bastion,  and  iron  port-holes,  at  a  total 
cost  of  $28,000;  but  these  gentlemen  followed 
the  same  pursuits  as  did  Mr.  Watrous.  Bar- 
clay was  an  Englishmen,  rather  eccentric; 
Doyle  was  an  American;  both  were  well  edu- 
cated, Barclay  particularly;  and  the  latter  was 
also  an  amateur  painter.  Some  of  his  pictures 
are  still  in  the  possession  of  Mr.  William 
Kronig,  of  Watrous.  The  fort  was  built  in 
hopes  of  continuing  trade  with  the  Indians 
and  mountaineers;  but  as  the  price  of  beaver 
went  down  to  almost  nothing,  and  buffalo 
robes  became  much  reduced  in  market  price,  the 
great  cost  of  the  castle  was  almost  an  entire 
loss,  serving  only  as  a  protection  against 
the  Indians.  Barclay  died  in  the  winter  of 
1855,  and  Mr.  Kronig  purchased  the  fort  and 
land  in  February,  1856,  from  the  surviving 
partner,  Mr.  Doyle,  and  resided  there  until 
1868,  when  he  erected  a  house  for  himself  at  • 
a  more  suitable  place.  The  depression  of  forty 
acres  in  front  of  his  house  he  has  utilized  as  a 
reservoir  of  water,  which  is  owned  by  the 
Phoenix  Ranch  &  Farming  Company.  Doyle 
moved  to  Colorado  when  the  gold  excitement 
broke  out,  bought  a  piece  of  land  on  the 
Huerfano  river,  improved  it,  and  finally  died 
in  Denver. 


HISTORY  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


223 


Fort  Union  was  built  in  1849;  and  as  many 
troops  were  kept  there  it  afforded  a  fine 
market  for  all  the  produce  raised  in  the  valley 
up  to  the  time  it  was  abandoned.  The  troubles 
in  early  days  were  many.  The  last  raid  was 
made  in  1862,  when  the  Apache  Indians  took 
sixty  or  eighty  head  of  horses  and  mules  with- 
in a  half  mile  of  Mr.  Watrous'  house;  and 
although  pursuit  was  made  by  citizens  and 
soldiers  not  even  a  hoof  was  recovered! 

When  the  Atchison,  Topeka  &  Santa  Fe 
Railroad  reached  this  valley  a  proposition  was 
made  by  the  managers  of  the  railroad  to  locate 
a  town  in  the  valley,  which  was  accepted,  and 
the  town  baptized  in  honor  of  one  of  our  old- 
est settlers,  "Watrous." 

Although  the  valley  is  more  fertile  and  ex- 
tensive than  the  surrounding  agricultural 
country  of  Las  Vegas,  it  has  not  grown  in  pro- 
portion to  its  merits,  not  on  account  of  the  lo- 
cation but  rather  on  account  of  mismanage- 
ment of  the  owners  of  the  town  site.  At 
present  the  town  of  Watrous  supplies  the 
vicinity  with  everything  necessary,  luxuries  to 
a  great  extent  included;  and  under  better 
management  it  might  be  a  rival  of  Las  Vegas. 

FOLSOM. 

This  young  village,  on  a  branch  of  the 
Union  Pacific  Railroad,  nestles  in  a  beautiful 
section  of  the  romantic  Cimarron,  at  an  alti- 
tude of  6,410  feet  above  sea-level,  near  the 
Cerro  Grande  mountain,  which  towers  up  12,- 
ooo  feet  above  the  timber  line!  Of  this  range 
the  Capulin  mountain  has  once  been  volcanic, 
and  the  crater  can  still  be  entered  to  a  depth 
of  500  feet.  Cerro  Blanco,  raising  its  lofty 
head  near  by,  has  even  on  its  surface,  gold 
assaying  $6.40  to  the  ton.  Emory  Peak  to 
the  east,  and  Robinson's  Peak  to  the  west, 
are  other  conspicuous  points. 

The  scenery,  climate  and  water  are  all  mag- 
nificent in  and  around  Folsom.  The  water  is 
obtained  at  the  village  at  a  depth  of  fifteen  to 
thirty  feet.  Capulin  Hotel  has  springs  of 
medicinal  water, — magnesian,  sulphur  and 
other  kinds.  These  springs  are  so  important 


that  even  the  newspaper  published  there  is 
named  the  Folsom  Springs  Home,  Farm  and 
Herd  Round-up.  This  name  also  signifies 
that  the  vicinity  is  a  first-class  grazing  section. 
The  site  of  the  village  is  level, 'inclining  a  little 
to  the  east,  which  lends  it  a  most  poetic  as- 
pect. It  takes  a  curve  as  it  faces  the  moun- 
tain buttes  that  cluster  among  the  foothills 
and  gather  toward  the  north,  where  the  moun- 
tains rise  in  majestic  succession,  sweeping  to 
the  west,  each  towering  above  the  other  as 
distance  lends  to  view  and  rendering  the  nearer 
a  background,  as  each  on  each  arise.  The 
railway  curves  around  from  the  northeast  by 
the  south  side  terraces  of  rocks,  passing  to  the 
west  end  of  the  town  and  enters  the  foothills 
with  a  grand  piece  of  engineering,  then  sweeps 
along  the  mesas  valley  to  the  Alps,  a  station  of 
that  name  honoring  the  view.  It  is  not  second 
to  that  famous  region  of  the  old  world,  and  is 
grand  beyond  conception.  To  the  town  are 
the  evergreen  mountains,  a  fruit  farm  interven- 
ing, contrasting  grandly  with  the  vernal  cotton- 
woods  that  line  the  banks  of  the  river  that 
hide  its  limpid  waters  far  beneath  the  sand. 
On  the  south  are  the  terraced  rocks,  studded 
with  annual  leaf  and  scraggy  oaks,  a  barrier 
to  the  summer's  sultry  wind,  a  spot  where 
'»i  will  love  to  sit  or  wander,  or  climb  the 

*"       r* 

rugged  steppes  to  the  top,  and  look  upon  the 
panorama  far  beyond. 

But  part  way  in  these  steppes  you  pass 
a  nestling  cave,  marked  by  the  rock  which 
crowns  the  pile.  It  may  be  a  "  Robbers' 
Cave,"  "Cave  of  the  Winds,"  with  open 
portals  to  the  north,  but  certainly  it  has  been 
a  "Cave  of  Refuge"  to  traveling  voyagers 
outdoor  in  the  recent  cold,  and  glowing,  ruddy 
fires  therefrom  have  shed  light  out  to  the  town. 

CLAYTON. 

The  town  of  Clayton  is  located  on  the  Un- 
ion Pacific,  Denver  &  Gulf  Railroad,  127  miles 
south  of  the  city  of  Trinidad,  in  Union  county, 
New  Mexico.  The  city  was  started  in  1889, 
when  the  track  of  the  railroad  was  laid.  John 
W.  Evans,  the  postmaster,  has  been  a  resident 


224 


HIS  TORT  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


there  since  1887,  two  years  before  the  town 
was  started.  The  original  owners  of  the  town 
site  were  Messrs.  Thomas  S.  Holland,  William 
Harrison,  Stephen  Dorsey,  John  C.  Hill  and 
C.  M.  Perin.  The  tract  consisted  of  680 
acres,  and  the  town  was  named  in  honor  of 
Mr.  Dorsey's  son,  Clayton.  During  the  first 
year  Mr.  Dorsey  erected  the  Clayton  Hotel 
and  the  livery  stable;  H.  E.  Byler  erected  a 
store  building;  and  the  firm  of  Fox  Brothers, 
Bushnell  &  Company  embarked  in  the  mercan- 
tile business.  Since  that  time  the  town  has 
had  a  steady  and  continuous  growth,  and  now 
contains  about  550  inhabitants.  In  1894  a 
fine  brick  schoolhouse,  costing  $9,000,  was 
built,  and  in  the  same  year  the  courthouse  was 
erected,  at  a  cost  of  $19,000.  Two  hundred 
and  fifty  thousand  herd  of  cattle  and  2,000,000 
pounds  of  wool  have  been  shipped  from  the 
town  in  a  single  season,  and  the  stock  growers 
procure  their  supplies  here. 

Clayton  contains  two  large  general  mer- 
chandise stores,  managed  on  a  liberal  business 
basis.  One  of  them  grew  out  of  the  Fox 
Brothers,  Bushnell  &  Company,  which  is  now 
known  as  the  Clayton  Commercial  Company, 
and  the  other  is  the  Cone  &  Durand  Company. 
The  town  has  other  smaller  establishments  and 
all  the  business  enterprises  usually  found  in.'. 
live  town  of  its  size.  Its  water  supply  is  ob- 
tained from  two  wells,  127  feet  deep,  and  dug 
out  of  solid  rock.  The  water  is  pumped  into 
a  tank,  which  gives  a  pressure  sufficient  for  fire 
purposes.  The  business  men  and  citizens  of 
the  town  are  enterprising,  progressive  and  re- 
liable. 

SILVER    CITY. 

This  enterprising  village  nestles  in  a  beau- 
tiful valley  at  the  terminus  of  the  Silver  City, 
Deming  &  Pacific  Railroad,  a  short  branch  of 
the  Southern  Pacific  system,  and  is  the  county 
seat  of  Grant  county,  in  the  southwestern  por- 
tion of  the  Territory.  Being  on  the  great 
"Continental  Divide,"  the  streams  in  the  vi- 
cinity "  run  away  from  it  "  in  every  direction, 
rendering  the  locality  a  particularly  dry  one. 


The  close  proximity  of  the  mountains  all  around 
also  shelter  the  town  from  wind. 

The  city  is  built  upon  an  elevated  plateau, 
6,000  feet  above  sea-level,  which  is  at  the 
same  time  a  depression,  with  ridges  a  few  hun- 
dred feet  in  height  immediately  surrounding, 
while  a  few  miles  farther  back  are  mountains 
several  thousand  feet  in  height.  Thus  while 
protected,  it  is  not  deprived  of  sunlight,  from 
the  earliest  ray  in  the  morning  till  the  latest  at 
night,  by  over-topping  mountains. 

Only  twenty-two  days  in  ten  years  did  the 
thermometer  rise  above  ninety  degrees,  and 
only  six  days  below  ten  degrees  above  zero. 
The  mean  temperature  for  July  is  seventy-two 
and  a  half,  and  for  January  thirty-seven;  rain- 
fall, about  fifteen  inches  annually.  For  the 
entire  year  Silver  City  averages  334  days  of 
sunshine.  The  air  is  peculiarly  clear  in  this 
valley,  permitting  the  free  transmission  of  the 
sun's  rays  to  a  degree  beyond  almost  any  lo- 
cality in  the  United  States.  Invalids  whose 
surface  circulation  is  not  permanently  feeble 
find  the  air  here  marvelously  "bracing"  and 
invigorating.  However,  invalids  in  their  haste 
often  come  by  rail  to  this  point  and  expect  im- 
mediate relief,  when  the  change  from  their  old 
environment  is  too  great  and  sudden:  they 
must  become  adapted  gradually.  We  all  know, 
for  illustration,  that  sunlight  is  normal  for 
grass;  but  if  the  grass  has  been  rendered  white 
by  a  board  lying  over  it  a  sudden  exposure  to 
sunlight  will  kill  it. 

Silver  City  is  a  modern  American  town  with 
a  Mexican  quarter;  many  New  Mexico  towns 
are  Mexican  towns  with  an  American  quarter; 
it  also  has  a  Chinese  town,  and  by  the  way,  a 
most  useful  adjunct.  The  city  is  built  almost 
entirely  of  brick  which  are  made  on  the  spot, 
and  are  very  cheap.  Many  of  the  buildings 
are  a  surprise  to  one  who  has  imagined  Silver 
City  merely  a  mountain  mining  camp.  The 
streets  have  not  been  improved  as  yet,  though 
a  thorough  system  of  street  improvement  is 
contemplated  in  the  near  future. 

The  entire  city  is  supplied  with  pure  and 
wholesome  water  obtained  from  wells  in  the 


C 


3*1 


.  , 


HISTORT  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


225 


valley  far  above  the  town  and  raised  to  a  res- 
ervoir upon  an  eminence  sufficient  to  throw 
a  stream  far  above  any  building  in  the  city. 

For  the  homeseeker,  and  every  consumptive 
should  be  a  homeseeker  in  some  favorable  cli- 
mate rather  than  a  mere  healthseeker,  the  re- 
sources of  this  section  are  varied. 

The  mountains  everywhere  about  Silver 
City  are  full  of  gold  and  silver  and  other  val- 
uable minerals.  The  plains  and  valleys  sup- 
port thousands  of  cattle,  and  the  country  is 
possessed  of  much  interest  to  the  homeseeker 
besides  climate.  Thousands  of  invalids  could 
find  health  and  at  least  a  living  in  the  cultiva- 
tion of  small  tracts  of  land  in  any  of  the  rich 
valleys  near  Silver  City  where  water  enough 
can  be  pumped  to  irrigate  small  areas  of  vege- 
tables and  fruits  which  grow  in  greatest  lux- 
uriance with  a  little  water  at  the  right  time. 
While  this  could  be  done  on  a  small  scale  and 
furnish  homes  for  many,  yet  there  is  no  dan- 
ger of  a  sufficient  area  ever  being  available,  or 
supplied  with  sufficient  water  to  materially 
affect  the  humidity  or  essential  qualities  of  the 
climate  as  a  health  resort,  as  is  possible  in 
those  sections  which  are  capable  of  extensive 
irrigation. 

For  the  homeseeker  with  a  family  there  are 
good  educational  advantages.  The  city  schools 
are  run  upon  a  high  standard  of  excellence  and 
the  Normal  school,  a  Territorial  institution, 
offers  the  best  of  advanced  courses  for  those 
desiring  to  fit  for  teaching  or  college. 

WHITE    OAKS 

is  pleasantly  situated  just  within  the  foothills 
of  the  Carrizo  mountains  on  a  natural  site  for 
a  large  and  thriving  town,  6,  500  feet  above  sea 
level,  and  surrounded  by  picturesque  scenery. 

It  is  on  the  great  divide  between  the  Rio 
Grande  and  the  Rio  Pecos,  500  miles  south  of 
Denver,  157  miles  north  of  El  Paso  and  80  to 
100  miles  east  of  the  Rio  Grande  valley.  So- 
ciety here  is  as  good  as  anywhere  in  the  United 
States. 

In  1879  an  adventurous  prospector  named 
Charles  Baxter  discovered  gold  in  a  gulch  just 

1O 


to  the  west  of  the  present  site  of  the  town. 
Water  with  which  to  wash  the  dirt  was  carried 
from  White  Oak  Springs,  a  distance  of  nearly 
three  miles.  The  diggings  proved  exceedingly 
rich,  and  their  fame  speedily  spread  and  at- 
tracted a  large  number  of  miners.  Baxter, 
after  whom  the  mountains  were  named  where 
the  gold  was  found,  was  subsequently,  in  1885, 
killed  by  the  Apache  Indians. 

During  the  existence  of  the  excitement,  a 
man  named  George  Wilson  began  prospecting 
on  the  mountain  side  above  the  gulch  and  dis- 
covered and  located  a  vein  of  rich  gold  quartz, 
which  was  called  the  Homestake.  He  was  a 
worthless  fellow,  with  the  roving  disposition  of 
a  tramp,  and  at  once  sold  his  claim  to  one 
Jack  Winters  for  $38  in  gold  dust,  two  silver 
dollars  and  a  revolver,  and  disappeared  from 
the  camp  and  has  never  since  been  seen  here. 

Other  discoveries  followed,  and  the  repu- 
utation  of  White  Oaks  as  a  permanent  gold- 
producing  camp  was  established.  With  the 
development  of  these  claims  the  town  has 
grown, — slowly,  because  of  its  great  distance 
from  a  railroad,  but  surely,  because  of  the 
many  resources  which  are  now  awaiting  de- 
velopment. 

The  first  permanent  settlement  took  place 
here  in  1880,  but  the  great  discoveries  made 
in  this  vicinity  have  but  recently  occurred  and 
the  town  now  is  "on  the  boom."  Gold,  silver, 
copper,  lead,  iron,  marble,  coal  and  other 
minerals  have  been  found,  some  of  these  in 
great  quantities,  with  a  prospect  that  they  will 
all  be  found  abundant.  Most  of  these  are  of 
the  finest  quality.  The  marble  consists  of 
the  white,  black  and  mottled  varieties,  and  is 
pronounced  even  superior  to  the  Vermont 
marble. 

WAGON    MOUND. 

This  village,  with  a  population  of  250  Mexi- 
cans and  fifty  Americans,  is  situated  at  an  ele- 
vation of  6,OOO  feet  above  sea  level,  in  a  small, 
beautiful  valley  between  two  mounds  named 
Wagon  and  Santa  Clara,  both  about  700  feet 
above  the  track  of  the  railroad.  The  former 


226 


HIS  TORT  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


takes  its  name  from  a  rock  upon  it  which  at  a 
certain  angle  presents  the  figure  of  an  old-fash- 
ioned "prairie  schooner"  with  one  of  the  mid- 
dle bows  broken,  or  a  wagon  and  team  with  a 
load  of  hay  sagging  in  the  middle.  In  fact, 
there  are  three  mounds  of  the  same  height, 
which  have  the  appearance  of  wagons  strung 
out  on  the  prairie.  So  far  as  we  read  in  his- 
tory, these  mounds  were  first  noticed  by  Colonel 
Thomas  Boggs  in  the  '403,  who  carried  dis- 
patches from  Santa  Fe  to  Independence, 
Missouri. 

Wagon  Mound  has  been  the  scene  of  a 
number  of  Indian  fights,  or  rather  massacres, 
kidnapping,  etc., — the  latter  crime  committed 
by  them  in  order  to  obtain  slaves  as  herdsmen, 
etc.  In  1853  a  stage-coach,  passing  through, 
was  taken  by  the  Indians,  and  the  whites  tor- 
tured in  a  most  indescribably  cruel  manner 
and  killed. 

The  Santa  Fe  Railroad  was  built  through 
this  point  in  June,  1879;  and  previous  to  the 
time  the  place  was  called  Santa  Clara  by  the 
Mexicans.  This  little  valley  is  a  picturesque 
corner  of  the  world.  The  rural  environment 
is  rough  and  rugged,  but  the  roads  are  excel- 
lent, and  there  is  water  sufficient  for  stock, 
though  not  enough  for  irrigation.  Excellent 
water  for  domestic  use  is  found  from  six  to 
thirty  feet  below  the  surface  along  the  old  San- 
ta Fe  trail. 

Coal  veins  ten  feet  thick  have  been  found 
at  a  depth  of  100  feet.  The  mounds  and  hills 
are  of  lava,  which  the  geologists  say  came  from 
the  Ocate  crater  twenty  miles  distant.  Mine 
prospecting  has  been  done  to  some  extent 
within  the  last  few  years,  but  gold  has  not 
been  found  in  paying  quantities.  There  is  here 
a  good  wool  market,  there  being  300,000  to 
500,000  sheep  kept  on  range  in  the  vicinity 
during  the  summer.  The  annual  shipments  of 
wool  amount  to  about  1,500,000  pounds. 

The  village  of  Wagon  Mound  has  three 
stores  and  three  saloons  and  a  good  adobe  ho- 
tel,— the  Wagon  Mound  House,  conducted  by 
W.  H.  Willcox,  an  old-timer  whose  biograph- 
ical sketch  we  are  glad  to  give  in  this  volume. 


About  1 846  a  large  section  of  land  in  this 
vicinity  was  given  to  Gervais  Nolan  and  others 
for  the  purpose  of  colonization  by  the  Mexican 
Government,  but  the  United  States  never  took 
any  action  upon  the  matter.  The  settlers  be- 
gan arriving  on  the  land  in  1880;  but  as  the 
grant  was  not  considered  valid  lawsuits  were 
instituted  by  the  heirs  of  Nolan,  etc. ;  finally, 
however,  during  President  Cleveland's  first 
term,  and  about  the  commencement  of  the  cat- 
tle boom  it  was  thrown  open  to  settlement;  but 
the  boom  soon  met  with  disaster,  on  account 
of  a  hard  winter,  dry  summer,  etc. 


>-j*OSEPH  WORKMAN  DWYER,  of  Ra- 

J  ton,  Colfax  county,  New  Mexico,  settled 
A  j  on  the  Una  de  Gato  Ranch  in  1877, 
where  he  was  very  largely  interested  in 
the  breeding  and  raising  of  cattle,  sheep  and 
horses,  and  was  the  owner  and  manager  of  large 
landed  and  stock  interests. 

He  was  born  at  Coshocton,  Ohio,  October 
6,  1832.  His  father,  Thomas  Dwyer,  was 
born  in  Montgomery  county,  Maryland,  in 
1802,  but  when  two  years  of  age  emigrated 
with  his  mother's  family  to  Ohio,  his  father 
having  died  a  year  previously.  They  were  of 
the  old  Irish  Catholic  stock  that  made  the  first 
Maryland  settlement.  Joseph's  mother,  nee 
Nancy  Workman,  was  born  near  Cumberland, 
Maryland,  in  1809.  She,  with  her  family, 
they  being  of  the  Dunkard  sect  of  religion, 
moved  with  a  colony  to  Ohio  in  1811.  Thomas 
Dwyer  and  Nancy  Workman  were  married  in 
1827.  He  died  at  the  age  of  eighty-two  years, 
and  she  died  at  the  age  of  seventy-four  years. 
Joseph  W.  Dwyer,  the  subject  of  this 
sketch,  worked  on  a  farm  until  fifteen  years  of 
age,  and  up  to  that  time  he  had  had  the  ad- 
vantages only  of  the  winter  schools,  as  he 
never  attended  a  school  during  the  summer 
months.  He  was  a  clerk  for  a  time  in  a  dry- 
goods  store,  afterward  entering  the  printing- 
office  of  Joseph  Medill,  now  the  editor  of  the 
Chicago  Tribune,  to  learn  the  printer's  trade, 
this  being  the  first  newspaper  venture  of  this 


HISTORT  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


227 


now  celebrated  man.  It  was  a  small  country 
weekly  paper,  published  at  Coshocton,  a  Whig 
in  politics.  After  Mr.  Medill  moved  to  Cleve- 
land, Ohio,  to  start  the  Daily  Forest  City, 
young  Dwyer  returned  to  the  dry-goods  busi- 
ness, as  a  merchant  on  his  own  account.  He 
subsequently  purchased  Medill's  old  newspaper 
at  Coshocton,  and  conducted  the  same  as  edi- 
tor and  proprietor  for  ten  years.  After  Presi- 
dent Lincoln's  inauguration  he  appointed  Mr. 
Dwyer  Postmaster  of  that  city,  but  before  en- 
tering upon  the  duties  of  that  office  the  latter 
was  summoned  to  Washington  by  Salmon  P. 
Chase,  Secretary  of  the  Treasury,  in  whose 
office  he  acted  as  assistant  to  Secretary  Chase's 
private  secretary.  After  several  months  of 
such  service  Mr.  Dwyer  was  promoted  to  the 
position  of  Chief  of  the  Commissary  Division 
of  the  Treasury  Department,  where,  in  control 
of  sixty  clerks,  he  audited  all  the  accounts  of 
commissaries  of  the  army  during  the  rebel  - 
lion,  or  until  September,  1864,  when  he  was 
appointed  by  President  Lincoln  United  States 
Pension  Agent  at  Columbus,  Ohio,  a  new  dis- 
trict. He  served  as  Pension  Agent  until  1869. 
Mr.  Dwyer  has  letters  from  all  his  superior 
officers,  stating  that  he  had  disbursed  over 
$2,000,000  and  accounted  for  every  dollar  of 
it.  As  a  United  States  Pension  Agent  he  was 
obliged  to  give  bonds  of  $i, 000,000. 

After  President  Grant's  inauguration  Mr. 
Dwyer  was  transferred  to  the  Commissioner  of 
Internal  Revenue  office  at  Washington,  where 
he  was  placed  in  charge  as  Chief  of  Super- 
visors of  Internal  Revenue.  His  principal 
duties  were  to  look  after  and  direct  all  their 
operations,  and  make  frequent  visits  to  their 
districts.  At  his  own  request  he  was  relieved 
from  that  position  and  assigned  to  the  district 
composed  of  Northern  Ohio  and  the  State  of 
Indiana,  resigning  the  latter  office  to  take 
charge  of  the  Washington  business  of  the  At- 
lantic &  Pacific  Railroad  Company  in  1871. 
His  principal  object  was  to  promote  the  open- 
ing of  what  has  since  been  known  as  the  Okla- 
homa territory.  The  railroad  company  had  a 
large  land  subsidy  in  that  country,  contingent 


on  the  extinguishment  of  the  Indian  title. 
They  had  urged  Congress  for  many  years  to 
open  up  this  country  to  settlement,  so  that 
when  a  railroad  was  completed  through  it 
it  would  have  traffic  patronage  for  its. support, 
as  well  as  to  get  the  lands  due  as  subsidies  for 
its  building.  The  bill  passed  the  House  at  one 
time,  but  could  not  be  passed  in  the  Senate. 
At  another  session  it  passed  the  Senate,  but 
could  not  be  passed  in  the  House.  Mr.  Dwyer 
conceived  the  project  of  taking  all  the  members 
of  Congress  to  that  country,  and  there  demon- 
strate to  them  what  a  magnificent  country  was 
lying  idle  and  in  the  control  of  the  Indians, 
who  were  making  such  use  of  it  as  only  such  a 
population  is  in  the  habit  of  doing.  He  was 
able  to  demonstrate  to  them  that  these  lands 
could  be  sold  for  the  benefit  of  the  Indians,  and 
would  make  them  the  richest  people  on  the 
face  of  the  earth.  After  several  visits  and  con- 
sultations with  the  Chamber  of  Commerce  and 
the  principal  business  men  of  St.  Louis,  it  was 
determined  by  the  St.  Louis  people  that  Sena- 
tors and  members  of  Congress  should  be  in- 
vited to  attend  a  convention  in  that  city  for 
the  purpose  of  discussing  cheap  water-ways  to 
the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  as  well  as  to  celebrate  the 
opening  of  through  travel  by  rail  from  St. 
Louis  to  Galveston.  They  were  requested  to 
answer  direct  to  Mr.  Dwyer  at  Washington,  if 
the  invitation  was  accepted.  About  250  Sen- 
ators and  members  accepted,  and  met^at  St. 
Louis,  from  there  making  the  trip  not  only  to 
Galveston,  but  also  to  New  Orleans.  Nothing 
came  of  the  efforts  to  open  the  country  to  set- 
tlement, at  that  time,  but  the  Eads  jetties 
were  built,  as  a  result  of  the  examination  of 
the  river  from  New  Orleans  to  the  Gulf i  made 
by  the  Congressmen,  when  Captain  Eads,  who 
accompanied  the  excursion,  was  able  to  dem- 
onstrate the  feasibility  of  the  scheme  to  deepen 
the  channel  by  the  construction  of  the  jetties. 
After  the  failure  to  open  the  Oklahoma 
country  at  this  time,  we  next  find  Mr.  Dwyer 
as  a  member  of  a  commission  appointed  by 
President  Grant  to  examine  the  Central  Pacific 
Railroad  and  all  its  branches  from  Ogden  to 


228 


HISTORY  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


San  Francisco.  Connected  with  him  in  this 
commission  was  Captain  Brown,  of  the  navy, 
and  Eugene  Sullivan,  a  banker  of  San  Fran- 
cisco. They  traveled  over  the  entire  system  by 
daylight,  examining  bridges,  culverts  and  each 
and  every  mile  of  track,  so  that  they  were  en- 
abled to  report  to  the  President  that  the  com- 
pany had  fully  complied  with  all  the  require- 
ments, and  had  fully  earned  the  subsidies  of 
bonds  and  lands  voted  them  by  Congress. 
During  his  official  service  with  Secretary 
Chase,  as  Chief  of  Commissary  Accounts,  as 
agent  for  the  railroad  companies  and  while  on 
several  special  and  confidential  missions,  Mr. 
Dwyer  was  thrown  with  and  had  acquaintance 
and  correspondence  with  the  public  men  of 
that  day.  He  has  probably  the  largest  bound 
collection  in  existence  of  autographic  letters 
from  public  men  addressed  to  himself,  enough 
to  keep  a  good  reader  industriously  at  work 
an  entire  day  in  perusing  them.  Among  them 
is  a  letter  from  Secretary  of  State  Fish,  which 
he  prizes  most,  commending  him  for  investi- 
gating and  making  reports  regarding  the  fishers' 
dispute  between  this  country,  England  and 
Canada.  He  was  a  frequent  confidential  mes- 
senger between  Secretary  Chase  and  President 
Lincoln  while  in  the  Secretary's  office. 

Mr.  Dwyer  left  the  public  service  in  1875, 
returning  to  his  birthplace,  Coshocton,  Ohio, 
to  look  after  his  landed  and  manufacturing  in- 
terests there.  He  sold  his  possessions  in  1877, 
and  invested  in  ranches  in  New  Mexico.  His 
ranch  on  the  Una  de  Gato  river  is  one  of  the 
best  known  in  the  Territory  of  New  Mexico. 
During  the  time  he  was  engaged  in  the  stock 
business,  when  he  was  managing  12,000  sheep, 
27,000  head  of  cattle  and  1,000  horses,  he 
found  time  to  engage  in  politics.  Always  a 
Republican,  he  attended  the  first  township, 
county  and  State  convention  of  that  party  in 
Ohio,  and  aided  in  organizing  and  crystallizing 
all  the  anti-slavery  elements  into  one  aggres- 
sive party.  At  the  first  State  convention  in 
Ohio,  he  met  at  Columbus  for  the  first  time, 
as  young  men  who  were  just  entering  the  po- 
litical field,  such  men  as  John  Sherman,  James 


A.  Garfield,  Rutherford  B.  Hayes,  General 
Charles  Grosvenor,  .etc. ,  with  whom  he  always 
retained  an  intimate  friendship.  For  several 
years  he  was  a  member  of  the  State  Republi- 
can Committee  of  Ohio,  and  was  also  a  chair- 
man of  the  executive  campaign  committee. 
He  has  attended  every  national  Republican 
convention  since  1866  but  two,  and  attended 
the  inauguration  of  every  Republican  President 
except  Garfield.  In  the  campaign  of  1886  he 
received  the  unanimous  nomination  of  the  Re- 
publican party  of  New  Mexico  as  a  candidate 
for  delegate  to  Congress,  but  was  defeated,-  the 
Territory  being  Democratic.  He  has  also 
acted  for  many  years  as  a  member  of  the  Re- 
publican Territorial  Committee  and  for  a  time 
as  its  chairman.  Mr.  Dwyer  has  served  as  a 
member  of  the  Board  of  County  Commis- 
sioners of  Colfax  county,  as  president  of 
the  Board  of  Penitentiary  Directors  of  the 
Territory,  president  of  the  Northern  New 
Mexico  Stock  Association,  president  of  the 
Territorial  Stock  Association,  and  was  recently 
elected  Mayor  of  the  town  ot  Raton,  where  he 
had  removed  from  his  ranch,  twelve  miles  dis- 
tant, in  1893.  For  many  years  while  residing 
on  his  ranch  his  nearest  neighbor  was  six 
miles  distant,  but  he  was  never  lonesome,  his 
friends  and  his  books  preventing  him  from  be- 
ing so.  Mr.  Dwyer  is  not  now  engaged  in 
business,  having  disposed  of  his  stock  interests, 
including  among  others  the  largest  and  finest 
herd  of  padigreed  Jersey  cattle  in  the  West- 
ern country.  He  has  done  much  in  introduc- 
ing fine  stock  in  the  Territory.  He  is  now 
largely  interested  in  town  property  in  Raton, 
and  has  an  addition  to  the  town  called  the 
Boulevard.  A  part  of  this  addition  is  a  beau- 
tiful park,  so  elevated  as  to  command  one  of 
the  prettiest  and  most  picturesque  views  in 
the  mountain  range. 

October  21,  1858,  Mr.  Dwyer  was  united 
in  marriage  with  Emma  A.  Titus,  a  daughter 
of  John  G.  and  Emma  (Deuman)  Titus,  na- 
tives of  New  York.  Of  their  three  children, 
one  son,  David  G.,  is  the  only  one  now  living. 
He  was  born  April  4,  1867,  and  is  unmarried. 


HISTORY  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


229 


Mr.  Dwyer  has  never  belonged  to  but  one  se- 
cret society.  He  is  a  thirty-second  degree 
Scottish-rite  Mason.  He  was  made  a  Master 
Mason  at  Coshocton  in  1853  and  a  Sir  Knight 
in  Cypress  Commandery,  Zanesville,  Ohio,  in 
1857.  He  is  the  oldest  Master  Mason  and  Sir 
Knight  in  New  Mexico.  He  is  also  a  charter 
member  of  the  blue  lodge,  Royal  Arch  chapter 
and  the  cornmandery  of  Raton,  New  Mexico. 


<>^VROFESSOR  CHARLES  E.   HOD- 

1  m  GIN,  Superintendent  of  the  City 
Schools  of  Albuquerque  since  their  or- 
ganization in  1891,  was  born  in  In- 
diana, August  21,  1858,  of  English  and  Welsh 
descent.  His  ancestors  were  early  settlers  of 
the  South.  His  parents  were  residents  of 
North  Carolina,  were  farmers  by  occupation, 
and  were  Quakers  in  their  religious  faith.  The 
father,  Tilnias  Hodgin,  was  born  in  1817,  was 
educated  in  his  native  State,  but  from  his 
youth  loathed  the  institution  of  slavery,  and 
did  everything  in  his  power  to  alleviate  the 
suffering  of  the  oppressed.  On  account  of  his 
opposition  to  slavery  he  moved  to  Indiana,  in 
1837,  where  he  became  one  of  the  pioneer 
fanners.  He  married  Miss  Rachel  Hinshaw, 
born  in  a  county  adjoining  that  of  her  husband 
in  North  Carolina,  and  they  had  eleven  chil- 
dren, five  of  whom  are  now  living.  Tilnias 
Hodgin  died  in  1885,  and  his  wife  several  years 
previous  to  that  time. 

Professor  Hodgin,  their  tenth  child  in  order 
of  birth,  received  his  education  in  the  public 
schools  and  in  the  State  Normal  School  of  In- 
diana, graduating  in  1881.  He  taught  three 
years  in  the  village  schools  of  Trafalgar,  John- 
son county,  and  was  two  years  Secretary  of 
the  Richmond  Normal,  teaching  special 
branches.  In  1884  Mr.  Hodgin  left  Indiana 
and  spent  seven  months  in  North  Carolina. 
He  had  been  married  in  1883  to  Miss  Sarah 
Overman,  of  Indiana,  they  being  graduates  of 
the  same  class  in  the  State  Normal.  In  1885, 
on  account  of  the  ill  health  of  his  wife,  he 
came  to  Albuquerque,  New  Mexico;  but  she 


died  in  1891.  During  his  first  year  in  this  city 
Professor  Hodgin  taught  the  Highland  school, 
for  the  following  year  was  a  teacher  in  the  in- 
termediate department  of  the  Albuquerque 
Academy,  and  was  then  principal  of  that  insti- 
tution for  four  years.  At  the  organization  of 
the  city  schools  in  1891,  he  was  elected  their 
Superintendent,  a  position  which  he  has  since 
constantly  and  efficiently  filled.  He  has  wit- 
nessed the  growth  and  development  of  the  city, 
having  been  an  active  factor  in  the  great  prog- 
ress made  in  the  public  schools  of  the  city,  and 
has  taken  a  deep  interest  in  all  educational 
matters  of  the  Territory.  Professor  Hodgin 
was  one  of  the  organizers  of  the  Educational 
Association  of  the  Territory,  in  1886,  and  served 
as  president  two  different  years;  was  a  delegate 
to  the  National  Association  held  in  San  Fran- 
cisco, of  which  he  was  elected  sixth  vice-pres- 
ident. 

In  1 893  the  Professor  was  united  in  marriage 
with  Miss  Mary  E.  Brooks,  of  Indianapolis, 
Indiana.  They  have  a  delightful  and  happy 
home  in  Albuquerque.  Both  he  and  his  wife 
are  Congregationalists,  and  are  active  and  use- 
ful members  in  the  church.  During  his  con- 
nection with  the  city  schools  Professor  Hodgin 
has  endeared  himself  to  the  citizens  of  Albu- 
querque, and  most  fortunate  has  this  city  been 
in  securing  a  man  of  his  talent  and  high  moral 
worth  to  take  charge  of  her  educational  inter- 
ests and  press  them  to  the  success  already 
attained. 


<>^VLACIDUS    LOUIS    CHAPELLE, 

IL  m  Archbishop  of  the  diocese  of  Santa  Fe, 
is  a  native  of  France,  his  birth  having 
occurred  at  Mende,  in  the  department 
of  Lozere,  on  the  28th  of  August,  1842.  He 
descended  from  a  French  family  of  land-own- 
ers, which  also  numbered  many  members  who 
found  entrance  into  professional  life,  especially 
the  ministry.  They  belonged  to  the  higher  mid- 
dle class  of  that  country  and  were  very  promi- 
nent in  the  church.  An  uncle  of  Archbishop 
Chapelle  was  sent  on  a  special  mission  by  the 


330 


HISTORY  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


Holy  See  to  Hayti,  where  he  succeeded  in  ne- 
gotiating a  concordat  between  the  republic  and 
the  Holy  See  in  the  year  1861. 

Archbishop  Chapelle  pursued  a  classical 
course  of  study  in  his  native  town  and  after- 
ward attended  the  College  of  Enghien,  in  Bel- 
gium. In  1859,  in  company  with  his  uncle  be- 
fore mentioned,  he  came  to  America  and  in  St. 
Mary's  Seminary  of  Baltimore,  Maryland,  he 
pursued  his  philosophical  and  theological 
course,  which  he  completed  in  1863.  He  was 
then  too  young  to  be  ordained,  so  he  began 
teaching  the  classics  in  St.  Charles'  College, 
Maryland,  where  he  continued  for  two  years. 
On  the  29th  of  June,  1865,  he  was  ordained  for 
the  priesthood  by  the  Most  Rev.  M.  J.  Spalding, 
Archbishop  of  Baltimore,  and  through  the  suc- 
ceeding five  years  was  engaged  in  missionary 
work  in  Montgomery  county,  Maryland.  In 
1868,  after  due  examination,  he  received  from 
St.  Mary's  University  the  title  of  Doctor  of 
Divinity,  and  in  1869  he  accompanied  Arch- 
bishop Spalding  to  the  Vatican  Council  as  his 
secretary.  In  1870  he  was  appointed  to  take 
charge  of  St.  Joseph's  Church,  of  Baltimore, 
and  continued  as  pastor  of  that  church  until 
1882,  at  which  time  he  was  made  rector  of  St. 
Matthew's  Church  in  Washington,  D.  C. ,  one 
of  the  most  important  churches  of  his  denomi- 
nation in  the  country.  While  he  was  serving 
there,  among  the  communicants  of  his  church 
were  General  Sheridan,  General  Rosecrans, 
the  family  of  General  Sherman,  General  Vin- 
cent and  many  others  of  high  standing. 

In  1891  Archbishop  Chapelle  was  appointed 
coadjutor  of  the  venerable  Archbishop  Sal- 
pointe,  of  Santa  Fe,  who  resigned  on  account  of 
old  age  and  infirmity  in  January,  1 894,  at  which 
time  he  was  succeeded  by  the  gentleman  whose 
name  heads  this  review.  He  is  now  discharg- 
ing the  duties  of  his  high  and  responsible  office, 
and  the  work  in  his  diocese  is  progressing  at  a 
rapid  rate.  Archbishop  Chapelle  was  one  of 
the  seven  theologians  to  prepare  the  work  for 
the  Plenary  Council  held  in  Baltimore  in  1884, 
and  for  several  years  he  was  vice-president  of 
the  Catholic  Indian  Bureau,  and  has  taken  a 


deep  interest  in  the  moral  as  well  as  material 
welfare  of  that  race  to  whom  the  people  of  the 
United  States  owe  so  much  ;  indeed,  since  he 
was  called  to  his  holy  work  in  New  Mexico  it 
has  been  his  chief  desire  to  use  his  best  en- 
deavors for  the  benefit  of  all  the  races  that  re- 
side within  the  bounds  of  the  Territory. 

Archbishop  Chapelle  is  the  owner  of  a  fine 
library  of  rare  and  valuable  works.  He  is 
genial  and  social  in  character,  and,  notwith- 
standing his  exalted  position,  is  as  approach- 
able as  a  little  child.  He  is  a  fluent,  earnest 
and  eloquent  speaker,  and  as  a  church  digni- 
tary has  a  very  wide  acquaintance  throughout 
the  United  States  and  enjoys  the  love  and  es- 
teem of  all  who  know  him.  His  ripe  scholar- 
ship and  broad  general  information  and  his  de- 
votion to  his  work  well  fit  him  for  his  holy  call- 
ing, and  Archbishop  Chapelle  is  recognized  as 
a  power  in  the  Catholic  community. 


VERY  REV.   JAMES  H.    DEFOURI, 
pastor  of  the  Church  of  Our  Lady  of 
Sorrows,  Catholic,  at  Las  Vegas,  is  a 
native  of  Savoy,  France,  born  at  the 
villa  of  La  Palud,  in  the  parish  of  St.  Jean  de  la 
Porte,  on  the  29th  of  August,  1 830.  At  the  age  of 
two  years  he  was  adopted  by  the  young  Count 
Hyppolite    de     Chambost,     who   was   then    a 
widower  and  childless. 

Young  James  was  first  taught  at  home  by 
clergymen,  and  when  nine  years  of  age,  was 
sent  by  his  adopted  father  to  the  College  of  St. 
Pierre  d'Albigny,  a  beautiful  place  in  that 
grand  valley  of  the  Yser,  which  extends  as  far 
as  Valence  in  France.  At  sixteen  the  young 
student  was  sent  to  the  seminary  of  Chambery, 
where  he  completed  his  philosophical  and  theo- 
logical courses.  In  1853,  while  a  deacon,  the 
young  Levite  was  sent  to  teach  a  class  at  the 
College  of  Pont  de  Beauvoisin,  on  the  bound- 
ary of  France,  and  on  the  23d  of  December, 
1854,  he  was  ordained  priest  by  the  Most  Rev. 
Archbishop  Alexis  Billiet,  who  soon  after- 
ward was  created  cardinal. 


HISTORY  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


231 


In  the  meantime  the  desire  of  engaging  in 
mission  work  was  becoming  stronger  in  the 
mind  of  the  young  priest,  while  he  was  em- 
ployed in  teaching.  At  length,  in  1856,  he 
obtained  from  the  good  cardinal  permission  to 
leave  the  diocese  of  Chambery,  and  he  was 
appointed  to  the  Vicariate  "East  of  the  Rocky 
Mountains,"  whose  bishop,  as  apostolic  vicar, 
was  the  Rt.  Rev.  J.  B.  Miege,  S.  J.,  also  from 
Savoy.  The  jurisdiction  of  Bishop  Miege  ex- 
tended over  what  is  now  Indian  Territory, 
Oklahoma,  Kansas,  Nebraska,  Colorado,  Wy- 
oming and  the  two  Dakotas.  In  this  vast  field 
Father  Defouri  was  an  indefatigable  laborer  for 
years.  There  were  very  few  priests  in  this 
vast  diocese. 

May  i,  1862,  Father  Defouri  was  sent  to 
Topeka,  where,  in  the  midst  of  poverty  and 
innumerable  difficulties,  and  even  in  the  midst 
of  war  and  bloodshed,  he  remained  until  1875, 
faithful  at  his  post,  when  he  was  recalled  to 
Leavenworth.  In  1864,  however,  by  order  of 
Bishop  Miege,  he  spent  sixteen  months  in 
Europe,  as  Vicar  General,  on  duties  of  the 
church.  The  bishop,  having  chosen  the  Rt. 
Rev.  L.  M.  Fink,  O.  S.  B.,  fora  coadjutor, 
soon  after  resigned  and  left  the  diocese  to 
Bishop  Fink.  In  1875  the  latter  created 
Father  Defouri  Vicar  General,  and  he  re- 
mained there  till  1880.  In  the  meantime  he 
paid  a  large  portion  of  the  debt  which  was  in- 
cumbent on  the  cathedral,  attended  to  parish 
duties,  and  also  to  his  diocesan  responsibili- 
ties. 

His  attention  being  called  to  the  subject  of 
immigration,  he  contributed  articles  to  the 
public  press, — newspapers  and  magazines, — as 
the  Kansas  Farmer,  Kansas  Magazine,  Cath- 
olic World,  etc.  When  the  last  mentioned 
periodical  was  started  he  was  one  of  its  regular 
correspondents. 

At  length  disease  of  the  larnyx  drove  him 
away  from  the  rather  damp  atmosphere  of 
Kansas.  Physicians  ordered  a  change  of  cli- 
mate, advising  that  of  New  Mexico,  whither  he 
accordingly  came.  He  was  received  with  open 
arms  by  the  good  Archbishop  Lamy.  Leav- 


ing his  charge  at  Leavenworth  in  September, 
1880,  he  spent  one  year  at  the  call  of  Bishop 
Macheboeuf  in  Denver,  and  at  the  beginning 
of  August,  1 88 1,  left  Denver  for  Santa  Fe, 
having  been  appointed  second  Vicar  General, 
pastor  of  the  American  congregation  of  Sante 
Fe,  and  private  secretary  to  the  archbishop. 
Here  his  labors  can  be  seen  in  the  restoration 
of  the  fine  church  edifice  at  Guadaloupe  and  the 
planting  of  the  beautiful  trees  there  and  the 
establishment  of  many  improvements.  In- 
deed, he  made  a  fine  church  out  of  .nothing, 
for  old  Guadaloupe,  built  probably  in  1598,  was 
a  ruin  at  the  time  of  his  coming  to  Santa  Fe. 

Besides  attending  to  his  pastoral  duties  Fath- 
er Defouri  has  found  time  to  write  and  publish  a 
Month  of  Mary  in  Spanish,  with  a  beautiful  in- 
troduction by  Archbishop  Salpointe.  He  also 
compiled  and  published  the  book  entitled,  "A 
Historical  Sketch  of  the  Catholic  Church  in 
New  Mexico,"  also,  "The  Martyrs  of  New 
Mexico,"  and  is  now  engaged  in  translating  the 
History  of  the  Apparition  of  the  Holy  Mary  of 
Guaduloupe  into  English  for  the  multitude  in 
this  country  who  are  not  familiar  with  the 
Spanish  tongue.  We  understand  that  he  also 
wrote  for  a  French  paper,  a  history  of  the  Mor- 
mons, published  in  Paris. 

On  the  5th  of  August  Archbishop  Chapelle 
appointed  Father  Defouri  pastor  of  the  Church 
of  Our  Lady  of  Sorrows  at  Las  Vegas,  and  the 
good  father  bade  adieu  to  his  flock  at  Guada- 
loupe, having  served  fifteen  years,  "  day  for 
day,"  in  Santa  Fe,  where  he  is  now  at  labor 
and  where  we  wish  him  full  success. 

He  is  a  member  of  several  scientific  socie- 
ties, and  last  year  he  was  admitted  a  member 
of  the  Historical  Society  of  Kansas.  We  read 
in  the  report  of  the  meeting  of  the  society  held 
January  17,  1893,  the  following:  "  The  per- 
sons whose  names  were  presented  at  the  meet- 
ing of  the  board  of  directors  in  the  afternoon 
for  nomination  as  members  of  the  society  were 
unanimously  elected,  as  follows:  Honorary 
members — Rev.  James  H.  Defouri,  Santa  Fe, 
New  Mexico;  Hon.  Charles  Francis  Adams, 
Jr.,  Boston,  Massachusetts;  Rev.  Dr.  J.  A, 


HIS  TORT  OF  NE  W  MEXICO. 


Lippincott,  Philadelphia,  Pennsylvania;  and 
General  Eugene  A.  Carr,  Washington,  District 
of  Columbia." 


<>^V  ICOLAS    T.    ARMIJO,    deceased. - 
m    One  of  the  most  conspicuous- families 
r     in  the  aristocratic  old  Spanish  regime 
in  New  Mexico,  and  one  whose  name 
is  inseparably  linked  with  the  history   of  the 
Territory  is  that  of  which  the  honored  subject 
of  this  raview  was  a  prominent  member.      His 
was  a  nobility  of  character  and  such  were  his 
accomplishments   in   forwarding  the   develop- 
ment of  the  Territory  that  there  is  most  emi- 
nent consistency  in  according  him  relative  dis- 
tinction in  this  volume. 

A  native  son  of  New  Mexico,  Nicolas  T. 
Armijo  was  born  in  Los  Gallegos,  Bernalillo 
county,  on  the  6th  of  December,  1835,  be- 
ing,  as  before  stated,  a  descendant  from  one 
of  the  oldest  and  most  distinguished  Spanish 
families  in  the  Territory.  His  father,  Juan 
Cristobal  Armijo,  was  also  a  native  of  Berna- 
lillo county,  and  was  for  many  engaged  in  mer- 
chandising, being  successful  in  his  efforts  and 
being  known  as  a  man  of  high  honor,  scrupu- 
lous integrity  and  marked  intellectuality.  He 
was  a  nephew  of  the  celebrated  General  Armijo, 
was  a  leader  in  politics  and  ever  took  an  active 
interest  in  all  that  pertained  to  the  welfare  of 
the  Territory.  He  attained  distinction  as  an 
Indian  fighter,  by  reason  of  the  fact  that  he 
was  wont  to  assume  the  leadership  of  the  ex- 
peditions organized  by  his  countrymen  to  repel 
or  subdue  the  red  men  who  made  frequent 
raids  upon  the  ranches  and  villages  and  com- 
mitted great  depredations  and  ofttimes  indis- 
criminate slaughter  of  the  Spanish  settlers.  At 
the  time  of  the  late  war  of  the  Rebellion  Juan 
C.  Armijo  rendered  stanch  and  active  alle- 
giance to  the  Union,  raising  a  company  of 
militia  and  according  valiant  and  effective  serv- 
ice. He  lived  to  attain  the  age  of  seventy- 
five  years.  His  wife,  w^Juana  Maria  Chavez, 
traced  her  lineage  back  to  the  nobility  of 
Spain,  representatives  of  the  family  having 


c.ome  to  New  Mexico  at  the  time  of  the 
Spanish  conquest,  and  having  been  leaders  in 
the  expedition.  Their  descendants  have  ever 
been  prominent  in  the  history  and  affairs  of 
the  Territory. 

Mr.  Nicolas  T.  Armijo,  the  immediate  sub- 
ject of  this  review,  was  the  third  of  the  nine 
children  born  to  Juan  and  Juana  Armijo,  the 
latter  of  whom  died  at  the  age  of  seventy-eight 
years.  Our  subject  received  his  educational 
discipline  in  the  best  institutions  of  old  Mexico, 
becoming  an  accomplished  scholar,  thoroughly 
conversant  with  the  Spanish,  English,  French, 
German  and  Latin  languages.  He  was  a  boy 
at  school  in  the  city  of  Chihuahua  at  the  time 
the  American  army  captured  that  strong- 
hold in  1846.  After  he  had  attained  to  man's 
estate  he  engaged  in  mercantile  pursuits  at 
Chihuahua,  Mexico,  where  he  accumulated  a 
large  amount  of  money.  He  however  secured 
and  retained  possession  of  a  large  amount  of 
valuable  real  estate  in  that  section.  He  spent 
three  years  in  traveling  in  Europe,  after  which 
he  returned  home,  and  when  the  new  town  of 
Albuquerque  was  established  he  became  inter- 
ested in  its  development,  operating  in  various 
lines  of  business  enterprise  and  securing  much 
valuable  realty  here.  Among  other  enterprises 
in  which  he  was  concerned  was  the  operating 
of  the  stage  line  between  the  new  town  and  the 
old  Spanish  town  whose  name  it  bore.  He 
platted  two  additions  to  the  city,  and  as  the 
place  increased  in  population  and  incidental 
prosperity,  he  was  enabled  to  profit  largely 
from  his  real-estate  holdings  and  business  en- 
terprises, accumulating  a  very  considerable 
fortune  and  becoming  one  of  the  most  substan- 
tial capitalists  in  the  city.  Finally,  however, 
his  health  failed,  and  though  every  effort  was 
made  to  bring  about  his  restoration,  naught 
could  avail,  and  he  passed  into  eternal  life  on 
the  2oth  of  December,  1890.  His  loss  was 
felt  most  deeply,  not  alone  by  the  bereaved 
family,  but  by  the  people  of  the  entire  county, 
throughout  which  he  was  known  and  honored 
as  a  man  of  the  highest  refinement,  delicate 
sympathies  and  unswerving  integrity.  He 


HISTORT  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


233 


cared  for  his  family  with  the  deepest  solicitude, 
was  ever  kind  and  indulgent,  and  was  a  man 
that  in  all  the  walks  of  life  stood  four  square  to 
every  wind  that  blew.  His  large  estate,  whose 
estimated  valuation  was  $500,000,  was  left  to 
his  widow  and  children,  the  former  having 
been  executor  of  the  estate. 

We  now  turn  in  more  detail  to  the  domes- 
tic history  of  our  subject.  On  the  2d  of  No- 
vember, 1862,  he  was  united  in  marriage  to 
Miss  Barbara  Chaves,  who  was  born  in  Las 
Padillas,  in  1845,  being  a  member  of  the  illus- 
trious Chaves  family  heretofore  referred  to,  and 
being,  on  the  maternal  side,  a  distant  relative 
of  her  husband.  She  was  the  daughter  of 
Jose  Chaves.  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Armijo  became 
the  parents  of  twelve  children,  six  of  whom  are 
living  at  the  present  time.  We  incorporate  at 
this  point  a  brief  record  concerning  the  chil- 
dren: Five  died  in  childhood;  Edward  C. 
passed  away  at  the  age  of  seventeen  years;  and 
the  survivors  are  Juan  C. ,  Aurelia,  Eloisa, 
Manuela,  Sophia  and  Nicolas  T. 

Prior  to  his  death  Mr.  Armijo  had  become 
possessed  of  a  valuable  lot,  on  the  corner  of 
Railroad  avenue  and  Second  street,  and  after 
his  demise  his  widow  erected  at  this  point  a 
fine  modern  block,  three  stories  in  height  and 
loox  142  feet  in  dimensions,  the  same  being 
constructed  of  brown  sand  stone,  and  standing 
as  the  most  imposing  and  costly  business  block 
in  the  city.  To  it  Mrs.  Armijo  has  most  fit- 
tingly given  title  in  honor  of  her  lamented  hus- 
band, the  structure  being  known  as  the  N.  T. 
Armijo  Building.  No  more  consistent  monu- 
ment could  have  been  erected  to  the  memory 
of  this  able  and  honorable  man,  who  had  ever 
maintained  so  lively  an  interest  in  the  advance- 
ment and  upbuilding  of  the  city  of  his  home, 
and  who  had  been  recognized  as  one  of  her 
thoroughly  representative  business  men. 

The  story  of  a  good  life  is  simply  told,  but 
the  lesson  and  incentive  are  to  be  read  ' '  be- 
tween the  lines."  True  to  every  duty,  inde- 
fatigable in  his  efforts,  successful  in  his  busi- 
ness affairs,  and  yet  ever  imbued  with  that 
broad  spirit  of  humanity  which  has  recognition 


of  the  rights  of  others  and  sympathy  for  their 
sorrows,  it  is  but  due  that  this  slight  memorial 
should  here  be  granted  to  Nicolas  T.  Armijo. 


ON.  W.  T.  THORNTON,  who  occu- 
pies  the  most  exalted  position  in  the 
Territory  of  New  Mexico,  being  its 
present  Governor,  and  stands  equally 
high  in  the  esteem  and  confidence  of  the  peo- 
ple, was  born  in  Calhoun,  Henry  county, 
Missouri,  on  the  Qth  day  of  February,  1843. 
His  ancestors  came  from  England  to  Virginia 
among  the  early  settlers  of  that  colony  and 
settled  upon  large  land  grants  received  from 
the  British  crown.  They  became  prominent 
in  the  early  history  of  the  Dominion,  many  of 
them  occupying  important  official  positions, 
prior  to  and  during  the  war  of  the  Revolution. 
One  of  them  was  an  Aid-de-Camp  upon  the 
staff  of  General  Washington;  another,  An- 
thony Thornton,  of  Fredericksburg,  held  a 
commission  as  Colonel  in  the  Continental 
army  commanding  the  celebrated  White  Horse 
Cavalry  of  Virginia. 

After  the  close  of  the  Revolution,  many  of 
it  members  moved  West  and  South,  settling 
in  North  Carolina,  Alabama,  Kentucky,  Illi- 
nois, Indiana,  Ohio  and  Missouri,  where  they 
have  filled  many  places  of  trust  throughout 
the  history  of  the  country,  and  have  been 
prominent  in  the  professions,  both  of  law  and 
medicine.  Among  the  most  prominent  mem- 
bers of  the  family  may  be  mentioned  Hon. 
William  F.  Thornton,  late  of  Shelbyville, 
Illinois;  Judge  Anthony  Thornton,  who  was  at 
one  time  a  member  of  the  Supreme  Court  of 
Illinois;  Judge  Harry  Ennis  Thornton,  one  of 
the  commissioners  appointed  by  the  President 
to  settle  the  Mexican  land  grants  in  the  State 
of  California;  and  his  son,  Harry  Ennis  Thorn- 
ton, Jr.,  who  recently  died  in  the  city  of  San 
Francisco. 

The  father  of  the  Governor,  Dr.  W.  T. 
Thornton,  was  born  near  Chancellorsville, 
in  the  State  of  Virginia,  in  1805,  and  with  his 
parents  moved  to  Kentucky  in  1811,  settling 


234 


HISTORY  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


in  Oldham  county,  where  he  was  reared  to 
manhood.  He  was  graduated  at  the  Medical 
College  in  Cincinnati,  and  began  the  practice 
of  his  chosen  profession  in  Jacksonville,  Illi- 
nois, in  the  year  1835.  Later  on  he  returned 
to  Kentucky,  where  he  was  married  to  Miss 
Caroline  V.  Taylor,  a  daughter  of  Major  Will- 
iam Taylor,  who  won  his  title  as  a  soldier  in  the 
war  of  the  Revolution;  after  his  marriage  he 
returned  to  Jacksonville,  where  he  resided  until 
the  Major's  death,  in  1840,  when  he  removed  to 
Missouri,  settling  at  Thornton's  Ferry  upon 
Grand  river,  from  which  place  he  moved  to 
the  town  of  Calhoun  in  Henry  county,  where 
he  continued  to  reside  until  his  death  in  1875. 
In  politics,  in  early  life  he  was  a  Whig;  was  a 
warm  friend  and  admirer  of  Henry  Clay;  was 
a  man  of  most  generous  impulses  and  high 
principle,  and  commanded  the  respect  of  all 
who  knew  him. 

Dr.  Thornton  was  the  youngest  of  thirteen 
children,  having  six  brothers  and  six  sisters, 
whose  descendants  are  scattered  through  nearly 
all  the  States  from  Virginia  to  California.  One 
of  his  brothers,  D.  M.  C.  Thornton,  was  a 
purser  in  the  United  States  Navy;  another  son, 
Dr.  John  Thornton,  married  a  daughter  of 
President  W.  H.  Harrison,  and  was  a  promi- 
nent physician  at  Cleves,  Ohio. 

As  stated  above,  the  mother  of  Governor 
Thornton  was  Miss  Caroline  V.  Taylor,  a 
daughter  of  Major  William  Taylor,  of  Louis- 
ville, Kentucky;  and  it  will  be  thus  seen  that 
the  Governor  comes  of  Revolutionary  stock, 
his  ancestors  on  both  sides  having  fought  in 
the  Revolution.  Major  William  Taylor,  his 
mother's  father,  was  also  one  of  seven 
brothers,  all  of  whom  were  officers  in  the 
Continental  army;  two  of  them  were  killed  in 
battle,  and  a  third  died  on  board  a  prison  ship 
in  Boston  harbor.  He  has  two  aunts  and  an 
uncle  upon  his  mother's  side,  still  living,  all 
of  whom  have  reached  a  very  advanced  age, 
the  youngest  being  eighty-four,  and  the  eldest 
ninety  years  of  age.  They  are  among  the 
very  few  persons  now  surviving  whose  parents 
fought  in  the  war  of  the  Revolution. 


Governor  Thornton  is  one  of  seven  chil- 
dren, three  of  whom  are  now  deceased.  Of 
those  living,  the  eldest  is  Judge  Paul  F. 
Thornton,  now  of  Austin,  Texas,  who  is 
president  of  the  Thornton  Banking  Company 
of  Nevada,  Missouri,  which  institution  he 
organized  in  1 869.  The  other  surviving  chil- 
dren are  James  J.  Thornton,  and  Mrs.  Caro- 
line V.  Wilson,  of  Waco,  Texas. 

The  Governor  was  educated  in  a  private 
school  near  Sedalia,  Missouri,  and  graduated  in 
the  law  department  of  the  Kentucky  Univer- 
sity, at  Louisville,  Kentucky,  in  the  class  of 
1868.  In  the  spring  of  1861,  he  left  school 
and  entered  the  Confederate  army,  serving  as 
a  private  soldier  in  the  body  guard  of  General 
Sterling  Price  for  two  years;  subsequently  he 
was  connected  with  the  organization  of  Wood's 
battalion,  serving  in  Company  C,  commanded 
by  his  brother,  Captain  Paul  F.  Thornton. 
During  the  retreat  from  Springfield,  Missouri, 
in  February,  1862,  he  was  captured  and  car- 
ried to  Alton,  Illinois,  where  he  remained  in 
prison  until  the  following  October. 

During  his  imprisonment,  an  incident  oc- 
curred which  fully  indicates  the  Governor's 
character  and  explains  his  innate  love  of 
justice,  and  shows  that  he  possesses  the  moral 
courage  and  firmness  to  do  his  duty  under  the 
most  trying  circumstances.  He,  in  connec- 
tion with  some  of  his  comrades,  devised  a 
plan  of  escape.  To  accomplish  this  success- 
fully, it  was  necessary  to  have  the  means  of 
getting  over  the  prison  wall.  A  ladder  was 
made  to  reach  the  top,  and  the  Governor 
slipped  into  the  stable  and  procured  the  lines 
from  the  harness,  to  be  used  in  getting  down. 
After  this  had  all  been  accomplished  they  were 
seen  by  one  of  the  guards  and  the  alarm  was 
given,  when  it  was  concluded  to  hide  the  lad- 
der and  return  the  lines,  so  that  their  plans 
might  not  be  discovered,  and  the  attempt 
could  be  made  again  at  some  more  propitious 
time.  The  lines  were  given  to  a  man  who 
agreed  to  take  them  back  to  the  place  from 
which  they  had  been  taken:  but  he,  fearing 
discovery  and  trouble,  in  the  place  of  return- 


HIS  TORT  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


235 


ing  them  as  agreed  upon,  carried  them  to  the 
room  occupied  by  himself  and  others  in  the 
second  story  of  the  building  used  for  prisoners' 
headquarters,  and  put  them  through  the  stove- 
pipe hole  in  the  chimney,  from  which  place 
they  fell  down  through  the  chimney  into  the 
fire-place  below,  where  they  were  found  the 
next  morning  by  one  of  the  prisoners  who 
occupied  the  lower  room.  Just  as  the  Federal 
guard  entered  the  room,  or  soldiers'  quarters, 
and  ordered  the  prisoners  out  that  they  might 
search  for  the  missing  lines,  the  men  who  had 
them,  not  wishing  to  be  caught  with  them, 
walked  up  to  the  nearest  cot,  lifted  the  bed- 
ding and  hid  them  beneath  the  bedclothes 
where  they  were  found  a  few  minutes  after  by 
the  guard.  The  number  of  the  cot  was  taken 
and  the  name  of  its  occupant  ascertained, 
when  he  was  arrested  and  locked  up  in  a  cell. 
This  coming  to  the  Governor's  ears,  he  went 
directly  to  the  adjutant,  acknowledged  his 
connection  with  the  affair,  and  explained  how 
the  lines  came  to  be  hid  in  the  bed  where  they 
were  found,  and  told  him  that  if  any  one  was 
to  be  punished,  he  should  be.  He  was  taken 
at  his  word,  and  the  other  party  released,  and 
the  Governor  placed  in  a  cell  where  he  re- 
mained in  close  confinement  for  twenty-eight 
days. 

At  the  end  of  this  time  there  was  a  change 
in  the  commanding  officers  of  the  prison.  The 
new  commandant  sent  for  Mr.  Thornton  and 
said  to  him:  "Your  course  is  a  manly  one, 
and  I  believe  I  can  trust  you;  and  if  you  will 
give  your  word  not  to  escape,  I  will  release  you 
from  close  confinement."  The  promise  being 
given,  he  was  sent  back  to  general  quarters. 
Some  weeks  after  this,  he,  with  the  two  sons  of 
Colonel  Magoffin  and  one  or  two  others,  found 
a  concealed  place  in  what  at  one  time  had 
been  a  bake  oven,  but  was  then  unused.  Tak- 
ing this  as  a  place  of  beginning,  they,  with  a 
bread-knife  and  bread-pan  for  tools,  dug  a 
tunnel  sixty  feet  in  length,  going  under  the 
prison  wall  and  coming  to  the  surface  outside 
near  the  Mississippi  river.  It  was  slow  work, 
taking  over  a  month  to  accomplish,  working 


day  and  night,  two  men  at  a  time,  one  of  whom 
sat  in  the  oven  and  the  other  lay  down  in  the 
tunnel.  The  earth  was  loosed  with  the  bread- 
knife  and  placed  in  the  pan,  which  had  a 
string  tied  to  each  end  the  man  in  the  oven 
having  hold  of  one  end  of  the  string,  and  the 
one  at  work  the  other.  Two  jerks  indicated 
that  the  pan  was  full,  when  it  was  drawn  out, 
emptied  into  the  oven,  and  the  same  signal 
given  to  tell  when  the  pan  was  empty.  Fifty- 
six  men  crawled  through  this  hole  in  one  night 
and  escaped  to  freedom,  three  of  whom,  in- 
cluding Colonel  Magoffin,  were  taken  from 
cells  where  they  were  held  in  close  confine- 
ment. Notwithstanding  the  Governor  worked 
to  help  his  friends  to  freedom,  he  refused  to  go 
himself.  Like  every  man  in  confinement,  the 
desire  for  liberty  was  great;  still  he  resisted  the 
temptation  and  remained  in  prison  rather  than 
break  his  plighted  word.  This  indicates  one 
of  the  strongest  traits  of  the  Governor's 
character, — his  fidelity  to  any  trust  reposed  in 
him.  When  he  believes  himself  to  be  in  the 
right  and  once  gives  his  word,  nothing  can 
turn  him  from  his  path;  and  no  self-sacrifice 
proves  too  great  for  him,  if  thereby  he  can 
prove  his  loyalty  to  any  cause  to  which  he  is 
pledged.  He  is  known  as  a  man  of  the  high- 
est honor  and  integrity. 

After  eight  weary  months  spent  in  prison, 
he  was  exchanged  and  returned  to  his  company, 
with  which  he  served  until  the  close  of  the  war. 
He  was  then  mustered  out,  and  returned  to  his 
studies,  and  after  his  graduation  began  the 
practice  of  law  in  Clinton,  Missouri.  While 
there  he  served  two  terms  as  a  member  of  the 
Town  Council,  and  in  1876  represented  the 
county  in  the  State  Legislature.  Through 
close  application  to  business  his  health  failed, 
and,  necessitating  a  change  of  climate,  he  came 
to  Santa  Fe,  in  1877.  Here  he  again  opened 
a  law  office  and  soon  succeeded  in  establishing 
a  good  reputation  and  winning  a  liberal  patron- 
age. In  1880  he  was  elected  a  member  of  the 
Territorial  Council,  and  in  1891  was  elected  the 
first  Mayor  of  the  city  of  Santa  Fe,  being  the 
nominee  of  both  parties,  receiving  every  vote 


HISTORY  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


cast  but  one, — a  fact  which  indicates  his  per- 
sonal popularity  as  well  as  the  unlimited  con- 
fidence and  trust  reposed  in  him. 

In  1885  Mr.  Thornton  retired  from  the 
legal  profession,  in  order  to  give  more  attention 
to  his  mining  interests,  in  which  he  has  engaged 
to  a  greater  or  less  extent  since  coming  to  this 
Territory.  He  is  now  connected  with  numer- 
ous valuable  mining  enterprises  throughout 
New  Mexico;  is  also  largely  interested  in  cattle- 
raising,  being  connected  with  a  company  which 
owns  about  20,000  head  of  cattle  in  Lincoln 
county.  He  takes  great  interest  in  the  devel- 
opment and  progress  of  New  Mexico,  and  has 
been  instrumental  in  inducing  many  capitalists 
to  invest  largely  in  industries  which  have  proven 
of  great  value  to  the  Territory,  promoting  com- 
mercial activity,  enhancing  the  material  pros- 
perity and  advancing  the  general  walfare. 

In  April,  1893,  Governor  Thornton  was 
appointed  Governor  of  New  Mexico.  His  en- 
dorsements for  this  high  office  included  not  only 
the  Territorial  and  nearly  all  the  county  organ- 
izations of  his  party  throughout  the  Territory, 
but  also  a  large  majority  of  the  rank  and  file, 
showing  the  confidence  and  influence  which  his 
seventeen  years'  practice  of  steadfast  Demo- 
cracy in  New  Mexico  had  inspired  in  the  party. 

Another  and  equally  potent  influence  in 
securing  the  favorable  consideration  of  Presi- 
dent Cleveland,  was  his  well-known  and  fruit- 
ful activity  in  advertising  the  native  wealth  of 
New  Mexico  and  inducing  capitalists  to  take 
hold  of  its  development.  No  man  in  the  Ter- 
ritory is  better,  if  so  well,  acquainted  with  its 
varied  resources  in  mineral,  agricultural  and 
pastoral  wealth;  and  his  naturally  ardent,  hope- 
ful and  active  turn  of  mind  has  led  him  to  the 
expenditure  of  much  effort  toward  the  attraction 
to  New  Mexico  of  some  of  that  vast  and 
moneyed  energy  which  has  built  up  the  great 
trans-Missouri  empire,  of  which  the  Rocky 
mountain  range  is  the  backbone.  The  worth 
of  his  activity  to  New  Mexico  in  this  regard 
can  be  measurably  estimated  from  the  state- 
ment that  he  succeeded  in  securing  the  invest- 
ment of  over  a  million  dollars  in  different  un- 


developed resources  of  the  Territory.  Such 
fruitful  activity  measures  the  value  of  a  citizen 
to  the  public  in  any  State  or  Territory  of  such 
undeveloped  wealth  as  is  New  Mexico,  and 
makes  him  a  peculiarly  acceptable  candidate 
to  the  people,  as  well  as  a  very  strong  one  with 
a  high-minded  and  thoughtful  President  like 
Cleveland. 

The  financial  crisis  just  beginning  to  be 
felt  as  Governor  Thornton  entered  upon  his 
office,  has  deprived  him  of  the  opportunity  to 
aid  still  more  materially  in  giving  the  Territory 
that  increased  industrial  development  which  its 
native  riches  warrant,  and  which  he  had  hoped 
the  added  influence  of  his  exalted  position 
would  enable  him  to  greatly  advance. 

However,  his  activity  in  matters  of  public 
interest  found  abundant  fields  for  operation  in 
other  directions,  and  notably  in  one.  Partly 
through  the  indifference,  or  incompetency,  or 
both,  of  the  prosecuting  department  of  the 
Territorial  government,  and  partly  as  well 
through  other  causes,  there  had  been  a  very 
considerable  increase  of  crime,  especially  high 
crime,  during  the  few  years  just  preceding  Gov- 
ernor Thornton's  administration.  There  had 
also  been  a  notable  delinquency  among  tax 
collectors  and  others  having  the  receipt,  care, 
or  custody  of  public  funds.  These  unhealthy 
public  conditions  commanded  Governor  Thorn- 
ton's first  efforts,  aside  from  the  discharge  of 
the  routine  duties  of  his  office.  The  result  of 
the  crusade  against  crime,  and  against  finan- 
cial delinquency,  which  he  inaugurated  and 
carried  on  with  much  vigor  of  purpose  and  ac- 
tion, have  signalized  his  administration  and 
have  given  him  a  distinguished  place  in  the 
history  of  this  Territory  as  the  most  executive 
and  useful  governor  New  Mexico  has  ever  had. 
These  results  have  done  more  to  establish  the 
supremacy  of  law,  to  secure  peace  and  good 
order,  and  to  assure  the  security  of  life  and 
property,  and  henceto  advance  the  cause  of  civil- 
ization and  social  development,  than  the  works 
of  any  of  his  predecessors  in  his  high  office. 
High  crime,  including  political  assassinations, 
involving  both  Republicans  and  Democrats, 


HISTORY  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


committed  prior  to  his  inauguration  but  still 
undiscovered,  were  speedily  detected  and  pros- 
ecuted to  conviction  by  the  peace  and  prose- 
cuting officers  under  his  forceful  inspiration. 
Two  instances  of  this  are  notable  in  the  crim- 
inal chronology  of  the  country,  and  of  them- 
selves should  and  do  render  his  administration 
memorable  in  the  history  of  criminal  justice  in 
the  great  West. 

Official  carelessness  and  default  in  handling 
and  accounting  for  public  moneys  had  become 
sufficiently  common  to  be  scandalous,  and 
Governor  Thornton  at  once  set  himself  to  the 
correction  of  this  evil  and  to  the  application  of 
an  effectual  remedy.  Defaulting  collectors  and 
receivers  of  public  funds  were  removed  from 
office,  regardless  of  politics,  and  the  officials 
of  this  class  all  through  the  Territory  were 
thus,  as  well  as  by  direct  advice,  notified  that 
they  would  be  held  to  a  strict  accountability  in 
the  discharge  of  their  official  duty  under  the 
law.  This  has  stimulated  the  officials  to  a 
healthy  regard  for  the  sacredness  of  their  trust 
and  a  wholesome  fear  of  the  consequences  of 
shortcoming,  thus  re-establishing  confidence  in 
the  safety  of  the  public  treasury  and  security 
of  the  avenues  through  which  the  public  funds 
travel  thereto  from  the  pockets  of  the  indivi- 
dual taxpayers. 

These  works  of  Governor  Thornton,  con- 
ceived and  executed  in  a  purpose  of  public  good, 
which  is  necessarily  non-partisan,  added  to  the 
smaller  consequence  but  of  equal  import  in  the 
aggregate,  have  rendered  his  administration 
peculiarly  beneficial  and  acceptable  to  the 
whole  people  of  the  Territory. 

It  goes  without  saying,  quite  naturally,  that 
Governor  Thornton's  administration  in  all 
points  purely  political  does  not  meet  the  un- 
qualified approbation  of  partisan  Republicans, 
but  if  the  unexpired  half  of  his  term  shall  real- 
ize the  promise  of  the  past,  and  shall  equal  the 
good  works  thereof,  it  will  beat  down  and 
disarm  their  fractious  opposition. 

In  1868,  soon  after  Governor  Thornton  set- 
tled in  Clinton,  Missouri,  and  began  the  practice  ' 
of  his  profession,  he  was  happily  married  to 


Miss  Helen  Maltby,  of  New  York,  daughter  of 
Norman  Maltby,  who  was  afterward  Mayor  of 
Sedalia,  Missouri. 


ON.  THOMAS  SMITH,  one  of  the 
most  illustrious  citizens  of  the  Terri- 
tory  of  New  Mexico,  now  serving  in 
the  exalted  position  of  its  Chief  Jus- 
tice, is  a  man  whom  to  know  is  to  honor.  In 
all  the  relations  of  life,  whether  as  lawyer,  as 
Judge,  as  Legislator  or  as  a  private  citizen,  he 
has  been  found  true  to  duty,  and  his  life  rec- 
ord should  serve  as  a  source  of  inspiration  and 
encouragement.  To-day  he  stands  in  the 
front  rank  of  the  legal  profession,  not  only  of 
New  Mexico,  but  even  of  the  nation.  It  is  not 
easy  to  win  a  place  of  prominence  in  this  call- 
ing, with  which  are  connected  some  of  the  very 
brightest  minds  of  our  country.  The  fact  that 
the  law  is  termed  a  learned  profession  at  once 
suggests  something  of  the  effort  that  one  must 
put  forth  to  gain  an  exalted  place  therein.  It 
is  a  calling  in  which  one  must  depend  upon 
mental  power,  in  which  he  must  "learn"  that 
which  gives  him  pre-eminence.  Money  cannot 
purchase  it,  it  must  come  as  the  result  of  close 
application,  persistent  effort  and  determined 
purpose  combined  with  the  abilities  with  which 
one  is  endowed  by  nature. 

Judge  Smith  is  a  native  of  the  State  of 
Virginia,  his  birth  having  occurred  in  Culpeper 
county,  on  the  26th  day  of  July,  1838.  His 
father,  Governor  William  Smith,  was  a  de- 
scendant of  two  of  Virginia's  most  prominent 
and  notable  families,  the  Donaphins  and  the 
Smiths.  The  ancestry  of  the  former  is  traced 
back  to  a  Spanish  officer  who  fought  against 
the  Moors  in  the  sixteenth  century.  Failing 
to  obey  the  orders  of  the  cruel  Philip  to  destroy 
the  Moorish  townships  which  he  captured,  he 
fell  into  disfavor  with  his  king  and  fled  to  Scot- 
land, where  he  afterward  married  a  Scotch 
heiress  and  came  into  possession  of  valuable 
estates  in  that  country.  One  of  their  sons 
emigrated  to  America  and  became  a  pioneer 
settler  of  Jamestown.  Three  of  the  sons  of 


238 


HISTORY  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


the  last  named  gentleman  fought  in  the  Revo- 
lutionary war  in  the  company  commanded  by 
John  Marshall,  afterward  Chief  Justice  of  the 
United  States.  One  of  these  was  killed  at  the 
battle  of  Brandywine  and  another  served  until 
the  independence  of  the  colonies  was  an 
assured  fact  and  was  present  at  the  surrender 
of  the  English  troops  at  Yorktown.  He  was 
the  father  of  General  A.  W.  Donaphin. 

On  the  paternal  side  the  Judge  has  de- 
scended from  equally  honored  ancestors,  trac- 
ing his  lineage  back  to  Sir  Sidney  Smith,  who 
married  a  daughter  of  Walter  Anderson  of 
Wales,  an  officer  in  the  British  army.  His 
son,  Thomas  Smith,  was  the  father  of  Colonel 
Caleb  Smith,  and  the  latter  was  the  father  of 
Governor  William  Smith.  Among  Virginia's 
illustrious  sons  none  were  more  worthy  of  the 
honors  conferred  upon  them  than  he  who  twice 
served  as  Governor  of  the  Old  Dominion,  and 
several  times  represented  his  district  in  the 
United  States  Congress.  He  was  born  at 
Marengo,  the  old  homestead  of  his  father  in 
King  George  county,  Virginia,  on  the  6th  of 
September,  1797,  and  acquired  a  good  classi- 
cal and  law  education,  after  which  he  success- 
fully engaged  in  the  practice  of  law  in  Culpeper 
county,  winning  a  high  reputation  on  account 
of  his  marked  ability.  He  was  one  of  the  most 
loyal  sons  of  his  native  State,  and  at  the  age  of 
sixty-seven  years  took  an  active  part  in  the 
Civil  war  as  a  member  of  the  Confederate  army. 
His  valor  won  him  promotion  to  the  rank  of 
Major  General,  he  being  the  oldest  general  in 
the  Southern  service.  He  was  a  man  of  emi- 
nent ability  and  of  the  highest  honor,  possessed 
of  great  generosity  and  hospitality,  and  was  one 
of  the  most  honored  and  distinguished  sons  of 
the  Old  Dominion. 

In  Culpeper  county  he  was  united  in  mar- 
riage with  Miss  Elizabeth  H.  Bell,  the  eldest 
daughter  of  Captain  James  M.  and  Amelia 
Bell  of  Bell  Park.  Their  union  was  an  ex- 
ceedingly happy  one,  and  for  sixty  years  they 
traveled  life's  journey  together,  their  mutual 
love  and  confidence  increasing  as  the  years 
went  by,  and  all  the  time  Governor  Smith  re- 


mained the  gallant  lover  as  well  as  considerate 
husband,  while  it  was  the  wife's  care  to  please 
him  as  much  in  the  years  that  followed  as  well 
as  those  which  preceded  the  marriage.  She 
was  a  lady  of  high  culture  and  refinement,  pre- 
siding with  grace  over  their  hospitable  home, 
whose  doors  were  ever  open  for  the  reception 
of  the  many  friends  of  the  family.  Governor 
Smith  passed  away  on  the  i8th  of  May,  1887, 
and  a  long  and  useful  life  of  ninety  years  was 
thus  ended.  His  fellow  citizens  deemed  him 
worthy  of  the  highest  trust,  and  honored  him 
not  only  with  their  regard  but  also  with  the 
highest  office  within  the  gift  of  the  people  of 
the  State.  The  dignified  demeanor  of  the 
Governor  was  laid  aside  in  the  home  and  the 
character  of  the  true  Southern  gentleman  as- 
sumed,— genial,  hospitable  and  courteous.  He 
was  twice  wounded  in  battle.  Like  him  his 
sons  were  all  soldiers  in  the  Southern  army, 
and  one  lost  his  life  while  engaged  in  making 
a  charge  during  that  sanguinary  struggle.  Mrs. 
Smith,  who  had  the  love  of  all  who  knew  her, 
survived  her  hasband  for  several  years,  and  also 
reached  an  advanced  age. 

Their  son  Thomas,  who  is  now  New  Mexico's 
Chief  Justice,  was  born  at  the  parental  home 
in  Culpeper  county,  on  the  26th  of  August, 
1838,  and  acquired  his  education  in  Virginia, 
and  in  Washington,  District  of  Columbia,  being 
a  graduate  of  William  and  Mary  College.  He 
also  determined  to  enter  the  legal  profession, 
and  pursued  his  law  course  in  the  University  of 
Virginia,  after  which  he  began  practice  in  West 
Virginia.  When  the  war  broke  out  he  joined 
the  Kanawha  Rifles,  but  soon  after  received 
the  appointment  of  Major  of  the  Thirty-sixth 
Virginia  Regiment  upon  its  organization.  He 
was  in  command  at  the  battle  of  Fort  Donel- 
son  and  under  special  orders  captured  a  bat- 
tery from  the  Union  forces.  He  then  armed 
his  regiment  with  Enfield  rifles,  captured  from 
the  enemy,  and  successfully  withdrew  his  troops 
from  the  fort  during  the  negotiations  for  its 
surrender.  He  was  afterward  promoted  to  the 
rank  of  Colonel,  and  gallantly  commanded  his 
regiment  until  the  transfer  of  the  senior  officer 


HIS  TORT  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


of  the  brigade,  when  Colonel  Smith  was  rec- 
ommended for  promotion,  and  was  commis- 
sioned Brigadier  General  just  before  the  evac- 
uation of  Richmond. 

When  the  war  was  over  General  Smith  re- 
turned to  his  home  to  resume  quietly  the  duties 
of  his  profession,  and  began  practice  in  Fau- 
quier  county.  He  was  a  close  student  of  poli- 
tics and  soon  became  prominent  in  political 
circles,  being  frequently  elected  to  leading  po- 
sitions in  the  State.  His  opinions  have  ever 
been  received  with  deference  in  the  councils  of 
the  Democracy.  He  was  elected  a  member  of 
the  State  Legislature,  and  was  an  active  and 
capable  advocate  of  the  settlement  of  the  Vir- 
ginia debt.  In  1872  he  was  elected  Judge  of 
Fauquier  county  by  the  Legislature,  in  which 
capacity  he  served  one  term.  In  1884  he  re- 
ceived from  Mr.  Cleveland  the  appointment  of 
United  States  Attorney  for  New  Mexico,  in 
which  capacity  he  served  for  four  years,  and 
then  returned  to  Virginia,  where  he  continued 
his  residence  until  1892,  when  President  Cleve- 
land, unsolicited,  honored  him  with  the  ap- 
pointment of  Chief  Justice  of  the  United  States 
Supreme  Court  of  New  Mexico,  a  position 
which  Judge  Smith  is  now  filling  with  great 
credit  to  himself  and  to  the  complete  sat- 
isfaction of  the  bench  and  bar  of  the  Terri- 
tory. He  is  a  most  able  lawyer,  and  upon  the 
bench  his  course  has  been  such  as  to  win  the 
highest  commendation.  His  charges  are  ever 
clear  and  concise,  his  decisions  are  models  of 
sound  judgment  combined  with  his  broad  legal 
knowledge. 

Like  his  father  and  his  ancestors  Judge 
Smith  is  in  his  home  a  true  Southern  gentle- 
man. He  is  a  man  of  pleasing  appearance  and 
dignified  bearing,  always  courteous,  kindly  and 
affable.  He  was  happily  married  on  the  loth 
of  October,  1894,  to  Miss  Elizabeth  Fairfax 
Gaines,  a  native  of  Virginia  and  a  daughter  of 
Judge  William  Gaines,  of  that  State.  She  is 
a  beautiful  and  cultured  lady,  with  graces  of 
character  that  win  her  the  highest  regard,  and 
at  their  pleasant  home  in  East  Las  Vegas,  the 
Judge  and  Mrs.  Smith  take  great  pleasure  in 


entertaining    most    hospitably    their    host    of 
friends. 

Judge  Smith  has  no  sympathy  with  crime 
and  renders  his  decisions  without  regard  to  fear 
or  favor,  for  he  can  neither  be  scared  nor  dared. 
He  performs  his  duty  with  the  utmost  con- 
scientiousness. A  man  of  great  natural  ability, 
his  success  in  his  profession  has  been  uniform 
and  rapid,  and,  as  ha£  been  truly  remarked 
after  all  that  may  be  done  for  a  man  in  the 
way  of  giving  him  early  opportunities  for  ob- 
taining the  requirements  which  are  sought  in 
the  schools  and  in  books,  he  must  essentially 
formulate,  determine  and  give  shape  to  his  own 
character;  and  this  is  what  Mr.  Smith  has 
done.  He  has  persevered  in  the  pursuit  of  a 
persistent  purpose  and  gained  a  most  satisfac- 
tory reward.  His  life  is  exemplary  in  all  re- 
spects, and  has  won  him  the  affection  of  his 
friends  and  the  esteem  and  confidence  of  the 
business  public. 


R.  THOMAS  H.  BURGESS.— The 
gentleman  whose  name  heads  this 
sketch,  is  known  as  one  of  Albu- 
querque's leading  professional  men 
and  solid  citizens.  He  was  born  in  Kentucky 
on  the  1 5th  day  of  October,  1822,  of  dis- 
tinguished ancestors,  the  high  characteristics 
of  which  he  possesses  in  a  marked  degree.  On 
the  paternal  side  of  the  family  one  of  his  an- 
cestors was  an  adherent  of  King  Charles,  of 
England,  and  he  was  banished  to  the  Colony 
of  Virginia,  where  he  became  active  in  the 
offices  of  the  country  and  his  descendants  be- 
came participants  in  all  of  the  early  wars, 
down  to  and  including  our  subject's  grand- 
father, William  Burgess,  who  was  a  Revolu- 
tionary soldier.  He  lived  to  be  ninety-four 
years  of  age  and  died  in  Kentucky.  He  had 
married  a  Harden,  a  lady  whose  people  had  all 
participated  in  the  war  for  independence.  The 
Doctor's  father,  Timothy  Burgess,  was  born 
in  Pittsylvania  county,  Virginia,  and  he  had 
for  his  wife  Elizabeth  Gilbert,  a  descendant  of 
the  French  Huguenots,  who  were  for  many 


240 


HISTORr  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


years  residents  of  the  State  of  Georgia.  Her 
father  was  Captain  Samuel  Gilbert,  and  they 
were  a  family  of  Baptists  and  Methodists.  The 
father  of  Dr.  Burgess  raised  a  family  of  five 
children,  our  subject  being  the  fourth  in  order 
of  birth.  The  senior  Burgess  followed  agricul- 
tural pursuits  and  lived  to  be  ninety  years  of 
age,  his  wife  dying  when  in  her  eighty-first 
year.  . 

Several  of  the  sons  became  Methodist  min- 
isters, but  our  subject  inclined  to  the  practice 
of  medicine,  and  was  allowed  to  follow  this 
bent.  He  was  educated  in  his  native  State,  in 
the  college  at  Danville,  and  received  his  medi- 
cal training  in  the  St.  Louis  Medical  College, 
graduating  there  in  1854.  He  commenced  the 
practice  of  medicine  at  Benton,  Illinois,  where 
he  remained  until  Duquoin,  Illinois,  became  a 
railroad  town.  He  then  removed  to  that  place, 
where  he  made  his  home  until  1886,  at  which 
time  he  came  to  Albuquerque  and  instituted 
his  drug  business. 

Dr.  Burgess  was  married  in  Benton,  Illinois, 
to  Miss  Jemima  Moberly,  a  lady  of  Southern 
ancestry,  who  was  born  in  that  place,  her  pa- 
rents being  pioneers  of  southern  Illinois.  There 
were  born  to  Dr.  and  Mrs.  Burgess  eleven  chil- 
dren, six  of  whom  are  now  living.  Grant,  who 
is  the  eldest  son,  is  a  graduate  of  the  Missouri 
Medical  College.  Warren  J.,  the  youngest 
son,  is  now  sixteen  years  of  age  and  is  actively 
engaged  in  mining  and  prospecting. 

Dr.  Burgess  has  the  honor  of  being  one  of 
the  founders  of  the  Republican  party,  and  was 
one  of  the  delegates  to  the  Decatur  conven- 
tion which  sent  the  delegates  who  nominated 
Abraham  Lincoln  for  President.  He  is  thor- 
oughly conversant  with  the  early  history  of  the 
West  and  was  in  San  Francisco  in  1845, 
when  there  were  only  two  settlers  in  that 
now  populous  city.  He  was  also  at  Sutter's 
Fort  and  knew  the  General,  and  was  act- 
ing as  superintendent  of  a  cattle  and  stock 
ranch  upon  the  present  location  of  Stockton 
when  Marshall  came  to  see  him,  bringing  a 
sample  of  the  gold  he  had  discovered.  Dr.  Bur- 
gess enlisted  with  the  Americans  in  California, 


under  the  "bear  flag,"  and  they  had  effected 
the  capture  of  the  entire  north  side  of  the 
bay  when  General  Fremont  arrived.  They 
then  joined  forces  with  him  and  finished  the 
conquest  of  California.  The  Doctor  relates 
some  decidedly  interesting  as  well  as  thrilling 
tales  of  this  war,  and  describes  himself  as  hav- 
ing been  a  high  private,  carrying  his  own 
trusty  muzzle-loading  rifle,  and  taking  part  in 
some  rather  hard  fighting.  In  recognition  of 
the  valiant  services  thus  performed  the 
Government  has  granted  him  a  pension.  After 
gold  was  discovered  he  engaged  in  mining  for 
some  time,  returning  from  California  in  1850. 

He  has  always  taken  an  active  interest  and 
part  in  political  matters,  and  when  the  Civil 
war  was  inaugurated  he  proffered  his  services  to 
the  Government.  He  w.as  commisioned  as 
Lietuenant-Colonel  and  Surgeon  of  the  Eight- 
eenth Illinois  Volunteer  Infantry.  He  served 
under  General  Grant,  with  whom  he  was 
personally  intimate,  being  one  of  his  first  admir- 
ers and  warm  friends.  At  the  breaking  out  of 
the  war  southern  Illinois  was  considered  half 
rebel,  and  when  the  company  had  been  raised 
there  for  the  Union  army,  Dr.  Burgess  was 
sent  to  get  it  accepted  by  Governor  Yates. 
Here  it  was  that  he  first  met  General  Grant 
and  then  did  not  again  meet  him  until  they 
were  together  at  Cairo.  Here  they  became 
warm  friends,  and  after  the  war  was  over  and 
Grant  had  become  General  of  the  United 
States  Army,  Dr.  Burgess  called  upon  him  in 
Washington.  Here  he  was  received  with  the 
utmost  consideration  and  kindness  by  the  great 
warrior,  and  the  memory  of  this  visit  is 
tenderly  treasured.  Dr.  Burgess  was  also  a 
delegate  to  the  national  convention  which 
gave  to  General  Grant  his  second  nomination 
for  President. 

Dr.  Burgess  has  always  been  a  man  of 
advanced  ideas,  a  strong  and  active  worker  in 
the  Republican  party.  He  has  attended  its 
State  and  national  conventions  and  has  ever 
stood  by  its  measures.  In  1 869  he  was  elected 
a  member  of  the  Illinois  Legislature  in  a 
strongly  Democratic  district  and  thus  demon- 


HISTORT  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


241 


strating  that,  although  a  strong  partisan,  still 
he  had  made  many  warm  friends  and  admirers 
in  the  opposition.  The  life  of  our  subject  has 
been  a  useful  one  in  more  ways  than  one,  and 
the  example  he  has  set  can  with  profit  be 
pointed  out  to  our  young  men.  Dr.  Burgess 
is  socially  a  most  affable  and  agreeable  indi- 
vidual, and  is  contentedly  passing  the  evening  of 
a  well-spent  life,  mainly  in  his  comfortable 
home  in  Albuquerque. 


EON.    L.     BRADFORD    PRINCE.— 
The  name  of    this    gentleman,  a  well 
known  resident  of  Santa  Fe,  is  insep- 
arably connected  with  the   history  of 
New    Mexico,  with  its  progress  and   develop- 
ment and  with    its  educational,  social,  moral, 
and  material  interests.      He  is  one  of  the  most 
prominent  men   in   the  Territory,  is  president 
of  the  Historical    Society,  and  has    served  as 
Chief  Justice  and  Governor. 

Born  in  Flushing,  New  York,  on  the  3d  of 
July,  1840,  he  is  a  lineal  descendant,  on  the 
maternal  side,  of  Governor  William  Bradford, 
of  Plymouth,  who  came  to  this  country  on  the 
Mayflower.  His  great-grandfather  was  Gov- 
ernor Bradford  of  Rhode  Island,  and  his  grand- 
father, Governor  Collins,  of  the  same  State. 
His  paternal  ancestors  were  the  founders  of  the 
well  known  Prince  family  of  Long  Island. 

Being  in  delicate  health,  Mr.  Prince  spent 
much  of  his  early  life  in  the  South,  and  as  he 
grew  to  manhood  engaged  in  horticultural  pur- 
suits at  his  father's  place  in  Flushing,  but  after 
a  short  time  abandoned  that  work  in  order  to 
take  up  the  study  of  law.  Entering  Columbia 
College  Law  School,  he  mastered  the  course 
with  special  honor,  and  upon  his  graduation 
received  the  $200  prize  in  political  science. 
From  his  youth  he  was  exceedingly  active  in 
all  matters  affecting  the  welfare  and  improve- 
ment of  his  native  town,  and  in  1858  originated 
the  Flushing  Library  Association,  obtaining 
the  first  subscriptions,  drafting  its  constitution, 
and  acting  for  three  years  as  its  secretary,  and 
afterward  as  its  president.  From  that  time 

16 


until  his  departure  to  New  Mexico  he  was  the 
leading  spirit  in  all  local  public  affairs. 

Very  early  in  life,  Mr.  Prince  devloped  an 
extraordinary  aptitude  for  political  matters, 
and  the  activity  he  displayed  in  his  district  dur- 
ing the  Fremont  campaign  won  for  him  a  vote 
of  thanks  from  the  Town  Club,  of  which  his 
age  (sixteen  years)  prevented  his  becoming  a 
member.  In  the  canvas  of  1860,  though  still 
a  minor,  he  was  the  secretary  of  the  local  po- 
litical organization,  and  worked  enthusiastically 
for  the  success  of  the  Lincoln  ticket.  In  1861 
he  was  chosen  a  member  of  the  Republican 
County  Committee  of  Queens  county,  on  which 
he  served  continuously  almost  twenty  years, 
during  several  of  which  he  was  its  secretary 
and  chairman.  He  was  a  delegate  to  all  State 
conventions  from  1866  until  1878,  was  elected 
a  delegate  to  the  National  Republican  conven- 
tion held  in  Chicago  in  1868,  which  nominated 
General  Grant,  and  the  following  year  became 
a  member  of  the  State  committee. 

The  political  labors  of  Mr.  Prince  at  this 
period  were  all  the  more  honorable  from  the 
fact  that  they  were  pursued  merely  as  a  matter 
of  principle,  and  without  the  least  expectation 
of  personal  advancement,  the  district  in  which 
he  resided  being  strongly  Democratic.  His 
qualifications  for  filling  a  responsible  position 
were,  however,  too  apparent  to  be  neglected, 
and  in  1870  he  was  elected  to  the  Assembly, 
members  of  all  parties  joining  in  his  support. 
In  1871  he  was  re-elected  by  a  large  majority, 
although  his  opponent  was  considered  the 
strongest  Democrat  in  the  district.  The  fol- 
lowing year  he  received  the  extraordinary  com- 
pliment of  the  request  of  his  continuance  in  of- 
fice signed  by  more  than  2,000  voters  irrespect- 
|  ive  of  party  (being  a  petition  over  seventy  feet 
long),  and,  having  been  nominated  by  accla- 
mation, was  re-elected  without  opposition.  In 
1 873,  having  declined  a  nomination  to  the  Sen- 
ate, he  was  again  returned  to  the  Assembly 
without  an  opposing  candidate.  In  the  fall  of 
1874  the  Democrats  made  a  determined  effort 
to  redeem  the  district,  which  now  for  four 
years  had  been  lost  to  their  party,  by  nominat- 


HISTORY  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


ing  a  very  strong  candidate  and  carrying  on  a 
most  energetic  campaign.  The  canvass  was 
an  exciting  one,  but  resulted  in  another  victory 
for  Mr.  Prince,  who  secured  a  majority  of  771 
votes.  There  is  believed  to  be  no  other  in- 
stance on  record  of  a  person  being  elected  five 
successive  times  in  a  district  politically  opposed 
to  him.  In  the  canvass  of  1875  Mr.  Prince 
received  the  Republican  nomination  for  the 
Senate  in  the  First  district,  then  consisting  of 
Queens,  Suffolk  and  Richmond  counties,  and 
although  the  Democrats  were  successful  in  the 
district  on  the  general  ticket  by  nearly  2,700 
majority,  he  won  the  election  by  a  majority  of 
904,  running  3,600  ahead  of  the  ticket. 

The  legislative  career  of  Mr.  Prince  was  an 
exceedingly  useful  and  highly  honorable  one. 
In  1872,  1873  and  1874  he  was  chairman  of 
the  judiciary  committee,  performing  the  multi- 
farious and  arduous  duties  in  the  most  ceditable 
manner.  While  filling  this  position  over  1,100 
bills  came  into  his  hands  for  reports,  a  larger 
number  than  have  ever  been  submitted  to  any 
other  committee,  either  State  or  National,  in  a 
similar  length  of  time.  During  the  winter  of 
1872  it  became  his  duty  to  conduct  the  invest- 
igation into  the  official  conduct  of  Judges  Barn- 
ard, Cardozo  and  McCunn.  This  investiga- 
tion extended  from  February  to  April,  during 
which  time  239  witnesses  were  examined  and 
over  2,400  pages  of  evidence  taken.  The 
thoroughness  and  fairness  with  which  the  in- 
vestigation was  conducted  won  the  approval  of 
persons  of  all  shades  of  political  belief,  and  its 
results  form  one  of  the  brightest  pages  in  the 
history  of  the  great  reform  movement  which 
succeeded  the  downfall  of  Tweed.  The  re- 
port of  the  committee  in  favor  of  impeaching 
two  of  the  judges  and  removing  the  other  met 
with  general  public  acquiescence  and  were 
adopted  by  the  House,  and  Mr.  Prince  was 
chosen  one  of  the  managers  to  conduct  the 
impeachment  trial,  receiving  110  out  of  113 
votes  cast  on  the  ballot  in  the  Assembly.  He 
was  also  appointed  to  proceed  to  the  bar  of 
the  Senate  and  formally  impeach  Judge  Barnard 
of  high  crimes  and  misdemeanors.  He  was 


active  in  the  matter  until  the  close  of  the  trial, 
and  it  has  been  generally  conceded  that  to  no 
other  man  is  the  judiciary  of  the  State  so  much 
indebted  for  being  relieved  of  the  disgrace  that 
would  have  attended  the  retention  of  Barnard 
and  Cardozo  on  the  bench. 

The  amendments  to  the  constitution  of  New 
York  received  from  Mr.  Prince  special  atten- 
tion. In  1872  he  introduced  and  succeeded  in 
getting  passed  the  bill  for  a  constitutional  com- 
mission. During  the  sessions  of  1873—4  ne 
had  charge  of  the  proposed  amendments,  both 
in  committee  and  in  the  Assembly,  and  the 
task  of  explaining  and  defending  them  fell 
almost  exclusively  to  his  lot.  Just  previous 
to  these  amendments  being  submitted  to  the 
people  for  ratification,  in  the  fall  of  1874,  Mr. 
Prince,  at  the  request  of  the  council  of  Political 
Reform,  wrote  a  pamphlet  on  the  subject, 
which  was  widely  circulated  as  a  campaign 
document,  and  tended  largely  to  their  success 
at  the  polls.  In  the  session  of  1875  he  pre- 
pared and  introduced  nearly  all  the  bills  re- 
quired to  carry  the  new  constitutional  system 
into  effect,  that  work  being  assigned  to  him  by 
general  assent,  although  the  Assembly  was 
Democratic.  While  in  the  Legislature,  Mr. 
Prince  gave  special  attention  to  the  canal  sys- 
tem of  New  York,  and  the  question  of  trans- 
portation from  the  West  to  the  seaboard.  He 
made  several  speeches  on  this  subject  in  the 
Assembly,  as  well  as  at  the  organization  of  the 
Cheap  Transportation  Association  (now  the 
New  York  Board  of  Trade)  at  Cooper  Insti- 
tute in  1874,  and  at  the  Produce  Exchange 
meeting  in  1875.  The  New  York  Chamber  of 
Commerce  twice  formally  acknowledged  these 
services  to  the  mercantile  community  by  votes 
of  thanks.  In  1874  he  was  chairman  of  the 
Assembly  committee  to  conduct  the  United 
States  Senate  committee  on  transportation 
routes  through  the  State,  and  performed  that 
duty  in  September  of  that  year.  At  different 
times  during  1874  and  1875,  he  lectured  on 
this  subject  of  transportation  in  New  York, 
Albany,  Troy,  Poughkeepsie  and  other  places. 
In  May,  1876,  he  was  a  member  of  the  Na- 


HIS  TORT  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


243 


tional  Republican  Convention,  which  nomi- 
nated Hayes  and  Wheeler.  In  1877,  though 
tendered  a  unanimous  nomination  to  the  Senate, 
he  declined  to  serve  again  on  the  ground  that 
he  could  not  afford  to  longer  neglect  his  private 
business. 

Mr.  Prince's  reputation  is  not,  however,  con- 
fined to  the  field  of  politics.  As  a  lawyer  he 
occupies  a  high  position,  his  clear,  incisive 
reasoning  power,-  and  rare  ability  as  an  advo- 
cate rendering  him  eminently  successful.  In 
1 868  he  was  chosen  orator  of  the  Alumni  As- 
sociation of  the  Columbia  College  Law  School, 
and  for  two  years  was  its  president.  In  1876, 
having  again  been  chosen  alumni  orator,  he 
delivered  an  oration  in  the  Academy  of  Music 
on  "The  Duties  of  Citizenship,"  enforcing  the 
idea  that  men  of  character  and  education  should 
take  the  lead  in  political  affairs. 

June  13,  1894,  Mr.  Prince  received  from 
Colorado  College  the  degree  of  LL.  D. ,  and  on 
June  28  following,  received  a  similar  honor 
from  Kenyon  College,  Ohio. 

Mr.  Prince  is  well  known  also  as  a  thought- 
ful writer  and  lecturer  on  various  topics,  among 
which  those  relating  to  legislative  and  govern- 
mental reform  have  attracted  wide  attention. 
A  work  from  his  pen  entitled  ' '  E  Pluribus 
Umim,"  or  "American  Nationality," — a  com- 
parison between  the  constitution  and  the  arti- 
cles of  confederation, — passed  through  several 
editions  in  1868,  and  received  the  warmest 
commendations  from  statesmen  and  political 
scientists.  In  1880  a  Chicago  firm  published  a 
work  by  Mr.  Prince  on  a  somewhat  similar  sub- 
ject, entitled  "A  Nation  or  a  League." 

As  a  speaker  Governor  Prince  is  well  known 
throughout  New  York  and  New  Mexico,  and 
has  been  especially  prominent  as  a  campaign 
orator.  He  has  taken  a  lively  interest  in  all 
that  pertains  to  the  advancement  of  the  farm- 
ing community,  and  has  delivered  many  ad- 
dresses before  agricultural  societies;  for  ten 
years  was  superintendent  or  director  of  the 
Queens  County  Agricultural  Society;  and  in 
1862  wrote  an  agricultural  history  of  that  coun- 
ty, which  was  published  by  the  society.  He 


is  a  life  member  of  the  Long  Island  Historical 
Society,  and  from  1864  until  1879  was  an  offi- 
cer in  that  learned  body.  He  is  also  a  corre- 
sponding member  of  the  New  York  Geograph- 
ical Society,  New  York  Archaeological  Society, 
etc.  He  was  also  a  prominent  member  of  the 
Masonic  fraternity,  and  has  been  honored  with 
various  offices  within  the  gift  of  his  fellow 
Masons. 

During  1878,  without  any  application,  Mr. 
Prince  was  offered  various  appointments,  in- 
cluding two  in  foreign  countries,  the  Marshal- 
ship  of  New  York,  the  Governorship  of  Idaho, 
and  the  Chief  Justiceship  of  New  Mexico.  The 
last  mentioned  he  declined  three  times,  but 
finally,  at  the  urgent  request  of  Secretary  Ev- 
arts  and  the  Department  of  Justice,  consented 
to  accept,  and  left  for  his  new  field  on  the  ist 
of  February,  1879.  His  term  of  office  covered 
all  of  the  transition  period  between  the  old  con- 
dition of  things  before  the  railroad  reached  the 
Territory  and  the  new  regime  of  progress  and 
development.  The  criminal  business  when 
the  railroad  was  first  built  was  phenome- 
nal, and  the  sudden  increase  in  values  and 
changes  in  business  methods  resulted  in  a  flood 
of  civil  suits.  The  volume  of  court  business 
was  made  larger  than  it  has  ever  been  since,  and 
Judge  Prince's  district  covered  one-half  of  the 
entire  Territory  !  By  characteristic  energy  and 
frequent  night  sessions  of  the  court,  he  cleared 
off  the  accumulated  business  of  years,  and,  hav- 
ing disposed  of  1,184  civil  and  1,483  criminal 
cases,  and  by  prompt  and  vigorous  trials  and 
convictions  rid  the  country  of  desperadoes,  he 
tendered  his  resignation,  in  May,  1882,  so  as 
to  be  free  to  engage  in  other  matters.  He  was 
not  relieved,  however,  'until  the  succeeding 
August.  The  absolute  impartiality  of  his  judi- 
cial administration  was  warmly  approved  by  all 
and  -won  special  regard  among  the  native  popu- 
lation and  the  poorer  classes  who  had  never 
before  felt  such  confidence  in  the  protection  of 
their  rights. 

From  the  time  of  his  arrival  in  New  Mexico 
Judge  Prince  has  been  the  representative  and 
leader  of  the  progressive  element.  In  every 


HISTORY  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


step  of  development  and  advancement  he 
has  had  a  leading  part.  In  1880  he  drew  the 
act  organizing  the  Bureau  of  Immigration,  and 
became  its  first  president.  In  1881  he  made  a 
compilation  of  the  general  laws  of  New  Mexico, 
many  of  which  were  then  out  of  print,  and  a 
second  edition  was  edited  two  years  later.  In 
1883  he  wrote  his  history  of  New  Mexico,  cov- 
ering the  period  from  the  first  discoveries  to 
the  American  occupation,  which  is  now  the 
standard  authority  on  that  subject.  The 
greater  part  of  the  summer  of  1883  he  devoted 
to  theiTertio-Millennial  Celebration  at  Santa 
Fe,  which  was  the  most  interesting  and  com- 
prehensive historical  commemoration  ever  un- 
dertaken in  the  country,  the  program  of  pag- 
eants extending  over  thirty-three  days.  In 
1882  Judge  Prince  was  elected  president  of  the 
University  at  Santa  Fe,  and  has  devoted  much 
time  to  it,  and  especially  to  its  Indian  work  at 
the  Ramona  school.  In  1 883  he  became  presi- 
dent of  the  Historical  Society  of  the  Territory, 
and  still  holds  the  position,  the  society  in  the 
meantime  having  obtained  permanent  quarters 
in  the  Old  Palace  and  accumulated  very  valu- 
able collections.  Judge  Prince  is  greatly  in- 
terested in  everything  pertaining  to  the  ancient 
history  and  archaeology  of  New  Mexico,  and 
has  himself  altogether  the  largest  collection  of 
prehistoric  stone  idols  and  similar  relics  in  the 
United  States. 

On  every  public  occasion  all  over  New 
Mexico,  his  voice  has  been  heard,  at  4th  of 
July  and  Decoration  Day  celebrations,  at  the 
foundation  and  opening  of  public  buildings,  at 
county  fairs,  mining  and  irrigation  conventions, 
educational,  Masonic  and  other  celebrations, 
and  on  such  special  occasions  as  the  funeral 
observances  for  Grant  and  Garfield,  the  recep- 
tion of  Archbishop  Chapelle  in  the  cathe- 
dral, etc. 

He  has  been  an  earnest  friend  of  Statehood 
from  the  first,  and  has  spoken  in  advocacy  of 
that  advance  not  only  before  committees  of 
both  Houses  of  Congress,  but  also  in  all  the 
principal  cities  of  New  Mexico. 

On   three  different  occasions,  — 1883,  1890 


and  1891, — he  delivered  the  annual  address  at 
the  Territorial  fair,  all  of  these  speeches  being 
afterwards  published  as  immigration  docu- 
ments and  one  obtaining  a  circulation  largely 
exceeding  100,000.  Of  late  years  he  has 
furnished  articles  to  the  North  American  Re- 
view, Harpers'  Weekly  and  other  magazines, 
and  is  constantly  writing  in  commendation  of 
New  Mexico  and  its  resources,  and  in  defense 
of  its  people  against  all  kinds  of  unjust  at- 
tacks. 

In  the  spring  of  1889  he  was  appointed 
Governor  of  New  Mexico  and  held  that  office 
for  a  little  over  four  years.  His  administra- 
tion was  characterized  by  its  progressive 
spirit,  everything  being  done  to  advance  the 
development  of  the  Territory.  His  messages 
to  the  Legislature  were  universally  commended, 
and  their  recommendations  followed  to  a  flat- 
tering extent.  Every  department  of  the 
government,  under  his  appointees,  was  suc- 
cessfully and  honestly  conducted,  and  no 
breath  of  scandal  arose  during  his  four-year 
term.  A  modern  educational  system  was  suc- 
cessfnlly  inaugurated  and  carried  on,  the 
University  of  Albuquerque,  Agricultural  Col- 
lege, School  of  Mines  and  Insane  Asylum 
were  erected  and  commenced  their  work.  The 
public  debt  was  paid  off  to  a  considerable  ex- 
tent. After  many  years  of  fruitless  effort, 
Congress  was  induced  to  create  a  special 
court  to  adjudicate  the  titles  of  Spanish  and 
Mexican  land  grants,  this  result  being  achieved 
by  a  visit  of  Governor  Prince  to  Washington, 
and  also  a  special  delegation  appointed  by  him. 

During  his  gubernatorial  term  the  old 
custom  of  monthly  public  receptions  was  re- 
stored and  the  ancient  "  Governor's  Palace  " 
became  the  center  of  hospitality  to  both  resi- 
dents and  strangers. 

For  several  years  Governor  Prince  has 
been  very  active  as  a  member  of  the  Trans- 
Mississippi  Congress,  being  elected  its  presi- 
dent at  New  Orleans  and  serving  as  such 
through  half  the  session  at  Ogden;  and  at  the 
session  held  in  St.  Louis  in  November,  1894, 
he  delivered  an  address  on  bimetalism,  which 


HIS  TORT  OF"  NEW  MEXICO. 


245 


has  made  him  famous  throughout  the  whole  of 
the  United  States.  The  subject  was  handled 
so  logically,  so  exhaustively  and  in  such  a 
spirit  of  fairness  that  his  effort  has  been  high- 
ly complimented  by  the  leading  statesmen  of 
the  country,  and,  having  been  printed  in 
pamphlet  form,  it  is  in  great  demand,  and 
has  been  reprinted  in  magazines  and  copied 
from  far  and  wide.  It  may  be  said  to  be  a 
text-book  on  the  subject,  and  must  largely  aid 
in  bringing  the  white  metal  back  to  its  legiti- 
mate use  in  the  money  of  the  world. 

In  connection  with  his  other  business  inter- 
ests Mr.  Prince  has  been  actively  engaged  in 
mining  and  in  horticulture.  He  is  also  one  of 
the  most  active  laymen  in  the  Episcopal 
Church,  and  has  been  a  member  of  the 
General  Conventions  of  1877,  1880,  1883, 
1886,  1889,  1892  and  1895.  He  is  Chancel- 
lor of  the  Jurisdiction  of  New  Mexico,  and  in 
1880  he  originated  the  American  Church 
Building  Fund,  which  now  exceeds  $250,000; 
and  on  missions  and  kindred  subjects  he  has 
made  addresses  in  the  principal  Episcopal 
churches  in  the  United  States  from  Boston  to 
San  Francisco. 

Judge  Prince  was  married  on  the  ist  of 
December,  1879,  to  Miss  Hattie  E.  Childs, 
but  after  only  two  and  a  half  short  months  of 
happy  wedded  life  she  died,  of  pneumonia. 
Her  death  occurred  after  an  illness  of  only  a 
few  days,  and  was  a  great  blow  to  her  hus- 
band and  friends.  On  the  I7th  of  Novem- 
ber, 1 88 1,  Mr.  Prince  was  united  in  marriage 
with  Miss  Mary  C.  Beardsley,  of  Oswego, 
New  York,  daughter  of  Hon.  S.  B.  Beardsley, 
Mayor  of  that  city,  and  a  descendant  of  one 
of  the  most  prominent  families  of  the  State. 
They  have  one  son, — William  Bradford,— 
who  was  born  in  Santa  Fe. 


EONORABLE  LEWIS    C.    FORT.— 
A  man   of   distinguished   attainments 
^vho  has  attained  a  position   of  emi- 
nence at  the  bar  of  New  Mexico  and 
who  is  one  of  the  representative  and  most  hon- 


ored citizens  of  East  Las  Vegas,  the  subject  of 
this  sketch  merits  specific  recognition  in  this 
connection  as  well  as  on  the  score  of  the  serv- 
ice he  has  rendered  his  country  as  defending 
her  institutions  against  the  insidious  advances 
of  internal  dissension,  and  on  that  of  his  ear- 
nest efforts  and  his  success  as  a  man  among 
men.  Such  are  the  determinate  elements  of 
character,  and  in  such  cases  does  biographical 
history  exercise  its  most  important  function. 

Mr.  Fort  was  born  in  Baltimore,  Maryland, 
December  3ist,  1845,  ms  paternal  ancestors 
having  come  from  England  to  America  at  a 
very  early  period  in  the  history  of  the  latter, 
and  having  been  among  the  first  settlers  in 
Maryland.  They  were  prominent  in  profes- 
sional and  business  ranks,  and  representatives 
of  the  family  rendered  active  service  in  the 
desperate  conflict  which  secured  independence 
for  our  now  magnificent  nation.  Leander 
Fort,  the  grandfather  of  our  subject,  was  a 
native  of  Baltimore  and  took  an  active  part  in 
defending  the  city  against  the  British  forces  in 
that  memorable  struggle.  His  son,  Leander 
Fort,  was  also  a  native  of  the  famous  old  city 
with  whose  annals  the  history  of  his  ancestors 
had  been  so  indissolubly  linked  from  almost 
the  time  of  its  inception.  On  attaining  matur- 
ity he  married  Miss  Charlotte  Logie,  a  native 
of  Virginia  and  of  Scotch  ancestry.  They  be- 
came the  parents  of  six  children,  of  whom 
three  are  now  living.  The  father  died  in  1885, 
at  the  age  of  sixty-eight  years,  and  the  mother 
survived  to  attain  the  age  of  seventy-six  years, 
her  demise  occurring  in  1891. 

Lewis  C.  Fort,  the  immediate  subject  of  this 
review,  is  the  oldest  of  the  three  surviving  chil- 
dren. His  educational  discipline  of  a  more 
preliminary  sort  was  received  in  the  excellent 
scholastic  institutions  of  his  native  city,  where 
he  was  still  living  at  the  time  of  the  outbreak 
of  the  late  war  of  the  Rebellion.  It  was  but 
natural  that  there  should  have  been  transmitted 
to  him  from  his  loyal  ancestors  that  spirit  of 
patriotism  with  which  they  were  to  strongly 
imbued,  and,  though  a  mere  boy  at  the  time, 
he  valiantly  went  forth  in  defense  of  the  Union. 


246 


HIS  TORT  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


His  first  service  was  in  the  engineering  corps, 
and  he  subsequently  became  a  member  of  the 
Tenth  Maryland  Volunteer  Infantry,  which 
was  assigned  to  the  Army  of  the  Potomac  and 
which  rendered  efficient  aid  in  upholding  the 
Union  cause. 

After  the  close  of  the  war  our  subject  de- 
voted himself  assiduously  to  the  reading  of 
law  and  to  thoroughly  preparing  himself  for 
that  profession  which  he  had  determined  to 
adopt  as  his  vocation  in  life,  his  law  studies  be- 
ing prosecuted  at  Baltimore,  where,  in  due 
course  of  time,  he  was  admitted  to  practice  at 
the  bar.  Thus  reinforced  for  the  work  in  hand 
he  went  to  Arkansas  and  was  there  actively  en- 
gaged in  the  practice  of  his  profession  until 
1879,  which  year  marks  the  date  of  his  advent 
in  Las  Vegas, — then  but  a  nucleus  of  the 
present  beautiful  and  prosperous  city.  He 
soon  entered  upon  a  professional  association 
with  Judge  William  D.  Lee,  and  they  acquired 
a  large  and  representative  practice  whose  scope 
far  transcended  the  limitations  of  the  little  city 
which  figured  as  their  headquarters.  This  as- 
sociation continued  until  the  time  of  Judge 
Lee's  appointment  to  the  bench  of  the  Terri- 
tory in  1889. 

Soon  after  the  dissolution  of  the  partner- 
ship just  noticed  Judge  E.  V.  Long  became  as- 
sociated with  Mr.  Fort,  under  the  firm  name  of 
Long  &  Fort,  and  they  have  ever  since  con- 
tinued together  in  the  prosecution  of  their  large 
legal  practice,  enjoying  a  marked  precedence 
and  retaining  a  thoroughly  representative  client- 
age in  the  Territory.  The  distinctive  honor 
and  professional  ability  of  our  subject  has 
gained  to  him  marked  recognition,  and  he  has 
served  in  high  offices  of  public  trust.  For  four 
years  past  Mr.  Fort  has  been  the  efficient  in- 
cumbent as  District  Attorney  of  the  district 
comprising  the  counties  of  San  Miguel,  Mora, 
Union  and  Guadaloupe.  He  has  acquired  par- 
ticular distinction  as  a  prosecutor.  Further 
official  preferment  has  been  accorded  him,  and 
that  of  an  order  which  has  brought  him  prom- 
inently before  the  people  of  the  Territory.  He 
served  as  a  member  of  the  House  in  the  Twenty- 


ninth  Territorial  Legislature,  after  which  he 
was  elected  to  the  Senate,  in  which  his  serv- 
ices had  potent  influence  in  furthering  the  in- 
terests of  New  Mexico  and  in  insuring  effective 
legislation. 

From  the  time  of  his  coming  to  East  Las 
Vegas  he  has  been  intimately  and  consecutively 
identified  with  the  city  and  its  affairs,  having 
aided  in  its  incorporation  and  having  taken  a 
lively  interest  in  every  measure  and  enterprise 
tending  to  conserve  the  development  and  prog- 
ress of  the  city.  In  1 890  he  was  elected  City 
Attorney  and  was  incumbent  in  that  office  un- 
til 1895.  His  interest  in  educational  affairs 
has  been  one  of  broad  and  liberal  nature  and 
he  has  been  a  prime  mover  in  securing  to  the 
city  its  present  excellent  public-school  system. 
Las  Vegas  holds  a  position  of  prominence  as 
having  been  the  first  locality  in  the  Territory 
to  erect  a  school  building  by  direct  taxation, 
and  in  bringing  this  measure  before  the  people 
and  effecting  the  erection  of  the  present  fine 
school  building  our  subject  was  one  of  the 
prime  factors, — said  building  being  of  modern 
architectural  design  and  substantially  con- 
structed of  brown  sandstone,  and  standing  an 
ornament  to  the  city  and  as  a  fitting  and  per- 
petual monument  to  the  intelligence  and  enter- 
prise of  the  men  who  promoted  its  building 
and  effected  its  completion. 

Mr.  Fort  is  now  the  oldest  practicing  law- 
yer,— as  to  priority  of  location, — in  East  Las 
Vegas,  but  his  efforts  have  not  been  confined  to 
professional  lines  or  those  more  closely  con- 
nected with  public  service,  for  he  has  made 
large  real-estate  investments  in  the  city  and 
has  erected  here  a  number  of  excellent  build- 
ings for  business  and  residence  purposes.  As  a 
professional  man  and  as  a  citizen  he  is  held  in 
the  highest  estimation,  and  is  recognized  as  one 
of  the  representative  men  of  the  Territory. 

The  marriage  of  Mr.  Fort  was  solemnized 
in  1871,  when  he  was  united  to  Miss  Lockie 
E.  Hardin,  a  native  of  the  State  of  Mississippi 
and  of  Kentucky  ancestry.  They  have  two 
children:  Oliver,  a  college  graduate,  now  at 
the  parental  home;  and  Lockie,  who  is  now 


HISTORY  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


247 


pursuing  her  collegiate  course.  The  family  res- 
idence compasses  one  of  the  most  refined  and 
attractive  homes  in  the  city,  and  here  is  dis- 
pensed that  gracious  hospitality  which  has 
gained  to  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Fort  the  good  will  and 
esteem  of  the  people  of  Las  Vegas. 


ON.  MIGUEL  ANTONIO  OTERO, 
deceased.  -  -  Through  biography  is 
opened  up  the  far-stretching  view 
along  whose  dim  vista  is  more  or  less 
clearly  defined  the  trend  of  general  history, 
which,  in  itself,  stands  but  as  the  record  of  in- 
dividual life  and  human  achievement  as  taken 
in  the  aggregate  or  composite  phase.  There 
is  ever  a  great  measure  of  satisfaction  in  delin- 
eating the  salient  features  in  the  life  history  of 
one  who  has  wrought  well  in  the  great  com- 
petitive struggle, — one  to  whom  have  been 
granted  the  maximum  honors  and  in  whose  ca- 
reer have  been  signalized  the  results  of  indom- 
itable perseverance  and  scrupulous  integrity, 
as  shown  in  the  sphere  of  higher  usefulness. 
The  honored  man  to  whom  this  memoir  is  ded- 
icated was  possessed  of  distinguished  attain- 
ments, strong  individuality  and  practically  per- 
fect appreciation  of  the  higher  ethics  of  life. 
His  was  it  to  take  a  conspicuous  part  in  insur- 
ing the  development  of  the  favored  Territory 
of  New  Mexico  and  in  making  clear  the  path 
for  the  brilliant  progress  which  has  been  hers 
within  these  latter  years.  To  his  memory  is 
accorded  the  highest  respect,  and  almost  rev- 
erence, of  all  who  have  had  cognizance  of  his 
sterling  worth  of  character  and  of  the  import- 
ant services  which,  in  the  course  of  a  busy 
and  active  life,  he  rendered  to  the  Territory  of 
which  he  was  a  native  son. 

Mr.  Otero  was  a  native  of  Valencia,  Valen- 
cia county,  New  Mexico,  where  he  was  born 
on  the  2 ist  of  June,  1829,  the  son  of  Vicente 
and  Gertrude  (Aragon)  Otero,  who  were  natives 
of  Spain,  and  descended  from  distinguished 
families  of  that  country.  They  came  to  New 
Mexico,  where  the  father  became  seized  of 
large  estates  and  engaged  extensively  in  stock- 


raising,  being  one  of  the  foremost  promoters  of 
this  industry  in  the  Territory.  He  was  a  man 
of  marked  talent  and  held  a  position  of  unmis- 
takable prominence  in  the  county  where  for 
many  years  he  served  as  Judge,  having  also  at 
one  time  held  preferment  as  Alcalde. 

Miguel  Antonio  Otero,  the  immediate  sub- 
ject of  this  review,  received  his  literary  educa- 
tion in  Missouri,  being  a  member  of  one  of  the 
first  classes  of  boys  to  be  sent  from  New  Mex- 
ico to  Saint  Louis,  there  to  be  accorded  the  ex- 
ceptional privileges  afforded  by  the  Saint  Louis 
University.  His  parents  were  devoted  adher- 
ents of  the  Roman  Catholic  Church,  and  it  had 
been  their  wish  that  our  subject  be  educated 
for  the  priesthood;  but  he  determined  that  his 
sphere  of  greatest  usefulness  lay  outside  the 
sacerdotal  lines,  and  after  leaving  the  univer- 
sity he  went  to  Fishkill  on  the  Hudson,  in  a 
college  at  which  place  he  for  some  time  held 
preferment  as  a  member  of  the  faculty.  Within 
this  time  he  had  determined  to  adopt  the  pro- 
fession of  law  as  his  vocation  in  life,  and  ac- 
cordingly he  returned  to  Missouri  and  under 
the  effective  preceptorage  of  Senator  Polk,  of 
that  State,  he  prosecuted  his  legal  studies  and 
in  due  course  of  time  procured  admission  to 
the  bar.  He  entered  upon  the  practice  of  his 
profession  in  Saint  Louis,  where  he  remained  for 
a  time  and  then  returned  to  New  Mexico  and 
became  prominently  identified  with  political 
and  public  affairs  in  the  Territory  of  his  nativ- 
ity. Recognition  of  his  signal  ability  was 
manifested  in  his  being  elected  a  member  of 
the  Territorial  Legislature,  and  in  1855  he  was 
accorded  the  highest  preferment  in  the  gift  of 
the  people  of  the  Territory, — that  of  Delegate 
to  the  United  States  Congress.  This  import- 
ant office  he  filled  with  so  great  fidelity  and 
therein  so  efficiently  represented  the  interests 
of  New  Mexico  that  he  was  thrice  elected  to 
the  same  position.  In  1861  he  was  the 
recipient  of  a  distinctive  honor,  securing 
through  President  Lincoln  the  appointment  as 
Secretary  of  the  Territory  of  New  Mexico.  He 
also  rendered  service  to  the  public  as  Attorney 
General,  and  at  one  time  held  the  office  of 


248 


HISTORT  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


United  States  District  Attorney  of  the  Terri- 
tory. In  each  of  these  important  capacities 
his  decided  attainments  and  marked  profes- 
sional ability  stood  him  well  in  hand  and  ren- 
dered his  services  of  inestimable  benefit. 

In  association  with  his  brother,  Mr.  Otero 
became  the  owner  of  1,000,000  acres  of  valua- 
ble land  situated  in  Bernalillo  and  Valencia 
counties, — the  Bartolome  Baca  grant.  The 
title  to  this  grant  is  now  being  contested  in  the 
courts,  and  in  the  lower  court  a  decision  has 
been  rendered  in  favor  of  the  heirs.  It  is  con- 
fidently anticipated  that  the  final  decision  will 
soon  be  rendered  sustaining  the  original  one 
and  placing  the  heirs  in  undisputed  possession 
of  the  property.  Our  subject  was  one  of  the 
organizers  of  the  firm  of  Otero,  Sellar  &  Co., 
wholesale  merchants  at  Hayes  City,  Kansas, 
the  direct  successor  of  which  association  was 
the  firm  of  Gross,  Blackwell  &  Company,  who 
conduct,  at  East  Las  Vegas,  a  wholesale  mer- 
cantile business  in  the  grocery  line,  the  con- 
cern being  the  most  extensive  of  the  sort  in  the 
Territory.  The  buildings  and  grounds  utilized 
by  the  firm  are  still  the  property  of  the  heirs  of 
our  subject. 

Otero,  the  first  town  on  the  line  of  the  Atch- 
ison,  Topeka  &  Santa  Fe  Railroad,  was  named 
in  honor  of  the  subject  of  this  review,  as  was 
also  Otero  county,  in  Colorado.  Mr.  Otero 
was  one  of  the  projectors  and  organizers  of 
the  San  Miguel  National  Bank  at  Las  Vegas, 
and  was  its  first  president,  which  incumbency 
he  retained  up  to  the  time  of  his  death,  which 
occurred  in  this  city  on  the  3Oth  of  May,  1882. 
In  his  political  adherency  our  subject  rendered 
an  active  support  to  the  Democratic  party  and 
its  principles  and  was  a  recognized  leader  in 
the  political  affairs  of  the  Territory.  Frater- 
nally he  was  prominently  identified  with  the 
Masonic  order,  having  retained  a  membership 
in  Montezuma  Lodge,  No.  i,  of  Santa  Fe. 
He  was  a  man  of  noble  bearing,  courteous  in 
his  manner  and  animated  by  the  most  gener- 
ous of  impulses,  while  the  more  incidental  ele- 
ments of  his  character  were  those  which  have 
already  been  outlined  in  this  sketch, — his  dis- 


tinguished intellectual  and  professional  attain- 
ments and  xhis  marked  native  ability.  In  his 
demise  the  Territory  was  deprived  of  one  of 
her  ablest  and  most  honored  native  sons,  and 
it  is  needless  to  say  that  his  loss  was  deeply  felt. 

Turning  in  conclusion  to  the  more  purely 
domestic  phases  of  our  subject's  life,  we  find 
that  in  1857  was  consummated  his  marriage  to 
Miss  Mary  Josephine  Blackwood,  a  native  of 
Charleston,  South  Carolina,  and  descended 
from  a  prominent  New  Jersey  family.  About 
the  time  of  her  birth  her  father  died  from  an 
attack  of  yellow  fever  and  within  a  very  short 
time  her  mother  also  died  on  shipboard  while 
crossing  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  thus  leaving 
her  doubly  orphaned  in  her  infancy.  Mr.  and 
Mrs.  Otero  became  the  parents  of  four  chil- 
dren, of  whom  three  are  living  at  the  present 
time,  namely:  Page  B.,  a  resident  of  Santa 
Fe;  Marie  J.,  the  wife  of  Henry  J.  O'Bryan, 
of  Denver,  Colorado;  and  Miguel  Antonio,  who 
still  retains  his  residence  at  East  Las  Vegas, 
and  who  has  kindly  furnished  the  data  for  this 
memoir  of  his  honored  father.  We  append  a 
brief  review  of  his  life: 

MIGUEL  ANTONIO  OTERO  stands  as  one  of 
the  representative  citizens  of  the  Territory  to 
whose  development  his  father  contributed  in  so 
large  a  measure.  He  was  born  in  Saint  Louis, 
Missouri,  on  the  I7th  of  October,  1859,  re- 
ceiving his  educational  discipline  at  Notre 
Dame  University,  South  Bend,  Indiana,  after 
which  he  acted  as  bookkeeper  for  his  father  for 
a  period  of  two  years.  He  then  became  cash- 
ier of  the  San  Miguel  National  Bank,  retaining 
this  incumbency  up  to  1885,  since  which  time 
he  has  been  honored  by  his  fellow  citizens  with 
various  offices  of  public  trust,  among  which  was 
that  of  County  and  Probate  Clerk.  In  1890 
he  received  the  appointment  as  Clerk  of  the 
United  States  District  Court  for  the  Fourth 
Judicial  District  of  New  Mexico, — an  office 
which  he  has  filled  in  a  most  efficient  and  sat- 
isfactory manner. 

Mr.  Otero  has  given  a  strong  support  to  the 
Republican  party,  and  was  the  choice  of  the 
people  of  the  Territory  for  Delegate  to  the 


HIS  TORT  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


249 


United  States  Congress  in  1 894,  an  honor  which 
he  declined  in  favor  of  that  able  gentleman 
who  was  subsequently  elected  to  the  office. 
He  is  prominently  identified  with  the  Masonic 
fraternity,  having  passed  all  of  the  degrees  of 
the  York  rite,  and  being  a  Noble  of  the  Mystic 
Shrine. 

On  the  i  gth  of  December,  1888,  our  subject 
was  united  in  marriage  to  Miss  Caroline 
Emmet,  daughter  of  ex-Chief  Justice  Emmet  of 
Minnesota.  They  have  a  bright  little  son  who 
bears  the  patronymic  of  Miguel,  he  being  of 
the  fourth  generation  who  have  had  the  name. 
The  very  attractive  family  home  is  located  in 
East  Las  Vegas,  and  there  is  dispensed  that 
greatest  hospitality  which  gives  impress  of  the 
innate  refinement  so  typical  of  the  characters 
of  our  subject  and  his  charming  wife. 

Mr.  Otero  has  taken  an  active  part  in  pub- 
lic affairs  in  the  Territory,  and  has  rendered  his 
party  effective  service.  He  was  one  of  the  Re- 
publican delegates  from  New  Mexico  to  the 
national  convention  held  at  Minneapolis,  at 
which  Mr.  Harrison  was  nominated  for  the 
presidency,  and  he  also  had  the  distinguished 
honor  of  being  one  of  those  upon  whom  fell 
the  pleasing  duty  of  notifying  Mr.  Harrison  of 
his  nomination. 


*y  •*  ON.  SANTIAGO  BACA.— Descended 
lf\  from  one  of  the  most  distinguished  of 

_^P  the  old  Spanish  families  of  New 
Mexico,  and  himself  a  man  of  high 
attainments  and  conspicuous  public  service, 
it  is  essential  to  the  consistency  of  this  work 
that  particular  attention  be  accorded  to  a 
record  of  the.  life  history  of  him  whose  name 
serves  to  initiate  this  review. 

The  father  of  our  subject,  Major  Jesus 
M.  A.  Baca  y  Salazar,  was  born  in  Santa  Fe 
in  the  year  1820,  and  upon  attaining  maturity 
he  married  Maria  Jesus  Salazar,  who  was  also 
a  descendant  of  one  of  the  early  and  notable 
Spanish  families  in  the  Territory.  He  was  for 
many  years  the  efficient  incumbent  as  Sheriff 
of  Santa  Fe  county,  was  a  man  of  marked 


ability  and  much  influence,  and  during  the 
progress  of  the  late  war  of  the  Rebellion  he 
rendered  valiant  service  in  behalf  of  the  Union 
cause.  After  his  enlistment  he  was  made 
Major  of  the  Second  Regiment  of  New  Mexico 
Volunteers,  afterward  receiving  from  the 
Governor  of  the  Territory  the  appointment  as 
Colonel  of  the  regiment.  He  was  a  most 
active  participant  in  the  battle  of  Valverde, 
and  while  on  his  way  home  was  captured,  in 
company  with  Hon.  Nicolas  Pino,  at  Socorro, 
being  subsequently  exchanged.  After  the  war 
Major  Baca  took  up  his  residence  on  his  ranch, 
near  Glorieta,  San  Miguel  county,  the  place 
being  recognized  as  one  of  the  finest  in  that 
section  of  the  Territory.  The  death  of  this 
honored  veteran  occurred  April  7,  1872,  and 
was  lamented  by  all  who  had  appreciation  of 
his  innate  nobility  of  character.  He  left  four 
children, — two  sons  and  two  daughters, — and 
his  venerable  wife  still  survives,  being  now 
(1895)  seventy-three  years  of  age.  The  family, 
from  one  generation  to  another,  have  been 
steadfast  adherents  of  the  Catholic  Church. 

Santiago  Baca,  the  immediate  subject  of 
this  review,  was  the  eldest  of  the  four  children, 
having  been  born  in  Santa  Fe.  He  received 
his  education  in  the  excellent  church  schools 
in  old  Mexico  and'at  Santa  Fe,  where  he  pur- 
sued his  studies  under  the  effective  tutorage  of 
the  distinguished  Bishop  Lamy. 

In  1862  he  was  united  in  marriage  to  Miss 
Piedad  Armijo,  the  accomplished  daughter  of 
Salvador  Armijo,  who  is  a  nephew  of  the 
celebrated  General  Armijo,  now  deceased. 
After  his  marriage  Mr.  Baca  was  for  many 
years  associated  with  his  father-in-law  in  the 
wholesale  and  retail  mercantile  business,  at 
Albuquerque,  and  •  later  carried- on  a  similar 
enterprise  upon  his  own  responsibility,  con- 
tinuing to  be  thus  engaged  until  1883. 

In  political  matters  our  subject  has  ever 
given  a^stalwart  allegiance  to  the  Democratic 
party,  and  has  been  a  leader' in  political  mat- 
ters in  the  Territory.  He  served  two  years  as 
Sheriff  of  his  county,  and  was  a  member  of 
the  Territorial  Senate  for  three  terms,  in  the 


250 


HISTORY  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


latter  of  which  he  had  the  distinction  of  being 
president  of  that  important  body,  proving  a 
most  acceptable  presiding  officer.  He  served 
for  four  years  as  Postmaster  of  Albuquerque,  a 
city  with  whose  interests  he  has  been  conspicu- 
ously identified  since  1874.  For  the  past  two 
years  he  has  acted  as  County  Assessor,  a  posi- 
tion whose  somewhat  delicate  duties  he  has 
performed  in  such  a  way  as  to  gain  the  com- 
mendation of  all.  In  this  connection  it  is 
interesting  to  note  the  fact  that  when  he  was 
but  seventeen  years  of  age  upon  him  was  con- 
ferred the  responsible  preferment  as  Chief 
Clerk  of  the  Senate  of  the  Territory.  As  a 
public  official  he  has  not  only  manifested  a 
great  capacity  for  management  of  detail  work, 
a  marked  executive  ability  and  a  perfect 
fidelity  to  the  trust  imposed,  but  he  has  also 
shown  forth  the  high  principles  of  honor  and 
integrity  by  which  he  has  been  actuated. 
These  circumstances  have  been  duly  appreci- 
ated by  the  people  of  the  city  and  Territory, 
and  his  popularity  is  one  of  no  narrow  or  un- 
certain order.  At  one  time  Mr.  Baca  received 
the  strong  endorsement  of  the  best  men  of  the 
Territory,  regardless  of  party  affiliations,  for 
the  appointment  to  the  high  office  as  United 
States  Marshal  of  New  Mexico,  but  President 
Cleveland  saw  fit  to  place  in  the  office  a  man 
from  another  State  in  preference  to  this  ca- 
pable and  justly  popular  native  son  of  New 
Mexico. 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Baca  are  the  parents  of 
three  children,  namely:  Francisca,  the  wife  of 
Meliton  Chavez,  a  clerk  in  the  First  National 
Bank  of  Albuquerque;  Bernardino,  who  has 
received  the  best  of  educational  advantages,  is 
his  father's  capable  assistant;  and  Aurelia,  who 
is  at  the  parental  home.  The  Baca  home- 
stead is  located  in  old-town  Albuquerque  and 
is  known  as  one  of  the  most  beautiful  places 
in  this  ancient  city.  The  residence  estate  com- 
prises 100  acres  of  rich  and  valuable  land,  on 
which  is  propagated  a  great  variety  of  fruits. 
Much  attention  is  also  given  to  raising  alfalfa, 
and  for  his  large  products  in  this  line  our  sub- 
ject always  finds  a  ready  and  profitable  market. 


The  family  are  devoted  adherents  of  the 
Catholic  Church,  whose  faith  has  been  that  of 
their  ancestors  from  the  time  to  which  the 
memory  of  man  runneth  not  to  the  contrary. 
Mr.  Baca  is  distinctively  one  of  the  repre- 
sentative citizens  of  the  Territory,  a  man  who 
has  served  faithfully  and  acceptably  in  high 
positions  of  public  trust,  and  who  has  ever 
borne  honor  to  the  honored  name  of  Baca. 


ARREN  BRISTOL,  one  of  New 
Mexico's  most  distinguished  citizens, 
now  deceased,  was  born  at  Stafford, 
Genesee  county,  New  York,  on  the 
igth  of  March,  1823,  and  descended  from  early 
New  England  ancestry.  His  father,  Dr.  Bur- 
rage  Bristol,  and  his  mother,  who  bore  the 
maiden  name  of  Sarah  Benham,  were  both 
natives  of  Cheshire,  Connecticut.  The  Doctor 
went  to  the  defense  of  his  country  during  the 
war  of  1812,  serving  as  Captain  of  cavalry,  and 
when  the  country  no  longer  needed  his  services 
gave  his  attention  to  farming  in  western  New 
York.  His  son,  Warren,  was  provided  with 
fair  educational  privileges,  attending  in  that 
section  the  Yates  Academy,  the  Lima  Semi- 
nary and  the  Wilson  Collegiate  Institute.  While 
at  the  first  named  he  shared  his  room  with  E. 
S.  Parker,  a  Tuscarora  Indian,  who  during  the 
rebellion  became  a  member  of  General  Grant's 
staff,  and  was  subsequently  Commissioner  of 
Indian  Affairs.  From  that  honored  represent- 
ative of  the  red  race  Mr.  Bristol  learned  the 
Indian  mode  of  using  the  bow  and  arrow. 

When  a  young  man  Judge  Bristol  deter- 
mined to  make  the  practice  of  law  his  life  work, 
and  to  this  end  attended  Fowler's  Law  School. 
That  he  might  to  better  advantage  prosecute 
his  studies,  he  removed  to  Lockport,  New  York, 
where  he  entered  the  office  of  Edward  I.  Chase, 
a  brother  of  Chief  Justice  Chase,  then  a  prom- 
inent lawyer  of  that  city.  At  the  same  time 
he  was  engaged  as  a  teacher  in  the  union  school 
of  Lockport.  He  was  thorough  in  his  studies 
and  his  rapid  progress  soon  gained  him  admis- 


HISTORT  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


sion  to  the  bar,  when,  seeking  a  field  of  broader 
opportunities,  he  made  his  way  to  the  West, 
where  in  the  less  thickly  settled  districts  it  was 
easier  to  secure  a  clientage  and  win  advance- 
ment. Quincy,  Illinois,  then  became  the  place 
of  his  abode,  or  rather  was  his  destination. 
The  affairs  of  a  lifetime  seem  to  hinge  on  triv- 
ialities and  a  seemingly  unimportant  incident 
led  to  a  change  in  his  plans.  He  followed  the 
usual  route  to  the  West,  going  down  the  Ohio 
river  to  Cairo,  and  thence  up  the  Mississippi, 
but  the  boat  on  which  he  took  passage  reached 
Quincy  in  the  night  and  the  clerk  forgot  to  no- 
tify Mr.  Bristol  that  he  had  reached  his  desti- 
nation. He  slept  until  they  had  long  passed 
that  city,  so  he  left  the  boat  at  Keokuk,  ex- 
pecting to  return.  There,  however,  he  became 
deeply  interested  in  the  enthusiastic  accounts 
which  some  army  officers  from  Fort  Snelling 
were  giving  of  Minnesota.  He  then  determined 
to  go  to  that  State  and  late  in  the  fall  of  1850 
he  arrived  in  St.  Paul.  He  did  not  find  the 
country  and  its  prospects  what  he  expected, 
but  the  last  boat  for  the  season  had  gone  south 
and  he  characteristically  made  the  best  of  the 
situation. 

Speaking  of  this  era  in  his  life,  the  Judge 
said:  "The  experiences  of  the  first  winter 
months  of  my  residence  in  Minnesota  were  by 
no  means  flattering  to  my  vanity.  I  was  just 
out  of  school  and  about  to  locate  permanently 
somewhere  and  to  engage  for  the  first  time  in 
the  continuous  business  of  life.  I  had  already 
acquired  a  facility  at  temporary  expedients  to 
'  get  along, '  for  without  aid  from  any  source  I 
had  maintained  myself  by  my  personal  efforts 
since  the  age  of  sixteen.  By  teaching  in  the 
public  schools  of  the  year  and  by  manual  labor 
daring  vacations,  I  succeeded  in  maintaining 
myself  at  the  various  institutions  where  I  had 
acquired  an  education.  It  is  not  therefore 
strange  that  upon  being  convinced  that  there 
was  no  immediate  prospect  of  obtaining  a  re- 
spectable living  by  opening  another  law  office 
at  that  time  in  St.  Paul,  I  should  resort  to  my 
old  habit  of  a  '  shift '  to  help  me  through  the 
winter. 


"  I  stopped  at  the  Central  House,  then 
kept  by  Robert  Kennedy.  Before  the  winter 
was  far  advanced  all  my  funds  except  three 
pieces  of  silver,  of  five  francs  each,  had  been 
exhausted.  At  that  stage  I  frankly  told  Mr. 
Kennedy  of  my  exact  financial  condition,— 
told  him  that  I  was  a  lawyer,  but  saw  little  or 
nothing  to  do  in  the  line  of  my  profession  that 
could  yield  me  immediate  support;  that  I  was 
compelled  to  spend  the  winter  here,  and  as  an 
expedient  I  desired  to  appear  '  incog '  as  a  la- 
borer and  asked  for  a  job.  I  made  a  very 
favorable  impression  upon  Mr.  Kennedy,  who 
at  heart  is  the  most  generous  of  men.  He 
took  kindly  to  me  at  once  and  gave  me  em- 
ployment, a  part  of  my  duties  being  to  carry 
the  mail  on  horseback  between  St.  Paul  and 
the  Falls  of  St.  Croix,  by  way  of  Stillwater. 

"While  thus  employed  in  the  winter  of 
1850-1,  an  incident  occurred  that  has  always 
pleased  me  very  much.  The  winter  was  ex- 
ceedingly dull,  and  as  a  means  of  amusement 
and  mental  exercise  a  debating  club  was  organ- 
ized in  St.  Paul,  in  which  nearly  all  the  lawyers 
then  practicing  there  took  part.  Among  these 
were  Hon.  M.  Wilkinson,  then  an  attorney 
and  subsequently  United  States  Senator  from 
that  State.  The  debates  were  held  in  a  frame 
schoolhouse  near  the  spot  where  Illingsworth's 
jewelry  store  was  afterward  located.  One 
evening  I  attended  one  of  these  debates.  Mr. 
Wilkinson  was  the  most  prominent  speaker  on 
one  side.  He  spoke  earnestly  and  eloquently 
in  his  best  vein.  Among  others  I  volunteered 
a  reply.  Mr.  Wilkinson's  manner,  as  it  was 
afterward  represented  to  me,  upon  inquiring 
who  I  was,  and  being  told  that  I  was  '  Bob 
Kennedy's  hired  man,'  could  not  be  construed 
otherwise  than  as  complimentary  to  that  occu- 
pation. " 

As  soon  as  possible  Mr.  Bristol  abandoned 
his  temporary  occupation  to  take  up  the  prac- 
tice of  law  in  Hennepin  county,  Minnesota, 
where  Minneapolis  now  stands.  He  was  one 
of  the  committee  who  named  that  city.  He 
secured  an  eighty-acre  claim  on  the  military 
reservation  and  did  a  law  business  which  main- 


252 


HISTORT  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


ly  concerned  contested  claims.  He  was  also 
made  County  Attorney  at  the  first  election 
held  in  Hennepin  county,  but  soon  after  re- 
moved to  Redwing,  where  he  became  a  partner 
of  J.  N.  Murdock.  There  he  became  known 
as  an  able  lawyer,  and  was  elected  District 
Attorney  of  Goodhue  county,  and  afterward 
Probate  Judge.  He  was  also  a  recognized 
leader  in  political  affairs,  and  in  the  summer 
of  1855  presided  over  the  first  Republican 
State  convention  held  in  Minnesota,  when  the 
party  was  formally  organized.  He  served  as 
a  member  of  both  houses  of  the  State  Legisla- 
ture, being  in  the  State  Senate  for  two  terms, 
and  in  1864  he  was  a  member  of  the  national 
convention  in  Baltimore,  which  renominated 
Abraham  Lincoln  for  the  presidency.  He  also 
supported  Daniel  S.  Dickinson  for  vice-presi- 
dent, even  after  nearly  every  other  vote  in  the 
convention  was  cast  for  Andrew  Johnson.  He 
had  now  become  widely  known  as  a  leader  in 
Republican  circles  throughout  the  West,  and 
in  1872  was  appointed  by  President  Grant  as 
Associate  Justice  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  New 
Mexico. 

On  the  6th  of  June  of  that  year,  Judge 
Bristol  reached  .Mesilla,  then  the  county  seat 
of  Donna  Ana  county,  but  almost  immediately 
after  came  to  Grant  county,  where  the  follow- 
ing week  he  opened  his  first  term  of  court.  By 
three  successive  presidents  he  was  appointed 
as  Associate  Justice,  and  continued  in  that  of- 
fice until  resigning  in  1885.  His  judicial  du- 
ties were  unusually  arduous,  but  were  always 
performed  with  faithfulness  as  well  as  marked 
ability.  His  district^  included  Grant,  Donna 
Ana  and  Lincoln  counties,  and  he  was  thus 
forced  to  travel  over  a  large  amount  of  terri- 
tory, while  during  the  "greater  part  of  his  Judg- 
ship  the  journeys  had  to  be  made  by  stage  or 
private  conveyance.  He  heard  a  number  of 
cases  which  have  become  historic.  He  was  on 
the-^bench  during  the  whole  of  the  Lincoln 
county  war.  The  county  was  infested  with 
desperadoes  and  hardened  criminals  who  held 
life  of  no  account  if  it  stood  in  the  way  of  their 
plans.  The  conscientious  performance  of  offi- 


cial duty  at  that  time  required  a  rare  degree  of 
physical  as  well  as  moral  courage. 

On  one  occasion  there  was  a  plot  formed  to 
assassinate  the  whole  "county  party,"  as  the 
judge,  the  clerk  and  the  lawyers  who  traveled 
together  were  spoken  of.  They  started  for 
Lincoln  county,  where  court  was  to  convene, 
and  on  reaching  Tularosa  learned  that  the 
sheriff  had  been  killed  and  an  attempt  at  their 
own  lives  would  probably  be  made.  While 
deliberating  upon  the  plan  to  pursue,  there  ar- 
rived a  detachment  of  soldiers  under  the  com- 
mand of  a  lieutenant  from  the  military  post  at 
Fort  Stanton,  who  gave  the  Judge  a  letter 
from  the  post  commander  containing  a  state- 
ment of  what  had  occurred  at  Lincoln  and  of- 
fering the  military  escort.  The  party  then 
proceeded  to  Fort  Stanton  and  each  day  under 
military  escort  the  Judge  went  to  the  county 
seat  nine  miles  distant.  It  was  afterward 
learned  that  a  party  in  Lincoln  accidentally 
overheard  the  laying  of  the  plot  to  assassinate 
the  court  party  and  immediately  started  for  the 
post,  where  he  arrived  about  midnight.  The 
colonel  then  at  once  ordered  out  his  men  as 
stated  above:  hence  the  timely  assistance. 
Judge  Bristol  presided  at  the  trial  of  the  des- 
perado known  as  "  Billy,  the  Kid." 

The  position  of  judge  on  the  bench,  when 
clothed  with  its  true  dignity,  purity  and  strength, 
ranks  among  the  noblest  callings  of  men.  Law 
is  the  voice  of  God  and  the  harmony  of  the 
world,  and  its  administration  should  be  by 
conscientious  men  who  are  calm  in  the  strength 
of  flawless  rectitude.  Judge  Bristol  evinced 
the  possession  of  qualities  and  abilities  which 
placed  him  in  the  rank  of  such  judges.  On  the 
bench  his  acts  were  strong  and  fully  of  breadth, 
accuracy  and  force.  In  sound  judgment,  in 
patient  industry,  in  clear  conception  of  the 
spirit  and  scope  of  jurisprudence  and  intuitive 
perception  of  right,  Judge  Bristol  ranked  high 
in  the  estimate  of  bench,  bar  and  public.  On 
the  bench  it  was  his  aim  to  be  absolutely  im- 
partial, and  no  personal  feeling  was  allowed  to 
interfere  with  the  even-handed  administration 
of  justice,  The  Judge's  judicial  service  cov- 


HISTORY  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


253 


ered  the  most  important  period  in  the  history  of 
New  Mexico, — the  transition  period  between 
the  old  and  new  eras.  In  the  shaping  of  the 
laws,  as  given  by  judicial  decisions,  he  had 
more  influence  than  any  other  man  in  the  Ter- 
ritory. His  district  was  greater  in  extent  than 
almost  any  of  the  New  England  or  Eastern 
States,  and  the  cases  that  came  up  before  him 
were  complicated  in  the  extreme,  arising  from 
the  peculiarities  of  the  country  and  time.  Min- 
ing interests  caused  litigation  that  was  novel 
and  intricate,  and  the  celebrated  cattle  wars  of 
Lincoln  county  and  the  introduction  of  the 
railroads,  accompanied  by  bands  of  despera- 
does, brought  on  a  volume  of  business  that  was 
exceedingly  extensive;  but  he  was  ever  prompt 
and  careful  in  the  dispatch  of  cases,  yet  no  un- 
due haste  was  ever  manifest.  His  own  mind 
was  clear,  keen,  comprehensive  and  decisive. 
His  decisions  were  ever  given  concisely  and 
pointedly,  and  the  meaning  of  a  single  sen- 
tence was  never  called  in  question. 

In  1 889  Judge  Bristol  received  the  unani- 
mous election  from  Grant  county  as  a  Delegate 
to  the  Constitutional  Convention.  His  health 
had  failed  him,  but  to  the  important  work  of 
the  Territory  he  gave  the  energies  that  re- 
mained to  him,  and  his  opinions,  especially  on 
matters  connected  with  the  judiciary,  had  very 
great  weight.  It  was  the  last  public  service  of 
his  life  and  was  an  important  one,  the  influ- 
ence of  which  will  be  felt  throughout  the  his- 
tory of  New  Mexico. 

On  coming  to  this  Territory,  Judge  Bristol 
had  located  in  Mesilla,  where  he  established  a 
beautiful  home,  his  love  of  flowers  being 
strongly  manifest  in  the  grounds  and  their 
adornments.  Not  long  after  the  town  of  Dem- 
ing  was  established,  he  concluded  that  it 
would  become  the  metropolis  of  southern  New 
Mexico,  and  in  1882  removed  to  this  place.  He 
built  a  pleasant  and  tasteful  home,  erected  the 
first  windmill  for  irrigation  and  soon  demon- 
strated that  spots  in  the  midst  of  what  seemed 
an  arid  plain,  by  care  and  attention  could  be 
transformed  into  verdant  lawns  and  flourishing 
orchards.  He  was  truly  in  touch  with  nature, 


and  his  love  of  beauty  and  his  artistic  sense 
formed  expression  in  the  beautiful  flowers 
which  surrounded  his  home. 

He  did  not  long  survive  his  return  to  Dem- 
ing,  but  passed  away  on  the  I2th  of  January, 
1890.  Throughout  the  Territory  the  loss  of 
this  noble  man'was  felt.  His  public  and  pri- 
vate career  had  alike  won  him  friends  whose 
warm  regard  and'' confidence  he  ever  retained. 
When  the  announcement  of  his  death  was 
made  in  the  Supreme  Court  on  the  I3th  of 
January,  a  committtee  was  appointed  to  pre- 
pare suitable  resolutions,  and  the  court  then 
adjourned  as  a  mark  of  respect.  From  all 
parts  of  the  Territory  came  those  of  high  and 
low  degreee  to  pay  their  last  tribute  of  respect 
to  the  honored  dead.  The  end  came  as  the 
grateful  rest  after  a  long  and  busy  life,  full  of 
noble,  honorable  deeds,  of  fidelity  to  duty  in 
public  affairs  and  of  kindliness  and  charity  in 
private  life.  He  was  a  consistent  member  of 
the  Episcopal  Church,  serving  as  a  vestryman 
for  many  years  in  Christ  Church  of  Redwing, 
Minnesota.  He  became  connected  with  the 
little  congregation  at  Mesilla,  and  was  the 
leading  spirit  in  the  erection  of  the  church  at 
Deming,  with  which  he  served  as  warden.  He 
never,  in  all  the  rush  and  hurry  of  his  judicial 
career,  neglected  the  holier  duties  of  life,  but 
carefully  followed  in  the  footsteps  of  the  Man 
of  Galilee. 

His  loss  came  greatest  and  heaviest,  how- 
ever, to  her  who  for  more  than  a  quarter  of  a 
century  had  traveled  life's  journey  by  his  side,— 
his  loved  and  faithful  wife.  While  in  Minnesota, 
he  returned  to  his  old  home  in  Lockport,  New 
York,  and  on  the  aoth  of  April,  1864,  wedded 
Miss  Louisa  C.  Armstrong,  whom  he  had 
known  from  his  boyhood  days.  Theirs  was 
indeed  a  happy  home,  their  mutual  love  and 
confidence  increasing  as  the  years  went  by,  and 
the  heartstrings  were  more  closely  intertwined 
until  rudely  severed  by  the  hand  of  death. 
The  happy  memory  of  loving  kindness,  consid- 
eration and  thoughtfulness,  however,  is  hers, 
together  with  the  warm  sympathy  of  many 
friends. 


254 


HISTORT  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


EON.    LORION    MILLER,    Secretary 
of  the  Territory  of  New  Mexico,  is  a 
young  man  of  marked  business  ability, 
in  every  way  worthy  of  the  important 
position  which  he  fills,  and  is  a  fit  subject  for 
biographical  honors  in  this  work. 

Lorion  Miller  was  born  in  the  State  of 
Maryland,  April  4,  1857.  He  is  of  German 
and  English  descent,  but  both  his  parents  were 
born  in  Maryland.  His  father,  Hon.  John 
Miller,  a  prominent  lawyer  and  banker,  re- 
moved to  Missouri  in  1858,  and  was  engaged 
there  in  banking  and  stock-raising  until  1863, 
at  which  time  he  met  with  untimely  death  at 
the  hands  of  "  Bill  "  Ewing's  men,  who  made 
a  raid  in  Missouri  in  retaliation  for  the  burning 
of  Lawrence,  Kansas.  Mr.  Miller  had  nothing 
to  do  with  the  atrocities  mentioned,  and  it  was 
only  because  he  was  known  to  be  in  sympathy 
with  the  South  that  he  was  ruthlessly  murdered. 
He  had  married  Miss  Sarah  E.  Gray,  a  native 
of  his  own  State,  and  they  were  the  parents  of 
five  children,  Lorion  being  their  third  born. 
The  widow  died  December  12,  1894,  in  her 
seventy-sixth  year.  Her  bitter  experience  in 
the  loss  of  her  husband  was  but  one  of  the 
many  sad  occurrences  of  the  great  Civil  war. 
Words  can  not  portray  what  she  and  her  little 
ones  suffered  in  this  dark  hour. 

At  the  time  of  his  father's  death  the  subject 
of  our  sketch  was  six  years  of  age.  He  was 
educated  in  his  native  State  and  is  a  graduate 
of  her  Agricultural  College.  After  completing 
his  course  there  he  was  for  two  years  principal 
of  the  public  school  at  Caseyville,  Illinois,  and 
the  following  three  years  he  traveled  for  a  pub- 
lishing house.  In  1 88 1  he  came  to  the  Terri- 
tory of  New  Mexico.  Here  for  three  years  he 
followed  mining,  with  varied  success.  In  1885 
he  was  appointed  Clerk  of  the  United  States 
Court  at  Albuquerque,  which  position  he  filled, 
satisfactorily,  up  to  1888,  and  from  that  time 
to  1893  he  gave  his  attention  to  the  real-estate 
and  insurance  business  at  Albuquerque.  Dur- 
ing all  this  time  he  had  rendered  efficient  serv- 
ice to  the  Democratic  party  at  its  conventions 
and  on  its  committees,  and  in  acknowledgment 


of  these  services  he  received  from  President 
Cleveland  the  appointment  of  Secretary  of  the 
Territory  of  New  Mexico,  the  appointment 
bearing  date  September  13,  1893.  Since  that 
time  he  has  been  giving  close  attention  to  the 
duties  of  his  office  and  has  been  a  prompt  and 
capable  official.  He  still,  however,  retains  his 
real-estate  interests  in  Albuquerque. 

Mr.  Miller  was  married  August  3,  1886,  to 
Miss  Wrenetta  Bostick,  (he  daughter  of  J.  S. 
Bostick,  of  Fort  Smith,  Arkansas.  Mr.  and 
Mrs.  Miller  have  a  son  and  daughter,  named 
for  their  parents, — Lorjon  and  Wrenetta. 

Still  a  young  man  and  fully  identified  with 
the  Territory  of  his  adoption,  Mr.  Miller  has, 
undoubtedly,  like  New  Mexico,  a  bright  future 
before  him. 


EON.  AMADO  CHAVES,  the  first 
Superintendent  of  Public  Instruction 
of  New  Mexico,  is  a  native  son  of  the 
Territory,  his  birth  having  occurred 
in  Santa  Fe,  on  the  i6th  of  April,  1851.  He 
is  a  descendant  of  Don  Fernando  Chaves,  who 
came  from  Spain  to  this  country  in  1693.  He 
was  a  Knight  of  the  Order  of  St.  James  and  a 
Colonel  in  the  Spanish  army, — one  of  the  val- 
iant soldiers  who  braved  the  dangers  and  the 
fortunes  of  war  to  conquer  this  country  for 
his  government.  From  him  has  descended  a 
branch  of  the  Chaves  family  in  New  Mexico, 
and  the  line  of  descent  is  traced  down  through 
Don  Bernardino,  Duran  de  Chaves,  Diego 
Antonio  Durand  Chaves,  Pedro  Antonio  Chaves, 
Julian  Chaves,  and  Manuel  Chaves,  the  last 
named  being  the  father  of  our  subject.  All  of 
the  progenitors  of  the  family  were  prominent 
military  men  and  were  leaders  in  the  commun- 
ity with  which  they  were  connected.  Manuel 
Chaves  was  a  Colonel  in  the  Mexican  army, 
and  afterward  became  an  American  citizen  and 
a  Lieutenant-Colonel  in  the  army  of  this  coun- 
try, Second  Regiment  New  Mexico  Volunteers. 
He  was  one  of  the  greatest  Indian  fighters  of 
his  day,  at  which  time  the  red  men  were  caus- 
ing the  white  settlers  great  trouble.  He  knew 


HIS  TORT  OF  NE  W  MEXICO. 


^55 


how  to  meet  the  wily  antagonists,  was  experi- 
enced in  their  methods  of  warfare,  and  to  his 
valor  may  largely  be  attributed  the  safety  of 
the  settlers  and  the  final  suppression  of  the 
hostile  tribes.  He  received  some  very  severe 
wounds,  but  such  was  the  strength  of  his  con- 
stitution that  he  lived  until  January  29,  1889. 
His  death  was  caused  by  the  wounds  which  he 
had  sustained  in  battle,  and  he  passed  away  in 
the  seventy-fifth  year  of  his  age. 

Colonel  Chaves  had  married  Miss  Vicenta 
Labadie,  a  grand-daughter  of  the  celebrated 
French  physician  of  that  name.  They  reared 
eight  children,  and  six  of  the  number  are  still 
living.  The  wife  and  mother  also  survives, 
and  is  now  (1895)  in  the  sixty-fourth  year  of 
her  age.  Amado  Chaves  was  their  second  child 
and  eldest  son.  He  obtained  his  first  educa- 
tion in  St.  Michael's  College  and  then  went  to 
Washington,  District  of  Columbia,  where  he 
pursued  a  commercial  course  of  study  in  the 
Bryant  &  Stratton  Business  College.  He  then 
attended  Georgetown  College,  and  taking  up 
the  study  of  law  thoroughly  fitted  himself  for 
his  chosen  profession  in  the  National  Univer- 
sity Law  School.  He  was  graduated  at  that 
celebrated  institution,  and  in  1876  received 
his  diploma  from  the  hands  of  President  Grant, 
who  was  also  ex-officio  president  of  the  college. 
He  filled  a  position  in  the  Interior  Depart- 
ment for  a  number  of  years. 

On  the  expiration  of  that  period,  Mr. 
Chaves  returned  to  New  Mexico,  and  was  for 
a  time  engaged  in  stock-raising  on  his  ranch. 
His  worth  and  ability  being  recognized  and 
appreciated  by  his  fellow-citizens,  was  in  1882 
elected  a  member  of  the  Legislative  Assembly 
of  the  Territory,  and  had  the  honor  of  being 
elected  Speaker  of  the  House,  in  which  capac- 
ity he  served  most  efficiently  and  satisfactorily. 
In  1891  he  was  appointed  to  his  present  posi- 
tion, that  of  Superintendent  of  Public  Instruc- 
tion of  the  Territory,  being  the  first  to,  fill  that 
position  in  New  Mexico.  Fully  appreciating 
the  value  of  education  and  good  schools  he 
began  the  organization  of  the  schools  of  the 
Territory,  and  has  performed  this  task  in  the 


most  gratifying  manner,  so  that  to-day  they 
are  under  the  operation  of  the  most  approved 
free  public-school  system,  and  of  its  education- 
al institutions  New  Mexico  may  well  be  proud. 
The  work  was  a  great  one,  as  many  of  the 
people  of  the  Territory  were  prejudiced  against 
the  public-school  system,  but  he  successfully 
accomplished  the  great  undertaking.  Mr. 
Chaves  is  an  enthusiast  on  educational  mat- 
ters, and  takes  just  pride  in  what  has  been  ac- 
complished in  the  land  of  his  birth, — a  land 
which  he  dearly  loves. 

On  the  4th  of  October,  1893,  Mr.  Chaves 
was  united  in  marriage  with  Mrs.  Kate  N.  Fos- 
ter, a  native  of  Ohio,  and  the  widow  of  Sam- 
uel P.  Foster,  of  that  State.  They  have  a 
little  daughter,  born  in  Santa  Fe,  whom  they 
have  named  Katharine  Isabel.  Mrs.  Chaves 
is  a  member  of  the  Episcopal  Church,  while 
Mr.  Chaves  and  all  his  people  are  adherents  of 
the  Catholic  faith.  In  politics  he  has  always 
been  a  strong  Republican.  He  is  a  man  of 
keen  and  brilliant  intellect,  kind-hearted  in 
disposition,  social  in  manner  and  honorable  in 
all  his  dealings,  and  has  many  friends  through- 
out the  Territory,  of  which  he  is  a  learned  and 
honorable  son. 


>^r*  UDGE  ELISHA  VAN  BUREN  LONG, 

m  senior  member  of  the  law  firm  of  Long 
/•  J  &  Fort,  of  Las  Vegas,  was  born  in 
Wayne  county,  Indiana,  March  7,  1840, 
of  German  and  Welsh  descent,  but  on  both 
sides  his  ancestors  were  early  settlers  in  Amer- 
ica. His  grandfather,  Christopher  Long, 
served  through  the  war  for  independence,  and 
lived  to  the  age  of  ninety-eight  years.  He  was 
one  of  the  early  pioneers  of  Indiana,  and  was 
buried  at  a  place  which  afterward  became  the 
center  of  the  turnpike  constructed  through 
Henry  county,  Indiana;  but  out  of  considera- 
tion for  the  remains  of  a  soldier  of  the  Revolu- 
tion a  slight  diversion  was  made  and  his  grave 
was  left  unmolested.  Later,  his  son,  Joel 
Long,  had  the  grave  enclosed  in  a  neat  iron 
fence,  and  erected  a  monument  with  the  in- 


256 


HIS  TORT  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


scription,  "  Christopher  Long,  a  Revolutionary 
Soldier."  Notwithstanding  the  grave  is  a  long 
distance  out  of  town,  each  Decoration  Day 
kind  hands  decorate  with  beautiful  flowers  the 
last  resting  place  of  the  patriot  soldier.  Our 
subject's  father,  Elisha  Long,  was  born  in 
Rockingham  county,  Virginia.  He  emigrated 
to  Ohio  when  a  young  man,  becoming  an  early 
pioneer'of  Jackson  county,  but  afterward  re- 
moved to  Wayne  county,  Indiana,  and  was 
one  of  the  prominent  men  of  that  State.  He 
was  active  in  the  organization  of  the  State 
militia,  and  was  widely  known  in  the  pioneer 
days,  having  been  one  of  the  commissioners  of 
the  State  for  the  making  of  the  internal  im- 
provements of  Indiana.  Mr.  Long  married 
Miss  Malinda  Hale,  a  native  of  Virginia,  and  a 
descendant  of  one  of  the  old  families  of  that 
State.  They  had  seven  children,  of  whom 
three  survive.  Mr.  Long  departed  this  life  at 
the  age  of  fifty  years,  and  his  wife  lived  to  the 
age  of  sixty-eight  years. 

Elisha  V.  Long,  their  youngest  child,  re- 
ceived his  education  in  the  common  schools  of 
Indiana  and  in  the  New  Castle  Academy.  When 
a  young  man  he  worked  on  the  farm,  clerked 
in  a  store  and  taught  school,  using  every  laud- 
able means  to  obtain  a  start  in  life.  He  aft- 
erward read  law  in  the  office  of  Stanfield  & 
Anderson,  at  South  Bend,  Indiana,  and  before 
reaching  his  twenty-first  year  was  admitted  to 
the  bar  in  Warsaw,  Indiana,  where  he  followed 
his  profession  until  1873,  at  which  time  he 
was  appointed  a  Judge  of  the  Circuit  Court 
by  the  Hon.  Thomas  A.  Hendricks,  then  Gov- 
ernor of  Indiana.  Subsequently  Judge  Long 
was  twice  elected  Circuit  Judge  in  the  same  dis- 
trict, having  been  retained  on  the  bench  con- 
tinuously from  1873  until  the  fall  of  1885.  His 
friends  mention,  with  pardonable  pride,  that, 
although  an  earnest,  active  Democrat,  Judge 
Long  was  retained  as  a  Judge  for  twelve  years, 
in  a  district  largely  Republican,  and  twice  car- 
ried his  own  county  as  a  Democratic  candi- 
date, notwithstanding  the  fact  that  the  county 
was  Republican  by  a  thousand  majority,  and 
also  twice  received  good  majorities  as  a  Dem- 


ocratic candidate  in  the  city  of  Warsaw,  which 
usually  gave  a  Republican  majority  of  400. 
Judge  Long  enjoys  the  distinction  of  being  the 
only  Democrat  who  ever  received  a  majority 
in  his  county  and  city  after  the  organization  of 
the  Republican  party.  On  the  day  his  term 
expired  he  received  a  commission  from  Presi- 
dent Cleveland  making  him  Chief  Justice  of 
the  Supreme  Court  of  the  Territory  of  New 
Mexico.  His  health  having  become  seriously 
impaired,  he  accepted  the  appointment,  and 
entered  upon  the  duties  of  his  office  at  Santa 
Fe  in  November,  1885,  where  he  remained 
until  1887.  The  Territory  was  afterward  re- 
districted  for  judicial  purposes,  and  Judge  Long 
came  to  Las  Vegas  and  held  the  office  until 
March,  1891.  After  the  inauguration  of  Pres- 
ident Harrison,  he  resigned  his  position  to  give 
the  members  of  that  party  their  places  in  the 
offices  of  the  country,  believing  that  to  the  vic- 
tors belong  the  spoils.  A  life-long  Democrat, 
he  has  rendered  his  party  much  valuable  serv- 
ice. His  services  on  the  bench  were  both  ca- 
pable and  satisfactory,  and  proved  him  to  be  a 
lawyer  of  a  high  order  of  talent.  In  social  re- 
lations he  is  a  Royal  Arch  Mason.  Since  com- 
ing to  Las  Vegas  the  Judge  has  been  fully  iden- 
tified with  the  advancement  of  the  city,  having 
invested  in  her  real  estate,  built  a  beautiful 
home,  and  is  highly  esteemed  as  a  valuable 
citizen  and  a  lawyer  of  the  highest  integrity 
and  ability. 

After  his  retirement  from  the  bench  the 
firm  of  Long  &  Fort  was  organized,  thus  con- 
stituting one  of  the  most  able  law  firms  in  the 
Territory,  and  they  have  enjoyed  a  large  and 
successful  practice.  Mr.  Long  prefers  the 
criminal  law  practice,  but  is  at  home  in  the 
general  practice  of  his  profession.  He  is  an 
eloquent  and  forcible  speaker,  and  is  an  easy 
and  natural  writer,  with  the  power  to  put  his 
ideas  in  good  English.  He  began  writing  for 
the  press  when  only  eighteen  years  of  age,  and 
is  consequently  a  veteran  writer.  It  is  a  mat- 
ter of  history  in  New  Mexico  that  Judge  Long 
enforced  the  first  writ  of  ejectment  on  the 
Maxwell  land  grant,  and  thus  has  the  credit  of 


TFw  L-*wi ;  P'j 


HISTORT  OF  NE  W  MEXICO. 


257 


being  the  pioneer  leader  in  the  settlement  of 
vexatious  titles. 

In  1872  our  subject  was  united  in  marriage 
with  Miss  Alice  R.  Walton,  a  native  of  Penn- 
sylvania, but  raised  in  Indiana.  They  have 
four  children, — Alfred  Hendricks  and  Boaz 
Walton,  both  attending  a  military  academy  in 
Missouri,  and  Mary  and  Terressa  Alice. 


aOLONEL  J.  FRANCO  CHAVES,  one 
of  the  most  prominent  and  best  known 
citizens  of  New  Mexico,  is  numbered 
among   the  native  sons  of  this  Terri- 
tory, his  birth  having  occurred  in  Los  Paillas, 
Bernalillo  county,  on  the  2/th  of  June,    1833. 
His     grandfather,      Hon.      Francisco     Xavier 
Chaves,  was  the  first  Governor  of  the  Territory 
under    the    Republic.      His    father,     Mariano 
Chaves,  was  born  in  New  Mexico,  on   the  3ist 
of  December,   1/99,  and  married  Miss  Dolores 
Perea,  who  also  was  born  in  the  Territory,  and 
was  the  daughter  of  Pedro  Jose  Perea,   a  de- 
scendant of  one  of  the  early  settlers  of  Mexico. 
She  was  born  July  4,  1816. 

The  father  of  our  subject  was  also  highly 
educated  and  could  speak  fluently  French, 
Latin,  Spanish  and  English.  He  managed  his 
father's  business  in  New  Mexico  for  some  time 
and  later  was  in  partnership  with  his  brother, 
following  merchandising  and  stockraising.  He 
was  prominent  in  public  affairs  and  had  much 
to  do  with  the  management  of  the  country 
while  his  father  was  Governor.  In  1837,  when 
the  upper  country  revolted,  he  headed  the  law 
and  order  party  and  was  made  the  chief  to  op- 
erate against  the  Revolutionists,  but  he  declined 
in  favor  of  Manuel  Armijo,  who  afterward  be- 
came Governor,  and  they  raised  volunteers  and 
took  possession  of  Santa  Fe,  then  continued 
toward  the  north,  attacked  the  Rebels  at  Santa 
Cruz,  took  Governor  Gonzales  as  prisoner, 
court-martialed  him,  found  him  guilty  of  treason 
and  rebellion,  and  shot  him.  That  ended  the 
rebellion  during  this  campaign.  Mr.  Chaves 
acted  as  chief  of  Governor  Armijo's  staff.  The 
latter  was  confirmed  in  his  position  by  Santa 

17 


Anna,  who  approved  his  acts  and  commissioned 
Mr.  Chaves  as  Inspector  General  of  all  the 
forces  of  New  Mexico,  with  supreme  power  to 
supersede  the  governor  at  will.  Subsequently, 
in  1840,  he  was  made  political  chief,  and  five 
years  later  his  death  occurred.  In  his  business 
dealings  he  was  very  successful,  and  left  to  his 
family  a  comfortable  property  and  an  untar- 
nished name,  having  the  reputation  of  being  a 
man  of  the  utmost  truthfulness  and  honor. 
He  left  a  widow  and  five  children.  His  wife 
lived  to  be  seventy-three  years  of  age  and 
passed  away  in  April,  1891. 

Colonel  Chaves  was  the  second  child,  and 
when  only  five  years  of  age  his  father  sent  him 
to  Chihuahua.  In  1841  he  returned  and  was 
sent  to  school  in  St.  Louis,  Missouri.  He  tells 
how  his  father  took  him  into  a  room  alone, 
put  his  hand  on  his  head,  gave  him  his  blessing 
and  said,  ' '  The  heretics  are  going  to  overrun  all 
this  country.  Go  and  learn  their  language  and 
come  back  prepared  to  defend  your  people." 
He  attended  the  St.  Louis  University  for  five 
years,  or  until  1846.  The  war  with  Mexico 
had  at  this  time  broken  out  and  his  people 
were  afraid  that  all  Mexicans  found  in  the 
United  States  would  be  killed  and  that  all  the 
Americans  in  Mexico  would  share  the  same  fate; 
so  they  called  Colonel  Chaves  home  and  he  re- 
turned in  company  with  General  Kearny  and 
interpreted  and  received  his  proclamations  at 
different  places.  In  1 847  his  mother,  then  a 
widow,  sent  him  back  to  the  States  to  com- 
plete his  education,  and  he  went  to  New  York, 
city,  where  he  attended  a  private  academy  on 
Banks  street.  The  school  was  conducted  by 
Captain  Hyacinth  Peugnet,  who  had  served 
as  captain  under  the  great  Napoleon  Bona- 
parte. Mr.  Chaves  was  under  his  tutelage  for 
two  years  and  then  attended  an  academy  at 
Fishkill,  in  Dutchess  county,  New  York,  for  a 
year,  returning  then  to  New  York  city,  where 
he  pursued  his  studies  under  the  direction  of 
Dr.  Edward  Delafield.  He  read  medicine  for 
two  years  and  attended  lectures  at  the  College 
of  Physicians  and  Surgeons  of  New  York,  and 
during  a  year  of  this  time  was  also  in  the  hos- 


HIS  TORT  Of  NEW  MEXICO. 


pitals  of  the  city,  where  he  gained  much  valu- 
able information.  In  1852  he  returned  home 
and  on  the  solicitation  of  his  mother  took 
charge  of  the  financial  affairs  of  the  family. 
In  1853  he  took  a  large  flock  of  sheep  to  Cali- 
fornia, and  in  1854  he  took  a  band  of  15,000 
to  that  State.  They  were  driven  all  the  way, 
Mr.  Chaves  camping  out  at  night.  The  busi- 
ness at  that  time  was  very  hazardous,  for  the 
Indians  were  then  very  troublesome,  but  he 
managed  to  complete  the  trip  in  safety. 

In  1857  Colonel  Chaves  was  united  in 
marriage,  in  California,  with  Miss  Mary  Bowie, 
and  their  wedding  journey  consisted  of  a  trip 
to  Panama,  New  York  and  New  Orleans  and 
back  across  the  plains  to  New  Mexico.  In 
1860  the  Navajo  Indians  were  making  terrible 
depredations  among  the  settlers.  A  conven- 
tion was  held  in  Santa  Fe  in  August,  1859,  at 
which  it  was  resolved  to  form  an  expedition  to 
go  out  against  them  and  Miguel  E.  Pino  was 
elected  colonel  and  commanding  officer,  while 
Manuel  Chaves  was  made  lieutenant  colonel, 
and  under  the  authority  of  the  convention  he 
raised  a  company  of  i  50  men,  supplying  them 
with  arms  and  ammunition,  they  furnishing 
their  own  horses  and  other  equipments.  Four 
hundred  men  in  all  were  raised  and  they  in- 
vaded the  Navajo  country,  punishing  the  In- 
dians severely,  killing  many  of  them  and  taking 
considerable  of  their  stock,  on  which  the  ex- 
pedition subsisted;  but  their  ammunition  gave 
out  and  in  consequence  they  were  obliged  to 
return  home:  otherwise  they  would  have  com- 
pletely wiped  out  the  tribe. 

While  away  from  home  on  this  service  Col- 
onel Chaves  was  elected  a  member  of  the  Leg- 
islative Assembly,  but  he  did  not  return  to  his 
home  until  the  session  was  half  over.  In  1 861 , 
President  Lincoln  commissioned  Mr.  Chaves 
as  Major  of  a  volunteer  regiment  that  was  then 
being  formed  and  of  which  Ceran  St.  Vrain 
was  colonel  and  Kit  Carson  lieutenant  colonel. 
They  served  at  Fort  Unicjn  and  the  troops  un- 
der Colonel  Chaves  built  all  the  intrenchments 
there.  In  January,  1862,  they  were  ordered 
South  and  went  as  far  as  Fort  Craig,  partici- 


pating in  the  battle  of  Valverde.  They  also 
had  a  skirmish  at  Albuquerque  and  at  Los  Pi- 
nos  and  were  ordered  to  establish  a  new  post 
at  El  Gallo  to  be  known  as  Fort  Wingate,  and 
when  that  was  completed  he  commanded  the 
troops  engaged  in  fighting  the  Navajo  Indians 
and  brought  in  the  first  captives — 197  Indi- 
ans— to  the  reservation  at  Fort  Sumner;  and 
later  the  whole  tribe  was  brought  in.  In  1863 
Colonel  Chaves  was  ordered  to  act  as  escort 
for  the  officials  for  the  new  Territory  of  Ari- 
zona to  such  point  as  they  might  designate  for 
the  capital  of  the  Territory.  The  officers  were: 
Governor,  John  N.  Goodwin;  Secretary,  Rich- 
ard C.  McCormick;  Chief  Justice,  William  F. 
Turner;  and  Associate  Justice,  Charles  Allyn, 
and  Surveyor  General,  Levi  Bashford.  When 
the  party  reached  the  Navajo  Springs  they  con- 
cluded they  were  in  Arizona,  and  there  on  the 
3  ist  of  December  they  celebrated  the  organiz- 
ation of  the  Territory  of  Arizona.  On  the 
journey  they  had  several  encounters  with  the 
Indians  and  some  of  the  escort  were  killed, 
but  they  succeeded  in  driving  off  the  red  men 
with  some  loss  among  them.  When  they 
reached  Granite,  now  called  Prescott,  the  Gov- 
ernor decided  to  make  that  the  capital  and 
Colonel  Chaves  was  permitted  to  retuVn  with 
his  troops,  making  the  journey  home  over  a 
new  route.  He  served  for  three  months  be- 
yond his  term  of  enlistment  and  was  honorably 
discharged  from  the  service  April  15,  1865. 

On  leaving  the  army  Colonel  Chaves  was 
nominated  by  the  Republican  party,  of  which 
he  is  a  stalwart  supporter,  as  the  Delegate  to 
Congress  and  was  elected  by  2,600  majority, 
serving  in  the  Thirty-ninth,  Fortieth  and  Forty- 
first  Congresses.  He  was  also  nominated  for 
the  Forty-second,  but  another  Republican  was 
in  the  field  and  the  support  being  thus  divided 
the  Democratic  candidate  was  elected.  In 
1875  Colonel  Chaves  was  elected  a  member  of 
the  Territorial  Council,  and  from  that  time  up 
to  the  present  his  party  has  continued  him  in 
that  position,  where  he  is  faithfully  and  credit- 
ably serving  to  the  satisfaction  of  all  concerned. 
He  is  a  man  of  firm  convictions  and  fearless  in 


HIS  TORT  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


259 


defense  of  what  he  believes  to  be  right,  and  is 
justly  acknowledged  a  leader  of  his  party  in  the  \ 
Territory.      He  is  progressive,  devoted  to  the 
best   interest    of   the  general   public   and   is   a 
potent  factor  in  the  councils  of  his  party. 

In  1874  Colonel  Chaves  was  called  upon  to 
mourn  the  loss  of  his  wife,  who  died  on  the 
i  /th  of  July,  leaving  two  children.  The  daugh- 
ter, Lola,  is  now  the  wife  of  M.  Armijo;  and 
Francesco  died-  February  6,  1895,  at  the  age 
of  thirty-three  years.  The  Colonel  was  again 
married  in  1890,  to  Miss  Josephine  Whitington. 
They  adhere  to  the  faith  of  the  Catholic  Church. 
Mr.  Chaves  is  still  engaged  in  farming  and 
stock-raising  and  is  the  owner  of  about  10,000 
acres  of  land.  His  public  and  private  life  are 
alike  above  reproach,  and  he  is  widely  known 
throughout  the  Territory  and  has  the  high  es- 
teem of  his  many  acquaintances  and  friends. 
His  life  has  been  largely  devoted  to  public  in- 
terests and  every  confidence  reposed  in  him 
has  met  with  honor  and  ability.  Connected 
with  New  Mexico  from  his  birth,  he  is  a  son  of 
whom  she  may  well  be  proud  for  his  course  has 
ever  reflected  credit  upon  his  native  Territory. 


EON.  CHARLES  FRANKLIN  EAS- 
LEY,  Surveyor  General  of  the  Terri- 
tory of  New  Mexico,  is  a  native  of 
Missouri.  He  was  born  near  Harri- 
sonville,  Cass  county,  that  State,  on  the  3Oth 
of  July,  1853,  springing  from  an  old  Southern 
family.  His  father,  Achilles  Easley,  was  born 
in  North  Carolina,  February  16,  1797,  and 
was  an  engineer,  surveyor  and  farmer,  who 
served  as  Surveyor  of  his  county  for  eighteen 
years,  doing  the  greater  portion  of  that  work 
in  the  section  of  the  State  in  which  he  resided. 
He  died  in  1893,  at  the  ripe  old  age  of  ninety- 
six  years  and  three  months.  He  married  Miss 
Julia  Fulton,  who  was  a  native  of  Tennessee, 
and  a  daughter  of  Arthur  Fulton,  also  of  that 
State.  They  became  the  parents  of  a  family 
of  eight  children,  five  sons  and  three  danghters. 
The  mother  is  still  living,  and  is  now,  in  1895, 


eighty  years  of  age.      In  religion  the  family, 
as  far  back  as  is  known,  were  Presbyterians. 

General  Easley  was  the  fifth  child,  and  was 
educated  in  the  common  schools  and  in  an 
academy  of  his  native  town.  During  the  war 
his  people  lost  much  of  their  property,  and  he 
was  unable  to  spare  the  time  and  money  for  a 
higher  education,  but  he  had  studied  survey- 
ing in  the  academy  at  his  own  request,  and 
had  also  been  instructed  by  and  practiced  with 
his  father.  For  a  number  of  years  he  had 
carried  on  surveying,  and  at  the  same  time 
operated  the  farm  and  stock  business. 

The  year  1880  witnessed  the  arrival  of  Mr. 
Easley  in  New  Mexico.  Here  he  engaged  in 
the  Government  surveying  and  in  real-estate 
dealing.  He  also  took  up  the  study  of  law, 
making  a  specialty  of  land  law,  and  after  his 
admission  to  the  bar  engaged  in  that  particular 
line  of  practice,  in  which  he  has  been  eminently 
successful.  He  is  thoroughly  versed  in  the  law 
regarding  titles  and  abstracts  and  everything 
connected  with  his  specialty,  and  has  secured  a 
large  clientage.  Other  business  interests  also 
claim  his  time  and  attention,  for  he  is  a  man  of 
broad  capability  and  carries  forward  to  success- 
ful completion  whatever  he  undertakes.  He  is 
a  member  of  the  John  Shaw  Cattle  Company, 
which  has  headquarters  on  the  Pecos  river, 
where  there  is  a  rich  stock  range.  In  1885  he 
was  appointed  by  President  Cleveland  as  Reg- 
ister of  the  Land  Office,  in  which  capacity  he 
served  for  two  and  a  half  years,  when  he  re- 
signed in  order  to  give  more  attention  to  his 
law  practice.  He  next  had  the  honor  of  being 
elected  a  member  of  the  Twenty-ninth  Legis- 
lative Assembly  of  the  Territory.  This  was 
the  first  Assembly  in  which  the  Democrats  had 
a  majority  in  the  lower  house,  and  during  this 
term  the  present  school  law  of  the  Territory 
was  introduced.  Mr.  Easley  made  an  able 
fight  in  its  behalf  and  was  largely  instrumental 
in  securing  its  passage.  In  that  session  he 
also  led  the  opposition  to  the  bill  for  the  re- 
moval of  the  capital  from  Santa  Fe,  and  was 
instrumental  in  its  defeat.  Mr.  Easley  was  the 
organizer  of  the  Mutual  Building  &  Loan  As- 


2&0 


HISTORY  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


sociation  of  Santa  Fe,  an  enterprise  which  has 
not  only  been  successful,  but  has  proved  of 
great  value  to  the  city.  He  also  became  the 
first  president  of  the  Board  of  Equalization, 
and  in  1893,  over  thirteen  applicants,  he  re- 
ceived from  President  Cleveland  the  appoint- 
ment as  Surveyor  General  for  the  Territory. 
In  his  application  for  this  position  he  was  en- 
dorsed by  the  greater  number  of  leading  citi- 
zens of  the  Territory,  and  also  by  Senator 
Cockrell,  of  Missouri,  who  had  been  an  old- 
time  friend  of  his  father.  Mr.  Easley  is  thor- 
oughly informed  concerning  the  duties  and"  de- 
tails of  the  Surveyor  General's  office,  and 
makes  a  most  capable  and  efficient  officer.  In 
April,  1895,  he  was  elected  Mayor  of  the  city 
of  Santa  Fe,  having  been  nominated  by  ac- 
clamation by  the  Democratic  city  convention, 
and  without  solicitation  on  his  part  and  against 
his  earnest  protest.  After  he  was  nominated 
he  made  the  race  and  was  elected. 

On  the  23d  of  July,  1882,  Hon.  Charles 
F.  Easley  was  united  in  marriage  with  Miss 
Anna  McBroon,  a  lady  of  Scotch  descent. 
Their  union  has  been  blessed  with  three  sons 
and  three  daughters,  and  with  one  exception 
all  were  born  in  New  Mexico.  They  are  named 
Julia  Ethel,  Charles  Ralph,  Anna  Mabel,  and 
the  youngest  is  yet  unnamed.  Elmer  Franklin 
died  in  April,  1894,  at  the  age  of  three  years 
and  two  months,  and  Edna  Eliza  died  in  August, 
1888,  aged  about  one  year.  Mrs.  Easley  is  an 
esteemed  member  of  the  Presbyterian  Church, 
and  Mr.  Easley  is  an  active  member  of  the 
Masonic  fraternity,  having  taken  all  the  degrees 
in  the  York  and  Scottish  rites.  He  has  long 
been  Master  of  the  blue  lodge,  and  has  also 
held  many  offices  in  the  higher  branches  of  the 
order.  He  belongs  to  the  Knights  of  Pythias 
fraternity,  and  was  one  of  the  organizers  of 
the  Grand  Lodge  of  the  Territory,  and  is  now 
serving  his  second  term  as  their  Supreme  Rep- 
resentative. .  'General  Easley  is  a  man  of  strong 
impulses,  and  possesses  a  great  degree  of  nat- 
ural as  well  as  acquired  ability.  He  has  al- 
ways been  an  ardent  and  uncompromising 
Democrat,  and  since  coming  to  New  Mexico 


has  exercised  a  potent  influence  in  the  coun- 
cils of  his  party,  and  has  never  lost  an  oppor- 
tunity to  advance  its  interests;  but  when  the 
campaigns  are  over  he  is  a  genial,  social  and 
warm-hearted  man,  who  has  many  friends. 


ON.    JAMES     HENRY    WALKER, 

Register  of  the  United  States  Land 
Office  at  Santa  Fe,  is  one  of  the  most 
prominent  citizens  of  New  Mexico,  a 
leader  in  the  social,  political  and  business  in- 
terests of  the  Territory.  He  is  public-spirited 
in  an  eminent  degree,  and  his  devotion  to  the 
best  interests  of  his  adopted  home  is  well  known 
and  commends  itself  to  all.  He  was  born  in 
Cooper  county,  Missouri,  on  the  8th  of  April, 
1833,  and  his  ancestors  were  early  settlers  of 
the  South,  residing  in  Kentucky  and  Tennessee, 
where  they  were  known  as  people  of  honor  and 
ability.  His  maternal  grand-uncle,  Rev.  Finis 
Ewing,  was  one  of  the  founders  of  the  Cum- 
berland Presbyterian  Church  in  the  State  of 
Tennessee,  and  another  member  of  the  family, 
General  Ephraim  Ewing,  had  the  honor  of 
serving  as  Attorney  General  of  the  State  of 
Missouri. 

Anthony  S.  Walker,  the  father  of  the  gen- 
tleman whose  name  heads  this  record,  was  born 
in  Paris,  Kentucky,  in  November,  1805,  and 
was  reared  in 'his  native  State,  removing  to 
Missouri  after  he  had  attained  his  majority. 
In  April,  1831,  he  was  united  in  marriage  with 
Miss  Mary  E.  Read,  a  native  of  Kentucky, 
whose  people  came  from  Tennessee.  Her 
uncle,  John  Read,  was  the  first  Circuit  Judge 
of  his  district  and  continued  to  fill  that  office 
until  his  death,  which  occurred  during  the 
progress  of  the  Civil  war.  Anthony  Walker 
followed  farming  and  stock-raising  in  Missouri, 
and  was  a  man  of  sterling  worth,  who  won  the 
respect  of  all  who  knew  him.  In  his  family 
were  five  children,  four  of  whom  are  yet  living, 
the  younger  son  being  Judge  John  R.  Walker, 
who  is  now  District  Attorney  of  the  Western 
District  of  Missouri,  with  headquarters  at  Kan- 
sas City.  The  father  died  in  1863  in  the  fifty- 


HIS  TORT  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


261 


ninth  year  of  his  age,  and  his  wife,  who  sur- 
vived him  nine  years,  also  passed  away  at  the 
same  age. 

Hon.  James  Henry  Walker  is  their  eldest 
child.  Like  many  men  who  have  attained  to 
positions  of  prominence,  he  was  reared  upon 
a  farm  and  his  early  years  were  quietly  passed. 
He  obtained,  however,  a  good  education,  be- 
ing graduated  at  the  Missouri  State  University, 
after  which  he  returned  to  the  farm,  and  for 
some  time  carried  on  agricultural  pursuits,  but 
was  also  prominent  in  public  affairs.  His 
worth  and  ability  were  recognized  by  his  fel- 
low citizens;  he  became  a  leader  in  political 
circles  and  was  first  called  to  public  office  by 
his  election  to  the  position  of  County  Judge 
for  a  term  of  eight  years.  He  was  also  elected 
and  served  two  terms  of  four  years  each  in 
the  Missouri  State  Senate,  and  while  acting  in 
that  capacity  twice  aided  in  sending  Senator 
Vest  to  the  United  States  Senate.  He  also 
voted  for  General  James  Shields  for  United 
States  Senator.  His  faithfulness  to  any  inter- 
est which  he  supports,  his  strict  adherence  to 
principle,  and  his  fidelity  to  any  trust  reposed 
in  him,  made  Mr.  Walker  one  of  the  most 
prominent  and  influential  citizens  of  Missouri, 
and  have  also  gained  him  a  leading  place  in 
his  adopted  Territory. 

In  the  State  of  his  nativity,  in  1857,  Mr. 
Walker  married  Miss  Bell  West,  a  native  of 
Harrodsburg,  Kentucky,  and  a  daughter  of 
Tunstil  West,  of  that  State.  Their  union  has 
been  blessed  with  seven  children,  all  of  whom 
are  living  namely:  Edgar  S. ;  John  H. ;  James 
H.,  Jr.;  Mary  Bell,  now  Mrs.  Davis  of  Raton, 
New  Mexico;  Florence,  now  the  wife  of 
Charles  F.  Remsberg,  also  of  Raton;  Anna, 
wife  of  William  E.  Griffin,  of  Santa  Fe;  and 
Addison,  who  completes  the  family.  The 
eldest  son  is  First  Lieutenant  of  the  regular 
army,  and  is  a  professor  of  military  tactics  at 
Mexico,  Missouri. 

Mr.  Walker  was  a  Union  man  during  the 
war,  and  suffered  much  in  that  lamentable 
struggle.  In  1885,  believing  that  his  sons 
would  have  better  opportunities  in  the  Terri- 


tory of  New  Mexico,  he  removed  with  his 
family  to  Raton,  where  he  engaged  in  farming 
for  two  years,  when,  in  1887,  he  was  ap- 
pointed by  President  Cleveland  as  Register  of 
the  United  States  Land  Office  for  the  District 
of  Santa  Fe.  He  served  in  that  capacity  for 
two  years,  and  then  gave  place  to  General 
Harrison's  appointee,  while  he  returned  to 
Raton  and  embarked  in  merchandising,  in 
partnership  with  his  son-in-law,  Mr.  Rems- 
berg. In  1890  he  was  elected  a  member  of 
the  Territorial  Assembly,  and  in  1893,  the 
political  tables  having  again  turned,  he  was 
once  more  appointed  by  President  Cleveland  as 
Register  of  the  Land  Office,  and  succeeded 
the  man  who  had  previously  succeeded  him. 
In  this  capacity  Mr.  Walker  is  now  serving, 
and  makes  a  very  competent  and  obliging 
official. 

Mr.  Walker  is  a  man  of  domestic  tastes, 
greatly  interested  in  his  family,  and  the  circle 
yet  remains  unbroken  by  the  hand  of  death. 
His  wife  is  a  most  estimable  lady,  and  a  con- 
sistent member  of  the  Christian  Church,  while 
he  has  the  reputation  of  being  one  of  the 
most  honorable  of  men.  He  has  been  a  life- 
long Democrat,  and  has  for  years  been  con- 
nected with  the  Masonic  fraternity,  being  Past 
Master  and  one  of  the  organizers  of  the 
chapter  at  Raton.  As  a  man  and  a  citizen  he 
is  held  in  the  highest  esteem. 


*y    *  ON.       PEDRO       DELGADO.— This 

j^^   gentleman  we  find  a  native  of  the  his- 
f   toric  town   of  Santa  Fe  and  a  repre- 
sentative of  one  of  the  prominent  old 
Spanish  families  of  New  Mexico.      As  Receiver 
of  Public  Moneys   at  the  United  States  Land 
Office  in  Santa  Fe,  he   occupies  a  position  of 
importance,  and  it  is  gratifying  to  us  to  be  able 
in  this  connection  to  present  a  sketch  of  his  life 
and  ancestry. 

Mr.  Delgado's  great-grandfather,  Colonel 
Manuel  Delgado,  came  to  the  Territory  of  New 
Mexico  in  1770,  took  part  in  the  conquest  of 
the  country  and  settled  at  Santa  Fe,  where  he 


HISTORY  OF  NE  W  MEXICO. 


subsequently  served  for  some  time  as  Alcalde 
of  the  town.  His  wife  was  a  Miss  Baca,  a  na- 
tive of  Mexico.  He  died  in  the  seventieth 
year  of  his  age.  In  their  family  of  five  chil- 
dren was  a  son,  Manuel,  who  was  our  subject's 
grandfather.  He  was  a  stock-raiser  and  miner 
and  merchant  ;  was  one  of  the  first  miners  at 
Golden,  and  in  1848  had  a  store  there.  His 
wife  was  Maria  de  la  Luz  Baca,  a  native  of  New 
Mexico,  and  they  had  seven  children,  two  of  j 
whom  are  living.  Their  son  Pablo  was  born 
in  1822.  was  a  merchant  in  Santa  Fe  for  a 
number  of  years,  Territorial  Treasurer  and 
member  of  the  Legislature,  and  died  in  the 
fifty-first  year  of  his  age.  He  was  twice  mar- 
ried, had  two  children  by  his  first  wife  and  eight 
by  his  second,  the  gentleman  whose  name 
heads  this  article  being  the  youngest  of  the 
sons.  All  reside  in  New  Mexico.  Juan,  the 
eldest  son,  how  holds  the  office  of  Deputy 
Sheriff  of  Santa  Fe  county,  and  the  others  are 
farmers  and  stock-raisers.  The  family  still 
own  the  Delgado  ranch,  a  tract  composing 
30,000  acres  of  land  and  located  fourteen  miles 
south  of  the  city  of  Santa  Fe.  Mr.  Delgado's 
widow,  the  mother  of  our  subject,  is  still  liv- 
ing. She  was  by  maiden  name  Miss  Trinidad 
Lucero,  and  was  born  in  Santa  Fe  fifty-eight 
years  ago.  Having  thus  briefly  referred  to  the 
Delgado  family,  we  now  turn  to  the  facts 
touching  upon  the  life  of  the  Hon.  Pedro  Del- 
gado. 

He  was  born  June  29,  1861,  and  was  edu- 
cated in  San  Miguel  College,  where  he  gradu- 
ated in  1877,  at  the  age  of  sixteen,  and  to  him 
belongs  the  distinction  of  being  the  first  gradu- 
ate of  that  institution.  The  year  following 
his  graduation  he  spent  as  clerk  in  his  brother's 
store,  the  next  year  he  was  interested  with  his 
brother  in  gold  mining,  and  then  for  two  years 
he  was  bookkeeper  in  the  wholesale  house  of  J. 
L.  Johnson  &  Company.  After  this  he  was  in 
business  on  his  own  account  for  a  year  and  a 
half  in  Rio  Arriba  county,  with  J.  R.  Martinez 
as  partner.  Returning  to  Santa  Fe,  he  en- 
gaged in  stock-raising  on  the  ranch  above  re- 
ferred to,  and  continued  this  business  up  to 


date.  He  acted  as  Deputy  County  Clerk, 
Deputy  Assessor  and  Deputy  Sheriff,  and  was 
clerk  in  the  United  States  Marshal's  office  in 
i888-'89.  At  this  time  he  was  elected  on  the 
Democratic  ticket  to  the  office  of  County  Clerk, 
and  took  charge  of  the  office  on  the  ist  of 
January,  1 89  [ .  There  were  then  two  contend- 
ing boards  of  County  Commissioners,  both 
claiming  to  have  been  elected  and  urging  to  be 
recognized  by  the  County  Clerk.  The  pro- 
ceedings of  the  outgoing  board  showed  that  one 
of  these  boards  had  been  legally  elected  and 
they  held  certificates  to  that  effect.  Mr.  Del- 
gado recognized  this  board  and  refused  to 
recognize  the  other.  The  defeated  board  then 
went  to  the  Judge  of  the  District  Court  and 
had  a  mandamus  issued,  ordering  him  to  show 
cause  for  his  acts  in  the  premises  :  he  at  once 
gave  his  reasons.  Then  a  peremptory  writ 
was  served  on  him,  which  he  refused  to  obey, 
and  the  judge  at  once  ordered  the  sheriff  (the 
now  lamented  Francisco  Chaves)  to  take  him 
to  jail  until  he  was  purged  from  contempt  of 
the  court.  The  Supreme  Court  of  the  Terri- 
tory being  in  session  at  that  time,  his  attorneys 
tried  to  have  him  released  by  a  writ  of  habeas 
corpus.  The  court  heard  the  argument  in  the 
case  and  let  him  out  of  jail  on  bail,  pending 
their  decision,  which  was  rendered  a  week  later, 
four  members  of  the  court  holding  that  he 
must  obey  the  court.  The  Chief  Justice  dis- 
sented, holding  that  Mr.  Delgado's  acts  were 
legal.  He  was  returned  to  jail  pending  an  ap- 
peal which  he  had  taken  to  the  Supreme  Court 
of  the  United  States,  and  was  there  confined 
for  about  six  months.  The  Supreme  Court 
decided  on  a  technicality  and  sent  the  case  back 
to  the  Territorial  court.  By  this  time  Mr. 
Delgado's  money  was  exhausted  and  he  de- 
cided to  proceed  no  further  with  it,  and  obeyed 
the  order  of  the  court.  Two  weeks  later  he 
was  ousted  from  his  office  through  a  techni- 
cality, his  opponent  contesting  his  right  to  the 
position.  In  justice  to  Mr.  Delgado,  we  state 
that  he  acted  on  his  best  judgment  and  was  in 
no  way  to  blame  for  the  great  perplexity  and 
trouble  that  he  experienced. 


HIS  TORT  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


263 


On  leaving  the  office,  he  returned  to  his 
ranch  and  remained  there  the  following  year. 
He  then  received  the  appointment  of  substitute 
railway  mailing  clerk,  for  which  he  passed  a 
rigid  examination  and  was  found  to  be  well 
qualified.  His  route  was  between  La  Junta, 
Colorado,  and  El  Paso,  Texas.  Later  he  re- 
ceived a  regular  appointment  and  ran  between 
Rincon,  New  Mexico,  and  Silver  City,  this  Ter- 
ritory, and  was  subsequently  transferred  to  the 
run  between  Albuquerque  and  El  Paso.  He 
continued  on  the  road  until  August,  1893,  at 
which  time  he  received  the  appointment  to  his 
present  position,  that  of  Receiver  of  Public 
Moneys  at  the  United  States  Land  Office  at 
Santa  Fe.  He  is  well  informed  upon  the  du- 
ties of  this  place  and  is  proving  himself  to  be 
a  most  competent  and  obliging  official. 


>^OHN  F.  PEARCE.  PH.  B.,  M.  D.,  is 
fl  another  one  of  the  prominent  members 
/•  J  of  the  medical  profession  at  Albu- 
querque. He  has  been  identified  with 
the  interests  of  this  place  during  the  past  dec- 
ade and  in  this  time  has  not  only  won  recog- 
nition as  a  skilled  physician,  but  also  as  a  citi- 
zen of  sterling  worth.  We  take  pleasure  in 
here  referring  briefly  to  his  life  and  ancestry: 
The  Pearces  originated  in  England,  and 
their  advent  in  America  dates  back  in  the  early 
settlement  of  this  country.  Five  generations 
of  the  family  were  born  in  Maryland;  they  oc- 
cupied leading  and  influential  positions  there, 
and  their  history  is  closely  linked  with  that  of 
the  State.  Judge  D.  D.  Pearce,  the  Doctor's 
grandfather,  was  Judge  of  Cecil  county  for  a 
number  of  years.  He  was  also  a  planter.  His 
son,  D.  D.  Pearce,  our  subject's  father,  was 
born  in  1830,  on  the  estate  which  had  long 
been  owned  by  the  family.  He  married  Miss 
Mary  Frazier,  a  native  of  Delaware  and  of 
Scotch  and  Swedish  origin.  Her  ancestors  on 
her  mother's  side  were  Stidhams,  who  came 
from  Sweden  in  the  sixteenth  century  and  were 
among  the  first  settlers  of  Delaware.  They 
became  the  parents  of  three  children,  two 


daughters  and  a  son.  He  died  in  1870  and 
she  in  1876.  During  the  late  war  they  sus- 
tained heavy  financial  loss,  but  they  left  con- 
siderable property  to  their  children. 

Dr.  Pearce  is  the  youngest  in  his  father's 
family.  He  was  born  in  Cecil  county,  Mary- 
land, February  25,  1860.  His  early,education 
was  obtained  in  the  schools  of  Wilmington, 
Delaware,  and  in  1879  he  graduated  at  the 
Delaware  College,  receiving  the  degree  of  PH. 
B.  He  then  entered  the  Jefferson  Medical  Col- 
lege at  Philadelphia,  where  he  graduated  in 
1883.  He  was  also  a  private  student  of  Pro- 
fessor William  H.  Pancoast,  of  Philadelphia, 
the  leading  surgeon  of  that  institution,  and 
after  graduating  practiced  with  his  preceptor  in 
Philadelphia  three  years.  From  there  he  came 
West  "to  grow  up  with  the  country,"  settled 
at  Albuquerque,  and  here  he  has  built  up  and 
retained  an  excellent  practice.  He  is  United 
States  Pension  Surgeon,  has  been  City  Physi- 
cian a  number  of  years,  and  is  Major  of  the 
First  New  Mexico  Militia. 

Dr.  Pearce  was  married  in  1886  to  Miss  Eva 
Lockwood,  a  native  of  Philadelphia  and  a 
daughter  of  R.  T.  Lockwood,  of  Delaware. 
They  have  one  child,  a  daughter,  Rebecca, 
born  in  Albuquerque. 

The  Doctor  is  a  member  of  the  K.  of  P. , 
I.  O.  O.  F.  and  Red  Men. 


R.  WALTER  G.  HOPE.— At  this 
point  we  are  permitted  to  touch  upon 
the  life  of  one  of  Albuquerque's  leading 
young  physicians,  whose  identity  with 
the  medical  profession  of  this  place  dates  from 
the  spring  of  1891.  In  the  person  of  Dr. 
Walter  G.  Hope,  we  find  a  native  of  the  Key- 
stone State,  born  at  Enon,  Lawrence  county, 
April  28,  1860. 

Dr.  Hope  descends  from  English  and  Scotch 
ancestors.  His  people,  however,  have  long 
been  residents  of  America,  three  generations  of 
the  family  having  been  born  near  Philadelphia. 
Among  them  have  been  found  farmers,  me- 
chanics and  professional  men,  all  noted  for 


264 


HISTORT  OF  NE  W  MEXICO. 


their  honesty  and  industry  and  occupying  hon- 
orable and  useful  positions  in  life.  The  Doc- 
tor's father,  Hugh  Hope,  was  born  in  Pennsyl- 
vania on  the  farm  on  which  the  progenitor  of 
the  family  in  America  had  settled  many  years 
before.  He  was  a  farmer,  a  member  of  the 
United  Presbyterian  Church,  and  a  man  of 
sterling  worth.  He  married  Sarah  McGehon, 
a  native  of  his  own  county,  and  they  became 
the  parents  of  eight  children,  seven  of  whom 
are  living.  Both  father  and  mother  are  de- 
ceased, he  being  sixty-eight  at  the  time  of 
death,  and  she  seventy-six.  The  mother,  too, 
was  a  devoted  Christian  and  a  member  of  the 
same  church  to  which  her  husband  belonged, 
and  they  reared  their  children  in  the  fear  of 
the  Lord. 

Walter  G.,  the  youngest  of  his  father's 
family,  was  educated  at  Westminster  College, 
Pennsylvania,  where  he  completed  a  classical 
course  and  graduated  in  1884,  After  this  he 
gave  his  whole  attention  to  the  study  of  medi- 
cine, entered  Jefferson  Medical  College  at  Phila- 
delphia, and  in  1886  received  his  diploma  from 
that  institution.  That  same  year  he  began 
the  practice  of  his  profession  at  Lenexa,  Kan- 
sas, and  remained  at  that  place  until  the  spring 
of  1891,  when,  as  already  stated,  he  took  up 
his  residence  at  Albuquerque.  Here  he  has 
continued  the  practice  of  medicine  with  very 
gratifying  success.  And  he  has  not  only  won 
the  confidence  of  his  patrons  and  those  with 
whom  he  daily  mingles  but  he  has  also  gained 
honorable  recognition  from  the  medical  pro- 
fession. He  is  Secretary  of  the  Bernalillo 
Medical  Society  and  is  a  member  of  the  Terri- 
torial Medical  Society.  He  is  also  identified 
with  the  Odd  Fellows  and  the  Knights  of 
Pythias.  In  politics  he  is  a  Republican,  and 
in  every  way  is  regarded  as  a  worthy  and  up- 
right citizen. 

The  Doctor  was  married  June  8,  1892,  to 
Miss  Kittie  May  Bower,  of  Lenexa,  Kansas, 
daughter  of  Dr.  G.  M.  Bower,  of  that  place, 
and  at  that  time  a  member  of  the  Kansas  State 
Senate.  The  Doctor  and  Mrs.  Hope  have  a 
little  daughter,  Helen,  born  in  Albuquerque. 


Dr.  Hope  has  invested  in  property  in  this 
city  and  feels  that  he  is  permanently  located 
here.  He  built  a  substantial  brick  block,  the 
upper  story  of  which  he  uses  for  his  office  and 
residence,  the  lower  floor  being  occupied  by 
the  G.  F.  Albright  Publishing  Company. 


ON.  WILLIAM  D.  LEE,  ex-Judge 
of  the  Second  Judicial  District  of 
New  Mexico,  now  practicing  law  at 
Albuquerque  and  filling  the  position 
of  Standing  Master  in  Chancery,  merits  spe- 
cific recognition  in  the  list  of  those  able  pro- 
fessional men  whose  life  histories  are  incorpo- 
rated in  this  volume. 

He  was  born  in  the  State  of  Indiana, 
November  8,  1830,  and  is  a  member  of  the 
distinguished  Lee  family  of  Virginia,  related  to 
General  Robert  E.  Lee.  His  grandmother  be- 
longed to  the  Baldwin  family,  a  prominent 
family  of  the  Old  Dominion.  On  both  sides 
of  the  family  they  were  active  in  public  affairs 
and  participants  in  the  Revolution.  Judge 
Lee's  father,  Dr.  Henry  D.  Lee,  was  born  in 
Lebanon  county,  Ohio.  He  married  Miss 
Harriet  E.  Gordon,  who  was  of  Scotch  descent, 
and,  like  the  others,  her  people  had  long  been 
residents  of  Virginia.  It  was  her  mother  who 
was  a  Baldwin,  as  stated.  They  had  ten  chil- 
dren, of  whom  six  are  living.  Soon  after  his 
graduation,  Dr.  Lee  removed  to  Indiana, 
where  he  was  a  pioneer  physician,  and  where 
he  continued  in  the  practice  of  his  profession 
the  rest  of  his  life.  He  died  in  that  State,  at 
the  age  of  sixty-six  years,  and  his  good  wife 
was  in  her  seventy-first  year  when  she  died. 
Both  were  active  members  of  the  Methodist 
Episcopal  Church  and  he  was  an  ordained 
minister,  preaching,  however,  only  locally. 
He  enioyed  a  very  extensive  practice  that 
extended  over  a  radius  of  many  miles,  and 
wherever  he  was  known,  professionally  or 
otherwise,  he  was  esteemed  for  his  excellent 
qualities  of  both  mind  and  heart. 

Judge  Lee  was  the  third  born  in  his  father's 
family.  He  was  educated  at  De  Pauw  Uni- 


HISTORT  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


265 


versity,  Greencastle,  Indiana,  and  in  the  law 
department  of  the  State  University  of  Indi- 
ana, graduating  at  the  last  named  institution 
in  1852.  Previous  to  this  he  had  read  law  in 
the  office  of  Hon.  "  Dick"  Thompson,  who 
afterward  became  Secretary  of  the  United 
States  Navy,  under  the  Hayes  administration. 
Our  subject  began  the  practice  of  law  in  Jasper 
county,  Indiana,  in  1852,  but  soon  removed 
from  there  to  La  Fayette,  same  State,  where 
he  was  State's  Attorney  for  the  Twelfth  Judi- 
cial Circuit.  In  the  meantime  the  war  cloud 
had  .gathered  and  burst  upon  the  country, 
more  soldiers  were  needed  to  fill  the  depleted 
ranks  of  the  Union  army,  and  in  1863  our  sub- 
ject was  one  of  the  volunteers  who  went  out 
in  defense  of  his  country.  He  was  made 
Captain  of  Company  E,  One  Hundred  and 
Thirty-fifth  Indiana  Volunteers,  and'  served  in 
the  Army  of  the  Cumberland;  was  in  the  bat- 
tle of  Nashville '  when  it  was  attacked  by 
General  Wheeler;  and  was  with  his  command 
protecting  the  railroads  when  General  Sher- 
man made  his  memorable  march  to  the  sea. 
He  served  five  months  more  than  the  term  for 
which  he  had  enlisted,  and  after  the  war  re- 
turned to  La  Fayette,  where  he  resumed  the 
practice  of  law. 

Judge  Lee  continued  to  reside  at  La  Fayette 
until  1876,  at  which  time  he  came  to  Las 
Vegas,  New  Mexico,  and  forfned  a  partner- 
ship with  L.  C.  Fort,  under  the  firm  name  of 
Lee  &  Fort.  They  did  a  large  business  until 
1889.  That  year  Judge  Lee  was  appointed  by 
President  Harrison  to  the  position  of  Judge  of 
the  Second  Judicial  District  of  New  Mexico, 
and  accordingly  came  to  Alburquerque,  where 
he  served  on  the  Bench  until  1894.  Since 
then  he  has  been  engaged  in  the  practice  of 
law  here  and  also,  by  appointment,  is  filling 
the  position  of  Standing  Master  in  Chancery. 

In  1855  Judge  Lee  was  married  to  Miss 
Naomi  A.  Reese,  a  native  of  Indiana,  and  a 
daughter  of  Mr.  William  Reese  of  that  State, 
one  of  the  brave  soldiers  who  lost  his  life 
while  fighting  in  the  ranks  of  the  Union  army. 
The  Judge  and  Mrs.  Lee  have  five  sons  and 


two  daughters,  namely  :  Victor  H.,  who  is 
engaged  in  ranching  and  mining  in  Colorado  ; 
Rose  L. ,  wife  of  Charles  F.  Hunt,  Sheriff  of 
Bernalillo  county,  New  Mexico  ;  Fred  W. , 
who  is  in  railroad  employ  ;  Margaret  E. ,  at 
home  ;  Harry  F. ,  a  stenographer  and  law  stu- 
dent ;  and  Frank  E.,  employed  as  clerk. 

Judge  Lee  was  one  of  the  organizers  of  the 
Republican  party  and  has  since  unswervingly 
adhered  to  it.  He  is  a  man  of  genial  and  gen- 
erous impulses  and  one  with  whom  it  is  a  pleas- 
ure to  converse.  Few  men  in  this  part  of  New 
Mexico  are  better  known  or  more  highly  es- 
teemed than  is  Judge  William  D.  Lee. 


EON.    H.     B.     FERGUSSON,    junior 
member  of  the  well-known  law  firm 
of  Warren  &Fergusson,  Albuquerque, 
New  Mexico,    is  a  gentleman  whose 
prominence    in   professional  ranks   and   whose 
identity  with  this  city  for  more  than  ten  years 
entitle  him  to  specific  recognition  in  a  work  of 
this  character. 

Mr.  Fergusson's  birth  occurred  September 
9,  1848,  in  the  State  of  Alabama.  His  great- 
grandfather Fergusson  was  among  the  early 
settlers  of  South  Carolina,  having  emigrated 
to  this  country  from  England.  One  of  his 
brothers  was  an  officer  in  the  English  army 
and  was  killed  at  the  battle  of  King's  moun- 
tain. Captain  Sampson  N.  Fergusson,  our 
subject's  father,  was  born  in  South  Carolina 
in  1816.  He  married  Miss  Mary  D.  Poyas,  a 
native  of  that  State  and  a  descendant  of  the 
French  Huguenots.  At  the  commencement 
of  the  Civil  war  he  espoused  the  cause  of  his 
people  of  the  South,  raised  a  company  in 
Pickens  county  for  the  Fifth  Alabama  Volun- 
teer Infantry,  was  made  Captain  of  the  com- 
pany, and  as  such  served  under  General  Lee 
in  Virginia  participating  in  all  the  battles  of 
Lee's  army  from  the  first  battle  at  Manassas 
to  the  close  of  the  war,  and.  coming  out  of 
that  sanguinary  struggle  without  an  injury. 
Returning  to  his  home,  he  resumed  the  prac- 
tice of  his  profession,  that  of  medicine,  and 


266 


HISTORT  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


continued  the  same  until  his  death  in  1875. 
His  wife  died  soon  after  the  close  of  the  war, 
leaving  one  son  and  three  daughters. 

This  son,  H.  B.  Fergusson,  was  reared  in 
the  South  and  had  the  benefit  of  excellent 
educational  advantages,  his  advanced  studies 
being  pursued  at  Washington  University.  After 
receiving  the  degree  of  M.  A.  in  that  institu- 
tion, he  entered  its  law  department,  where  he 
graduated  in  1874.  For  two  years  after  this 
he  had  charge  of  the  academy  at  Winchester 
in  the  Shenandoah  valley,  a  preparatory 
school  for  boys.  In  1876  he  began  the  prac- 
tice of  law  at  Wheeling,  West  Virginia,  where 
he  continued  successfully  until  1882.  That 
year  he  came  to  White  Oaks,  New  Mexico, 
to  take  charge  of  a  large  mining  suit  which 
was  in  the  courts  for  a  year  and  a  half.  Dur- 
ing this  time  he  became  acquainted  with  New 
Mexico  and  decided  to  make  his  home  here. 
Accordingly  in  1884  he  took  up  his  abode  at 
Albuquerque.  He  was  associated  with  W.  B. 
Childers  in  practice  until  1887,  when  he 
formed  a  partnership  with  Judge  Warren, 
under  the  firm  name  of  Warren  &  Fergusson; 
and  while  they  conduct  a  general  practice  they 
make  a  specialty  of  mining  law,  in  which  they 
have  acquired  a  high  reputation.  Mr.  Fergus- 
son  received  the  appointment  of  District  At- 
torney from  Governor  Ross,  but,  on  account 
of  urgent  demands  of  his  private  practice,  re- 
signed the  position. 

In  1887  was  consummated  the  marriage  of 
Mr.  Fergusson  and  Miss  Clara  M.  Huning, 
daughter  of  Hon.  Franz  Huning,  a  promi- 
nent New  Mexico  pioneer.  Mr.  and  Mrs. 
Fergusson  have  two  children,  Erna  and 
Harvey  B.,  Jr.  Their  delightfully  romantic 
home,  built  of  adobe  and  surrounded  with 
spacious  and  attractive  grounds,  is  located  on 
the  line  of  street  railway  between  the  old  and 
new  town  of  Albuquerque. 

In  his  political  principles  Mr.  Fergusson 
harmonizes  with  the  Democratic  party,  to 
which  he  has  rendered  efficient  service.  He  is 
at  this  writing  a  member  of  the  National 
Democratic  Committee,  representing  New 


Mexico  in  the  same.  As  an  able  lawyer  and 
worthy  citizen,  he  merits  the  high  esteem  in 
which  he  is  held. 


(D 


AJOR  ADIN  H.  WHITMORE,  ex- 
Mayor  of  East  Las  Vegas,  was  born 
in  Springfield,  Vermont,  March  31, 
1843.  His  ancestors  were  from 
England,  and  were  early  settlers  of  Newbury- 
port,  New  Hampshire.  His  father,  Hamlin 
Whitmore,  was  born  in  Lebanon,  New  Hamp- 
shire, March  5,  1809.  He  married  Saloma 
Sawyer,  a  native  of  Vermont,  and  they  had 
seven  children,  six  sons  and  one  daughter. 
During  many  years  of  his  life  Mr.  Whitmore 
was  engaged  in  the  manufacture  of  fancy  cassi- 
meres,  and  owned  the  Black  River  Woolen 
Mills.  Hfs  death  occurred  May  5,  1890,  at 
the  age  of  seventy-nine  years,  and  his  wife  de- 
parted this  life  at  the  age  of  fifty-eight  years. 
She  was  a  niece  of  the  ex-dean  of  Tufts  College, 
Massachusetts,  who  has  celebrated  his  ninety- 
first  birthday. 

Adin  H.  Whitmore,  the  third  child  in  order 
of  birth,  received  his  education  in  Norwich 
University,  and  while  there  the  great  Civil  war 
broke  forth  upon  the  country,  and  out  of  a 
class  of  sixty-five  students  sixty-one  enlisted, 
our  subject  being  among  the  number.  He  was 
made  Sergeant 'Major  of  the  Sixteenth  Ver- 
mont Infantry,  and  later  was  promoted  as 
Lieutenant,  being  the  youngest  officer  in  his 
brigade.  The  war  ended  about  the  close  of 
his  term  of  enlistment. 

Returning  to  his  home,  Mr.  Whitmore  was 
engaged  in  the'  manufacturing  business  with  his 
father,  and  during  the  years  of  1869-70-1-2 
was  with  the  Erie  railroad,  after  which  he  was 
again  engaged  in  business  with  his  father  until 
1879.  In  that  year  he  came  to  Las  Vegas, 
New  Mexico,  immediately  becoming  interested 
in  mining,  and  was  the  means  of  bringing  the 
White  Oak  mines  into  note,  in  which  he  still 
owns  large  interests.  Mr.  Whitmore  has  in- 
vested in  property  in  Las  Vegas,  and  has  been 
active  in  every  enterprise  for  the  improvement 


HISTORT  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


267 


and  advancement  of  his  chosen  city.  He  was 
one  of  the  founders  and  organizers  of  the 
Building  and  Loan  Association,  out  of  which 
grew  the  Mutual  Building  and  Loan  Associa- 
tion, that  has  resulted  in  much  good  to  the  city. 
Mr.  Whitmore  has  the  credit  of  having  been 
one  of  the  builders  of  the  first  two-story  busi- 
ness block  and  the  first  two-story  residence  in 
the  city.  In  1882  he  opened  the  insurance 
business,  and  now  represents  a  large  number  of 
the  leading  insurance  companies  of  the  coun- 
try. He  was  one  of  the  first  officers  of  the 
Gas  and  Electric  Light  Company,  and  is  still 
a  stockholder  in  the  Las  Vegas  Light  and  Fuel 
Company;  has  served  as  President  of  the  Board 
of  Trade  and  of  the  Commercial  Club,  and  in 
1 894  was  elected  Mayor  of  the  city.  He  aided 
in  the  incorporation  of  Las  Vegas  as  a  city  of 
the  first-class. 

In  1882  Major  Whitmore  was  married  to 
Miss  H.  J.  Phelps,  a  native  of  Elizabeth,  New 
Jersey,  and  they  have  one  daughter,  Irene  S. 
The  Major  has  been  a  life-long  Republican, 
and  in  his  social  relations  is  a  member  of  the 
Knights  of  Pythias.  He  has  made  a  grand 
record  in  the  city  of  his  choice,  and  is  highly 
spoken  of  as  one  of  her  best  citizens  and  most 
progressive  business  men. 


ON.  SANTA  CRUZ  CASTILLO,  Su- 

perintendent  of  Schools  for  the  county 
of  Socorro,  New  Mexico,  is  a   native 
son  of  the  Territory,  born   at  Lerni- 
tar,  Socorro  county,  April  5,   1866. 

His  father,  Nepomuceno  Castillo,  was  a 
Mexican  by  birth,  a  native  of  Chihuahua,  born 
in  1839".  In  1858  he  removed  to  New  Mexico, 
and  in  1 863  was  united  in  marriage,  at  Albu- 
querque, to  Miss  Barbarita  Lopez,  of  that  city. 
Mr.  Castillo  is  a  manufacturer  of  filigree  jew- 
elry, and  is  one  of  the  most  expert  and  skillful 
workmen  in  this  business.  He  and  his  wife 
now  reside  in  Las  Cruces,  New  Mexico.  They 
have  had  eleven  children,  five  of  whom  are 
living  :  Juan  C.,  Volaise  L. ,  Luis  C.,  Felipe 
N.,  and  Santa  Cruz,  the  subject  of  this  biogra- 


phy. The  father  served  in  the  Union  army  in 
New  Mexico  during  the  struggle  for  the  per- 
petuity of  the  nation,  being  a  member  of  Cap- 
tain Gradyn's  cavalry  company  (scouts):  also 
acted  as  Captain  in  different  companies  organ- 
ized to  punish  the  Indians  and  protect  the  set- 
tlers against  their  depredations.  In  this  ca- 
pacity he  earned  a  reputation  for  courage  and 
coolness  in  time  of  danger,  and  at  one  time 
that  he  went  to  a  campaign  he  killed  an  In- 
dian and  brought  a  girl  Indian  captive  who  still 
is  living  here,  in  the  neighboring  town.  He 
has  displayed  more  than  ordinary  wisdom  and 
judgment  in  the  management  and  ordering  of 
his  men. 

Santa  Cruz  Castillo.is  the  eldest  of  the  fam- 
ily, and  received  a  superior  education  in  the 
Jesuit  Fathers'  School  in  Albuquerque,  where 
he  took  a  six-years'  course  and  graduated  in 
English  and  Spanish.  In  June,  1879,  here- 
turned  to  Socorro,  and  under  the  tuition  of  his 
father  began  to  learn  the  jewelry  trade.  He 
afterward  served  as  clerk  in  a  store  at  Lincoln, 
keeping  the  books,  selling  goods  and  some- 
times having  the  management  of  the  store  en- 
tire. The  business  belonged  to  Jose  Montanyo, 
one  of  the  rich  merchants  of  the  Territory. 
Resigning  this  position  he  returned  to  Socorro 
and  was  in  the  jewelry  business  for  some  time. 
Later  he  went  to  Santa  Fe,  and  in  the  employ 
of  the  firm  of  F.  Abeytia  &  Brother,  he  con- 
tinued eighteen  months.  He  had  mastered 
every  detail  of  the  trade,  and  had  become  one 
of  the  most  skilled  of  workmen.  He  was 
again  associated  with  his  father  in  business, 
but  in  1889  accepted  the  position  of  weigh- 
master  and  book-keeper  for  the  Rio  Grande 
Smelting  Company,  which  he  held  five  years. 

Mr.  Castillo  was  appointed  Deputy  County 
Assessor  of  Socorro  county  in  1887  ;  the  fol- 
lowing year  he  was  elected  clerk  of  the  city  of 
Socorro,  and  in  1 894  he  was  elected  Council- 
man from  the  Fourth  Ward  of  the  city.  He 
was  elected  to  the  office  of  County  Superin- 
tendent of  Schools  November  6,  1894,  and 
notwithstanding  that  it  was  the  first  time  that 
he  ran  for  a  county  office  he  was  elected  by  5 1 3 


268 


HISTORY  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


votes  majority.  This  is  a  position  for  which 
he  is  well  qualified,  both  by  taste  and  at- 
tainment. He  has  charge  of  the  forty- 
nine  schools  in  the  county,  and  only  ten  can 
be  reached  by  rail  !  About  one-third  of  them 
are  100  miles  from  the  county  seat,  and  some 
of  them  are  180  miles  distant!  the  success  of 
which  is  in  a  large  measure  due  to  him.  He 
has  organized  one  new  district,  has  joined  four 
other  districts,  and  has  made  other  advanta- 
geous changes,  introducing  new  textbooks  and 
making  all  kinds  of  improvement  in  the  schools. 

In  politics  he  adheres  to  the  principles  of 
the  Republican  party,  and  has  served  as  Clerk 
of  the  Republican  County  Central  Committee. 
In  1883  he  assisted  in  the  organization  of  the 
Roman  Catholic  society  known  as  "  Caba- 
lleros  Catolicos  de  San  Miguel ;  "  he  was  elect- 
ed chief  secretary  of  this  body,  and  holds  that 
position  at  the  present  time.  He  is  consid- 
ered as  one  of  the  best  penmen  in  the  county, 
if  not  the  best. 

He  was  united  in  marriage  to  Miss  Domin- 
ica Baca,  who  was  born  in  Socorro,  March 
24,  1873,  a  daughter  of  the  Hon.  Juan  Jose 
Baca,  also  possessing  a  refined  education,  ac- 
quired at  the  Sisters'  school  for  the  period  of 
seven  years;  his  history  will  be  found  on  another 
page  of  this  volume.  They  are  the  parents  of 
two  children,  Nepomuceno  and  Alfonzo  C. 
The  family  are  devout  members  of  the  Roman 
Catholic  Church,  and  are  held  in  the  highest 
esteem  by  all  classes  of  citizens. 


aOLONEL     ETHAN     W.      EATON, 
one  of  the  pioneers  of   New  Mexico, 
has    resided    in    the    Territory    since 
1849.      He  is  a  native  of  the  State  of 
New  York,  born  in  Montgomery  county,  Octo- 
ber   10,   1827,  and  is  of  English   descent,    his 
ancestors  having  emigrated  from  Great  Britain 
to  New  England  soon  after  the   landing  of  the 
Mayflower.      In  all  of  the  nine  generations  born 
in  America  there   have   been  prominent  mem- 
bers of  the  ministry,  medicine  and   law.      The 
paternal  grandfather,  Ethan  Eaton,  was  a  na- 


tive of  Connecticut.  He  was  a  farmer  and 
lumber  merchant  of  some  prominence,  and 
lived  to  a  ripe  old  age.  Jesse  N.  Eaton,  his 
son,  was  born  in  Connecticut,  but  in  his  youth 
removed  to  New  York,  where  he  lived  until  his 
death,  which  occurred  in  1839,  and  was  caused 
by.  the  bursting  of  a  wheel  of  a  wood-sawing 
machine.  He  had  been  united  in  marriage  to 
Miss  Maria  Young,  a  native  of  the  State  of 
New  York,  and  to  them  were  born  five  children, 
three  of  whom  are  still  living.  The  mother 
died  at  the  age  of  fifty  years.  Colonel  Ethan 
W.  Eaton  is  the  eldest  of  the  family.  He  re- 
ceived his  education  at  Sharon  Center,  New 
York,  and  in  the  academy  at  Atnesville. 

When  the  great  tide  of  emigration  swept 
West  in  1849,  he  joined  a  party  of  ten  and 
started  from  the  Empire  State  to  cross  the 
plains  to  California.  When  the  company 
reached  Cincinnati  they  built  a  boat,  went 
down  the  Ohio  river  to  the  Mississippi  river, 
and  on  to  the  mouth  of  the  Arkansas  river, 
where  they  sold  their  vessel  and  took  a  steamer 
for  Fort  Smith.  Having  arrived  at  that  place, 
they  bought  an  outfit  of  two  wagons  and  four 
yoke  of  oxen,  and  continued  their  journey  to 
Santa  Fe,  where  they  arrived  in  September, 
1849.  Colonel  Eaton  and  two  of  his  comrades 
decided  to  stop  there,  but  the  others  deter- 
mined to  push  on  to  the  gold  fields  of  the  Pa- 
cific coast.  Some  ill  fate  attended  them,  as 
they  were  never  heard  of  afterward.  Colonel 
Eaton  first  engaged  in  prospecting  for  gold, 
but  after  a  short  time  started  a  store  at  Galisteo, 
and  continued  in  the  mercantile  business  for 
two  years.  He  then  purchased  a  land  grant  of 
100,000  acres,  and  turned  his  attention  to  stock- 
raising  and  farming. 

These  industries  were  interrupted  by  the 
breaking  out  of  the  Civil  war.  When  there 
was  a  call  for  troops  our  worthy  subject  offered 
prompt  response.  He  raised  Company  F,  of 
the  Second  New  Mexico  Volunteer  Infantry,  of 
which  he  was  commissioned  Captain.  He  at 
once  put  his  men  in  training,  and  soon  had  a 
well-drilled  company,  which  received  the  high- 
est commendation  of  General  Canby.  He  had 


HISTORT  OF  NEW  MEXTCO. 


269 


more  than  ordinary  aptitude  for  the  disciplining 
of  men,  and  rendered  the  Government  valuable 
service  in  New  Mexico.  The  close  of  the  war 
found  him  a  Colonel  of  cavalry.  It  was  not 
long  before  the  war  that  the  Apache  Indians 
ran  away  with  100  head  of  his  live-stock.  He 
followed  with  twelve  men,  the  body-guard  of 
General  Carlton,  and  a  few  citizens,  overtak- 
ing the  Redskins  after  a  chase  of  100  miles. 
All  the  Indians  but  one  were  killed  in  the  fight 
that  followed,  and  the  lost  property  was  re- 
stored. Colonel  Eaton  received  a  wound  in 
the  thigh  from  an  arrowhead  two  and  a  half 
inches  long,  and  it  was  two  and  a  half  months 
before  he  could  have  it  removed. 

The  peaceful  occupation  to  which  he  turned 
his  attention  was  mining,  but  in  this  he  met 
with  only  moderate  success.  He  still  owns 
some  mines  and  prospects  in  the  Magdalene  dis- 
trict, and  with  the  hopeful  spirit  characteristic 
of  the  miner  looks  forward  to  the  time  of 
realizing  a  fortune.  In  1875  Colonel  Eaton 
came  to  Socorro  to  reside.  Very  soon  after- 
ward the  editor  of  the  paper  published  in  this 
place  was  shot  by  some  Mexicans  as  he  was 
coming  out  of  the  church  accompanied  by  his 
wife.  This  caused  great  excitement  among  the 
American  citizens,  and  as  a  result  a  vigilance 
committee  was  organized  which  grew  to  be  100 
strong;  a  bloody  fight  ensued,  and  one  of  the 
Mexicans  was  shot,  one  was  hanged  and  one 
was  tried  by  the  courts  and  sent  to  the  peni- 
tentiary. Governor  Sheldon  approved  of  the 
course  of  the  committee,  which  had  acted  un- 
der the  directions  of  Colonel  Eaton.  Our 
subject  is  an  active  Republican,  and  was  at 
one  time  Deputy  United  States  Marshal;  he  has 
also  served  as  Deputy  Sheriff  of  the  county  of 
Socorro,  and  during  this  time  his  life  was 
threatened  by  desperadoes;  once,  while  at- 
tempting an  arrest  in  a  saloon,  one  of  a  num- 
ber of  rough  characters  present  shot  him,  shat- 
tering his  left  arm;  he  instantly  returned  the 
fire,  killed  his  assailant,  and  arrested  the  others 
of  the  gang.  It  is  to  men  of  such  nerve  and 
promptitude  of  action  that  the  peace  and  safety 
established  in  New  Mexico  in  early  times  is  due. 


In  1851  Colonel  Eaton  was  united  in  mar- 
riage to  Miss  Marcilena  Chavez,  a  native  of  the 
Territory,  and  a  member  of  the  distinguished 
Chavez  family  of  New  Mexico.  They  are  the 
parents  of  nine  children,  all  of  whom  are  liv- 
ing. 


^V^VATRICIO   GONZALES,     as    County 
I     m    Clerk  and  Probate  Clerk  of  San  Mi- 
guel county,  New  Mexico,   occupies  a 
position  of   distinctive  importance  in 
Las  Vegas,  and  as  such  is  entitled  to  specific 
recognition  in  a  work  which  has  for  its  object 
the  sketching  of  the  lives  of  the  representative 
men  of  his  county. 

Mr.  Gonzales  was  born  in  the  county  in 
which  he  now  makes  his  home,  March  17, 
1855,  and  is  descended  from  an  ancestry  in 
which  he  has  every  reason  to  take  pride.  His 
grandfather,  Antonio  Gonzales,  was  born  in 
Spain,  and  came  to  New  Mexico  in  the  early 
history  of  this  country,  and  his  son  Manuel, 
our  subject's  father,  was  born  in  this  Territory. 
The  latter  married  Gumecinda  Tujillo,  a  na- 
tive of  New  Mexico  and  a  descendant  of  one 
of  the  distinguished  families  of  the  Territory. 
Manuel  Gonzales  was  in  early  life  a  farmer  and 
merchant,  and  before  the  advent  of  the  rail- 
road carried  on  freighting  extensively  with  ox 
trains,  hauling  goods  across  the  plains  from 
Kansas  City.  He  was  also  a  brave  soldier  and 
was  engaged  in  the  company  of  Captain  Chavez 
in  many  a  fight  with  the  Indians,  who  at  vari- 
ous times  murdered  the  settlers  and  devastated 
their  homes,  and  in  this  way  he  rendered  the 
country  great  service.  He  is  now  sixty-five 
years  of  age  and  resides  in  Las  Vegas.  His 
wife  died  in  1874,  at  the  age  of  forty-eight 
years.  They  had  ten  children,  of  whom  six 
are  living,  Patncio  being  their  second  born. 

Patricia  Gonzales  was  educated  in  Mora 
county  by  the  Christian  Brothers.  The  first 
business  in  which  he  engaged  was  that  of 
freighting.  This  he  followed  several  years, 
and  next  turned  his  attention  to  stock-raising 
in  the  Red  River  country,  raising  both  sheep 


270 


HISTORY  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


and  cattle.  In  1889  he  came  to  Las  Vegas 
and  opened  a  real-estate  office,  and  in  connec- 
tion with  his  real-estate  business  also  engaged 
in  buying  and  selling  live  stock,  in  which  he 
has  since  continued.  In  politics  he  has  always 
been  a  stalwart  Republican  and  has  rendered 
his  party  much  useful  service,  giving  his  time 
and  influence  in  behalf  of  the  party  and  its 
principles.  And  in  recognition  of  his  party 
service,  he  was,  in  1 894,  elected  to  his  present 
position,  that  of  County  Clerk  and  Clerk  of 
the  Probate  Court.  He  is  a  man  of  signal  in- 
telligence and  ability,  and  makes  a  thoroughly 
reliable  and  efficient  officer. 

Mr.  Gonzales  has  a  pleasant  home  in  the 
city  of  Las  Vegas,  where  he  and  his  family  re- 
side. He  was  married  in  1876  to  Miss  Piedad 
Stanton,  a  native  of  the  Territory.  They  have 
three  children,  Alvira,  Secondino  and  Pablo. 

Mr.  Gonzales  takes  a  deep  interest  in  the 
development  and  well-being  of  the  Terri- 
tory of  which  he  is  a  native  son,  and  such 
has  been  the  good  record  made  by  him  that  it 
brings  no  reproach  but  is  a  credit  to  the  land 
of  his  birth.  What  New  Mexico  needs  is  more 
such  men  as  Patricio  Gonzales. 


ON.  J.  DE  W.  VEEDER.— Holding 
marked  prestige  among  the  profession- 
al  men  of  Las  Vegas,  enjoying  high 
popularity,  and  maintaining  a  repre- 
sentative position  as  identified  with  the  busi- 
ness life  of  this  city,  it  is  manifestly  consistent 
that  in  this  connection  attention  be  directed  to 
the  more  salient  features  in  the  life  history  of 
him  whose  name  initiates  this  review, — Hon.  J. 
De  W.  Veeder,  senior  member  of  the  law  firm 
of  Veeder  &  Veeder. 

Mr.  Veeder  was  born  in  Ulster  county,  New 
York,  May  26,  1855.  He  is  of  Holland-Dutch 
ancestry,  early  settlers  of  the  Mohawk  valley. 
His  grandfather,  Mathew  TenEyck  DeWitt 
Veeder,  married  a  Miss  DeWitt,  a  descendant 
of  one  of  the  prominent  early  families  of  that 
place,  some  members  of  which  were  active 
participants  in  the  Revolutionary  war.  Their 


son,  TenEyck  D.  W.  Veeder,  our  subject's 
father,  was  born  in  Schenectady  county.  He 
married  Miss  Jemima  Woolsey,  a  native  of 
Ulster  county,  New  York,  and  they  became 
the  parents  of  seven  children,  all  of  whom, 
with  one  exception,  are  living.  He  died  in 
1883,  at  the  age  of  sixty-five  years.  By  occu- 
pation he  was  a  farmer  and  merchant,  and  in 
religion  a  member  of  the  Dutch  Reformed 
Church,  and  as  an  honorable  and  upright  man 
he  had  the  respect  of  all  who  knew  him.  At 
this  writing,  1895,  his  widow  is  still  living. 
She,  too,  is  a  member  of  the  Dutch  Reformed 
Church,  and  is  a  noble  Christian  woman. 

John  DeWitt  Veeder,  the  subject  of  our 
sketch,  was  the  second  in  his  father's  family. 
After  attending  the  public  schools  at  Schenec- 
tady he  entered  Union  College  in  his  native 
city,  and  in  1875  completed  his  course  and 
graduated  at  that  institution.  He  then  took 
up  the  study  of  law,  which  he  pursued  first  in 
the  office  of  Hon.  A.  A.  Yates,  and  later  in 
the  Michigan  State  University  at  Ann  Arbor. 
In  the  winter  of  1 88 1 -2  he  came  to  Las  Vegas, 
New  Mexico,  and  the  following  spring  was  ad- 
mitted to  the  bar  and  entered  actively  into  the 
practice  of  his  profession,  in  which  he  has 
since  continued  and  in  which  he  has  already 
distinguished  himself.  In  1890  his  brother, 
Elmer,  came  to  New  Mexico,  and  two  years 
later  they  formed  the  law  firm  of  Veeder  & 
Veeder,  thus  increasing  their  facility  for  at- 
tending to  a  constantly  growing  law  business. 
Both  are  enthusiastic  Democrats,  and  since  he 
came  to  New  Mexico  the  senior  member  of  the 
firm  has  taken  an  active  part  in  political  af- 
fairs, and  has  been  twice  elected  a  member  of 
the  Territorial  Senate,  where  he  served  with 
credit  to  himself  and  to  his  constituents.  He 
is  a  member  of  the  Board  of  Regents  of  the 
Agricultural  College  of  New  Mexico,  and  is  a 
member  of  the  A.  O.  U.  W. 

Elmer  E.  Reeder,  the  junior  member  of 
the  firm,  is  a  graduate  of  Union  College  in  the 
class  of  1886.  He  read  law  in  the  office  of 
Hon.  S.  W.  Jackson,  a  prominent  New  York 
lawyer,  and  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  Sara- 


If  IS  TORT  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


271 


toga,  New  York,  in  1889.  Like  his  older 
brother,  he  is  a  young  man  of  marked  integrity 
and  ability,  and  will  doubtless  make  a  name  in 
the  world.  Both  are  unmarried. 


*|    *  ON.    DEMETRIO   PEREZ.— Promi- 
l^\    nent  among  the  officers  of  the  Terri- 
^  P    tory  of  New  Mexico  is  this  gentleman, 
who    is    serving    in    the    capacity    of 
Auditor.      He  is  one  of  the  progressive  and  en- 
terprising citizens  who  have  been  instrumental 
in  developing  this  region    and    promoting  its 
best  interests. 

He  was  born  in  Santa  Fe,  on  the  22d  of 
December,  1836.  His  father,  Albino  Perez, 
was  a  Colonel  in  the  Mexican  army,  and  came 
from  the  city  of  Mexico  to  New  Mexico  in  1835, 
with  the  appointment  from  his  government  of 
Military  Governor  of  the  Territory.  Soon  after 
his  arrival  he  was  married  to  Miss  Trinidad 
Drujillo,  a  native  of  the  city  of  Santa  Fe,  and 
a  descendant  of  one  of  the  old  Spanish  families 
in  the  Territory.  Her  great-grandfather,  Bar- 
tholomew Fernandez,  came  to  New  Mexico  in 
the  beginning  of  the  eighteenth  century.  He 
was  a  Captain  in  the  Spanish  army,  and,  partici- 
pating in  the  conquest  of  the  country,  his  gov- 
ernment gave  him  in  reward  for  his  services  a 
grant  of  2, 500  acres  of  land.  He  also  had  val- 
uable property  in  Santa  Fe.  He  was  consti- 
tuted Magistrate  of  the  city  for  a  number  of 
years,  and  held  other  civil  offices.  He  had  six 
children,  and  they,  too,  became  prominent  in 
the  affairs  of  this  country.  The  maternal 
grandfather  of  our  subject  was  Josa  Esquivel. 
His  daughter,  Altagrace  Esquivel,  married  La 
Fayette  Newman,  a  native  of  Kentucky,  who 
came  to  this  Territory  in  1832,  before  Kit  Car- 
son, and  was  one  of  the  company  that  went 
with  Francis  Aubry  on  the  exploration  of  the 
trail  to  California.  He  also  aided  in  the  ex- 
plorations with  General  John  C.  Fremont,  was 
forage  master  on  the  expedition,  and  later  held 
mail  contracts  for  conveying  the  mail  to  differ- 
ent parts  of  the  Territory.  Mr.  and  Mrs. 


Newman  had  six  children,  all  of  whom  are  still 
living. 

Mrs.  Perez  was  the  fourth  child,  and  was 
born,  reared  and  educated  in  Santa  Fe.  By 
her  marriage  she  had  three  children, — our  sub- 
ject and  two  daughters, — all  born  in  Santa  Fe. 
The  elder  daughter,  Sally  A.,  is  now  the  wife 
of  E.  Montoya,  and  resides  in  San  Antonio, 
Socorro  county,  New  Mexico.  The  other  daugh- 
ter,— Philomene,  —  is  living  with  her  parents. 

Mr.  Perez,  whose  name  begins  this  review, 
was  educated  in  Santa  Fe,  and  entered  upon 
his  business  career  in  the  capacity  of  clerk  in 
the  office  of  the  Secretary  of  the  Territory.  This 
position  he  held  for  seven  years,  and  while 
thus  engaged  acquired  a  most  thorough  knowl- 
edge of  the  affairs  of  the  country.  In  1861  he 
was  appointed  by  Governor  Connelly  as  Audi- 
tor of  Public  Accounts,  in  which  office  he 
served  until  1863,  when  he  resigned  to  accept 
the  position  in  the  wholesale  mercantile  house 
of  W.  Chick  &  Company,  of  Kansas  City. 
This  house  sold  extensively  to  New  Mexico, 
and  Mr.  Perez's  acquaintance  in  the  Territory 
made  him  a  valued  employe  in  the  firm.  After 
a  year  passed  there  he  returned  to  Santa  Fe, 
and  was  mercantile  agent  for  Ambrosio  Ar- 
mijo.  In  1866  he  removed  to  Las  Vegas,  and 
j  was  bookkeeper  for  the  firm  of  T.  Romero  & 
Brother,  acting  in  that  capacity  for  several 
years,  when  he  resigned  that  position  to  re- 
enter  the  employ  of  Chick,  Brown  &  Company, 
at  their  mercantile  establishment  at  Kit  Car- 
son, Colorado. 

For  five  years  Mr.  Perez  remained  with 
that  company,  and  in  1887  began  merchandis- 
ing on  his  own  account,  establishing  a  store  in 
San  Antonio,  Socorro  county,  where  he  has 
since  carried  on  a  successful  business.  His 
able  management,  careful  attention  to  all  de- 
tails, sagacity  and  enterprise  have  been  the 
means  of  bringing  to  him  prosperity,  and  in 
addition  to  his  store  he  has  acquired  a  consid- 
erable amount  of  other  property. 

During  his  early  life  Mr.  Perez  saw  much 
of  oppression  and  slavery,  and  he  became  filled 
with  a  great  abhorrence  of  everything  of  that 


272 


HIS  TORT  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


kind;  and  when  the  Republican  party  was 
formed  to  prevent  the  further  extension  of  slav- 
ery he  became  one  of  its  organizers  and  strong 
adherents.  He  has  ever  been  a  loyal  citizen, 
devoted  to  the  best  interests  of  the  community 
in  which  he  resides.  He  was  for  five  years 
Clerk  and  Recorder  of  the  county  of  San  Mi- 
guel, and  also  served  as  one  of  the  County 
Commissioners  for  two  years.  In  1889  he 
served  as  a  member  of  the  Constitutional  Con- 
vention, but  their  work  was  rejected  by  the 
opposition  and  Statehood  was  defeated.  In 
1891  Governor  Prince,  becoming  convinced  of 
his  great  fitness  for  the  position  of  Auditor  of 
New  Mexico,  appointed  Mr.  Perez  as  such, 
and  he  has  since  had  the  entire  supervision  of 
the  financial  affairs  of  the  Territory;  and  he  is 
also  ex  officio  Supsrintendent  of  Insurance. 

He  is  a  gentleman  of  refinement  and  abil- 
ity and  high  moral  integrity.  He  and  his  fam- 
ily are  adherents  of  the  faith  of  the  Catholic 
Church,  and  he  is  a  loyal  American  citizen,  de- 
voted to  the  best  interests  of  the  country,  a 
stanch  supporter  of  the  public  schools,  and  a 
friend  to  all  that  is  calculated  to  enhance  the 
public  welfare. 


«•    rf  ON.  MARCOS   C.   DE  BACA.— This 
I^"V    gentleman  is  a  resident  of  Albuquer- 
Ji   que  and  bears  a  name    which  is  well 
known  throughout  the  whole  Territory 
of  New  Mexico.      He  is  a  representative  of  one 
of  the  most  distinguished  families  here,  and  by 
reason  of  his  own  prominence  and   that  of  his 
family  it    is  eminently  fitting  that   some    bio- 
graphical honors  be  accorded  him  in  this   vol- 
ume ;    indeed,    without  more  than    a    passing 
mention  of   him,  this    work  would  be   incom- 
plete. 

Turning  back  to  the  remote  history  of  the 
family,  we  find  that  in  1535  Albar  Nunyes 
Cabeza  de  Baca  left  his  native  country,  Spain, 
and  came  with  the  expedition  to  conquer  Mex- 
ico for  his  king.  He  was  treasurer  of  the  ex- 
pedition and  had  the  title  of  High  Sheriff. 
Later  he  returned  to  Spain  and  some  of  his 


posterity  came  and  settled  in  this  country, 
where,  all  down  the  years,  they  occupied  lead- 
ing and  influential  positions.  Francisco  Thomas 
C.  de  Baca,  the  father  of  him  whose  name 
graces  this  article,  was  born  at  Penya  Blanca 
in  1809.  His  fourth  wife,  the  mother  of  our 
subject,  was  before  her  marriage  Miss  Maria 
Gertrudis  Lucero.  She  was  a  daughter  of 
Nicholas  Lucero,  who  also  was  a  descendant 
of  one  of  the  early  settlers  of  the  Territory. 
Francisco  Thomas  C.  de  Baca  and  this  wife 
had  eight  children,  of  whom  six  are  now  living. 
He  died  March  9,  1875,  and  his  widow  passed 
away  in  July,  1888.  He  was  aranchero,  own" 
ing  large  numbers  of  sheep  and  cattle,  and  in 
public  affairs  was  well  informed  and  took  an 
active  and  leading  part.  He  represented  Santa 
Ana  county  in  the  Territorial  Senate  and  was 
for  a  number  of  years  Probate  Judge  of  his 
county.  He  and  his  wife  were  faithful  mem- 
bers of  the  Catholic  Church,  as  also  are  their 
children. 

Hon.  Marcus  C.  de  Baca  dates  his  birth  at 
Penya  Blanca,  April  25,  1857.  He  was  educa- 
ted at  St.  Michael's  College,  Santa  Fe,  and  at 
the  St.  Louis  University  in  Missouri,  and  on  his 
return  home  from  college  engaged  in  the  cattle 
and  sheep  business  with  his  father.  He  is  still 
interested  in  this  business,  having  continued  it 
alone  since  his  father's  death,  carrying  on  ex- 
tensive operations,  at  times  having  as  high  as 
400  head  of  cattle  and  10,000  sheep. 

Always  a  stanch  and  reliable  Republican, 
he  has  for  years  taken  an  active  part  in  polit- 
ical matters,  and  has  from  time  to  time  filled 
various  prominent  positions.  In  1878  he  was 
elected  Justice  of  the  Peace  in  Santa  Ana 
county,  a  position  which  he  held  one  year,  then 
resigned.  Also  in  1878  he  received  the  ap- 
pointment of  Engrossing  and  Enrolling  Clerk 
of  the  Legislative  Council  of  the  Territory.  In 
1880  he  received  the  appointment  of  Chief 
Clerk  of  the  House  of  Representatives  of  the 
Territory,  and  in  1882  Associate  Chief  Clerk 
of  the  House.  In  1884  he  was  elected  a  mem- 
ber of  the  House  from  Bernalillo  county,  and 
that  same  year  was  elected  County  Commis- 


'a  Chiccu/o 


HIS  TORT  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


273 


sioner.  At  the  end  of  his  term  he  received  a 
second  election  to  the  latter  office,  and  was 
Chairman  of  the  Board  of  Commissioners  for 
the  four  years  which  he  served.  In  1889  he 
was  elected  a  member  of  the  Constitutional 
Convention  for  the  Territory  of  New  Mexico 
from  Bernalillo  county.  In  1892  he  was  elect- 
ed County  School  Superintendent,  filling  this 
position  two  years.  In  the  meantime  he  had 
given  his  attention  to  the  study  of  law,  and  in 
1890  was  admitted  to  practice  in  the  District 
Court,  and  in  1891  to  the  Supreme  Court  of 
the  Territory,  and  he  has  since  been  engaged 
in  a  general  law  practice.  As  a  public  official 
in  different  capacities,  his  whole  service  has 
been  characterized  by  promptness  and  fidelity, 
and,  as  a  lawyer,  fitted  as  he  is  by  natural 
ability,  education  and  broad  experience  in  pub- 
lic affairs,  he  will,  no  doubt,  make  a  high  mark 
in  the  world. 

Mr.  De  Baca  was  married  November  26, 
1875,  to  Miss  Francisca  Baca,  a  distant  rela- 
tive of  his,  and  their  family  is  composed  of  two 
daughters,  Maria  and  Josefa.  The  brick  resi- 
dence which  they  occupy  in  Albuquerque  was 
erected  by  him. 


>-j*UDGE     HENRY     L.     WARREN,     a 
fl      prominent  member  of  the  bar  of  New 
/•  J      Mexico,  is  an  ex-Chief  Justice  of   Mon- 
tana, and  is  now  the  senior  member  of 
the  well-known  law  firm  of  Warren  &  Fergus- 
son  of  Albuquerque.      As  such  he  is  entitled  to 
some  special  consideration  in  this  work,  and  it 
is  gratifying  to  us  to  here  present  a   sketch   of 
his  life. 

Judge   Warren   was   born    in   Quincy,    Illi- 
nois, August  21,   1837.     Retraces  his  ancestry 
back    to   the    Warrens    of  England    who  came 
over  in  the  Mayflower  and  distinguished  them- 
selves in  the  Revolution  at  Bunker  Hill.     The 
Judge's  father,  Calvin  A.  Warren,  was  born  in 
Troy,  New  York.       He  married  Miss  Viola  A.    ; 
Morris,  daughter  of  Hon.  Thomas  Morris,  who  : 
was  one  of  the  first  settlers  of  Cincinnati,  was  ' 
for  twenty-six    years  a    member    of  the    Ohio  ! 

18 


Legislature,  and  later  of  the  United  States 
Senate,  and  who  has  gone  into  history  as  the 
man  who  gave  U.  S.  Grant  his  appointment  to 
West  Point.  When  Judge  Warren  was  four 
years  old  his  mother  died,  aged  twenty-four 
years.  His  father  lived  to  be  seventy-two. 
The  Judge  is  now  the  only  survivor  of  the 
family,  except  his  brother,  Charles  A.  Warren, 
a  prominent  lawyer  of  Chicago.  He  attended 
the  Naval  Academy  at  Annapolis  and  Brown 
University,  Providence,  Rhode  Island;  was  a 
cadet  midshipman,  but  resigned  at  the  close  of 
the  second  year  in  order  to  turn  his  attention 
to  the  study  of  law  and  entered  his  father's 
office,  his  father  at  that  time  being  a  member 
of  the  law  firm  of  Warren  &  Skinner.  Mr. 
Skinner  afterward  became  one  of  the  Judges 
of  the  Supreme  Court  of  the  State  of  Illinois. 

In  1858  the  subject  of  our  sketch  was  ad- 
mitted to  the  bar  in  Missouri  by  Judge  Norton. 
He  practiced  law  at  Maryville  and  St.  Joseph, 
that  State,  until  the  outbreak  of  the  Civil  war, 
when  he  returned  to  his  native  town,  Quincy, 
Illinois.  There  he  continued  the  practice  of 
his  profession.  He  served  as  City  Attorney 
and  also  as  a  member  of  the  Illinois  State 
Legislature,  and  while  in  Quincy  received 
from  President  Johnson  the  appointment  of 
Chief  Justice  of  Montana,  in  which  capacity 
he  officiated  four  years,  during  that  time  mak- 
ing several  decisions  which  have  stamped  him 
as  possessed  of  fine  legal  ability.  At  the  ex- 
piration of  his  term  of  office  he  returned  to  his 
family  in  Illinois.  Soon  after  he  was  retained 
at  St.  Louis,  Missouri,  in  two  very  important 
law  cases,  which  detained  him  there  for  eight 
years.  From  that  city  he  was  called  to  Lead- 
ville,  Colorado,  as  an  attorney  in  large  mining 
litigation,  and  after  this,  in  1880,  he  came  to 
Santa  Fe,  New  Mexico.  He  made  his  home 
in  Santa  Fe  for  seven  years,  during  that  time 
being  in  partnership  with  E.  A.  Fisk.  Since 
June,  1887,  the  Judge  has  been  identified  with 
Albuquerque,  as  senior  member  of  the  firm  of 
Warren  &  Fergusson. 

Judge  Warren  was  married  in  1858  to  Miss 
Mary  L.  Warren,  a  distant  relative  of  his. 


274 


HIS  TORT  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


and  they  had  four  children,  of  whom  only  one 
son,  Paul,  a  surveyor,  now  survives.  The 
wife  and  mother,  after  thirty-four  years  of 
happy  married  life,  passed  away  in  1891. 

Fraternally,  the  Judge  has  been  a  Mason 
for  many  years,  in  which  order  he  has  taken 
the  Commandery  degrees.  Politically,  he  is  a 
life-long  Democrat. 


BE.    OLNEY,   D.D.  S.—  It  is  with    a 
feeling  of  particular  satisfaction  that 
the  biographer  now  directs  attention 
to  one  who  holds  the  distinctive  pre- 
ferment as  Mayor  of  the  city  of  East  Las  Vegas, 
who  is  known  as  a  man  of  high  professional  at- 
tainments   and    indubitable   honor,    and    that 
amplitude    of     practical    experience     in    the 
affairs  of    life   which   has  made    his  efforts  a 
power  in  the   accomplishment  of  goodly  ends, 
as  he  has  consecutively  made  his  way  along  the 
clearly  denned  lines  which  his  superior  intelli- 
gence had  marked  out. 

A  native  of  the  old  Buckeye  State,  Dr. 
Olney  was  born  at  West  Jefferson,  Ohio,  on 
the  i  5th  of  June,  1845.  The  original  Ameri- 
can progenitor  on  the  paternal  side  was  one 
Thomas  Olney  by  name,  and  in  1632,  by  special 
permit  from  the  king  of  England,  he  emigrated 
from  his  native  land  to  America  as  a  member 
of  Roger  Williams'  company,  who  landed  in 
Rhode  Island,  and  in  1636  became  the  found- 
ers of  the  city  of  Providence.  From  this  com- 
mon ancestor  all  of  the  American  family  of  the 
name  of  Olney  is  supposed  to  have  descended, 
our  subject  being  of  the  eighth  generation  in 
America.  His  ancestors  maintained  their  resi- 
dence in  Providence  for  many  years,  seven 
generations  of  the  family  having  dated  their 
nativity  in  that  fair  old  city  by  the  sea.  Their 
men  were  prominent  in  the  professions  and  in 
the  affairs  of  the  colony  and  State,  many  of 
them  having  been  clergymen  in  the  Baptist 
Church. 

George  B.  Olney,  father  of  our  subject, 
was  born  in  Providence,  whence  he  accompa- 
nied his  father,  Ithamar  Olney,  to  Ohio,  where 


the  latter  became  one  of  the  pioneers  of  Athens 
county,  and  the  father  of  our  subject  was 
reared  and  educated.  In  that  county  was 
eventually  consummated  his  marriage  to  Miss 
Cassandra  Hartsock,  a  native  of  Maryland. 
Her  ancestors  had  been  for  generations  resi- 
dents of  the  South,  being  a  family  notable  for 
strength  of  constitution  and  for  incidental 
longevity.  She  is  still  living,  being  now  (1895) 
seventy-seven  years  of  age.  George  B.  Olney 
became  a  wagon  and  carriage  manufacturer, 
in  which  line  of  enterprise  he  conducted  a 
prosperous  business.  In  this  connection  it  is 
interesting  to  recall  the  circumstance  of  his 
having  built  a  number  of  stanch  and  cum- 
bersome stages  utilized  in  the  overland  traffic 
of  the  early  days.  He  met  his  death  through 
accident,  falling  from  a  mill  on  which  he  was  at 
work.  He  was  fifty-two  years  of  age  at  the 
time  of  his  demise.  In  religion  a  devoted 
member  of  the  Baptist  Church,  his  daily  walk 
in  life  was  in  accord  with  the  beliefs  which  he 
professed,  and  he  was  known  and  honored  as  a 
worthy  and  reliable  citizen.  He  became  the 
father  of  nine  children,  all  of  whom  still  sur- 
vive, with  one  exception. 

Dr.  Frederick  E.  Olney,  the  immediate  sub- 
ject of  this  review,  was  the  fourth  child  in  or- 
der of  birth,  and  was  reared  in  his  native  town, 
where  he  received  his  preliminary  educational 
discipline  in  the  public  schools.  In  1861,  at 
the  first  call  for  three-years  men  to  assist  in 
the  suppression  of  the  rebellion  and  in  defend- 
ing the  Union  against  an  insidious  foe  from 
within  the  national  boundaries,  our  subject  re- 
sponded with  all  the  ardor  of  a  loyal  nature, 
enlisting  as  a  member  of  Company  A,  Fortieth 
Ohio  Volunteer  Infantry,  being  but  a  lad  of 
sixteen  at  the  time  that  he  thus  offered  his  serv- 
ices to  his  country  in  her  hour  of  trial  and 
need.  His  regiment  was  first  assigned  to  serv- 
ice in  Kentucky,  and  was  afterward  with  Gen- 
eral Garfield  in  the  Big  Sandy  campaign.  The 
record  which  is  our  subject's  as  a  veteran  of  the 
late  Civil  war  is  one  of  which  he  may  well  feel 
proud.  He  participated  in  twenty-nine  en- 
gagements, being  actively  concerned  in  the  en- 


HIS TOR T  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


Z75 


tire  campaign  which  led  up  to  and  included  the 
battle  of  Atlanta.  His  term  of  enlistment  ex- 
pired on  the  i  pth  of  September,  1864,  after 
which  he  returned  to  his  home,  not  to  remain, 
but  to  again  identify  himself  with  the  brave 
"  boys  in  blue  "  who  were  still  in  battle  array. 
He  re-enlisted  as  a  member  of  Company  I, 
One  Hundred  and  Eighty-eighth  Ohio  Volun- 
teer Infantry,  was  assigned  to  the  non-com- 
missioned staff  of  his  old  colonel,  returned  to  the 
front  and  served  faithfully  and  well  until  the 
close  of  the  greatest  civil  war  the  world  has 
ever  witnessed,  and  having  received  no  "injur- 
ies of  more  than  nominal  order. 

After  the  close  of  the  war  the  Doctor  re- 
turned to  his  home  in  Ohio,  where  he  was  en- 
gaged in  various  lines  of  business  endeavor  un- 
til 1867,  when  he  commenced  the  study  of 
dentistry  and  so  far  perfected  himself  in  the 
profession  as  to  be  able  to  commence  practice 
in  1869,  when  he  located  in  Pierceton,  Kosci- 
usko  county,  Indiana,  where  he  remained  three 
years,  after  which  he  established  himself  inprac- 
tice  in  Warsaw,  the  county-seat  of  the  same 
county,  where  he  built  up  a  representative  and 
lucrative  business  and  there  remained  until 
1886,  when  impaired  health  rendered  it  impera- 
tive that  he  should  seek  a  change  of  climate. 
He  was  advised  by  physicians  to  try  the  moun- 
tain air  of  New  Mexico,  and  hither  he  came  in 
in  quest  of  that  greatest  of  all  boons,  health. 
The  change  proved  salutary  and  he  soon  re- 
gained his  former  physical  vigor,  whose  natural 
concomitant  was  a  desire  to  again  become  ac- 
tively engaged  in  his  professional  work,  and  in 
other  business  enterprises  which  his  alert  and 
progressive  spirit  was  able  to  compass. 

Determining  upon  East  Las  Vegas  as  a 
permanent  abiding  place,  he  at  once  made  im- 
portant real-estate  investments  here  and  be-  I 
came  intimately  identified  with  and  interested 
in  the  development  and  normal  progress  of  the 
city.  He  has  erected  and  still  owns  a  num- 
ber of  excellent  buildings  here,  among  which 
may  be  noted  the  Olney  Block,  which  is  located 
in  the  business  center,  the  same  being  an  at- 
tractive and  substantial  structure  with  modern 


equipments.  The  first  floor  is  rented  for 
mercantile  purposes,  and  upon  the  second 
floor  are  located  the  Doctor's  elegantly  ap- 
pointed dental  parlors  and  residence.  Our 
subject  has  also  given  attention  to  the  study  of 
medicine  and  surgery,  but  has  never  been  in 
active  practice  in  this  line,  preferring  rather  to 
give  his  undivided  attention  to  dentistry,  in 
which  he  takes  great  interest  and  in  which  he 
has  gained  a  reputation  as  one  of  the 
most  skillful  and  thoroughly  informed  of  prac- 
titioners. 

The  Doctor's  father,  who  was  a  man  of 
strong  convictions,  was  a  hater  of  oppression 
in  any  form,  became  a  strong  anti  slavery 
man  and  lent  every  effort  toward  aiding  those 
who  had  been  so  unjustly  held  in  bondage. 
These  principles  the  Doctor  inherited  and 
when  he  became  a  voter  his  whole  sympathy 
was  naturally  in  accord  with  the  principles  and 
policies  advocated  by  the  Republican  party, 
which  most  stanchly  represented  anti-slavery 
interests  and  lent  its  influence  to  the  suppres- 
sion of  the  Rebellion.  His  temperament  was 
such  that  it  followed  as  certainly  as  does  night 
the  day  that  he  would  be  an  ardent  advocate 
and  stanch  supporter  of  the  cause  which  he 
had  espoused.  Accordingly  he  has  always 
been  found  actively  in  line  in  support  of  the 
Republican  party,  and  since  coming  to  Las 
Vegas  he  has  been  accorded  official  preferments 
of  conspicuous  order.  He  was  made  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Board  of  Education,  and  in  that 
capacity  aided  in  securing  to  the  city  its 
present  fine  public-school  system.  He  assisted 
in  securing  the  first  village  charter,  and  later 
was  prominently  concerned  in  obtaining  the 
present  city  charter.  While  active  in  politics, 
he  has  been  in  no  sense  an  office  seeker,  but, 
being  strongly  urged  by  his  Republican 
friends  to  accept  the  nomination  as  Mayor  of 
the  city,  he  finally  consented  to  accept  the 
nomination,  and  is  now  serving  as  the  first 
Mayor  of  the  city  of  East  Las  Vegas  under 
the  new  charter.  He  is  active,  energetic, 
progressive  and  capable,  as  the  city's  chief 
executive,  and  his  administration  has  been 


276 


HIS  TORT  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


such  as  to  advance  the  material  interests  of 
the  city  and  to  insure  its  consecutive  develop- 
ment to  a  position  of  still  greater  prominence. 
That  his  earnest  and  conscientious  efforts  have 
gained  to  him  the  confidence  and  esteem  of 
the  local  public  is  shown  conclusively  in  the 
unmistakable  popularity  which  is  his  in  the 
community. 

In  his  fraternal  relations  our  subject  is 
prominently  identified  with  the  Independent 
Order  of  Odd  Fellows  and  the  Grand  Army  of 
the  Republic.  His  devotion  to  the  advance- 
ment of  the  interests  of  his  profession  is 
shown  in  the  fact  that  he  is  the  author  of  the 
present  dental  law  of  the  Territory,  under 
which  he  holds  preferment  as  President  of  the 
Board  of  Dental  Examiners  of  New  Mexico. 

The  marriage  of  Dr.  Olney  was  solemnized 
on  the  ist  of  September,  1869,  when  he  was 
united  to  Miss  Frances  H.  Elliott,  of  Saint 
Mary's,  Ohio,  and  the  daughter  of  William 
Elliott,  a  prominent  resident  of  that  place. 
They  have  three  children,  of  whom  we  make 
brief  record  as  follows:  The  eldest  son,  Thomas, 
is  a  graduate  of  Rush  Medical  College,  Chicago, 
in  which  institution  he  was  the  youngest  mem- 
ber of  a  class  of  142  individuals.  In  his 
graduation  he  attained  distinctive  honors, 
winning  first  position  in  a  contest  with  thirty- 
eight  contestants;  although  but  twenty-five 
years  of  age,  he  now  holds  the  honorable 
preferment  as  senior  house  physician  of  Cook 
County  Hospital  in  the  city  of  Chicago;  the 
daughter,  Marie,  who  is  at  the  parental  home, 
graduated  in  the  highest  grade  of  the  academy 
at  Las  Vegas,  and  with  highest  honors;  Fred- 
erick E.,  Jr.,  is  pursuing  his  studies  in  the 
public  schools  of  the  city. 

Dr.  Olney  is  a  man  of  marked  intellectual- 
ity, genial  and  courteous  in  his  manner,  and 
has  made  an  honorable  record  as  a  business 
man,  richly  meriting  the  high  esteem  in  which 
he  is  held  by  his  fellow  citizens.  Although  he 
served  throughout  the  entire  war  of  the 
Rebellion,  his  is  not  the  appearance  of  a 
veteran,  since  his  looks  contradict  his  years, 
while  he  is  yet  in  the  full  vigor  of  his  manhood. 


R.     GEORGE    WILLIAM    HARRI- 

SON,  president  of  the  Bank  of  Com- 
merce  of  Albuquerque,  New  Mexico, 
is  a  gentleman  whose  ancestry  in  the 
agnatic  line  is  traced  back  to  the  primitive  set- 
tlers of  this  country,  his  forefathers  having  em- 
igrated hither  from  England  and  located  for  the 
most  part  in  the  Old  Dominion.  The  two 
Harrisons,  grandfather  and  grandson,  who  oc- 
cupied the  Presidential  chair,  belonged  to  a 
branch  of  this  same  family.  It  is  not,  how- 
ever, on  account  of  his  distinguished  and  his- 
toric family  connections  that  we  accord  Dr. 
Harrison  biographical  mention  in  this  work, 
but  because  of  his  own  prominent  and  influen- 
tial position  in  the  city  of  Albuquerque. 

Dr.  Harrison  dates  his  birth  in  Lafayette 
county,  Missouri,  November  12,  1855.  His 
father,  William  Hiram  Harrison,  was  born  in 
Virginia  in  1824;  and  his  mother,  whose  maid- 
en name  was  Harriet  Ann  Davis,  was  a  de- 
scendant of  a  North  Carolina  family.  The 
Doctor  is  the  youngest  of  their  three  children, 
two  of  whom  are  living.  The  mother  died  in 
1857,  and  the  father  in  1871.  His  parents 
are  earnest  Christians  and  members  of  the 
Methodist  Church,  farmers  by  occupation;  and 
occupying  a  place  among  the  leading  people  of 
the  community  the  Doctor's  early  training  was 
of  the  best.  His  education  was  received  in  the 
public  schools,  the  Washington  University  at 
St.  Louis,  the  State  University  of  Missouri, 
and  the  Missouri  Medical  College,  of  St.  Louis. 
At  the  last  named  institution  he  graduated  in 
1878. 

After  completing  his  medical  course,  Dr. 
Harrison  engaged  in  the  practice  of  his  pro- 
fession at  St.  Louis,  two  years  later  removed 
to  Mount  Leonard,  Missouri,  and  in  1880  came 
from  there  to  New  Mexico,  locating  at  Las 
Vegas,  where  he  made  his  home  one  year. 
His  next  move  was  to  Bernalillo.  Here  he 
built  a  splendid  residence  and  established  a 
large  and  lucrative  practice.  In  the  mean- 
time he  became  interested  in  real-estate  trans- 
actions and  banking,  and  in  1891  removed  to 
Albuquerque,  where  he  has  since  resided.  In 


HIS  TORT  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


277 


1884  he  became  connected  with  the  Medical 
Department  of  the  Santa  Fe  Railroad,  and, 
notwithstanding  he  is  now  retired  from  the 
general  practice  of  medicine,  he  is  still  the 
consulting  surgeon  of  the  road.  In  1894  he 
was  made  president  of  the  regular  Medical  So- 
ciety of  New  Mexico.  He  is  interested  in 
stock-raising  to  some  extent.  In  1890  he  be- 
came one  of  the  organizers  of  the  Commercial 
Bank,  a  stockholder  and  director,  and  in  1891 
was  elected  its  president,  which  position  he 
yet  holds.  He  is  a  generous  and  public-spir- 
ited man,  is  heartily  in  sympathy  with  every 
movement  which  tends  to  advance  the  inter- 
ests of  the  city,  and  is  regarded  as  a  most  de- 
sirable acquisition  to  Albuquerque. 

Dr.  Harrison  was  married  September  2, 
1885,  to  Miss  Guadalupe  Perea,  who  was  born 
in  New  Mexico  of  Spanish  ancestry.  Their 
happy  married  life  was  terminated  by  her 
death  on  the  2Oth  of  October,  1889.  She  left 
one  son,  Grover  William.  December  18, 
1 890,  the  Doctor  wedded  Miss  Margarita  Otero, 
a  native  of  New  Mexico  and  a  daughter  of  M. 
S.  Otero,  one  of  Albuquerque's  most  promi- 
nent citizens.  This  union  has  been  blessed  in 
the  birth  of  two  children,  George  Mariano  and 
Edmund  Hiram.  The  Doctor  and  his  family 
own  and  occupy  one  of  the  delightful  homes  of 
the  city,  located  at  the  corner  of  Fifth  street 
and  Marquette  avenue. 

He  affiliates  with  the  Democratic  party  and 
is  identified  with  the  Masonic  fraternity,  hav- 
ing received  the  thirty-second  degree  in  the 
Scottish  rite. 


*•    "*  ON.  JOSEPH  E.  SAINT.— This  gen- 
|f\    tleman,    who  has  the    reputation    of 
^^r    being  one  of  Albuquerque's  most  far- 
seeing  and  successful   residents,  is  a 
native  of   Indiana,  having  been  born  in  Henry 
county,   on  the  23d  day  of  November,  1847. 
He  is  of  Scotch   descent,    his  ancestors  being 
early  settlers  in  the  South.      His  paternal  great- 
grandfather resided  for  many  years  in  Greens- 
burg,  North  Carolina,  where  his   grandfather, 


William  Saint,  was  born.  Our  subject's  father, 
Alpheus  Saint,  was  also  born  at  that  place,  the 
date  of  his  nativity  being  the  4th  day  of  Feb- 
ruary, 1812.  The  family  belonged  to  the 
Quaker  Church,  and  was  one  of  honest  convic- 
tions, believers  of  the  Golden  Rule,  and  by 
reason  of  their  antipathy  to  the  prevalent  prac- 
tice of  human  slavery  in  the  South,  it  ceased 
to  be  a  congenial  place  of  residence  for  them. 
Accordingly,  in  1817,  the  grandfather  and  his 
family  sought  the  free  territory  of  Indiana, 
then  a  veritable  wilderness,  and  became  pioneer 
settlers  of  Wayne  county,  where  they  made 
comfortable  homes. 

Here  it  was  that  the  father  of  our  subject 
married  Miss  Irene  Hyat.  The  lady  was  born 
in  North  Carolina,  and  belonged  to  a  family  of 
the  Quaker  faith,  who  removed  to  Indiana  at 
the  time  that  the  Saints  did.  To  them  were 
born  ten  children,  of  whom  five  are  now  living. 
The  father  died  when  seventy-four  years  of  age, 
and  his  wife,  who  is  now  eighty-three  years 
old,  still  lives,  being  one  of  Indiana's  honored 
pioneer  women.  She  is  a  noble  woman,  and 
one  who  is  respected  and  beloved  by  a  wide 
circle  of  friends,  as  well  as  by  her  descendants 
of  three  generations. 

Joseph  E.,  our  subject,  was  the  seventh 
child  in  the  order  of  birth.  He  attended  school 
in  Indiana  until  his  thirteenth  year,  and  the 
family  then  removed  to  Illinois,  where  the 
young  man's  education  was  completed.  After 
becoming  of  age  he  left  the  farm,  learned  the 
milling  business  and  followed  the  vocations  of 
milling  and  mill  building  for  about  ten  years. 
After  this  he  traveled  for  a  wholesale  grocery 
house,  and  was  engaged  in  this  business  when, 
in  1879,  he  came  to  New  Mexico.  In  that  vo- 
cation he  continued  for  three  years  and  then, 
in  1882,  resigned  his  position  to  embark  in  the 
wholesale  and  retail  grocery  business  in  Albu- 
querque, in  which  line  he  continued  for  a  num- 
ber of  years. 

In  the  year  1884  he  engaged  in  an  extens- 
ive land  speculation,  organized  a  large  cattle 
company  and  leased  a  tract  of  land,  com- 
prising 100,000  acres,  for  thirty  years,  it  being 


278 


HISTORT  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


the  Acoma  Indian  Reservation.  They  had 
$300,000  paid  up  capital,  and  Mr.  Saint  was 
at  the  organization  made  vice-president  and 
general  manager,  a  position  which  he  still 
holds.  The  operations  of  this  company  have 
been  very  extensive,  as  many  as  18,000  head 
of  cattle  being  owned  at  one  time.  The  di- 
rectors and  officers  of  the  company  remain  the 
same  as  when  organized,  and  the  live  stock  is 
now  well  graded  up  with  Herefords  and  Short- 
horns. In  1890  Mr.  Saint  organized  a  timber 
proposition  and  sold  314,000  acres  of  timbered 
land  to  Mitchell  Bros.,  of  Michigan,  for $629, - 
ooo  in  cash,  making  upon  this  deai  a  hand- 
some margin  of  profit.  Since  1890  the  gen- 
tleman has  been  interested  in  mining  and  now  < 
has  valuable  property  at  Hillsboro.  This  is 
being  worked  at  present  and  with  flattering 
prospects. 

In  1893  Mr.  Saint  was  appointed  receiver 
of  the  New  Mexico  Savings  Bank.  He  has 
already  paid  forty  per  cent  of  the  indebtedness 
and  expects  to  work  out  the  whole  liability 
with  very  slight  loss  to  any  one.  The  gentle- 
man is  in  politics  a  Republican,  and  as  such 
takes  a  great  interest  in  the  offices  of  his  coun- 
try and  city.  In  1891  he  was  elected  Mayor  \ 
of  Albuquerque,  and  in  1892  he  was  chosen  as 
a  member  of  the  Territorial  Senate.  Here  he 
was  quite  prominent,  taking  a  leading  part  in 
the  deliberations  of  that  body.  He  did  valiant 
battle  for  a  number  of  good  measures  and  was 
one  of  the  champions  of  the  bill  to  reduce  the 
salaries  of  county  officers,  to  take  effect  two 
years  thereafter.  The  measure  carried,  but 
the  last  legislature  practically  reinstated  the  old 
salary  list.  Mr.  Saint  was  for  seven  years  a 
member  of  the  Cattle  Sanitary  Board  of  New 
Mexico,  and  for  four  years  president  of  the 
board.  He  was  appointed  twice  by  a  Demo- 
cratic Governor  and  twice  by  a  Republican 
Governor,  and  the  health  and  brand  laws  of 
New  Mexico  are  largely  due  to  his  knowledge 
of  the  needs  of  the  cattle  business. 

In  1876  Mr.  Saint  was  married  to  Miss 
Ada  Millington,  a  native  of  Illinois,  and  a 
daughter  of  Mr.  D.  A.  Millington,  a  pioneer 


merchant  of  Leavenworth,  Kansas.  Their 
children  are  Irene,  Louise  and  Ethel.  They 
have  for  their  home  one  of  Albuquerque's  finest 
residences  and  are  counted  as  among  the  city's 
best  residents. 

In  1890  he  was  one  of  a  party  who  made 
an  excursion  tour  through  Texas,  and  in  the 
various  towns  and  cities  which  they  visited  Mr. 
Saint  had  occasion  to  note  incidentally  that 
there  were  boards  of  trade  or  chambers  of 
commerce,  and  through  this  source  was  enter- 
tainment principally  extended  to  the  visitors. 
The  advantage  of  maintaining  such  an  organi- 
zation in  his  own  city  occurred  forcibly  to  our 
subject's  mind,  and  he  forthwith  made  the  de- 
termination that  he  would  lend  every  effort  to- 
ward bringing  about  such  an  organization  in 
Albuquerque.  To  his  zeal  and  interest  is,  in  a 
large  measure,  due  the  maintenance  of  the 
prosperous  Commercial  Club,  which  was  duly 
organized  and  which  has  contributed  so  largely 
to  the  advancement  and  substantial  upbuilding 
of  the  metropolis  of  the  Territory.  The  club 
has  erected  a  fine  building  in  the  business  cen- 
ter and  the  same  is  one  of  the  most  substan- 
tial and  attractive  architectural  structures  in 
the  Territory.  Upon  the  organization  of  the 
club  Mr.  Saint  became  one  of  the  stockholders 
and  a  member  of  its  board  of  directors,  and  he 
has  continued  to  manifest  a  lively  interest  in  its 
work,  the  organization  being  looked  upon  by  all 
as  one  of  Albuquerque's  best  institutions,  since  it 
has  spread  the  fame  of  the  city  throughout  the 
entire  Union  and  has  made  known  the  advan- 
tages and  great  natural  resources  of  New  Mex- 
ico. Our  subject  enjoys  the  confidence  and 
esteem  of  the  entire  community,  and  is  recog- 
nized as  one  of  the  representative  citizens  of 
the  place  to  whose  welfare  he  has  been  de- 
voted. 


R.  HENRY  J.  ABERNATHY,  one  of 
the  leading  professional    men  of   So- 
corro  county,  has  been  a  resident  of 
the  city  of  Socorro  since  1879.      He 
was  born  in  the  State  of  Tennessee  November 


HISTORT  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


279 


!3.  ^SS,  and  's  descended  from  the  sturdy 
Scotch  stock  that  figured  prominently  in  the 
colonization  of  the  country  before  the  Revolu- 
tion. The  paternal  great-grandfather  was  a 
Virginian,  and  the  paternal  grandfather  was 
one  of  the  pioneer  settlers  of  Tennessee.  There 
the  father  of  our  subject,  Dr.  Jesse  J.  Aber- 
nathy,  was  born  in  the  year  1816.  He  re- 
ceived an  excellent  training  for  his  profession, 
being  graduated  at  the  Pennsylvania  Medical 
College  at  Philadelphia.  He  became  one  of 
the  eminent  physicians  of  his  State,  and  was 
at  one  time  Professor  of  Theory  and  Practice 
in  Shelby  Medical  College,  an  institution  that 
was  destroyed  by  the  war.  He  served  through 
the  civil  conflict  as  Surgeon  in  the  Confederate 
army,  and  after  peace  had  been  declared  he 
accepted  the  chair  of  Professor  of  Nervous  Dis- 
eases in  the  Nashville  Medical  College,  lie  is 
now  retired  from  active  life  and  resides  at  Pu- 
laski.  He  was  married  to  Miss  Susan  E.  Sum- 
ner,  and  to  them  were  born  eight  children,  five 
of  whom  are  now  living.  The  mother  died  in 
1876,  in  the  forty-sixth  year  of  her  age.  Doc- 
tor Abernathy  married  a  second  wife  and  has 
a  family  of  three  young  children. 

Henry  J.  Abernathy,  the  eldest  of  his  fath- 
er's family  by  his  second  wife,  received  his  lit- 
erary education  in  Nashville,  and  was  gradu- 
ated in  1878  as  M.  D.  He  was  previous  to 
this  a  student  in  the  University  of  the  South, 
atSewanee,  Tennessee.  He  began  his  profes- 
sional career  in  Colorado,  but  at  the  end  of 
eighteen  months  he  came  directly  to  Socorro, 
New  Mexico.  He  has  a  wide  general  practice, 
but  makes  a  specialty  of  surgery  and  diseases 
of  women.  He  is  first  vice-president  of  the 
New  Mexico  Medical  Association,  and  takes  an 
active  and  enthusiastic  part  in  the  work  of  this 
organization.  He  has  filled  both  the  office  of 
County  Coroner  and  the  office  of  County  Phy- 
sician, and  discharged  his  duties  with  a  judg- 
ment and  abirity  that  won  the  approval  of  all 
parties.  The  Doctor  spent  a  part  of  1881  and 
1882  in  old  Mexico,  and  in  1889,  accompanied 
by  his  family,  he  took  a  trip  to  his  old  home  in 
Tennessee.  In  politics  he  is  an  ardent  Demo- 


crat.     He  belongs  to  the  order  of  the  Knights 
of  Pythias. 

Dr.  Abernathy  was  united  in  marriage  to 
Miss  Frances  F.  Eaton,  who  was  born  in  Santa 
Fe,  the  daughter  of  Col.  E.  W.  Eaton,  a  pio- 
neer of  New  Mexico,  now  a  resident  of  Socorro. 
They  are  the  parents  of  two  children,  Mamie 
L.  and  Arthur  H.  The  Doctor's  office  is  well 
appointed,  he  is  fully  abreast  of  the  times  in 
his  profession,  and  enjoys  the  confidence  and 
esteem  of  his  fellow  citizens. 


HBRAM  ABEYTA,  the  present  Clerk  of 
the  city  of  Socorro,  is  one  of  the 
city's  native  sons.  He  was  born 
November  2,  1861,  the  descendant  of 
a  long  line  of  Spanish  ancestors.  His  paternal 
grandfather,  Don  Diago  Antonio  Abeyta,  was 
one  of  the  first  settlers  of  Socorro,  sharing  in 
the  large  land  grant  made  by  the  Spanish  gov- 
ernment to  the  pioneers  of  Socorro  county. 
Antonio  Abeyta  y  Montoya,  the  father  of  our 
subject,  was  born  in  Socorro  in  1822.  He 
was  prominently  identified  with  the  early  busi- 
ness interests  of  the  place,  erected  a  gristmill 
and  conducted  a  successful  mercantile  establish- 
ment. He  married  Miss  Encarnacion  Chavez, 
a  descendant  of  the  Chavez  family,  which  is 
one  of  the  most  distinguished  in  the  history  of 
the  Territory.  There  were  born  of  this  union 
four  sons  and  three  daughters.  The  mother 
died  in  1880;  the  father  is  still  living,  aged 
seventy-three  years.  The  first  two  children, 
Abram  and  S.  C.,  were  twins. 

Abram  Abeyta  received  his  education  in  the 
Christian  Brothers'  College  at  Santa  Fe,  and 
after  leaving  school  was  for  two  years  employ- 
ed as  clerk  in  a  wholesale  grocery  house  of 
Brown  &  Manzares.  At  the  end  of  that  time 
he  entered  the  general  store  of  H.  M.  Cham- 
burn,  as  clerk,  and  served  in  this  capacity 
three  years.  With  the  experience  acquired  he 
felt  confident  to  embark  in  business  on  his 
own  account,  and  so  opened  a  general  store  in 
Socorro  opposite  the  Plaza,  with  his  uncle, 
Manuel  Abeyta,  where  he  has  established  an 


280 


HISTORT  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


excellent  trade.  Politically  he  allies  himself 
with  the  Democratic  party;  he  has  for  the  past 
six  years  been  Clerk  of  the  city.  He  has  re- 
cently received  from  Governor  Thornton  the 
appointment  as  a  member  of  the  Board  of 
Commissioners  for  the  Territorial  penitentiary. 
Mr.  Abeyta  was  married  in  1883  to  Miss 
Amelia  Stapleton,  who  also  was  born  in  So- 
corro,  a  daughter  of  Major  R.  H.  Stapleton. 
Our  worthy  subject  and  his  wife  are  the  par- 
ents of  six  children,  only  two  of  whom  are 
living, — Encarnacion  and  Paublita,  one  son, 
Diago  Antonio,  a  child  of  five  years;  was  a 
victim  to  the  dread  disease,  diphtheria,  his 
death  occurring  July  19,  1895.  Mr.  and  Mrs. 
Abeyta  are  members  of  the  Roman  Catholic 
Church.  Mr.  Abeyta  belongs  to  the  Knights 
of  Pythias.  He  is  a  man  of  the  strictest  in- 
tegrity, and  is  worthy  of  the  confidence  re- 
posed in  him  by  the  citizens  of  Socorro  county. 


HLVIN  A.  SHAW,  M.    D.—  A    man  of 
high  professional  attainments  and  one 
who  holds  distinctive  prestige  as  the 
pioneer  physician  of  the  thriving  vil- 
lage   of    San    Marcial,    Socorro    county,    Dr. 
Shaw  is  manifestly  deserving  of  specific  recog- 
nition in  this  work.       He   is  one   of  the  repre- 
sentative business  men  of  the  town,   in  which 
he  conducts  one  of  the  leading  drug  stores,   in 
addition  to  continuing  in  the  active  practice  of 
his  noble  profession. 

The  Doctor's  ancestry  is  one  whose  history 
has  been  one  of  long  identification  with  that 
of  the  United  States,  running  back,  in  both  the 
paternal  and  maternal  lines,  to  English  origin. 
His  great-grandfather  Shaw  was  a  native  of 
New  England,  where  his  parents  had  taken  up 
their  abode  at  an  early  period.  He  subse- 
quently left  his  native  heath  and  proceeding  to 
the  Western  frontier  became  one  of  the  pio- 
neers of  the  State  of  Ohio.  In  the  Buckeye 
State  was  born  John  Shaw,  the  grandfather  of 
our  subject,  and  there  he  was  reared  to  matu- 
rity, being  eventually  ordained  to  the  ministry 
of  the  Methodist  Episcopal  Church  and  labor- 


ing long  and  zealously  in  his  high  calling.  In 
1835  ne  removed  to  Indiana  and  became  one 
of  the  pioneer  clergymen  in  La  Porte  county. 
The  Doctor's  father,  Jonathan  Shaw,  was  born 
in  Ohio  in  the  year  1824,  and  accompanied  his 
parents  upon  their  removal  to  the  Hoosier 
State.  He  received  his  education  in  the 
schools  of  La  Porte,  and  upon  attaining  mature 
years  was  united  in  marriage  to  Miss  Elizabeth 
Evarts,  who  was  a  native  of  Indiana.  They 
became  the  parents  of  six  children,  all  of 
whom  are  living  at  the  present  time.  The 
honored  father,  who  became  a  man  of  promi- 
nence and  influence  in  the  community  where 
he  passed  so  many  years  of  his  active  and  use- 
ful life,  was  called  to  eternal  rest  in  1891, 
having  attained  a  venerable  age.  His  devoted 
wife  passed  away  in  1893,  having  lived  to  en- 
joy the  love  and  solicitude  of  her  children  and 
her  children's  children.  In  their  religious 
faith  they  were  zealous  adherents  of  the  Uni- 
versalist  Church. 

Alvin  A.  Shaw,  the  immediate  subject  of 
this  review,  was  the  third  child  in  order  of 
birth,  the  place  of  his  nativity  having  been 
Annawan,  Henry  county,  Illinois,  and  the  date 
the  1 6th  of  July,  1859.  He  completed  his 
more  purely  literary  education  in  the  State 
University  of  Illinois,  graduating  at  that  insti- 
tution in  1880,  after  which  he  matriculated  in 
the  Chicago  Medical  College,  completing  the 
prescribed  course  and  graduating  in  1883. 
Thus  thoroughly  prepared  for  the  practice  of 
that  profession  which  he  had  determined  to 
make  his  life  work,  the  Doctor  entered  pro- 
fessional work  in  the  city  of  Chicago,  but 
within  the  course  of  a  year  was  thrice  attacked 
very  severely  with  pneumpnia,  and  finally  be- 
came convinced  that  it  was  imperative  for  him 
to  seek  a  different  climate  if  he  hoped  to  pre- 
serve his  health. 

Casting  about  for  an  eligible  location,  he 
finally  decided  to  locate  in  New  Mexico,  and  in 
the  year  1884  he  arrived  in  San  Marcial,  and 
here  entered  vigorously  upon  the  practice  of 
his  profession,  consummating  an  association 
with  Dr.  G.  P.  Edwards,  who  had  been  estab- 


HISTORT  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


281 


lished  here  for  some  little  time.  After  a  year 
had  elapsed  the  partnership  was  dissolved  and 
Dr.  Edwards  located  elsewhere.  Our  subject 
has  since  maintained  a  consecutive  practice 
and  has  gained  a  representative  support,  his 
ability  as  a  physician  being  recognized  as  clearly 
as  is  his  honor  as  a  man.  In  1885  the  Doctor 
established  here  the  first  drug  store  opened  in 
the  town,  and  in  this  line  of  enterprise  he  has 
since  been  concerned  in  connection  with  his 
professional  work.  He  is  careful  and  conscien- 
tious in  his  business  methods,  and  as  a  physi- 
cian is  thoroughly  well  informed,  being  a  close 
student  and  keeping  constantly  abreast  of  the 
advances  made  in  the  sciences  of  medicine  and 
surgery.  His  practice  is  one  that  extends  over 
a  wide  radius  of  country,  and  in  this,  as  well 
as  in  his  more  distinctively  business  pursuits, 
he  has  met  with  gratifying  success,  retaining 
the  confidence  and  esteem  of  the  community 
with  whose  interests  he  has  been  so  conspicu- 
ously identified. 

In  his  fraternal  relations  Dr.  Shaw  is  prom- 
inently associated  with  the  Masonic  order,  the 
Independent  Order  of  Odd  Fellows  and  the 
Ancient  Order  of  United  Workmen.  He  is 
a  member  of  Hiram  Lodge  No.  13,  A.  F.  & 
A.  M.,  of  San  Marcial,  and  served  two  terms 
as  its  Worshipful  Master.  In  his  political  ad- 
herency  the  Doctor  uses  his  right  of  suffrage 
in  support  of  the  men  and  measures  of  the 
Republican  party,  but  he  has  never  been  as- 
pirant for  official  preferment. 

The  marriage  of  our  honored  subject  was 
consummated  in  1883,  when  he  was  united  to 
Miss  Rena  Batten,  a  native  of  his  own  birth- 
place and  the  daughter  of  Richard  W.  Batten. 
The  union  has  been  blessed  with  two  chil- 
dren,— Mamie  and  Rena. 

Since  coming  to  San  Marcial,  Dr:  Shaw  has 
been  intimately  indentified  with  the  interests  of 
the  town,  and  he  has  lent  influence  and  effect- 
ive aid  in  furthering  its  development  and  ad- 
vancement. He  has  acquired  a  considerable 
amount  of  local  realty  and  has  erected  several 
buildings  here,  among  them  being  his  residence, 
which  is  one  of  the  most  attractive  in  the  place. 


He  is  looked  upon  as  one  of  the  most  able  phy- 
sicians in  the  Territory  and  as  one  of  the  dis- 
tinctively representative  business  men  of  San 
Marcial. 


ON.  HUMPHREY  B.  HAMILTON.- 

Success  in  any  profession  is  more 
the  result  of  energy,  perseverance  and 
natural  aptitude  than  connection,  in- 
fluence or  social  standing.  The  majority  of 
the  most  prominent  and  able  lawyers  of  the 
New  Mexico  bar  are  what  may  be  termed  self- 
made  men.  Among  the  number  who  have 
won  positions  of  eminence  in  the  legal  profes- 
sion through  inherited  energy  and  determina- 
tion is  the  present  Judge  of  the  Fifth  District 
Court  of  the  Territory,  Mr.  Hamilton.  A 
brief  record  of  his  career  is  as  follows: 

A  native  of  Perry  county,  Illinois,  he  was 
born  on  the  26th  of  October,  1850,  of  Scotch- 
Irish  ancestry,  coming  of  a  family  whose  mem- 
bers were  early  pioneers  of  Maryland  and  Vir- 
ginia, and  were  prominent  in  the  history  of  the 
Colonies  as  participants  in  the  struggle  for  in- 
dependence and  in  the  walks  of  civil  life.  The 
paternal  grandfather  of  our  subject  became 
one  of  the  pioneers  of  Missouri,  where  Leo  F. 
Hamilton,  the  father,  was  born.  Having  ar- 
rived at  years  of  maturity,  he  married  Miss 
Sarah  Jones,  of  Kentucky  parentage,  and  re- 
moved to  Illinois,  where  he  successfully  en- 
gaged in  the  practice  of  medicine  up  to  the 
time  of  his  death,  which  occurred  in  1852, 
when  he  was  aged  about  forty  years.  His 
wife  departed  this  life  about  a  year  previous. 
They  left  a  family  of  five  children,  of  whom 
the  Judge  was  the  youngest. 

Mr.  Humphrey  B.  Hamilton  acquired  his 
literary  education  in  various  schools  in  the 
State  of  his  nativity,  and,  on  determining  what 
business  he  wished  to  make  his  life  work, 
made  choice  of  the  legal  profession.  Prepar- 
atory to  entering  upon  practice,  he  read  law 
in  the  office  of  Hon.  DeWitt  C.  Jones,  now  of 
Chicago,  and  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1871. 
He  entered  upon  the  prosecution  of  his  chosen 


HIS  TORT  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


calling  in  Jefferson  City,  Missouri,  where  he 
remained  from  1872  until  1885,  the  latter  be- 
ing the  year  of  his  arrival  in  Socorro,  New 
Mexico.  He  came  here  with  the  hope  that 
the  more  healthful  climate  of  the  South  would 
prove  beneficial  to  his  wife;  but  after  lingering 
about  five  years  she  departed  this  life  in  Jan- 
uary, 1890,  leaving  three  children  to  mourn 
her  loss,  namely:  Lulu  H. ,  Humphrey  B.  and 
Fenwick  D.  Her  death  was  a  most  severe 
bereavement  to  the  family,  and  also  to  many 
friends  who  had  for  her  the  highest  regard. 

On  locating  in  Socorro,  Judge  Hamilton 
opened  a  law  office  and  continued  to  engage  in 
general  practice  until  January,  1895,  at  which 
time  he  was  appointed  by  President  Cleveland 
as  Associate  Justice  of  the  Supreme  Court  of 
this  Territory,  a  position  which  he  is  now  fill- 
ing with  marked  ability.  He  has  already  tried 
many  important  cases  and  has  shown  himself 
to  be  thoroughly  informed  in  the  law.  His 
jurisdiction  extends  over  the  territory  lying  be- 
tween Arizona  and  the  Pan  Handle  and  in- 
cluding most  of  the  southern  portion  of  New 
Mexico. 

Upon  the  bench  his  manner  is  character- 
ized with  a  dignity  becoming  his  office,  and 
advocates,  juries  and  litigants  recognize  that 
he  is  master  of  the  situation.  He  is  possessed 
of  superior  legal  attainments,  a  comprehensive 
mind,  powers  of  keen  perception  and  judicial 
fairness.  He  is  singularly  unbiased  by  per- 
sonal predilections  or  opinions,  and  gives  to 
each  point  of  evidence  its  full  weight.  He  is 
undoubtedly  one  of  the  most  eminent  represen- 
tatives of  the  legal  profession  in  the  Territory. 

In  politics  Judge  Hamilton  is  a  Democrat, 
but  not  an  active  partisan,  and  since  being  on 
the  bench  gives  less  attention  than  ever  to 
politics.  He  is  prominent  in  the  Masonic  fra- 
ternity, having  attained  the  thirty-second 
degree  of  the  Scottish  rite.  He  is  also  a  mem- 
ber of  the  order  of  the  Knights  of  Pythias. 

In  manner  he  is  a  pleasant  and  agreeable 
gentleman,  having  a  wide  acquaintance  and  a 
host  of  warm  friends  in  New  Mexico,  the  Ter- 
tory  of  his  adoption. 


OLESLO  ROMERO,  who  was  re- 
cently appointed  a  member  of  the 
Immigration  Board  of  New  Mexico,  is 
a  native  of  the  Territory  and  has  his 
abiding  place  in  the  town  of  Los  Lunas.  Mr. 
Romero  was  born  January  i,  1860,  and  is  a 
descendant  of  the  noted  Luna  and  Romero 
families,  who  were  among  the  earliest  and 
most  prominent  people  of  New  Mexico.  His 
grandfathers,  Juan  Andreas  Romero  and  Ra- 
mon Luna,  were  both  born  in  Los  Lunas. 
They  were  heirs  to  Government  land  which 
had  been  granted  to  our  subject's  great-grand- 
father and  which  included  many  thousand 
acres  of  valuable  land.  Grandfather  Luna 
was  for  many  years  Indian  agent,  and  was  one 
of  New  Mexico's  best  known  citizens.  He 
married  Guadalupe  Sarrasino,  a  native  of  the 
Territory  and  also  descended  from  a  noted 
family.  Her  father,  Francisco  Sarrasino,  was 
a  Governor  of  the  Territory  and  a  man  of  great 
influence  in  his  day.  Our  subject's  father, 
Miguel  Romero,  was  born  in  Los  Lunas  in 
1829.  He  married  Placida  Luna,  and  there 
were  born  to  them  two  sons,  Flavio  and  Bo- 
leslo.  The  father  was  for  many  years  en- 
gaged in  freighting  across  the  plains  from  St. 
Louis  and  Kansas  City,  his  freighting  train 
consisting  of  fourteen  wagons  and  a  large  num- 
ber of  mules,  and  while  engaged  in  this 
business  he  met  with  many  hardships  and  pri- 
vations incident  both  to  the  inclemency  of  the 
weather  and  hostility  of  the  Indians.  At  one 
time  all  of  his  mules  were  frozen  to  death. 
Frequently  he  lost  much  stock  through  Indian 
raids.  At  this  writing  he  has  claims  pending 
against  the  United  States  Government  to  the 
amount  of  $45,000  for  losses  he  sustained  at 
various  times.  Both  he  and  his  good  wife  are 
devout  members  of  the  Catholic  Church.  They 
maintain  their  residence  at  Los  Lunas  with 
their  son,  Boleslo. 

Boleslo  Romero  was  educated  at  the  Chris- 
tian Brothers'  College  at  Santa  Fe.  On  his  re- 
turn from  college  he  engaged  in  farming  and 
the  sheep  industry.  Soon,  however,  he  was 
obliged  to  leave  the  ranch  on  account  of  the 


HIS  TORT  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


283 


raids  made  by  the  Apache  Indians,  and  barely 
escaped  with  his  life.  His  brother-in-law  was 
killed.  That  was  in  1881.  In  1892,  when 
the  Indians  made  another  raid,  Mr.  Romero 
and  thirty-four  other  citizens  from  Los  Lunas 
went  in  pursuit  of  them  and  to  protect  the 
stock  throughout  the  country.  The  result  was 
that  a  number  of  the  citizens  were  killed  by  the 
Apaches.  Mr.  Romero  and  his  father  own 
lands  near  Los  Lunas  and  are  still  more  or  less 
engaged  in  farming.  They  give  considerable 
attention  to  fruit  culture,  have  fine  orchards 
and  vineyards,  and  are  also  interested  in  the 
manufacture  of  wine. 

Mr.  Romero  was  married  in  1883  to  Miss 
Refugio  Chavez,  a  native  of  the  Territory  and 
a  member  of  the  illustrious  family  of  that 
name.  Their  union  has  been  blessed  in  the 
birth  of  five  children,  all  born  in  Los  Lunas, 
where  so  many  of  their  ancestors  have  been 
born  and  have  lived.  The  names  of  the  chil- 
dren areas  follows  :  Juan  Andreas,  Donnacino, 
Ninfa,  Miguel  and  Aurilia. 

Mr.  Romero  is  in  politics  a  Democrat.  He 
holds  the  office  of  Deputy  United  States  Mar- 
shal, and  was  recently  appointed  by  Governor 
Thornton  as  a  member  of  the  Immigration 
Board  of  New  Mexico.  A  young  man  of  in- 
telligence, ability  and  enterprise,  he  will,  no 
doubt,  render  valued  service  in  this  capacity. 


aHARLES    G.    CRUICKSHANK,    M. 
D. — Holding  marked  prestige  among 
the    professional     men      of    Socorro 
county,  enjoying  high  popularity  and 
maintaining  a  representative   position    as  iden- 
tified with  the  business  life  of  the  thriving  little 
city  of  San  Marcial,  it  is  manifestly  consistent 
in     this    connection     that     attention     be     di- 
rected to  the  more  salient   features  in  the  life 
history  of   him  whose    name    initiates   this  re- 
view.     Dr.  Cruickshank  is  a  native  of  Quebec, 
Canada,  where    he  was  born  on    the    igth   of 
October,   1853,  a  son   of   Robert  Cruickshank, 
who  was  born  in    Scotland  in  the  year  1800. 
In  1823  he  emigrated  to  America  and  for  many 


years  was  a  trusted  employee  of  the  Hudson's 
Bay  Fur  Company.  He  ultimately  settled 
near  Quebec,  where  he  was  engaged  in  agri- 
cultural operations  up  to  the  time  of  his  death, 
which  occurred  in  1885.  He  had  attained  the 
venerable  age  of  eighty-five  years  and  was 
honored  as  a  man  of  marked  intellectuality  and 
invincible  integrity.  The  mother  of  our  sub- 
ject, whose  maiden  name  was  Catherine  Glan- 
ville  Cook,  was  a  native  of  London,  England, 
where  she  was  born  in  the  year  1813.  A  por- 
tion of  her  youthful  days  was  passed  in  Scot- 
land and  in  1830  she  came  to  Canada.  She 
departed  this  life  in  1886,  in  the  seventy-third 
year  of  her  age.  Robert  and  Catherine  Cruick- 
shank became  the  parents  of  ten  children,  of 
whom  seven  are  living  at  the  present  time,  the 
subject  of  this  sketch  being  the  youngest  of  the 
family. 

Charles  G.  Cruickshank  received  his  pre- 
liminary educational  discipline  in  his  native 
city,  and  graduated  at  the  military  school  in 
Quebec  in  1870.  He  had  determined  to  adopt 
the  medical  profession  as  his  vocation  in  life, 
and  in  1872  he  went  to  Ann  Arbor,  Michigan, 
where  he  matriculated  in  the  medical  depart- 
ment of  the  famous  university  of  that  State, 
where  he  graduated  with  the  class  of  1876. 
This  professional  training  had  been  but  the 
practical  carrying  out  of  the  plan  which  the 
Doctor  had  formed  in  his  boyhood  days,  and 
he  thus  realized  his  ambition. 

After  his  graduation  Dr.  Cruickshank  lo- 
cated at  Howell,  the  beautiful  county  seat  of  Liv- 
ingston county,  Michigan,  where  he  displayed 
his  "shingle"  with  due  solemnity  and  entered 
upon  active  practice,  remaining  there  about 
four  years  and  securing  a  representative  sup- 
port in  his  professional  efforts.  At  the  expira- 
tion of  this  time  (1880)  he  came  to  San  Mar- 
cial, New  Mexico,  remaining  here  but  a  short 
time,  after  which  he  continued  his  way  west- 
ward to  the  present  State  of  Washington,  and 
there  continued  to  practice  until  1884,  when  he 
returned  to  San  Marcial  and  entered  vigorously 
upon  the  practice  of  medicine  and  surgery  at 
this  point.  He  has  established  a  large  and  lu- 


284 


HIS  TORT  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


crative  business  by  reason  of  his  high  profes- 
sional ability,  his  honor  and  his  fidelity, — attri- 
butes which  never  fail  of  objective  appreciation. 
During  these  years  of  active  labor  the  Doctor 
has  devoted  himself  to  study  and  investigation, 
and  is  thoroughly  in  touch  with  the  advances 
made  in  the  science  of  medicine.  His  general 
practice  is  of  wide  extent,  while  he  is  recog- 
nized as  one  of  the  finest  surgeons  in  the  Ter- 
ritory, having  been  for  a  number  of  years  past 
surgeon  of  the  Atchison,  Topeka  &  Santa  Fe 
Railroad  Company.  He  was  a  member  of  the 
Michigan  State  Medical  Society,  and  in  1888 
he  became  a  member  of  the  American  National 
Medical  Association,  and  has  attended  several 
of  its  conventions. 

A  man  of  high  attainments  and  imbued 
with  predominating  energy  and  enterprise,  the 
Doctor  has,  since  coming  to  San  Marcial, 
thoroughly  identified  himself  with  the  affairs 
of  the  town  of  his  choice.  He  has  invested 
quite  largely  in  local  realty  and  has  aided  ma- 
terially in  the  growth  and  development  of  the 
county,  being  regarded  not  only  as  an  able  phy- 
sician, but  as  one  of  the  leading  and  most  pub- 
lic-spirited citizens  of  the  thriving  little  city  in 
which  he  resides. 

In  his  political  relations  the  Doctor  exer- 
cises his  franchise  in  support  of  the  men  and 
measures  advanced  by  the  Republican  party, 
and  fraternally  he  is  a  member  of  the  Inde- 
pendent Order  of  Odd  Fellows,  the  Red  Men, 
and  Ancient  Order  of  United  Workmen. 

On  the  22d  of  February,  1877,  Dr.  Cruick- 
shank  led  to  the  hymeneal  altar  Miss  Ida  E. 
Wescott,  who  was  born  in  Wayne  county, 
New  York,  being  the  daughter  of  Stephen 
Wescott,  a  resident  of  Michigan.  This  happy 
union  has  been  blessed  with  one  son,  Bruce 
W. ,  who  was  born  at  Howell,  Michigan.  The 
family  residence  is  one  of  the  attractive  homes 
of  the  city. 

The  Doctor  has  acquired  cousiderable  real 
estate  in  the  county  and  is  taking  much  pleas- 
ure in  showing  the  wonderful  pomological 
possibilities  of  this  part  of  the  Territory.  His 
orchards  having  some  of  the  most  prolific  fruit- 


trees  in  the  whole  valley,  and  his  success  in 
this  line  being  very  exceptional.  He  also  owns 
a  cattle  ranch  and  devotes  considerable  atten- 
tion to  stock-raising,  which  represents  one  of 
the  most  important  industries  of  the  Territory. 
He  is  also  interested  in  the  White  Cap  mines 
in  the  San  Mateo  mountains. 


*•    *  ON.    TRANQUILINO     LUNA,     de- 

j^\    ceased,     was  one    of   New    Mexico's 
P    most  prominent  men.     A  memoir  of 
his  life  is  appropriate  in  this  work  and 
is  as  follows: 

Tranquilino  Luna  was  born  in  Los  Lunas, 
New  Mexico,  June  29,  1847,  second  son  of 
Hon.  Antonio  Jose  Luna  (whose  history  ap- 
pears elsewhere  in  this  work).  He  was  ed- 
ucated in  the  Missouri  University  at  St. 
Louis,  and  on  his  return  from  college  be- 
came successfully  engaged  in  the  sheep  indus- 
try. He  was  in  politics  an  intelligent  and  in- 
fluential Republican.  His  ability  and  manly 
integrity  being  appreciated  by  his  fellow  citi- 
zens, he  was  offered  by  them  various  offices 
of  honor  and  trust  in  his  county,  and  in  1880 
was  elected  delegate  to  represent  the  Territory 
of  New  Mexico  in  the  United  States  Congress, 
and  after  serving  a  two  years'  term  was,  in 
1882,  again  elected  to  the  same  position. 

He  was  united  in  marriage  to  Miss  Amalia 
Jaramillo,  the  daughter  of  a  prominent  citizen 
of  Los  Lunas.  They  had  one  child,  Maximil- 
iano  Luna,  who  is  now  the  Sheriff  of  Valencia 
county,  specific  mention  of  whom  appears 
further  on  in  this  article.  In  1886  Mrs.  Luna 
departed  this  life,  and  in  November,  1892,  Mr. 
Luna  died.  Few  men  in  Valencia  county  were 
better  known  or  stood  higher  in  the  estimation 
of  the  people  than  did  Tranquilino  Luna,  and 
the  untimely  death  of  a  man  possessing  such 
rare  talent  and  excellent  traits  of  character  was 
deeply  lamented  not  only  in  Valencia  county 
but  throughout  the  Territory. 

Maximiliano  Luna,  the  only  survivor  of  the 
above  named  family,  was  born  in  Los  Lunas 
June  1 6,  1870.  He  was  educated  in  the  Las 


HIS  TORT  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


285 


Vegas  College,  New  Mexico,  and  at  George- 
town College,  District  of  Columbia.  On  com- 
pleting his  course  in  the  latter  institution  he 
received  an  appointment  to  the  Naval  School 
at  Annapolis.  Just  as  he  was  ready  to  enter 
upon  his  studies  at  Annapolis  his  mother  died, 
and  after  her  death  his  plans  were  changed. 
He  made  a  tour  to  Cuba,  after  which,  in  De- 
cember, 1889,  he  returned  to  his  home  in  New 
Mexico. 

The  following  year  he  was  appointed  inter- 
preter of  the  Second  Judicial  Court  of  the  Ter- 
ritory; in  1891  he  was  Chief  Clerk  of  the 
Twenty-ninth  Assembly  of  New  Mexico,  and  in 
1892  he  was  elected  Probate  Clerk,  Recorder 
and  ex  officio  County  Clerk  of  Valencia  county, 
in  which  last  named  position  he  served  up  to 
1 894,  when  he  was  elected  Sheriff  of  the  county, 
the  office  which  he  now  holds.  In  all  of  these 
important  positions  his  service  has  been  char- 
acterized by  promptness  and  fidelity,  and,  be- 
ing a  man  of  nerve  and  courage,  he  is  espe- 
cially fitted  for  the  duties  of  Sheriff.  As  Sheriff 
he  has  already  made  some  important  arrests 
among  desperate  characters  who  had  previ- 
ously evaded  the  law.  Mr.  Luna's  political 
views  are  those  of  the  Republican  party.  He 
has  served  as  delegate  to  several  Territorial 
Republican  Conventions,  in  1890  was  the  or- 
ganizer of  the  Republican  League  of  the  county, 
and  in  1892-  was  a  delegate  to  the  National  Re- 
publican League. 


ON.  ESTANISLAO  V.  CHAVEZ,  of 
Socorro,  figures  prominently  as  a 
member  of  the  bar  of  New  Mexico. 
Mr.  Chavez  dates  his  birth  in  the  city 
where  he  now  resides,  June  15,  1862.  He  is 
a  representative  of  the  distinguished  family  of 
Chavez,  of  New  Mexico.  His  father,  Jesus 
M.  Chavez,  F.  Franco .  Chavez  and  Felipe 
Chavez,  are  cousins  and  are  among  the  most 
promident  members  of  the  family.  Jesus  M. 
Chavez  was  born  in  the  Territory  of  New 
Mexico,  April  17,  1831,  and  was  educated  by 
his  uncle,  the  noted  Father  Chavez,  in  the 


city  of  Chihuahua,  Mexico,  his  education  be- 
ing received  in  Spanish.  Later  he  fell  heir 
to  the  property  of  his  uncle,  which  included  a 
large  portion  of  the  territory  now  embraced 
in  the  city  of  Socorro.  He  accepted  the  doc- 
trines of  the  Democratic  party  and  was  one  of 
its  organizers  in  his  county,  and  was  a  man  of 
much  influence  and  popularity, — so  much  so 
that  he  was  rspeatedly  elected  as  a  Representa- 
tive to  the  Territorial  Assembly.  He  served 
eighteen  years  as  Clerk  of  the  Probate  Court 
of  his  county,  and  was  a  member  of  the  House 
and  prominent  in  the  movement  which  asked 
Congress  to  admit  New  Mexico  to  the  Union. 
He  also  served  for  some  time  as  Probate  Judge 
of  the  county  and  held  the  honorable  position 
of  Inspector  General  of  the  New  Mexico  Militia. 
During  the  Civil  war  he  took  sides  with  the 
Government  against  the  Confederates,  and 
during  that  period  suffered  much  loss  to  his 
property  by  the  depredations  of  the  enemy. 
At  various  times  he  has  played  an  active  and 
prominent  part  in  protecting  the  people  of  New 
Mexico  from  the  frequent  attacks  by  the  Red 
men.  He  married  Miss  Luz  Torres,  a  de- 
scendant of  one  of  the  old  Spanish  families, 
her  father  being  Joaquin  Torres,  a  prominent 
citizen  of  New  Mexico.  They  had  three  sons  : 
one  died  in  infancy,  and  the  others  are  Joaquin 
and  Estanislao  V.  The  parents  are  still  living 
and  are  among  the  most  highly  respected  peo- 
ple of  the  Territory  in  which  they  had  their 
birth. 

We  come  now  to  the  immediate  subject  of 
our  sketch,  Estanislao  V.  Chavez.  He  re- 
ceived his  education  at  St.  Michael's  College 
in  Santa  Fe,  read  law  in  the  office  of  Judge  Ira 
E.  Leonard,  and  May  4,  1891,  was  admitted 
to  the  bar.  Immediately  after  his  admission  to 
the  bar  he  entered  upon  the  practice  of  his  pro- 
fession in  his  native  city,  where  he  rapidly 
gained  a  lucrative  practice,  and  now  has  the 
reputation  of  being  one  of  the  most  successful 
and  talented  young  lawyers  in  the  Territory. 

In  1883  Mr.  Chavez  was  married  to  Miss 
Frances  V.  Martin,  a  native  of  Marshall, 
Texas,  and  a  daughter  of  Captain  Robert 


286 


HIS  TORT  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


Martin  of  that  State.  They  have  two  chil- 
dren, Estanislao  Robert  and  Cosette,  both  born 
in  Socorro,  they  being  the  third  generation 
born  in  this  city. 

Mr.  Chavez  being  an  ardent  Democrat  and 
a  talented  and  popular  young  man,  it  was  na- 
tural that  his  party  should  choose  him  to  fill 
places  of  honor  and  trust.  When  only  twen- 
ty-four years  of  age  he  was  hqnored  with  a 
seat  in  the  Territorial  Legislature,  where  he 
served  with  credit  alike  to  himself  and  to  his 
party.  At  that  time  he  was  the  youngest 
member  of  the  House.  Later,  when  brought 
out  as  a  candidate  for  Probate  Clerk  of  Socor- 
ro county,  and  against  a  very  strong  opponent, 
he  was  elected  by  the  largest  majority  ever 
received  by  any  candidate  in  the  county  ;  and 
this  office  he  filled  for  six  years.  In  1892  he 
was  elected  Mayor  of  Socorro,  and  he  was  also 
elected  a  delegate  to  the  last  Democratic  na- 
tional convention  and  aided  in  the  nomination 
of  Grover  Cleveland  for  President  of  the 
United  States,  an  act  for  which  he  has  since 
had  deep  regret.  His  friends  earnestly  urged 
him  to  accept  the  position  of  Secretary  of  the 
Territory  of  New  Mexico.  This  honor,  how- 
ever, he  declined  in  order  to  give  his  whole 
time  and  attention  to  his  rapidly  increasing  law 
practice.  Mr.  Chavez  is  a  man  of  fine  per- 
sonal appearance,  is  in  every  respect  a  true 
gentleman,  and  it  is  fair  to  predict  that  still 
greater  honors  await  him  in  the  future. 


(D 


AJOR  H.  K.  WHITING,  whose 
pleasant  home  is  located  'on  his 
ranch  near  the  city  of  Albuquerque, 
is  a  veteran  of  the  Civil  war  and  a 
gentleman  who  has  for  years  figured  promi- 
nently in  the  affairs  of  New  Mexico,  and  espe- 
cially of  Bernalillo  county.  His  residence  here 
covers  a  period  of  more  than  a  quarter  of  a 
century  and  he  is  probably  better  informed  in 
regard  to  New  Mexico's  resources  than  any 
other  man  in  the  Territory. 

Major  Whiting  dates  his  birth   at   Detroit, 
Michigan,    December   2,    1837.        His   father, 


Dr.  John  L.  Whiting,  was  born  in  Canaan, 
Columbia  county,  New  York,  in  the  year  1793. 
On  February  17,  1817,  he  arrived  in  Detroit, 
and  for  thirty  years  was  one  of  the  valued 
medical  practitioners  of  that  city.  His  wife, 
whose  maiden  name  was  Harriet  Rees,  was  a 
native  of  Erie,  Pennsylvania.  The  ancestors 
of  both  the  Whitings  and  Reeses  are  of  English 
origin.  They  came  to  this  country  before  the 
Revolution  and  settled  in  New  England  and 
later  removed  to  New  York.  Great-grand- 
father Whiting  was  an  officer  in  the  Revolu- 
tionary army  and  his  son,  our  subject's  grand- 
father, was  an  officer  in  the  war  of  1812;  both 
lived  to  a  ripe  old  age.  Major  Whiting's  par- 
ents had  seven  sons  and  a  daughter,  of  whom 
only  three  are  living.  The  mother  died  in 
1851.  The  father  lived  to  the  advanced  age 
of  eighty-seven  years. 

In  the  public  schools  of  his  native  city  and 
at  Dartmouth  College  the  subject  of  our  sketch 
received  his  education,  and  after  leaving  col- 
lege he  was  for  a  number  of  years  city  editor, 
first  of  the  Detroit  Advertiser  and  later  of  the 
Tribune,  into  which  the  former  was  merged. 
In  1 86 1  General  Fremont  gave  him  the  ap- 
pointment of  Captain  of  volunteers,  and  he 
served  on  the  staff  of  General  McKinstry.  In 
the  summer  of  1862  when  the  demand  for 
more  soldiers  became  urgent,  he  aided  in  rais- 
ing the  Twenty-fourth  Michigan  Volunteer  In- 
fantry and  as  Second  Lieutenant,  went  with 
them  to  the  front;  participated  in  all  the  hard- 
fought  battles  of  the  Army  of  the  Potomac  up 
to  the  battle  of  Gettysburg,  in  which  he  was 
captured.  After  a  confinement  of  eight  months 
and  a  half  in  Libby  prison,  he  was  exchanged 
and  returned  to  his  command,  then  in  front  of 
Petersburg,  and  to  the  close  of  the  war  served 
on  the  staff  of  Major  General  S.  W.  Crawford. 
For  meritorious  service  at  the  battle  of  Peters- 
burg he  was  promoted  to  a  Captaincy  and 
after  the  battle  of  Five  Forks  was  made  Brevet 
Major.  At  the  close  of  the  war  he  was  a  par- 
ticipant in  the  grand  review  of  the  victorious 
army  at  Washington,  and  was  mustered  out 
June  28,  1865.  He  had  been  through  the  hot- 


H1STORT  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


287 


test  of  the  fight,  and,  save  a  slight  gun-shot 
wound  at  Fredericksburg,  which  did  not  cause 
him  to  leave  his  command,  escaped  unharmed. 

Immediately  following  his  army  service 
Major  Whiting  was  in  the  employ  of  several 
newspapers.  In  the  fall  of  1866  he  came  to 
Santa  Fe  as  a  member  of  the  staff  of  the  New 
York  Herald,  and  spent  a  year  in  writing  up 
New  Mexico.  In  the  spring  of  1868  he  re- 
ceived the  appointment  of  Clerk  of  the  United 
States  Court  at  Albuquerque,  a  position  which 
he  ably  filled  for  ten  years,  and  he  was  at  dif- 
ferent times  elected  to  and  held  the  following 
offices  in  Bernalillo  county:  County  Clerk 
three  years,  Assessor  of  the  County  two  years, 
County  Superintendent  of  Schools  two  years, 
Justice  of  the  Peace  two  years;  and  for  twenty- 
seven  years  he  has  been  United  States  Com- 
missioner, a  position  which  he  still  holds.  He 
is  also  at  this  writing  in  the  abstract  business, 
making  abstracts  for  Albuquerque  and  the 
county  of  Bernalillo.  Politically,  he  is  a  life- 
long and  ardent  Republican. 

Major  Whiting  was  married  in  1873  to 
Miss  Maria  Samora,  a  native  of  New  Mexico 
and  a  representative  of  one  of  the  oldest  Span- 
ish families  of  the  Territory. 


@EORGE  S.   EASTERDAY,  M.  D.- 
Holding  a  position  of  marked  distinc- 
tion in  the  Territory,  by  reason  of  his 
high  professional  attainments  and  his 
scrupulous  honor  as  a  man  among  men,  this 
well-known    resident    of    Albuquerque    merits 
specific  recognition   in  this  review  of   the  lives 
of  the  representative  citizens  of  New  Mexico. 
The  Doctor  is  a  native  of  the  old  Buckeye 
State,  having  been   born   in  Jefferson  county, 
Ohio,  on  the   I2th  of  September,   1849.      His 
paternal  lineage  is  of  stanch  German  extraction, 
his   great-grandfather   having  emigrated   from 
Germany  to  New  York,  where  he  remained  for 
a  time,  after  which  he  removed  with  his  family 
to    Maryland,    where   the   grandfather   of    our 
subject,  Christian  Easterday,  was  born.    While 
still  a  young  man  the  latter  removed  to  Jeffer- 


son county,  Ohio,  becoming  one  of  the  pioneer 
settlers  in  that  State.  He  there  married  Miss 
Maria  Stemple,  who  was  a  native  of  his  own 
!  State,  and  whose  people  were  also  among  the 
i  early  settlers  in  Jefferson  county.  Christian 
Easterday  and  wife  remained  in  Ohio  until 
1855,  when  they  took  up  their  abode  in  the 
State  of  Illinois,  where  they  passed  the  residue 
of  their  lives;  he  lived  to  attain  the  venerable 
age  of  eighty-five  years,  and  she  passed  away 
at  the  age  of  eighty-three.  In  their  religious 
views  they  were  English  Lutherans,  and  were 
earnest,  God-fearing  and  industrious  people, 
whose  lives  were  directed  along  the  lines  of 
utmost  honor  and  integrity.  They  became  the 
parents  of  eleven  children,  of  whom  ten  lived 
to  attain  maturity. 

David  Easterday,  father  of  the  Doctor,  was 
|  the  second  son  and  was  born  in  Jefferson 
county,  Ohio.  He  married  Miss  Margaret 
Zimmerman,  a  native  of  the  same  county, 
and  some  years  after  the  consummation  of  this 
happy  event  they  removed  to  Illinois,  becoming 
pioneers  of  that  now  populous  State.  To  them 
were  given  twelve  children,  and  ten  of  this 
number  still  survive.  The  honored  father  en- 
tered into  eternal  rest  in  1894,  at  the  age  of 
seventy-nine  years;  his  wife  still  lives,  being 
now  (1895)  seventy-three  years  of  age. 

George  S.  Easterday  received  his  prelimi- 
nary educational  discipline  in  the  public  schools 
of  Illinois,  after  which  he  pursued  the  scientific 
course  of  study  in  the  university  of  that  State. 
He  then  matriculated  in  the  Eclectic  Medical 
College,  Cincinnati,  Ohio,  graduating  with  the 
degree  of  Doctor  of  Medicine,  .in  1878.  After 
completing  his  studies  he  determined  to  locate 
in  the  West,  and  for  two  and  one-half  years 
was  engaged  in  the  practice  of  his  profession 
in  Nebraska.  Thence,  in  1881,  he  came  to 
Albuquerque,  identifying  his  interests  with  the 
city  while  it  was  yet  in  the  initial  stages  of  de- 
velopment to  its  present  position  of  import- 
ance as  the  commercial  metropolis  of  the  Ter- 
ritory. Here  he  established  himself  for  the 
practice  of  his  noble  profession,  and  by  close 
attention  thereto  and  by  the  most  scrupulous 


z88 


HISTORY  OF  NE  W  MEXICO. 


fidelity  to  the  interests  of  those  to  whom  he 
ministers,  he  has  built  up  a  very  lucrative  prac- 
tice, and  one  which  is  of  distinctively  representa- 
tive order.  It  has  ever  been  his  policy  and 
privilege  to  keep  fully  in  line  with  the  advance- 
ments made  in  medical  science  and  surgery, 
and  he  is  thoroughly  in  touch  with  the  most 
approved  methods  and  the  results  of  new  prov- 
ings  in  the  line  of  therapeutic  agents.  In  his 
zeal  to  avail  himself  of  the  practical  results  of 
the  researches  of  the  best  authorities  of  his 
profession,  in  the  winter  of  1889-90,  the  Doc- 
tor went  to  New  York  city,  where  he  com- 
pleted a  special  course  of  study  in  the  post- 
graduate school  of  that  city.  He  then  returned 
to  Albuquerque  and  again  resumed  active  prac- 
tice here. 

In  1894,  his  practice  having  grown  to  such 
proportions  as  to  require  additional  attention, 
he  associated  with  him  his  brother,  Dr.  J.  S. 
Easterday,  a  physician  of  signal  ability,  whose 
collegiate  training  had  been  received  at  the 
University  of  Louisville,  Kentucky,  at  which 
he  graduated  with  honor.  The  two  gentlemen 
now  enjoy  a  very  extensive  practice  under  the 
firm  name  of  Easterday  &  Easterday. 

Dr.  Easterday  has  been  deeply  engrossed 
in  his  professional  duties,  but  this  has  not  de- 
terred him  from  becoming  identified  with  those 
other  duties  which  are  required  of  every  public- 
spirited  citizen.  He  has,  by  investments  in 
real  estate  and  building  projects,  bettered  his 
own  condition  in  a  financial  way,  and  at  the 
same  time  aided  greatly  in  the  substantial  de- 
velopment of  his  city.  In  addition  to  the 
erection  of  several  brick  and  frame  residences, 
he,  in  1892,  built  a  handsome  brick  block  at 
410  Gold  avenue,  which  is  an  ornament  to 
Albuquerque's  business  section.  It  has  a  front- 
age of  fifty  feet,  is  sixty  feet  in  depth,  and  two 
stories  high,  with  basement.  The  first  story 
of  this  structure  has  been  fitted  up  as  a  suite 
of  offices,  consultation  rooms,  etc.,  for  the  use 
of  the  Doctor  and  his  brother  in  the  practice 
of  their  profession.  In  convenience  they  rep- 
resent the  highest  ideal  approaching  perfection, 
and  their  equipment  includes  all  of  the  modern 


accessories.  The  apartments  are  elegantly 
furnished,  and  are  second  to  none  in  the  great 
Southwest. 

Politically,  Dr.  Easterday  has  been  a  life- 
long Democrat,  and  as  such  has  always  taken 
an  active  interest  in  local,  State  and  national 
affairs.  His  fellow-citizens  have  upon  numer- 
ous occasions  seen  fit  to  honor  him  with  posi- 
tions of  trust,  and  he  has  filled  them  with  that 
|  conscientious  honor  which  has  always  marked 
his  private  life  and  professional  career.  In 
1887  he  was  chosen  as  one  of  the  Aldermen  of 
Albuquerque,  and  in  1891  he  was  elected  as 
one  of  the  school  trustees  of  the  city.  In  this 
latter  position  he  was  enabled  to  render  valua- 
ble service  in  organizing  the  present  excellent 
public-school  system,  which  is  the  pride  of  the 
city.  In  1892  Dr.  Easterday  was  also  chosen 
as  Mayor  of  the  city,  a  position  which  he  filled 
with  credit  to  himself  and  honor  to  the  city. 

In  1 88 1  Dr.  Easterday  was  united  in  mar- 
riage to  Miss  Catherine  Haller,  a  native  of 
California,  and  the  daughter  of  Mr.  Jacob 
Haller,  a  former  resident  of  the  State  of  Illi- 
nois. Dr.  Easterday  is  prominent  in  several 
societies,  being  an  honored  member  of  the 
Knights  of  Pythias,  and  an  active  member  of 
the  local  lodge  of  Ancient  Order  of  United 
Workmen.  Personally,  Dr.  Easterday  is  a 
courteous  and  affable  gentleman,  in  a  profes- 
sional way  he  has  met  with  the  highest  success, 
and  as  a  progressive  citizen  he  is  one  of  Albu- 
querque's honored  and  leading  men. 


*•    *  ON.   WALTER  C.  HADLEY,  one  of 
•'''^V    New  Mexico's  representative  citizens 
^r    and   prominent    business    men,    is    a 
native  of  the  State  of  Indiana,  having 
been  born  in   the  beautiful   old   city   of  Rich- 
mond on  the   7th   of   September,    1857.      His 
ancestors    for   several   generations    have    been 
residents  of  the    United    States,    and   Grand- 
father Hadley  was   a   pioneer   resident    of  the 
State  of  Ohio.      From  one  generation    to  an- 
other the  representatives  of  the   family   have 
adhered  to  the  beautiful  faith  of  the  Society  of 


T'.,iLiw/r,  I1,,'!  r.i  r;i,'n 


HISTORY  Of  NEW  MEXICO. 


289 


Friends,  or  Quakers.  Our  subject  is  a  son  of 
Professor  Hiram  Hadley,  now  of  the  Univer- 
sity of  New  Mexico,  and  recognized-as  one  of  the 
most  enthusiastic  and  talented  educators  of  the 
Territory. 

Walter  C.  Hadley,  the  immediate  subject 
of  this  review,  received  his  preliminary  educa- 
tional discipline  in  the  common  schools  and 
continued  his  studies  at  Haverford  College, 
Philadelphia,  and  at  the  University  of  Chicago. 
His  more  technical  discipline  was  in  the  line 
of  mining  engineering,  in  which  he  is  a  recog- 
nized expert.  For  about  twenty  years  he  has 
been  identified  with  the  great  mining  interests 
of  Arizona  and  New  Mexico,  having  been  gen- 
eral manager  of  the  famous  Lake  Valley  mines, 
in  Sierra  county.  He  has  also  figured  most 
prominently  as  one  of  the  promoters  and  build- 
ers of  the  Santa  Fe,  Prescott  and  Phoenix 
Railroad. 

In  1894  Mr.  Hadley  was  elected  a  Repre- 
sentative in  the  Senate  of  New  Mexico,  and 
while  one  of  the  youngest  members  of  that  body 
he  proved  himself  eminently  fitted  for  the  posi- 
tion. He  showed  a  capacity  for  effective  and 
consecutive  work,  a  practical  judgment  and  a 
keen  discernment  as  to  causes  and  effects  in 
legislative  enactments, — doing  all  in  his  power 
to  advance  the  best  interests  of  New  Mexico 
and  of  the  city  of  Albuquerque,  where  he  re- 
tains his  residence.  Mr.  Hadley  enjoys  the 
confidence  and  high  esteem  of  the  representa- 
tive business  men  of  his  city,  and  this  fact  is 
shown  most  lucidly  in  the  signal  honor  which 
was  conferred  upon  him  by  his  election  to  the 
important  office  of  President  of  the  Commer- 
cial Club  of  the  city,  an  organization  which 
has  exercised  most  important  functions  in  fur- 
thering the  advancement  and  substantial  pros- 
perity of  the  metropolis  of  the  Territory.  The 
fine  building  erected  by  the  club  as  its  head- 
quarters would  be  an  ornament  to  any  city  and 
it  reflects  great  credit  upon  the  enterprise  and 
business  sagacity  of  those  enterprising  citizens 
whose  faith  and  confidence  in  the  great  possi- 
bilities of  the  Territory,  and  its  assured  devel- 
opment are  thus  clearly  demonstrated.  The 

19 


club  has  and  will  exert  a  wide  influence  upon 
|  the  upbuilding  of  the  city  and  the  settlement 
I  and  improvement  of  the  Territory. 

Mr.  Hadley  was  united  in  marriage  in  1883 
to  Miss  Alice  Paxson,  the  accomplished  daugh- 
ter of  Hon.  Frederick  Paxson,  of  Philadelphia. 
To  this  union  has  been  granted  one  daughter, 
Caroline,  who  was  born  January  22,  1885. 
The  family  home  is  one  of  the  most  attractive 
in  the  city  and  here  is  dispensed  that  genial 
hospitality  which  has  gained  to  Mr.  and  Mrs. 
Hadley  the  esteem  and  good  will  of  the  peo- 
ple of  the  community.  Our  subject's  uniform 
courtesy,  practical  business  ability  and  true 
manliness  of  character  bring  to  him  that  high- 
ly appreciated  recognition, — the  confidence  and 
high  regard  of  his  fellow  citizens. 


EON.     FRANCISCO     A.      MANZAN- 
ARES. — In    incidentally   noting    the 
several    stages     which    have    marked 
the     development     and     progress    of 
Ne\v    Mexico   there  is   particular    interest    at- 
taching to  the  efforts  and    accomplishment   of 
those  who,  either  directly  or  by  descent,  con- 
tributed to   the    material  advancement    of  the 
Territory  during  the  proud  old  Spanish  regime. 
There  were  men  of  courage  and  intelligence  in 
those  early  days,  and   in   New  Mexico   at  the 
present    time   are    many   who    may   well   take 
pride  in   the   fact  that  from  the  distinguished 
families    of  that    epoch    they   can  trace   their 
lineage. 

One  of  the  native  sons  of  New  Mexico  and 
one  who  has  not  only  maintained   the  prestige 
of  an  honored  name,  but  has  contributed  to  it 
further  honor,    is   the  subject  of  this   review, 
Hon.    Francisco  A.    Manzanares,    one    of    the 
j  most   prominent   business   men    of    East    Las 
i  Vegas  and   recognized   as  one   of   the   repre- 
j  sentative    citizens     of    the    Territory.       The 
;  place   of  his  birth   was    Abiquiu,    Rio    Arriba 
i  county,  and  the   date  January  25,   1843.      His 
i  ancestors  were    from   Spain   and  were   among 
the  early  settlers  in  New  Mexico.      His  grand- 
father,   Anselrno  Manzanares,  was  the  posses- 


290 


HISTORY  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


SOT  of  an  extensive  grant  of  Government  land 
and  was  one  of  the  prominent  ranchmen  of  j 
the  Territory.  His  son,  Jose  Antonio  Man- 
zanares, father  of  our  subject,  was  born  on 
the  old  paternal  ranch,  Nacimiento,  in  Rio 
Arriba  county.  Attaining  mature  years  he 
was  united  in  marriage  to  Miss  Maria 
Manuela  Valdez,  who  was  also  a  descendant 
from  one  of  the  early  Spanish  settlers  in  the 
county.  Jose  A.  Manzanares  was  loyal  to  the 
Union  at  the  time  of  the  late  war  of  the  Re- 
bellion and  was  one  of  the  men  of  affairs  and 
of  much  prominence  in  the  Territory.  He 
served  in  both  branches  of  the  Territorial 
Legislature,  and  during  the  administration  of 
President  Lincoln  he  held  the  important 
preferment  as  Indian  Agent  for  the  Ute  and 
Apache  Indians.  His  influence  over  these 
bellicose  and  troublesome  tribes  was  almost 
phenomenal,  and  his  services  in  his  official 
capacity  were  of  much  value,  since  he  was  en- 
abled to  keep  the  savages  in  check  and  suppress 
many  an  uprising.  He  was  so  popular  with 
these  Indians  that  upon  the  expiration  of.  his 
term  of  office  they  petitioned  the  Government 
to  have  him  retained.  He  was  a  man  of 
marked  intellectual  power  and  business  capa- 
city, having  been  extensively  engaged  in  stock- 
raising  and  merchandising  and  having  been  suc- 
cessful in  his  various  operations.  He  died  at 
the  age  of  fifty-five  years,  having  enjoyed  a 
very  wide  acquaintanceship  throughout  the 
Territory  and  having  gained  the  respect  and 
esteem  of  all  with  whom  he  came  in  contact. 
His  wife  survived  him  a  number  of  years,  and 
it  is  a  remarkable  coincidence  that  she  likewise 
died  at  the  age  of  fifty-five  years.  They  were 
both  devout  members  of  the  Catholic  Church, 
to  whose  maintenance  they  contributed  liber- 
ally, using  their  influence  to  further  its  spiritual 
and  temporal  welfare.  They  became  the  pa- 
rents of  three  children,  our  subject  being  their 
only  son. 

Francisco  A.  Manzanares  passed  his  child- 
hood years  at  the  parental  home  and  was  sub- 
sequently afforded  the  best  of  educational  ad- 
vantages, attending  school  in  turn  at  St.  Louis 


and  New  York  city,  and  having  been  for  some 
time  under  the  effective  tutorage  of  Padre 
Antonio  Jose  Martinez.  Our  subject's  busi- 
ness career  was  initiated  at  Kansas  City  in 
1863  and  he  was  there  identified  with  a  whole- 
sale grocery  enterprise  for  about  a  year,  after 
which  he  went  to  New  York  city  and  com- 
pleted a  course  in  a  commercial  college  and 
was  for  a  short  time  employed  in  a  banking 
house  in  the  national  metropolis.  He  then  re- 
turned to  the  West  and  during  the  construction 
of  the  Kansas  Pacific  Railway  he  followed 
along  its  line,  and  was  engaged  in  supplying 
merchandise  at  its  several  stopping  places  un- 
til the  road  reached  Kit  Carson.  He  then 
continued  in  the  same  line  of  business  along 
the  Atchison,  Topeka  &  Santa  Fe  Railroad, 
which  was  in  course  of  construction.  Those 
who  are  now  concerned  in  the  business  indus- 
tries of  the  Southwest  can  have  but  little 
idea  of  the  vicissitudes  which  the  merchants 
had  to  undergo  in  those  early  days.  Our  sub- 
ject had  to  contend  with  many  inconveniences 
and  to  encounter  many  dangers  both  from 
the  rapacious  and  hostile  Indians  and  from 
other  sources,  and  he  knew  all  the  despera- 
does who  then  infested  the  country,  an  ac- 
quaintanceship which,  it  is  unnecessary  to 
state,  was  incidentally  forced  upon  him.  Mr. 
Manzanares  sold  goods  in  Granada,  La  Junta, 
Trinidad,  Otero  and  Springer,  after  which  he 
came  to  Las  Vegas  and  in  1879  established 
his  mercantile  enterprise  here,  a  branch  estab- 
lishment being  simultaneously  opened  at 
Socorro,  where  the  business  is  still  continued. 
In  all  of  his  undertakings  in  the  mercantile 
line,  from  the  time  he  started  at  Kansas  City, 
our  subject  had  as  his  business  associate  Mr. 
L.  P.  Browne,  and  the  firm  of  Browne  &  Man- 
zanares has  been  consecutively  maintained 
since  that  early  date,  having  been  an  import- 
ant factor  in  forwarding  the  commercial  de- 
velopment of  the  Territory.  The  business  at 
East  Las  Vegas  has  advanced  to  large  propor- 
tions and  from  this  headquarters  an  extensive 
trade  is  controlled  throughout  New  Mexico  and 
Arizona.  Upon  their  arrival  in  this  city  the 


HISTORY  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


291 


firm  erected  on  the  line  of  the  railroad  a 
commodious  and  substantial  building  for  the 
accommodation  of  their  mercantile  enterprise, 
and  this  has  ever  since  continued  to  be  their 
headquarters.  The  building  is  three  stories  in 
height,  with  basement,  and  is  filled  with  a 
comprehensive  and  select  stock  of  groceries, 
provisions  and  other  supplies,  the  expansion 
of  the  business  having  been  such  as  to  render 
necessary  the  utilization  of  other  store-houses 
aside  from  this  main  building,  which  has  a 
frontage  of  475  feet  on  Railroad  avenue. 

This  conspicuous  enterprise  has  grown  to 
such  extensive  proportions  that  in  1885  it  was 
deemed  expedient  to  organize  a  stock  company, 
which  was  effected  and  articles  of  incorpora- 
tion were  duly  filed.  The  senior  member  of 
the  original  firm  died  in  1893  an<3  three  of  his 
sons  now  represent  his  interest  in  the  business. 

Upon  coming  to  Las  Vegas  Mr.  Manzan- 
ares  forthwith  became  conspicuously  identified 
with  all  its  interests,  and  no  one  man  has  done 
more  to  contribute  to  the  prosperity  and  sub- 
stantial upbuilding  of  the  city.  He  and  his 
partner  were  the  projectors  and  founders  of 
the  Las  Vegas  Water  Company,  and  were  also 
concerned  in  the  organization  of  the  First  Na- 
tional Bank  of  Las  Vegas,  the  First  National 
Bank  of  Santa  Fe,  and  the  First  National 
Bank  of  Raton.  Thus  may  it  be  seen  that  our 
subject  is  a  man  of  marked  capacity  for  the 
conducting  of  affairs  of  great  breadth  and  scope, 
and  incidentally  that  he  has  been  one  of  the 
foremost  promoters  of  the  material  prosperity  of 
the  Territory.  He  is  broad  and  liberal  in  his 
views  and  his  public  spirit  has  been  shown  in  his 
liberal  contributions  to  every  enterprise  which 
had  for  its  object  the  improvement  and  ad- 
vancement of  the  higher  and  normal  progress 
of  East  Las  Vegas. 

The  marriage  of  Mr.  Manzanares  was 
solemnized  in  1871  when  he  wedded  Miss  An- 
tonia  Baca,  a  member  of  the  noted  family  of 
that  name  in  New  Mexico.  They  have  two 
sons:  Francisco  A.,  Jr.,  and  Manuel  P.  The 
members  of  the  family  are  prominently  identi- 
fied with  the  Roman  Catholic  Church. 


In  his  political  adherency  our  subject  has 
ever  been  stanchly  arrayed  in  support  of  the 
Democratic  party  and  its  policies,  and  has  at- 
tained to  the  distinction  of  having  been  elected 
New  Mexico's  Delegate  to  the  United  States 
Congress,  in  which  capacity  he  rendered  so 
efficient  service  that  he  was  strongly  urged  to 
accept  the  second  nomination  for  the  high 
office,  but,  on  account  of  the  imperative  de- 
mands placed  upon  his  attention  by  his  private 
interests,  he  declined  to  become  a  candidate 
for  a  second  term.  His  wide  acquaintanceship 
throughout  the  Territory  and  his  reputation  as 
a  progressive  and  successful  business  man  have 
gained  to  him  a  concomitant  popularity,  and 
resulted  not  only  in  his  election  to  Congress 
but  also  in  giving  him  a  distinctive  political 
leadership  in  his  portion  of  the  Territory.  In 
his  county  he  has  served  in  the  responsible 
and  important  office  of  County  Commissioner, 
and  while  in  no  sense  an  office  seeker  or  a  politi- 
cian he  has  never  refused  to  render  such  service 
in  the  public  behoof  as  he  has  been  called  upon 
to  accord.  Mr.  Manzanares'  ambition  has 
rather  been  to  attain  a  reputation  as  an  hon- 
orable and  successful  business  man.  to  which 
end  he  has  bent  every  effort,  and  has  realized 
to  the  fullest  extent  his  desires  in  that  line, 
being  richly  deserving  of  the  pronounced  suc- 
ces  which  has  been  his.  He  stands  distinctive- 
ly as  one  of  the  representative  men  of  the 
Territory. 


*y— *  ON.  WILLIAM   H.   WHITEMAN.- 

l^™\    Himself  distinguished  as  a  defender  of 
F    his  country's  honor  and  as  one  who 
has  attained  eminence  in  his  profes- 
sion and  in  high  positions  of  public  trust,  this 
respected  citizen   of   New  Mexico   and  promi- 
nent member  of  the  bar  of  the  Territory  must 
assuredly  be  accorded  due  precedence  in  this 
work.      But  there  are  other  elements  incidental 
!  to  his  life  history  which  will  render  the  narra- 
tion all  the  more  valuable  and  interesting,  since 
he  comes  of  an  ancestry  long  and  conspicuously 
identified  with  the    history  of  the  nation,  both 


292 


HIS  TORT  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


in  its  annals  of  war  and  of  the  "  piping  times 
of  peace." 

Our  subject,  who  has  served  as  Associate 
Justice  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  New  Mexico, 
is  a  native  of  Coshocton  county,  Ohio,  where 
he  was  born  on  the  2d  of  April,  1844,  the  son 
of  Henry  and  Jane  (Johnson)  Whiteman.  His 
paternal  ancestors  came  from  Germany  to 
America  prior  to  the  war  of  the  Revolution, 
and  great-grandfather  Henry  Whiteman  was 
an  active  participant  in  the  great  conflict  which 
insured  independence  to  the  American  colon- 
ies. They  were  among  the  early  settlers  of 
Frederick  county,  Virginia,  where  the  grand- 
father of  our  subject,  Henry  Whiteman,  the 
second,  was  born  in  the  year  1780.  Early  in 
the  history  of  Ohio  he  removed  with  his  family 
to  that  State,  where  he  passed  the  residue  of 
his  days,  his  death  occuring  in  1854.  His 
son,  Henry  Whiteman,  the  third,  was  the 
father  of  our  subject.  He  was  born  in  Freder- 
ick county,  Virginia,  on  the  26th  of  April,  1 8 1 1 . 
His  family  had  long  been  identified  with  the 
Methodist  Church,  and  as  a  young  man  he  was 
ordained  to  the  ministry  of  that  denomination 
and  after  removing  to  the  Buckeye  State  he 
became  a  prominent  member  of  the  North 
Ohio  Conference.  He  was  a  man  of  much  in- 
tellectuality, broad  charity  and  that  deep  sym- 
pathy which  made  his  work  a  power  for  good 
in  the  dissemination  of  the  gospel  and  the  up- 
lifting of  his  fellow  men.  He  labored  long 
and  faithfully  in  Ohio,  where  he  died  in  the 
fullness  of  years,  and  honored  and  loved  by  all 
who  knew  him  and  appreciated  the  intrinsic 
worth  of  his  noble  character.  He  entered  into 
eternal  rest  in  the  winter  of  1 890,  having  at- 
tained the  venerable  age  of  seventy-nine  years. 

The  maiden  name  of  our  subject's  mother 
was  Jane  Johnson,  and  she  was  a  native  of 
Coshocton  county,  Ohio,  being  the  daughter 
of  Judge  Thomas  Johnson,  a  prominent  pio- 
neer of  that  State.  She  bore  to  her  husband 
eight  children,  of  whom  four  still  survive.  Her 
death  antedated  that  of  her  devoted  husband 
by  many  years,  occurring  in  1865,  at  which 
time  she  had  attained  the  age  of  forty-seven. 


Judge  William  H.  Whiteman,  the  imme- 
diate subject  of  this  review,  was  the  third  child 
in  order  of  birth,  and  he  grew  to  maturity  in  the 
State  of  his  nativity.  Enjoying  the  advan- 
tages of  a  cultured  and  refined  home,  he  was 
also  accorded  the  best  of  educational  privi- 
leges, receiving  his  preliminary  discipline  in 
the  public  schools  and  completing  his  literary 
studies  in  the  celebrated  Ohio  Wesleyan  Uni- 
versity, at  Delaware. 

He  was  but  seventeen  years  of  age  when 
the  thundering  of  rebel  guns  upon  Fort  Sumter 
aroused  all  the  patriotic  ardor  of  a  nature 
which  had  inherited  the  loyalty  of  his  brave 
Revolutionary  ancestor.  The  gage  of  battle 
had  been  thrown  down  and  our  subject  made 
ready  to  at  once  go  forth  and  lend  his  quota 
toward  the  upbearing  of  the  Union  arms  and 
the  cause  of  right  and  justice.  On  the  roth 
of  September,  1861,  he  enlisted  as  a  member 
of  Company  G,  Twentieth  Ohio  Volunteer  In- 
fantry, his  regiment  being  assigned  to  the  Army 
of  the  Tennessee,  in  which  he  served  gallantly 
until  the  close  of  the  great  fratricidal  conflict. 
He  participated  in  many  of  the  most  import- 
ant battles  of  the  Rebellion;  was  in  the  action 
at  Fort  Donelson,  Shiloh  and  Bolivar,  and  was 
in  all  the  battles  leading  up  to  the  siege  of 
Vicksburg  and  in  the  taking  of  that  stronghold. 
He  then  accompanied  his  regiment  and  par- 
ticipated in  the  Atlanta  campaign,  was  present 
at  the  fall  of  that  city  and  accompanied  Sher- 
man's forces  on  the  memorable  and  triumph- 
ant march  to  the  sea.  After  this  the  victori- 
ous army  made  its  way  to  the  national  capital, 
and  there  the  young  soldier  had  the  honor  of 
taking  part  in  the  Grand  Review.  Soon  after 
this  he  was  mustered  out  of  the  service  and 
then  returned  to  his  home,  having  borne  nobly 
his  part  in  the  greatest  Civil  war  the  world  has 
ever  known.  At  the  battle  of  Raymond  Judge 
Whiteman  received  a  slight  gun-shot  wound  in 
the  left  arm,  but  he  was  not  incapacitated  for 
service  thereby  for  even  an  hour.  On  the  3oth 
of  August,  1862,  he  was  on  the  skirmish  line, 
and  the  Confederate  cavalry  swung  around 
them  before  they  were  aware  of  it,  placing  the 


HIS  TORT  OF  NEW  MEXICO, 


293 


whole  line  in  the  hands  of  the  enemy.  Our 
subject  was  held  as  a  prisoner  of  war  at  Jack- 
son, Mississippi,  and  was  held  in  captivity  at 
the  Vicksburg  jail  for  a  period  of  six  weeks,  after 
which  he  was  exchanged  and  returned  to  his 
command.  At  the  close  of  the  war  he  received 
promotion  in  a  colored  regiment,  but  as  there 
was  no  need  for  his  services  at  this  time  he 
did  not  accept  the  preferment. 

Turning  his  attention  once  more  to  the 
occupations  of  peace  and  preparing  to  resume 
the  labors  so  summarily  interrupted,  Mr. 
Whiteman  spent  another  year  in  study  at  col- 
lege and  in  the  fall  of  1866  removed  to  Carroll 
county,  Missouri,  where  he  was  soon  after 
made  Deputy  County  Clerk,  serving  in  that 
capacity  four  years,  during  which  time  he  de- 
voted himself  assiduously  to  the  study  of  law, 
having  determined  to  adopt  that  profession  as 
his  vocation  in  life.  He  was  admitted  to  the 
bar  in  1870,  in  November  of  which  year  he 
removed  to  Baxter  Springs,  Kansas,  where  he 
entered  vigorously  and  successfully  upon  the 
practice  of  his  profession,  soon  gaining  recog- 
nition of  his  ability  and  the  retention  of  a  rep- 
resentative clientage.  In  1872  he  was  elected 
County  Attorney  of  Cherokee  county,  there- 
upon transferring  his  headquarters  to  the  coun- 
ty seat,  Columbus,  where  he  remained  until 
1878,  when  he  received  from  President  Hayes 
the  appointment  as  Indian  Agent  for  the  Ponca 
Indians.  The  duties  of  this  responsible  office 
he  discharged  with  particular  efficiency  and 
justice  for  two  years — until  1880,  which  stands 
as  the  date  of  his  advent  in  Albuquerque,  New 
Mexico,  which  has  ever  since  continued  to  be 
his  home. 

Judge  Whiteman  was  one  of  the  early  set- 
tlers in  the  new  town,  and  he  has  been  con- 
spicuously identified  with  its  development  and 
with  its  public  affairs,  as  well  as  with  those  of 
the  Territory  at  large.  He  devoted  himself  to 
the  practice  of  his  profession  and  soon  became 
known  as  one  of  the  most  able  members  of  the 
Territorial  bar,  which  fact  implies  that  he  was 
accorded  a  due  support  by  an  appreciative 
public.  In  1874  he  was  elected  to  the  Legis- 


lature of  New  Mexico,  serving  as  Chairman  of 
the  Judiciary  and  other  important  committees, 
and  wielding  a  marked  influence  in  insuring 
just  and  effective  legislation,  gaining  prece- 
dence as  one  of  the  leading  members  of  the 
house,  in  which  a  number  of  most  valuable  en- 
actments were  made  during  his  term  and  in  a 
large  measure  through  his  efforts.  He  op- 
posed and  nearly  succeeded  in  defeating  the 
proposition  to  issue  bonds  to  the  amount  of 
$200,000  for  the  purpose  of  building  a  capitol, 
deeming  that  so  great  an  evidence  of  indebted- 
ness would  at  that  time  prove  seriously  detri- 
mental to  the  interests  of  the  Territory. 

In  1888  our  honored  subject  was  made 
President  of  the  Republican  Territorial  Com- 
mittee which  elected  delegates  to  the  Chicago 
convention.  In  1889  he  was  appointed  Asso- 
ciate Justice  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  the  Ter- 
ritory and  was  assigned  to  the  First  Judicial 
District,  at  Santa  Fe.  He  resigned  this  office, 
for  which  he  had  proved  himself  eminently 
qualified,  in  August,  1890,  and  in  February  of 
the  following  year  received  another  conspicu- 
ous and  honorable  preferment, — the  appoint- 
ment as  District  Attorney  of  the  Second  Judi- 
cial District, — an  incumbency  which  he  filled 
with  his  wonted  fidelity  and  ability  until  March, 
1895,  since  which  time  he  has  given  his  atten- 
tion solely  to  his  large  and  representative  pri- 
vate practice.  His  office  headquarters  com- 
prise a  finely  appointed  suite  in  the  Armijo 
Building,  the  finest  business  block  in  the  city,  and 
his  practice  extends  throughout  the  Territory. 

On  the  1 6th  of  April,  1866,  Judge  White- 
man was  united  in  marriage  to  Miss  Fanny 
Shepard,  a  native  of  Ohio,  and  the  daughter 
of  Alexander  O.  Shepard,  a  prominent  citizen 
of  that  State.  Their  union  has  been  blessed 
with  five  children:  William,  who  died  in  his 
sixteenth  year;  Charlotte  J.,  the  wife  of  A.  J. 
Mitchell,  of  Marble  City,  Colorado;  Paulina  S., 
wife  of  John  C.  Muir,  of  Albuquerque;  and  the 
two  younger  sons,  Mildred  and  Frederick  O. , 
who  still  remain  at  the  parental  home. 

In  his  political  views  Judge  Whiteman  has 
always  rendered  a  stanch  allegiance  to  the  Re- 


294 


HIS  TORT  OF  NE  W  MEXICO. 


publican  party  and  its  principles,  and  has  ever 
stood  ready  to  defend  his  thoroughly  reinforced 
opinions  in  this  line,  taking  an  active  interest 
in  party  affairs  and  being  considered  a  leader 
in  local  ranks.  In  his  fraternal  relations  he  is 
identified  with  the  Masonic  Order,  is  a  Noble 
of  the  Mystic  Shrine  and  a  prominent  member 
of  the  Knights  Templar.  The  Judge  retains  a 
lively  interest  in  all  matters  relating  to  the 
welfare  of  those  who  were  his  comrades  in  the 
uniform  of  blue  and  has  been  very  prominently 
connected  with  the  Grand  Army  of  the  Re- 
public, as  is  manifest  in  the  fact  that  he  is 
Past  Department  Commander  of  the  order  in 
New  Mexico. 

In  his  intercourse  with  the  world  our  sub- 
ject is  genial  and  courteous,  having  a  marked 
capacity  for  winning  and  retaining  friends.  As 
a  lawyer  his  actions  have  ever  been  such  as 
betoken  a  character  of  utmost  integrity  and 
honor,  and  his  career  has  been  such  as  to  gain 
him  the  respect  and  confidence  of  his  profes- 
sional confreres  and  the  people  in  general. 
Albuquerque  may  well  honor  one  who  has  so 
ably  defended  her  interests  and  exploited  her 
attractions  and  advantages. 


>nr*UDGE    NEEDHAM    C.  COLLIER. - 

J  The  salient  points  in  the  career  of  the 
(•  J  honored  subject  of  this  review  are  of 
such  character  as  to  make  their  noting 
a  record  which  will  offer  both  lesson  and  in- 
centive, while  in  a  genealogical  line  much  in- 
terest attaches  to  ancestral  annals,  since  he  is 
in  lineal  descent  from  distinguished  families  of 
the  South,  said  annals  running  back  to  a  very 
early  period  in  the  settlement  of  our  national 
commonwealth.  Our  subject  holds  distinctive 
preferment  as  District  Judge  of  the  Second 
Judicial  District  of  New  Mexico,  and  is  recog- 
nized as  one  of  most  able  members  of  the 
Territorial  bar.  The  province  of  a  work  of 
this  nature  is  most  clearly  defined  in  perpetu- 
ating the  record  of  the  life  and  accomplish- 
ment of  such  a  man,  and  it  is  with  particular 
satisfaction  that  we  now  turn  attention  to  him 


whose  name  forms  the  caption  of  this  review. 

Needham  C.  Collier  is  a  native  of  the  State 
of  Georgia,  having  been  born  at  Indian  Springs, 
Butts  county,  on  the  3Oth  of  April,  1847.  The 
paternal  ancestry  is  of  Welsh  extraction,  the 
original  American  representatives  having  come 
from  their  native  country  and  taken  up  their 
abode  in  Virginia  at  a  very  early  period.  There 
they  intermarried  with  the  Goods,  another 
distinguished  family  of  the  Old  Dominion,  and 
one  widely  known  throughout  the  South. 

Bryan  W.  Collier,  the  father  of  our  sub- 
ject, was  born  near  Dublin,  Georgia,  on  the 
2d  of  December,  1810.  Attaining  to  man's 
estate  he  was  united  in  marriage  to  Miss 
Martha  Bryan,  a  native  of  Twiggs  county,  same 
State,  her  ancestors  also  having  been  early 
settlers  in  South  Carolina.  Bryan  W.  Collier 
passed  his  entire  life  in  the  South,  his  death 
occurring  October  13,  1894,  at  which  time  he 
had  almost  attained  the  venerable  age  of 
eighty-four  years.  The  mother  of  our  subject  is 
still  living,  being  now  (1895)  seventy-five  years 
of  age,  and  being  a  revered  resident  of  Indian 
Springs,  Georgia.  They  were  the  parents  of 
eleven  children,  nine  of  whom  survive. 

The  subject  of  this  sketch  was  the  fifth 
child  in  order  of  birth.  His  preliminary  edu- 
cation was  received  in  the  public  schools  of 
his  native  State.  He  was  but  thirteen  years 
of  age  at  the  time  the  late  Civil  war  was  preci- 
pitated upon  a  divided  nation,  and  at  the  age  of 
seventeen,  when  the  need  for  valiant  defenders 
of  the  cause  became  all  the  more  imperative, 
he  went  forth  to  do  service  in  the  Confederate 
army,  enlisting  in  1864.  At  this  time  the  war 
had  attained  monstrous  proportions,  and  thou- 
sands of  brave  men  had  sacrificed  their  lives 
in  defense  of  the  principles  which  they  held  to 
be  right,  both  armies  having  suffered  in  about 
equal  measure.  Judge  Collier  served  faithfully 
for  eight  months,  when  the  war  came  to  a 
close,  and  the  valiant  defenders  of  the  "lost 
cause  "  were  left  to  the  sorry  task  of  retrieving 
shattered  fortunes  and  endeavoring  to  restore 
desolated  homes.  He  was  in  several  of  the 
most  hotly  contested  battles  which  were  fought 


HIS  TORT  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


295 


in  Virginia  just  prior  to  the  close  of  the  war, 
and  at  Bentonville, — the  last  battle  of  the 
war, — he  was  slightly  wounded. 

In  1866  Judge  Collier  entered  Georgetown 
College,  District  of  Columbia,  where  he  gradu- 
ated in  1868.  Within  the  time  of  his  attend- 
ance here  the  deep  nature  of  the  young  man 
was  shown  in  the  fact  that  he  embraced  the 
Catholic  religion, — to  the  tenets  of  which  he 
has  since  most  strongly  adhered.  In  1871,  in 
the  county  of  his  birth,  he  was  admitted  to 
practice  at  the  bar,  and  there  continued  in  ac- 
tive professional  work  until  1875,  when  he  re- 
moved to  Savannah,  where  he  remained  for  a 
full  decade,  gaining  an  enviable  reputation  and 
securing  a  large  and  representative  clientage. 
In  that  city  he  was  united  in  marriage,  in  1882, 
to  Miss  Annie  Collins,  daughter  of  Charles 
Collins,  a  prominent  lumber  merchant  of  Sa- 
vannah. 

The  year  1885  stands  as  the  date  of  the  ad- 
vent of  Judge  Collier  in  Albuquerque.  After  lo- 
cating here  he  at  ouce  gained  recognition  for 
his  marked  professional  ability  and  honor,  and 
was  accorded  a  most  excellent  support  in  his 
line  of  general  practice,  soon  securing  a  promi- 
nent position  at  the  bar  of  the  Territory.  In 
1887  he  was  elected  City  Attorney,  being  again 
elected  to  the  office  in  1889,  and  being  his 
own  successor  the  succeeding  year.  In  this 
important  capacity  he  served  under  the  re- 
spective administrations  of  Mayors  Childers, 
Mandell  and  Easterday.  In  1891  he  formed  a 
law  partnership  with  O.  N.  Marron  and  they 
constituted  one  of  the  strongest  law  associa- 
tions in  the  Territory.  The  career  of  our  sub- 
ject as  a  lawyer  had  been  of  such  signal  dis- 
tinction and  honor  that  when  he  became  a 
candidate  for  his  present  important  office  on 
the  Territorial  bench  he  was  strongly  endorsed 
by  the  Supreme  Court  of  Georgia,  as  well  as 
by  Senators  and  other  prominent  men  of  his 
native  State.  In  1893  he  received  from  Presi- 
dent Cleveland  this  appointment  as  District 
Judge  of  the  Second  Judicial  District  of  New 
Mexico,  and  he  entered  upon  the  active  dis- 
charge of  the  duties  of  his  position  on  the  I  ith 


of  November  of  that  year,  at  which  time  he 
received  very  flattering  congratulatory  mes- 
sages from  his  hosts  of  friends,  both  in  New 
Mexico  and  elsewhere.  It  is  almost  needless 
to  add  that  on  'the  bench  Judge  Collier  has 
given  most  eminent  satisfaction,  possessing  as 
he  does  a  mature  judgment,  a  keen  sense  of 
legal  ethics  and  thorough  knowledge  of  prece- 
dents in  the  field  of  jurisprudence. 

The  Judge  is  plain  and  unassuming  in  man- 
ner, genial  and  courteous  to  all,  charitable 
in  his  judgments  of  his  fellow  men  and  imbued 
with  that  kindly  sympathy  which,  in  all  walks 
of  life,  tends  to  temper  justice  with  mercy.  He 
is  held  in  the  highest  esteem  in  both  profes- 
sional and  social  circles,  numbering  his  friends 
as  his  acquaintances. 

Our  subject  and  his  wife  are  the  parents  of 
five  children,  namely:  Julia  M.,  George  B., 
Mary  C.,  Vivian,  and  Charles  W.  The  family 
are  members  of  the  Catholic  Church,  and  the 
Judge  is  identified  with  the  Catholic  Knights  of 
America. 


*y    •*  ON.     TRINIDAD     ROMERO.— The 

I^^V  history  of  New  Mexico  would  be  in- 
r  complete  without  the  life  record  of 
this  gentleman,  an  honored  son  of 
the  Territory  and  a  representative  of  one  of 
the  most  prominent  families  connected  with 
New  Mexican  history.  As  a  business  man  he 
takes  leading  rank  in  Wagon  Mound,  Mora 
county.  As  a  man  he  is  broad-minded  and 
liberal  in  his  opinions  and  generous  in  dealing 
with  his  fellowmen,  thus  readily  making  friends 
and  easily  retaining  them.  Withal  he  is  ex- 
ceedingly popular  and  no  one  denies  to  him 
the  honor  and  respect  so  justly  his  due. 

Mr.  Romero  was  born  in  Santa  Fe  county, 
on  the  1 4th  of  June,  1835.  His  great-grand- 
father, Senyor  Cristoval  Romero,  was  born  in 
Spain,  and  the  grandfather,  Senyor  Jose  G. 
Romero,  was  born  in  the  city  of  Mexico.  He 
wa£  an  officer  in  the  Spanish  army  and  in 
that  capacity  went  to  Santa  Fe  county,  New 
Mexico,  where  he  was  united  in  marriage  with 


296 


HISTORT  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


Senyorita  Baca,  a  member  of  the  noted  Baca 
family  of  New  Mexico,  also  of  Spanish  line- 
age. Their  son,  Senyor  Miguel  Romero,  the 
father  of  our  subject,  first  opened  his  eyes  to 
the  light  of  day  in  Santa  Fe  county,  in  1798, 
beginning  his  life  almost  with  the  commence- 
ment of  the  present  century,  and  taking  an 
active  part  in  public  affairs  through  much 
more  than  half  of  the  hundred  years  that  mark 
the  close  of  the  nineteenth  century.  He  mar- 
ried Senyorita  Delgado,  who  was  also  de- 
scended from  an  officer  of  the  Spanish  army 
the  progenitor  of  the  noted  and  influential 
Delgado  family  in  New  Mexico.  The  home  of 
Mr.  and  Mrs,  Romero  was  blessed  by  the 
presence  of  ten  children  and  all  are  yet  living. 
The  father  was  a  man  of  genuine  worth  who 
served  as  Captain  of  militia  and  was  a  leading 
and  honorable  citizen.  His  business  was  that 
of  stock-raising,  which  he  successfully  prose- 
cuted. In  1880  he  passed  away,  at  the  ripe 
age  of  eighty-two,  and  his  wife  died  in  1876, 
in  her  sixty-second  year.  Like  their  ancestors, 
they  were  devout  members  of  the  Catholic 
Church. 

Hon.  Trinidad  Romero  was  the  second 
child  in  his  father's  family  and  his  education 
was  obtained  in  the  musical  Spanish  tongue, 
receiving  instruction  from  private  tutors  at  his 
home  in  Golden.  He  has  inherited  consider- 
able of  the  picturesque  character  and  imagina- 
tive spirit  of  his  ancestors,  which,  however,  is 
combined  with  superior  business  and  executive 
ability  and  practical  dealing.  He  is  quick  to 
grasp  all  points  of  a  business  transaction  or  of- 
fer, and  as  prompt  to  act,  and  combines  with 
his  great  ability  in  this  direction  a  good  know- 
ledge of  finance.  When  a  young  man  he  was 
engaged  in  freighting  with  ox  teams  from  Kan- 
sas City  to  Santa  Fe  and  Las  Vegas.  It  was 
a  remunerative  business,  but  was  attended 
with  much  exposure  and  danger,  and  during 
the  eighteen  years  that  he  almost  constantly 
followed  this  pursuit  he  had  many  narrow  es- 
capes from  being  robbed  and  murdered  b$  the 
Indians.  He  learned,  however,  how  to  avoid 
their  treachery,  and  continued  freighting  until 


the  advent  of  railroads  ended  this  hazardous 
business,  in  which  so  many  of  the  sons  of  New 
Mexico  were  engaged. 

When  the  safer  and  more  expeditious 
methods  of  transporting  articles  of  traffic  were 
introduced,  Mr.  Romero  invested  his  capital  in 
a  stock  of  merchandise.  He  also  began  stock- 
raising,  and  to  this  dual  occupation  has  since 
given  his  undivided  attention.  His  exception- 
ally successful  life  furnishes  a  fine  illustration 
of  what  ability,  energy  and  integrity  can  ac- 
complish toward  carving  out  a  fortune.  At 
one  time  Mr.  Romero  had  60,000  head  of  sheep 
and  8,000  head  of  cattle,  and  his  wool  clip  in 
a  season  brought  him  as  high  as  $25,000.  His 
mercantile  operations  were  alike  successful  and 
very  extensive,  carrying  a  stock  valued  at 
$100,000.  He  also  established  a  branch  store 

1  at  Albuquerque,  over  which  his  son,  Serapio, 
was  placed  in  charge,  and  in  1888  he  opened  a 

1  large  store  in  Wagon  Mound,  now  under  the 
management  of  his  son.  The  store  building 
is  25  x  125  feet,  and  is  completely  filled  with 
a  fine  stock  of  general  merchandise. 

Mr.  Romero  now  resides  on  his  3,ooo-acre 
ranch,  pleasantly  located  three  miles  from 
Wagon  Mound,  in  one  of  the  best  farming 
portions  of  New  Mexico,  and  in  addition  he 
and  his  brother  are  heirs  to  a  large  interest  in 
the  great  Las  Vegas  land  grant.  He  is  one  of 
the  most  extensive  land-owners  in  the  Terri- 
tory, as  well  as  one  of  the  most  prosperous 
merchants.  In  politics  he  is  a  Republican,  and 
in  the  affairs  of  the  county  has  taken  an  active 
part.  He  was  for  four  years  Judge  of  the 

i  Probate  Court  of  San  Miguel  county,  was  a 
member  of  the  Territorial  Legislature,  was  the 
Delegate  from  New  Mexico  to  the  Fifty-fifth 
United  States  Congress,  also  United  States 
Marshal  under  President  Harrison's  adminis- 
tration, and  had  his  son,  Serapio,  at  the  head 
of  said  office.  In  every  department  of  life  he 
has  shown  himself  to  be  a  man  of  ability  and 
honor,  enjoying  the  high  esteem  of  the  citizens 
throughout  his  native  Territory. 

On  the  1 5th  of  August,  1855,  was  cele- 
brated the  marriage  which  united  the  destinies 


HIS  TORT  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


297 


of  Mr.  Romero  and  Miss  Valeria  Lopes,  a  de- 
scendant of  one  of  the  first  families  of  the  Ter- 
ritory. Their  family  numbered  five  sons  and 
three  daughters,  and  three  of  the  sons  are  now 
married.  All  are  highly  respected  members  of 
society  and  in  social  circles  hold  a  most  en- 
viable position.  Mr.  Romero  is  a  kind-hearted, 
genial  gentleman  whose  record  in  business  and 
social  circles  is  alike  above  reproach.  He  is 
indeed  a  creditable  son  of  the  Territory  and 
one  well  worthy  of  representation  in  this 
volume. 


*y  *  ON.  OZRO  A.  HADLEY  is  unques- 
•^~\  tionably  one  of  the  strongest  and  most 
f  influential  men  whose  lives  have  be- 
come an  essential  part  of  the  history 
of  the  Southwest.  He  is  distinctively  Ameri- 
can and  has  ever  been  devoted  to  the  advance- 
ment and  upbuilding  of  his  country  and  untir- 
ingly interested  in  the  promotion  and  advance- 
ment of  his  resident  community.  A  prominent 
factor  in  the  political  and  business  history  of 
this  section  of  the  country,  he  combines  North- 
ern enterprise  and  industry  with  Southern  con- 
servatism, and  is  widely  recognized  as  one 
of  the  most  valued  citizens  of  the  Territory  of 
New  Mexico.  He  is  now  residingnear  Watrous, 
but  was  born  in  far-off  New  York,  his  birth 
having  occurred  on  the  3Oth  of  June,  1826,  in 
Chautauqna  county.  He  is  a  descendant  of 
old  English  ancestry,  who  early  settled  in  New 
England,  locating  first  in  Massachusetts,  whence 
they  removed  to  Western  New  York.  They 
were  numbered  among  the  honored  pioneers  of 
that  locality,  and  were  active  participants  in 
those  events  which  go  to  make  up  the  history 
of  the  Colonies  and  the  war  of  the  Revolution. 
Alva  Hadley,  father  of  ex-Governor  Had- 
ley,  was  born  in  Vermont,  in  1796,  and  mar- 
ried Miss  Eunice  Bates,  a  native  of  central 
New  York,  by  whom  he  had  five  children,  only 
two  now  surviving,  however.  The  father  died 
at  the  age  of  sixty  years,  and  the  mother  sur- 
viving him  for  some  time,  spent  her  last  years  in 
the  home  of  her  son,  Governor  Hadley,  pass- 


ing away  just  ten  days  previous  to  her  ninetieth 
birthday.  Her  life  was  an  exemplary  one. 
In  her  home  she  was  a  faithful  wife  and  moth- 
er, earnestly  devoted  to  the  care  of  her  family, 
and  for  seventy  years  was  a  consistent  member 
of  the  Methodist  Church.  Her  life's  labors 
were  ended  in  1894,  and  she  was  laid  to  rest 
near  the  old  home. 

Governor  Hadley  was  the  eldest  child  of 
the  family.  His  career  illustrates  what  can  be 
accomplished  through  indefatigable  industry 
and  perseverance  in  this  land  where  one  is  un- 
hampered by  caste  or  class,  and  may  rise  by 
merit  from  an  humble  to  an  exalted  position. 
In  his  early  youth  he  attended  the  public 
schools  of  his  native  State  and  between  the 
ages  of  sixteen  and  twenty-two  years  engaged 

!  in  teaching.  In  this  way  he  earned  the  means 
with  which  to  continue  his  studies,  which  he 
completed  at  Fredonia  Academy,  graduating 

I  in  1844.  For  several  years  following  he  en- 
gaged in  the  insurance  business,  and  then 
sought  a  broader  field  of  labor  in  the  West 
with  its  unlimited  opportunities.  It  was  in 
1855  that  he  took  up  his  residence  in  Minne- 
sota, where  for  some  years  he  was  engaged  in 
farming.  That  he  was  numbered  among  its 
prominent  citizens  is  indicated  by  the  fact  that 
for  six  years  he  served  as  Auditor  of  Olmsted 
county. 

Since  1865  Governor  Hadley  has  been 
identified  with  the  history  and  interests  of  the 
Southwest.  In  that  year  he  removed  to  Little 
Rock,  Arkansas,  where  he  was  extensively  en- 
gaged in  the  purchase  of  cotton  and  also  in 
merchandising.  His  interests  were  conducted 
on  sound  business  principles,  and  his  systematic 
methods,  careful  management  and  honorable 
dealing  won  him  prosperity.  During  his  resi- 
dence in  Arkansas  he  was  again  honored  by 
election  to  public  office.  In  1868  he  was  sent 

.  to  the  Arkansas  State  Senate,  and  in  the  legisla- 
tive halls  made  such  a  creditable  record  that 
in  1871  he  was  nominated  and  elected  as  Gov- 
ernor. As  the  chief  executive  of  the  State 
his  course  was  marked  by  a  courtly,  dignified 
demeanor,  careful  attention  to  the  best  inter- 


HISTORY  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


ests  of  the  public,  and  his  faithfulness  to  duty 
won  him  the  highest  commendation.  While 
residing  in  Little  Rock  he  also  served  for  six 
years  as  Postmaster.  On  his  retirement  to 
private  life  he  made  a  trip  to  Europe,  spending 
several  months  abroad. 

In  1 88 1  Governor  Hadley  allied  himself 
with  the  interests  of  New  Mexico,  becoming  a 
resident  of  Colfax  county,  where  he  engaged  in 
the  stock  business,  which  he  found  very  re- 
munerative and  prosecuted  on  an  extensive 
scale,  having  at  one  time  under  his  charge 
from  thirty-five  to  forty  thousand  head  of  cat- 
tle. In  1888,  in  partnership  with  his  son-in- 
law,  William  H.  Hallett,  he  purchased  the 
farm  on  which  he  now  resides,  comprising 
4,000  acres  of  land,  and  at  once  began  the  im- 
provement of  the  property,  which  he  has  made 
one  of  the  most  desirable  in  the  Territory. 
About  1,000  acres  of  it  is  under  water  and 
thereon  are  raised  large  crops  of  alfalfa,  to- 
gether with  some  timothy  and  redtop.  Some 
of  the  hay  is  used  to  fatten  cattle,  and  for  the 
surplus  he  finds  a  ready  market  in  the  cities. 
Upon  the  place  is  a  splendid  large  adobe  man- 
sion, tastefully  arranged  and  furnished  and  sup- 
plied with  all  the  necessaries  and  many  of  the 
luxuries  of  life.  It  stands  in  the  midst  of  a 
wide  lawn,  the  grassy  carpet  stretching  away 
for  some  distance,  and  is  shaded  by  beautiful 
and  noble  trees,  the  whole  having  much  the 
appearance  of  an  old  English  manor. 

And  now  we  come  to  the  inmates  of  this 
home.  On  the  I7th  of  February,  1849,  Gov- 
ernor Hadley  was  united  in  marriage  with  Miss 
Mary  C.  Kilbourn,  a  native  of  Chautauqua 
county,  New  York,  and  a  daughter  of  William 
Kilbourn,  of  that  State.  A  lady  of  culture 
and  refinement,  she  presides  with  grace  over 
her  beautiful  home,  and  has  won  among  those 
with  whom  she  has  come  in  contact  many 
warm  friends.  To  Governor  and  Mrs.  Hadley 
have  been  born  two  daughters.  The  elder, 
Addie  Amelia,  became  the  wife  of  General 
Keyes  Danforth,  and  after  his  death  married 
Louis  C.  Tetard.  The  other  daughter,  Altia 
Estella,  is  the  wife  of  William  H.  Hallett,  and 


they  have  a  pleasant  home  in  Los  Angeles, 
California,  but  she  spends  a  part  of  each  year 
with  her  parents  at  their  delightful  home  near 
Watrous. 

Governor  Hadley  began  his  political  career 
as  a  Whig,  but  upon  the  organization  of  the 
Republican  party  joined  its  ranks  and  has  since 
been  deeply  interested  in  its  growth  and  suc- 
cess. Since  voting  for  Abraham  Lincoln  in 
1860  he  has  never  failed  to  cast  his  ballot  for 
the  candidates  of  the  party,  but  has  never  been 
a  bitter  partisan;  and  in  local  elections,  where 
no  national  issue  is  involved,  he  supports  the 
man  whom  he  thinks  best  qualified  for  office, 
regardless  of  party  affiliations.  By  his  intelli- 
gent efforts  he  is  showing  what  are  the  possi- 
bilities of  his  portion  of  the  Territory.  Frank- 
ness and  cordiality  of  manner,  quick  percep- 
tion, great  energy  and  continuity  of  purpose 
are  probably  his  chief  characteristics.  The 
success  which  he  has  attained  as  the  evolution  of 
his  own  thought  without  large  capital  or  other 
adventitious  aids,  which  smooth  the  pathway  of 
many  young  men,  is  conspicuous  evidence  of 
his  ability  and  integrity.  The  life  of  such  a 
man  is  an  object  lesson  of  real  value  to  the  ob- 
serving and  thoughtful.  It  brings  out  promi- 
nently the  characteristics  that  win,  offers  en- 
couragement to  young  men  who  are  willing  to 
work  with  their  minds  and  their  hands,  and  af- 
fords another  proof,  of  the  familiar  adage  that 
there  is  no  royal  road  to  wealth  or  distinc- 
tion in  this  republic.  The  achievement  de- 
pends upon  the  man. 


>-j*OSEPH  B.  WATROUS  is  a  native  son 
J      of   New  Mexico,  and   a   worthy   repre- 
/•  1      sentative  of  one  of  the  most   honored 
pioneer  families  of  the  Territory.     To- 
day he  enjoys  the  reward  of  an  industrious  and 
painstaking  life,  and   the  respect  that  is  won 
through  an  honorable  career. 

He  was  born  near  Taos,  New  Mexico,  on 
the  1 6th  of  April,  1837,  and  is  a  son  of  Samuel 
B.  Watrous,  one  of  New  Mexico's  most  hon- 
ored pioneers,  A  native  of  New  England,  he 


HISTORY  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


299 


was  born  in  Connecticut,  in  1808,  and  was 
reared  in  Montpelier,  Vermont.  The  year 
1835  witnessed  his  arrival  in  the  Territory  of 
New  Mexico,  and  for  many  years  thereafter  he 
was  prominently  identified  with  its  develop- 
ment, and  was  an  important  factor  in  the  pro- 
motion of  those  interests  which  advance  the 
general  welfare.  He  came  with  the  first  cara- 
van of  Americans,  and  locating  at  Taos  clerked 
in  a  store  and  also  engaged  in  mining.  He 
was  one  of  the  most  expert  hunters  in  the 
country,  killing  thousands  of  deer,  antelope, 
buffalo  and  bear.  Later  he  engaged  in  mer- 
chandising, and  in  1848  came  to  the  site  of 
the  present  city  of  Watrous,  of  which  he  was 
the  founder,  the  place  being  named  in  his 
honor.  He  obtained  a  seventh  interest  in  the 
Scolly  government  land  grant,  comprising 
108,000  acres,  and,  opening  a  store,  engaged 
in  merchandising  and  stock  raising.  He  still 
spent  a  part  of  his  time  in  hunting,  and  tanned 
his  buckskins,  from  which  he  made  suits  that 
often  sold  as  high  as  $40  apiece.  His  life  was 
that  of  a  frontiersman.  Far  away  stretched 
broad  prairies,  the  towns  were  widely  scat- 
tered, and  over  the  prairies  roamed  wild  ani- 
mals, and  the  treacherous  red  men  frequently 
made  attacks  on  the  settlers.  They,  however, 
enjoyed  the  freedom  of  such  a  life,  which  had 
its  pleasures  as  well  as  its  drawbacks.  Mr. 
Watrous  married  Miss  Tomasa  Crespin,  a  na- 
tive of  the  Territory  of  New  Mexico,  and  they 
had  eight  children,  of  whom  four  are  yet  living. 
In  1856  the  mother  departed  this  life,  and  for 
his  second  wife  Mr.  Watrous  chose  Miss  Rosa 
Chappin,  a  native  of  Massachusetts,  by  whom 
he  had  one  child,  that  died  in  infancy.  Upon 
the  mother's  death  Mr.  Watrous  married  her 
sister,  Miss  Josephine  S.  Chappin,  who  now 
survives  her  husband  and  resides  at  her  pleas- 
ant home  near  Watrous.  The  two  children 
of  the  third  marriage  are  both  living.  During 
his  last  years  the  mind  of  Mr.  Watrous  became 
impaired,  and  he  died  by  his  own  hand,  pass- 
ing away  March  16,  1886. 

The  gentleman  whose  name  heads  this  rec- 
ord acquired  a  good  education  at  Chapel  Hill, 


Missouri,  and  then  entered  upon  his  business 
career,  being  for  ten  years  engaged  in  trading 
in  the  employ  of  his  father  and  Mr.  Tipton, 
who  were  in  partnership.  His  life  called  him 
to  the  plains,  and  the  freedom  and  experiences 
of  this  business  developed  a  self-reliance  and 
force  of  character  which  have  proven  of  incal- 
culable benefit  to  him  in  his  later  years.  He 
has  control  of  as  many  as  twenty  wagons,  each 
drawn  by  six  yoke  of  oxen.  The  life  was  a 
dangerous  one,  filled  with  many  adventures, 
and  he  had  many  narrow  escapes,  for  the 
treacherous  Indians  were  frequently  aggressive 
and  troublesome,  plundering  and  killing  the 
white  men  whom  they  found  upon  the  plains. 
If  his  record  were  given  in  detail  it  would  be  a 
story  of  more  thrilling  interest  than  often  forms 
the  plot  of  many  a  novel. 

In  1862  was  celebrated  the  marriage  of  Mr. 
Watrous  and  Miss  Louisa  K.  Berg,  a  native  of 
Maryland.  Eleven  children  came  to  bless  their 
home,  of  whom  six  are  now  living,  namely: 
Lizzie  M. ;  Rose  W.,  wife  of  David  W.  Con- 
don; Ludolphi  O.,  Carrie  M.,  Louisa  K.  and 
Abraham  Lincoln. 

In  1865  Mr.  Watrous  removed  with  his 
family  to  a  farm  of  260  acres  near  the  city 
named  in  honor  of  his  father,  on  which  he 
erected  a  pleasant  home,  making  it  his  place 
of  abode  for  a  year.  He  then  joined  his  father, 
and  they  did  a  large  business  as  merchants  and 
farmers  for  twenty  years,  carrying  on  opera- 
tions in  that  line  until  1886.  Although  their 
operations  were  extensive,  they  met  with  only 
a  moderate  degree  of  success.  In  1887  our 
subject  retired  from  merchandising  and  erected 
a  fine  stone  residence  upon  the  farm  which  he 
now  owns.  His  time  and  attention  are  given 
to  agricultural  pursuits  and  stock-raising,  his 
ranch  comprising  2,300  acres  of  land,  and  he 
is  rated  as  one  of  the  successful  land-owners 
and  citizens  of  Watrous.  He  possesses  supe- 
rior business  and  executive  ability,  and  has 
acquired  his  handsome  competence  through 
industry,  capable  management  and  unremitting 
perseverance.  In  his  political  views  he  is  a 
stalwart  Republican,  but  has  never  been  an 


300 


HISTORT  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


office-seeker.  The  cause  of  education  finds  in 
him  an  earnest  friend,  and  he  has  long  been  an 
active  and  efficient  member  of  the  school  board 
of  Watrous,  as  well  as  one  of  its  public-spirited 
citizens,  withholding  his  support  from  no  en- 
terprise calculated  to  prove  of  public  benefit. 


ON.  PAZ  VALVERDE,  County  Clerk 
of  Union  county,  New  Mexico,  is  a 
gentleman  whose  prominent  official 
position  entitles  him  to  specific  recog- 
nition in  a  work  which  has  for  its  object  a  por- 
trayal of  the  lives  of  the  representative  people 
of  the  place  in  which  he  lives.  Like  many  of 
leading  men  throughout  the  West,  and,  indeed, 
all  over  the  United  States,  Mr.  Valverde  is 
self-educated  and  self-made. 

He  was  born  February  24,  1858,  and  is  a 
native  of  the  Territory  of  New  Mexico,  Valle- 
citos  being  his  birthplace.  Jose  Valverde,  his 
father,  was  born  in  Spain  and  when  a  young 
man  came  to  this  country  and  located  in  New 
Mexico.  The  mother  of  our  subject  was  by 
maiden  name  Miss  Polinta  Gonzales.  She 
was  born  in  New  Mexico  and  is  descended 
from  one  of  the  noted  families  of  the  Territory. 
She  was  a  widow  at  the  time  Mr.  Valverde 
married  her,  and  had  children  by  her  first  hus- 
band. Mr.  Valverde  also  had  been  married 
before  and  had  lost  his  companion.  Their  son 
Paz,  the  subject  of  this  article,  was  reared  at 
his  native  place.  He  attended  the  schools  of 
the  Territory  a  few  years,  and  made  the  best  of 
his  opportunities  such  as  they  were,  but  the 
greater  part  of  his  education  has  been  received 
in  the  dear  school  of  experience.  At  the  early 
age  of  eleven  years  he  began  to  earn  his  own 
living  by  clerking  in  a  store,  and  was  thus  oc- 
cupied for  some  time.  He  also  learned  the 
printer's  trade,  at  which  he  worked  in  Las 
Vegas,  and  subsequently  he  was  engaged  in 
mercantile  business  on  his  own  account  at 
Otero,  continuing  there  during  the  era  of  pros- 
perity which  that  town  enjoyed.  Later  he  was 
in  the  employ  of  Browne  &  Manzanares.  Next 


he  went  to  Springer  and  from  there  to  Elmora, 
remaining  seven  years  at  the  former  place  and 
three  at  the  latter.  At  Elmora  he  had  charge 
of  a  general  merchandise  store.  We  next  find 
him  at  Tascosa,  Texas,  in  the  employ  of  Cone 
&  Duran,  and  it  was  in  their  interest  that  he 
came  to  Clayton,  New  Mexico,  his  present  lo- 
cation. He  continued  with  this  firm  until 
1892,  at  which  time  he  was  elected  a  member 
of  the  Territorial  Council.  While  serving  as  a 
member  of  this  honorable  body  he  introduced 
the  bill  which  created  the  county  of  Union.  It 
was  largely  through  his  influence  that  this  bill 
was  passed,  and  as  a  fitting  recognition  of  his 
services  he  was  honored  by  election  to  the  po- 
sition of  Clerk  of  Union  county  in  1894,  which 
office  he  is  now  ably  filling,  his  whole  time  and 
attention  being  given  to  the  performance  of  its 
duties. 

Mr.  Valverde  owns  and  occupies  one  of  the 
most  pleasant  homes  in  the  thriving  town  of 
Clayton,  its  surroundings  and  furnishings  all 
indicating  culture  and  refinement.  February 
24,  1886,  he  was  united  in  marriage  to  Miss 
Emma  Menger,  a  native  of  New  Mexico,  and 
of  German  and  French  descent.  She  is  a 
daughter  of  Dr.  Oscar  Menger,  a  pioneer  of 
Colorado  and  New  Mexico,  and  now  a  resident 
of  Pueblo,  Colorado.  Both  Mr.  and  Mrs. 
Valverde  are  highly  esteemed  for  their  many 
excellent  qualities,  and  occupy  a  leading  posi- 
tion in  the  social  circles  of  Clayton. 

Fraternally,  he  is  a  member  of  the  Knights 
of  Pythias,  in  which  order  he  has  passed  all 
the  chairs;  and,  politically,  his  views  are  in 
harmony  with  those  advocated  by  the  Demo- 
cratic party.  He  was  honored  by  Governor 
Prince,  who  appointed  him  delegate  to  the  Tri- 
Mississippi  Congress,  and  he  has  served  as  vice- 
president  of  the  Territorial  Fair  Association. 
At  one  time  he  was  largely  interested  in  the 
stock  business  here,  but  has  disposed  of  his 
inserests  in  this  line,  and  now  gives  his  close 
and  undivided  attention  to  his  official  duties. 
Both  as  a  citizen  and  as  an  official  he  stands 
high  in  the  estimation  of  the  people  of  his  town 
and  county.  , 


HISTORY  OF  NE  W  MEXICO. 


301 


•  HE  SPRINGER  CEMENT  COM- 
PANY.— An  enterprise  which  repre- 
sents not  only  one  of  the  leading  and 
most  important  industries  of  the  pro- 
gressive village  of  Springer,  Colfax  county,  but 
of  the  entire  Territory,  is  that  conducted  by 
the  company  whose  corporate  title  initiates 
this  paragraph,  and  in  connection  with  a  re- 
view of  the  lives  of  those  who  have  made  the 
little  city  what  it  is,  there  is  no  incongruity  in 
directing  attention  to  this  conspicuous  under- 
taking. The  company  mentioned  own  180 
acres  of  land  lying  contiguous  to  the  village 
and  in  immediate  juxtaposition  with  the  tracks 
of  the  Atchison,  Topeka  &  Santa  Fe  Railroad, 
and  here  they  have  an  extensive  and  finely 
equipped  plant  for  the  manufacture  of  Portland 
and  hydraulic  cement,  the  property  and  works 
being  located  but  a  short  distance  outside  the 
corporate  limits  of  the  town.  On  this  land 
there  is  a  practically  inexhaustible  supply  of 
the  natural  rock  formation  which  forms  the 
basis  of  manufacture, — the  quarry,  kilns  and 
mills  being  in  close  proximity  and  thus  afford- 
ing exceptional  facilities  for  the  economical 
manufacturing  of  the  cement,  which  is  unex- 
celled by  that  produced  in  any  other  section  of 
the  Union. 

The  rock  is  first  quarried  and  then,  by  pro- 
per machinery,  is  pulverized  or  reduced  to  a 
fine  powder,  after  which  it  is  made  into  bricks 
and  fired  in  the  great  kilns,  in  much  the  same 
way  that  ordinary  building  brick  is  produced. 
The  kilns  of  the  company  are  four  in  number 
and  have  a  daily  capacity  for  the  output  of  200 
barrels.  The  next  step  in  the  process  of  manu- 
facture is  in  removing  the  bricks  from  the 
kilns  and  again  putting  the  material  through  a 
crushing  and  pulverizing  operation,  after  which 
the  dust-like  material  is  placed  in  paper  sacks 
and  is  ready  for  shipment, — each  sack  contain- 
ing roo  pounds.  This  isthe  only  manufactory 
of  the  kind  west  of  the  State  of  Indiana  which 
produces  the  Portland  cement,  which  is  now 
so  important  an  article  of  commerce.  The 
company  also  manufacture  Diamond  cement 
rock-plaster,  which  is  used  for  inside  finish  of 


buildings  and  which  is  a  new  and  valuable  dis- 
covery, being  infinitely  superior  to  the  ordinary 
mortar  of  lime,  in  that  it  is  harder,  cheaper 
and  more  easily  applied,  being  used  on  the  lath 
without  the  employment  of  hair.  The  article 
is  defined  to  supersede  the  lime  mortar,  in  so 
far  at  least  as  the  supply  will  meet  the  de- 
mands. 

The  present  officers  and  stockholders  of  the 
company  are  as  follows  :  Frank  Springer,  one 
of  New  Mexico's  most  prominent  lawyers  and 
capitalists;  Harry  Whigham,  a  leading  mem- 
ber of  the  Maxwell  Land  Grant  Company,  at 
Raton,  this  Territory;  N.  H.  Patridge,  a  New 
York  capitalist,  now  residing  at  Colorado 
Springs,  but  being  the  owner  of  extensive  terra 
cotta  works  in  New  Jersey,  where  the  annual 
operations  reach  an  average  annual  aggregate 
of  $3,000,000;  he  is  also  prominently  interest- 
ed in  the  Cripple  Creek  gold  mines;  and  C.  R. 
Gostling,  who  is  the  resident  manager  and 
operator  of  the  works,  and  who  is  a  man  of 
large  and  intimate  experience  in  the  business, 
as  will  be  incidentally  shown  in  the  following 
brief  review  of  his  life. 

CHARLES  R.  GOSTLING  is  a  native  of  Eng- 
land, where  he  was  born  in  the  year  1850,  and 
where  he  received  his  educational  discipline, 
after  which  he  served  a  thorough  apprentice- 
ship in  the  manufacture  of  cement,  being  sub- 
sequently for  eleven  years  the  manager  of  the 
Gostling  Cement  Mills,  which  had  a  capacity 
for  the  production  of  10,000  barrels  per 
week. 

In  1882  he  came  to  the  United  States  and 
was  installed  as  manager  of  the  United  States 
Cement  Company's  works,  in  the  Lehigh  val- 
ley, Pennsylvania,  retaining  this  incumbency 
for  a  number  of  years,  after  which  he  effected 
the  purchase  of  a  cement  mill  located  at  Bell- 
aire,  Ohio, — a  property  which  he  still  owns,— 
and  there  remained  for  some  time.  Finally 
Mr.  Gostling  came  to  Colorado  Springs,  Colo- 
rado, for  the  benefit  of  the  health  of  his  family, 
and  they  subsequently  came  to  Springer,  at 
the  time  our  subject  assumed  the  management 
of  the  business  here,  and  they  now  reside  in 


302 


HISTORY  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


the  substantial  and  attractive  stone  house 
erected  by  the  company  in  the  vicinity  of  the 
works. 

Mr.  Gostling  has  thoroughly  identified  him- 
self with  the  interests  of  his  adopted  country, 
and  is  actively  arrayed  in  the  support  of  the 
Republican  party  and  its  principles.  He  is  a 
man  of  marked  business  ability,  of  broad  men- 
tal grasp  and  of  most  progressive  spirit, — one 
who  may  be  counted  as  a  most  valuable 
accession  to  the  business  circles  not  only  of 
Springer  but  of  the  Territory  at  large. 

Each  of  the  gentlemen  mentioned  as  mem- 
bers of  the  Springer  Cement  Company  has  a 
one-fourth  interest  in  the  business,  and  as  they 
are  all  men  of  high  standing  in  the  commercial 
world,  and  in  point  of  honor  and  integrity, 
there  can  be  no  doubt  as  to  the  magnificent 
success  of  the  enterprise  which  they  here  con- 
trol; and  the  citizens  of  Springer  may  well 
felicitate  themselves  upon  having  secured  so 
important  and  ably  controlled  an  industry  in 
their  midst. 


>-j*UDGE  AUSTIN  L.  KENDALL  belongs 
J      to  that  class  of  citizens  to  whom  the 
/•  j      Southwest  owes  its  prosperity  and  prog- 
ress,   an   enterprising,  progressive  citi- 
zen, thoroughly  devoted  to  the  best  interests 
of    his    adopted    home.      He    now    resides    in 
Cerrillos,  New  Mexico,  and  the  history  of  West- 
ern development  has  been  familiar  to   him   for 
many  years. 

Judge  Kendall  traces  his  ancestry  back  to 
English  emigrants  who  settled  in  New 
England  prior  to  the  war  of  the  Revolution. 
His  paternal  grandfather  participated  in  the 
struggle  for  independence,  valiantly  aiding  the 
Colonies  in  their  endeavor  to  free  themselves 
from  the  yoke  of  British  tyranny.  His  father, 
Alpheus  Kendall,  was  born  in  Sullivan,  New 
Hampshire,  in  1802,  and  married  Miss  Meroa 
Dodge,  a  native  of  Stoddard,  that  State,  by 
whom  he  had  five  children.  He  was  a  mason 
by  trade,  and  engaged  extensively  in  contract- 
ing and  building  in  the  Granite  State  and  Ver- 


mont, his  death  occurring  in  Walpole,  Ver- 
mont, at  the  age  of  seventy-three  years.  His 
wife  passed  away  in  1860,  at  the  age  of  fifty- 
seven.  Of  their  children  four  are  still  living. 
Judge  Kendall,  the  fourth  of  the  family, 
was  born  in  Danville,  Vermont,  October  2, 
1837,  and  was  educated  in  Charleston,  New 
Hampshire,  attending  the  high  school  of  that 
place.  At  the  early  age  of  fifteen  he  started  out 
to  make  his  own  way  in  the  world.  He  had  be- 
come familiar  with  the  mason's  trade  through 
association  with  his  father,  but  preferred  the 
machinist's  trade,  which  he  followed  for  some 
time.  In  1855  he  went  to  Chicago,  where  he 
was  employed  as  a  clerk  in  the  Tremont  Ho- 
tel, subsequently  held  a  similar  position  in  the 
St.  Charles  Hotel,  of  New  Orleans,  and  in  the 
Battle  House,  of  Mobile,  Alabama.  He  then 
returned  to  the  Crescent  City,  and  entered 
upon  a  career  in  his  life  that  made  him  familiar 
with  the  experiences  which  have  formed  the 
subject  of  Western  history  and  romance.  He 
joined  General  Walker  in  his  Nicaragua  expe- 
dition and  was  in  the  fight  at  Virgin  bay,  but 
succeeded  in  making  his  escape,  and  went  to 
Panama,  and  on  to  Aspinwall,  whence  he  re- 
turned to  New  York,  arriving  there  in  January, 
1858.  He  was  afterward  clerk  in  a  Boston 
hotel  for  a  year,  and  when  the  war  broke  out 
was  engaged  in  transferring  passengers  from 
the  end  of  the  horse  railroad  to  the  boats.  As 
a  teamster  in  the  employ  of  the  Government 
he  went  to  Fortress  Monroe,  and  while  sta- 
tioned there  saw  the  world-renowned  battle  be- 
tween the  Merrimac  and  Monitor.  At  this 
place  Mr.  Kendall  received  an  injury  which 
necessitated  his  return  to  Boston,  and  after  his 
recovery  he  worked  in  the  navy  yard  there.  In 
1 863  he  went  to  California  and  was  employed  in 
the  navy  yard  at  Mare's  island  until  the  follow- 
ing year,  when  he  went  to  Vancouver's  island. 
After  prospecting  there  for  a  time  he  returned 
to  Fort  Gamble,  and  secured  a  position  as  en- 
gineer in  a  sawmill  for  the  winter.  In  the 
spring  he  made  his  way  to  San  Francisco,  and 
returned  home,  devoting  his  time  and  energies 
to  various  pursuits  in  New  England,  following 


HIS TOR r  Of  NE  W  MEXICO. 


farming  for  a  short  time  in  New  Hampshire, 
contracting  and  building  in  Fitchburg,  Massa- 
chusetts, and  merchandising  in  New  York.  In 
1873  he  again  sought  a  home  in  the  West,  re- 
moving to  Kinsley,  Kansas,  where  he  served 
as  County  Treasurer  of  Edward  county.  Dur- 
ing that  time  he  first  visited  New  Mexico,  fol- 
lowing a  party  of  renegade  Indians  into  the 
Territory  in  1875.  After  some  years  spent  in 
Kansas  his  health  became  impaired,  and  in 
1880  he  removed  to  Santa  Fe,  where  he  was 
engaged  in  the  livery  business.  He  also  re- 
ceived the  appointment  and  served  as  United 
States  Gauger  for  the  district  of  New  Mexico. 
•  In  1887  Judge  Kendall  opened  a  general 
merchandising  store  in  Dolores,  where  he  car- 
ried on  business  for  three  years,  and  served  as 
Postmaster.  On  the  ist  of  September,  1889, 
he  opened  a  stationery  store  at  Cerrillos.  He 
is  a  wide-awake,  energetic  business  man,  and 
his  careful  management  in  these  various  lines 
of  industry  has  brought  to  him  a  comfortable 
competence.  To  various  other  official  posi- 
tions he  has  been  calfed,  for  his  worth  and 
ability  are  recognized  by  his  fellow  citizens. 
He  was  elected  Justice  of  the  Peace,  accepta- 
bly serving  in  that  capacity  for  three  years, 
and  was  then  chosen  County  Commissioner, 
after  which  he  was  returned  to  the  office  of 
Justice.  Since  coming  to  Cerrillos,  he  has 
served  as  Notary  Public,  and  has  done  a  large 
business  in  conveyancing.  For  four  years  he 
served  as  United  States  Commissioner,  and  in 
these  various  positions  has  discharged  his  duties 
with  a  promptness  and  fidelity  that  has  won 
him  the  highest  commendation.  In  August, 
1894,  he  was  given  charge  of  the  business  of 
Water  Company  at  Cerrillos,  and  has  also  been 
interested  to  a  considerable  extent  in  real- 
estate  dealing. 

The  lady  who  now  bears  the  name  of  Mrs. 
Kendall  was  in  her  maidenhood  Miss  L.  H. 
Gilson.  She  is  a  native  of  Brookline,  New 
Hampshire,  and  has  ever  been  to  her  husband 
a  faithful  helpmeet.  Their  home  is  noted  for 
its  hospitality,  and  they  hold  an  enviable  posi- 
tion in  social  circles.  The  Judge  is  a  very 


prominent  Mason,  having  attained  the  thirty- 
second  degree  in  the  Scottish  rite,  and  is  the 
present  Master  of  the  lodge  at  Cerrillos.  In 
politics  he  has  been  a  stanch  supporter  of  the 
Republican  party  since  its  organization,  and  is 
a  close  student  of  the  questions  of  the  day; 
therefore  is  always  ready  to  give  a  good  reason 
for  his  political  faith.  An  extensive  traveler, 
he  possesses  that  broad  knowledge  which  comes 
from  contact  with  the  world,  and  wherever  he 
has  gone  he  has  won  many  warm  friends  whose 
confidence  and  esteem  he  well  merits. 


>-T*OSEPH  WILLIAMS,  now  residing  in 
•  Pinos  Altos,  is  numbered  among  the 
/•  J  pioneer  settlers  of  Silver  City,  Grant 
county,  New  Mexico.  The  varied  and 
exciting  scenes  of  frontier  life  in  this  locality  are 
familiar  to  him,  and  he  has  been  an  important 
factor  on  the  side  of  law  and  order,  and  in  the 
work  of  development  and  upbuilding.  He  was 
born  in  the  State  of  Pennsylvania,  on  the  28th 
of  August,  1849,  and  is  of  Welsh  ancestry.  His 
parents,  William  and  Rachel  (Jones)  Williams, 
were  born,  reared  and  married  in  Wales,  and 
crossed  the  Atlantic  to  Pennsylvania  in  1834, 
when  the  father  was  twenty-seven  years  of 
age.  By  occupation  he  was  a  miner,  following 
that  business  throughout  his  entire  life.  He 
died  in  1870,  at  the  age  of  sixty-two  years, 
while  his  wife  reached  the  age  of  seventy-eight 
years.  They  were  members  of  the  Presbyter- 
tian  Church,  and  their  well  spent  lives  devoted 
to  the  cause  of  right  won  them  high  regard. 

Joseph  Williams  is  the  sixth  in  order  of 
birth  of  their  family  of  nine  children.  He  was 
educated  in  the  public  schools  of  his  native 
State  and  began  life  as  a  miner.  In  connec- 
tion with  his  brother,  David,  he  operated  a 
mine  for  a  year  and  then  went  to  Kansas, 
where  he  was  engaged  in  business  as  a  dealer 
in  coal  until  1873.  That  year  witnessed  his 
arrival  in  New  Mexico. 

Mr.  Williams  made  a  location  at  Silver 
City,  began  prospecting  and,  in  connection  with 
William  Braham,  discovered  the  Seventy-six 


3°4 


HISTORY  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


mine,  which  proved  to  be  a  valuable  property. 
After  operating  it  for  eight  months  they  sold 
out  and  it  has  since  continued  a  large  producer. 
Our  subject  next  turned  his  attention  to  the 
cattle  business,  which  he  followed  for  six  years, 
meeting  with  satisfactory  success.  Later  he 
again  became  largely  interested  in  the  mines, 
owning  half  the  Sherman  and  having  stock  in 
thePinos  Altos,  and  the  Golden  Giant, — some  of 
these  being  among  the  best  in  the  camp.  Mr. 
Williams  also  turned  his  attention  to  building, 
and  erected  a  number  of  the  best  buildings  in  the 
town.  He  is  an  active  and  successful  business 
man,  and  his  energy  and  perseverance  have 
brought  him  a  merited  success.  In  1887  he 
bought  a  herd  of  cattle,  which  he  brought  to 
the  county  and  later  sold  at  a  large  profit.  He 
is  familiar  with  the  entire  history  of  this  local- 
ity, including  the  business,  social  and  material 
development. 

He  was  in  the  community  when  an  element 
of  lawlessness  prevailed,  which  often  made  it 
very  unsafe.  On  one  occasion  he  was  witness 
of  a  shooting  affray,  and  after  several  shots  had 
been  exchanged  he  walked  away;  a  young  man 
also  walked  off  in  the  same  direction;  some 
one  followed  and  accused  the  young  man  of 
doing  the  shooting;  Mr.  Williams  replied  that 
he  saw  it  himself  and  that  the  young  man  was 
entirely  innocent,  having  no  connection  with 
the  matter  at  all;  and  through  Mr.  Williams' 
interference  the  young  man  was  not  then  taken 
into  custody,  but  later  he  was  arrested  and  Mr. 
Williams  was  summoned  as  a  witness.  It  was 
the  first  time  our  subject  had  ever  been  on  the 
stand,  and  when  questioned  about  the  affair 
he  replied,  "No;  he  didn't  do  the  shooting. 
I  saw  it  myself,  and  this  man  said,  '  Don't 
shoot.'1  When  the  prosecuting  attorney  be- 
gan to  make  light  of  his  evidence,  Mr.  Williams 
took  it  as  an  insult  and  threatened  to  brain  the 
attorney  with  a  chair.  Thereupon  arose  con- 
siderable trouble  in  the  court-room.  Much 
swearing  was  done,  and  the  old  justice  swore  as 
loud  and  long  as  any  of  them,  then  dismissed 
the  case.  A  second  attempt  was  made  to  try 
the  young  man,  but  with  a  similiar  result,  and 


the  case  was  finally  dropped.  The  attorney 
on  the  defense  afterward  tried  to  make  friend- 
ship with  Mr.  Williams,  explaining  that  it  was 
customary  for  the  attorney  to  make  light  of  the 
evidence  of  a  witness  on  the  opposing  side;  but 
it  was  some  time  before  our  subject  could  be 
reconciled  to  such  a  condition  of  affairs,  for  it 
seemed  to  him  that  it  called  into  question  his 
honesty;  and  all  who  know  Mr.  Williams  know 
him  to  be  a  man  of  the  strictest  integrity. 

Our  subject  was  married  in  Silver  City,  and 
by  the  first  union  had  a  daughter,  Nora,  who 
is.  now  attending  school.  In  1882  he  wedded 
Miss  May  A.  Hooker,  a  native  of  Red  Bluff, 
California,  and  a  daughter  of  Seth  W.  Hooker, 
of  that  city.  They  had  seven  children,  of  whom 
three  are  living, — Harry  E. ,  Artie  Lee  and 
Cordie. 

Mr.  Williams  is  a  Republican  and  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Masonic  fraternity,  having  been 
made  a  Mason  in  Silver  City  in  1880.  His 
business  career  has  been  a  prosperous  one, 
and  he  is  now  the  owner  of  considerable  prop- 
erty in  Silver  City  and  Pinos  Altos.  Through 
i  the  legitimate  channels  of  business  he  has 
achieved  his  success,  and  has  ever  had  the  confi- 
dence and  respect  of  those  with  whom  business 
or  social  relations  have  brought  him  in  contact. 


RISILIANO  MORENO,  County  As- 
sessor of  Donna  Ana  county  and  a 
merchant  of  Las  Cruces,  has  the 
honor  of  being  one  of  the  native  sons 
of  New  Mexico.  He  was  born  in  Mesilla,  on 
the  4th  of  January,  1860,  and  like  many 
prominent  people  of  this  community  has  de- 
scended from  honored  Spanish  ancestry.  His 
father,  Eugenic  Moreno,  was  born  in  Mexico 
and  came  to  this  Territory  about  the  time  it 
was  added  to  the  United  States.  He  located 
in  Donna  Ana  county  and  embarked  in  farm- 
ing and  stock-raising.  He  was  a  volunteer  in 
the  New  Mexico  militia,  and  as  such  fought  for 
the  Union  during  the  Civil  war  until  the  Con- 
federates were  driven  from  the  Territory,  val- 


HISTORY  OF  NE  W  MEXICO. 


3°5 


iantly  defending  the  stars  and  stripes  which 
now  wave  over  the  united  nation,  where  peace 
reigns  supreme.  He  was  a  man  of  influence 
and  ability,  and  was  twice  elected  a  member  of 
the  Territorial  Legislature,  where  he  served 
with  ability  and  distinction.  He  also  filled 
the  important  office  of  County  Commissioner 
of  Donna  Ana  county. 

Eugenio  Moreno  was  united  in  marriage 
with  Miss  Teresa  Escalante,  a  native  of  Mex- 
ico, and  their  union  was  blessed  with  a  family 
of  five  children,  of  whom  three  are  yet  living. 
In  1878  the  mother  was  called  to  the  home 
beyond  this  life,  and  the  father  afterward  again 
married,  having  seven  children  by  the  second 
union.  He  now  resides  in  Donna  Ana,  where 
he  is  much  respected. 

Mr.  Moreno,  the  subject  of  this  sketch, 
was  the  youngest  child  of  the  first  marriage. 
He  was  educated  in  the  Christian  Brothers' 
College  at  Santa  Fe,  and  with  the  view  of  en- 
gaging in  the  drug  business  began  the  study  of 
pharmacy  in  1876  with  Jacob  Kummeck,  with 
whom  he  remained  for  four  years.  On  the  ex- 
piration of  that  period  he  removed  to  Las 
Cruces,  and  for  three  years  served  as  clerk  in 
the  drug  store  of  William  Dessauer.  In  1886 
he  bought  out  the  drug  store  of  Dr.  Booth,  and 
for  two  years  was  in  partnership  with  Mr. 
Butschofsky.  He  then  purchased  his  partner's 
interest  and  has  since  continued  the  business 
alone,  being  now  the  proprietor  of  the  leading 
drug  house  in  the  town.  He  carries  a  large 
and  well  appointed  stock,  and  has  the  good 
will  of  the  citizens,  receiving  a  liberal  support 
from  the  people  of  Las  Cruces  and  the  sur- 
rounding country. 

In  1894  Mr.  Moreno  was  elected  by  his  fel- 
iow  townsmen  to  the  important  position  of 
Assessor  of  the  county,  which  contains  assess- 
able property  to  the  value  of  $2,500,000. 
His  election  to  this  important  position  indicates 
the  confidence  and  trust  reposed  in  him  by  his 
fellow  citizens,  who  recognize  his  sound  judg- 
ment and  business  ability;  and  it  is  needless  to 
add  that  he  is  discharging  his  duties  in  a  most 

creditable  and    acceptable    manner.       He  is  a 
20 


young  man  of  sterling  worth  and  strict  integ- 
rity, a  popular  citizen  and  genial,  pleasant 
gentleman. 


EON.  EUGENE  ALLEN  FISKE  is  an 
able  lawyer  of  the  Territory  of  New 
Mexico,  residing  at  Santa  Fe.  In 
this  day  of  advanced  education  and 
thorough  training,  one  must  possess  more  than 
ordinary  ability  to  win  a  name  and  a  place  of 
prominence  in  any  undertaking;  and,  to  be 
known  as  one  of  the  eminent  legal  practition- 
ers of  New  Mexico, — for  so  Mr.  Fiske  is 
called, — implies  a  superiority  over  many  mem- 
bers of  the  bar.  He  has  a  large  clientage,  con- 
trolling important  litigation,  and  people  do  not 
•place  their  legal  business  in  unskilled  hands. 
In  manner,  however,  he  is  unostentatious,  and 
this  trait  of  character  has  done  not  a  little  in 
winning  the  high  respect  in  which  he  is  held. 
Mr.  Fiske  is  a  native  of  the  State  of  New 
Hampshire,  where  he  was  born  in  1848.  He 
is  of  English  and  Scotch-Irish  origin,  tracing 
his  English  lineage  back  to  the  fourteenth 
century.  His  ancestors  were  among  the  ear- 
liest settlers  in  Massachusetts  and  are  num- 
bered among  the  Puritan  fathers,  and  they  and 
their  descendants  since  early  Colonial  times 
have  occupied  prominent  places  in  the  profes- 
sional and  business  circles  of  the  country. 
Among  them  were  participants  in  the-war  for 
American  independence. 

John  Fiske,  the  grandfather  of  our  subject, 
was  born  in  Massachusetts  and  in  early  man- 
hood became  one  of  the  pioneer  settlers  of 
New  Hampshire,  where  his  death  occurred, 
when  he  had  attained  the  advanced  age  of 
eighty-four,  at  Deerfield,  of  that  State.  His 
wife,  who  survived  him,  died  at  the  same  old 
homestead  where  she  and  her  husband  had 
spent  more  than  half  a  century  of  their  mar- 
ried life,  in  the  one  hundreth  year  of  her  age, 
leaving  twelve  children  then  living,  two  daugh- 
ters and  ten  sons.  One  of  these  sons,  Allen 
Fiske,  was  the  father  of  the  gentleman  whose 
name  heads  this  sketch.  He  married  Mercy 


306 


HIS  TORT  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


Rogers  Parmenter,  and  they  had  seven  sons 
and  two  daughters,  all  of  whom  but  one  are 
now  living.  The  mother,  a  consistent  Chris- 
tian and  an  earnest  and  active  member  of  the 
Episcopal  Church,  died  in  the  forty-fifth  year 
of  her  age,  and  the  father  closed  an  active 
business  life  in  1883,  dying  at  the  age  of  seven- 
ty-seven. 

Eugene  Allen  Fiske  was  the  oldest  son  and 
the  second  child  of  this  family.  He  was  edu- 
cated in  New  Hampshire  and  Massachusetts, 
and,  when  but  a  youth,  entered  the  army 
during  the  war  of  the  Rebellion,  from  which, 
after  participating  in  several  important  battles, 
in  one  of  which  he  was  severely  wounded,  he 
was  honorably  mustered  out  of  service  as  a 
Lieutenant  in  the  Eighth  United  States  Veteran 
Volunteers.  After  leaving  the  military  service  • 
he  graduated  in  the  law  department  of  Colum- 
bian University  at  Washington,  District  of 
Columbia,  and  was  subsequently  appointed,  by 
President  Grant,  Chief  of  Private  Lands,  and 
later  assistant  secretary  to  the  President  to 
sign  patents  for  lands.  Resigning  in  1876  he, 
in  April  of  that  year,  arrived  in  Santa  Fe, 
where  he  has  since  resided,  practicing  his  cho- 
sen professon,  the  law. 

Since  his  residence  in  New  Mexico,  he  has 
identified  himself  with  the  business  as  well  as 
the  professional  interests  of  the  Territory,  hav- 
ing been  one  of  the  organizers  of  the  Santa  Fe 
Board  of  Trade,  vice-president,  attorney  and 
one  of  the  directors  of  the  Second  National 
Bank  of  New  Mexico,  one  of  the  organizers  of 
the  incorporated  gas  companies  of  the  cities  of 
Las  Vegas  and  Santa  Fe  and  of  the  University 
of  New  Mexico  at  Santa  Fe,  besides  taking  an 
interest  in  the  promotion  of  various  other  en- 
terprises, and  he  has  been  treasurer  of  the  Bar 
Association  of  New  Mexico  since  1886,  when 
he  aided  in  its  organization.  He  takes  an  in- 
terest in  Masonic  matters,  being  a  thirty-sec- 
ond-degree Mason  in  the  Scottish  rite  and  a 
Knight  Templar,  and  he  is  also  a  member  of 
the  Military  Order  of  the  Loyal  Legion.  In 
1889  he  was  appointed  by  President  Harrison, 
United  States  Attorney  for  New  Mexico,  which 


office  he  held  until  September,   1893,  when  he 
resigned. 

Since  his  arrival  in  this  Territory,  Mr. 
Fiske  has  been  inseparably  associated  with  its 
history,  and  he  has  been  an  important  factor  in 
its  progress  and  development.  The  cause  of 
education  finds  in  him  a  warm  friend,  and  he 
has  done  much  for  its  advancement.  No  en- 
terprise or  interest  is  projected  that  does  not 
receive  his  support  and  co-operation  if  it  is  cal- 
culated to  enhance  the  general  welfare.  His 
prominence  as  a  lawyer  has  made  him  well 
known.  He  is  a  fluent  and  forcible  speaker, 
quick  to  comprehend  a  situation  and  note  the 
salient  points  of  an  argument,  and  his  devo- 
tion to  his  client's  interests  is  unquestioned. 
In  his  political  affiliations  he  has  always  been 
a  stalwart  Republican,  and  has  done  valuable 
service  for  his  party  in  its  campaigns. 

Mr.  Fiske's  immediate  family  consists  of  his 
wife,  nee  Miss  Josie  A.  Franz,  to  whom  he  was 
married  in  St.  Louis,  Missouri,  and  three  chil- 
dren: a  daughter,  Lulu  M.  E.,  and  two 
sons, — Rogers  Allen  and  William  Eugene.  An 
infant  daughter,  Gladys  Adelaide,  died  in  Au- 
gust, 1890. 


ILLIAM  KRONIG,  of  Watrous,  is  a 
highly  respected  pioneer  of  New 
Mexico,  who  since  1849  has  been 
identified  with  the  Territory  and 
its  development.  His  life  has  been  one  of 
varied  experiences,  such  as  come  to  those 
who  live  in  frontier  regions  just  opening  up  to 
civilization.  Now  in  his  declining  years  he 
makes  his  home  in  Watrous,  where  he  is  en- 
joying the  fruits  of  his  former  toil  and  the 
esteem  of  all  who  know  him.  He  was  born 
in  Westphalia,  Germany,  on  the  3d  of  Febru- 
ary, 1828,  and  in  his  native  land  was  trained 
for  merchandising.  SubseqOently  he  spent 
three  years  in  Holland,  then  removed  to  Ant- 
werp, Belgium,  and  afterward  to  Bremen, 
where  he  remained  about  six  months.  In  1847 
he  became  possessed  with  the  desire  to  visit 
America,  and  accordingly  took  passage  on  the 


HISTORY  OF  NE  W  MEXICO. 


3°7 


steamer  Washington  on  its  first  voyage  for 
New  York,  where  he  arrived  with  a  cash  capi- 
tal of  only  $200,  and  this  was  soon  used  up. 
He  made  his  way  to  Wisconsin,  where  he  em- 
barked in  farming;  but,  as  he  was  unacquaint- 
ed with  that  pursuit,  it  proved  an  unprofitable 
venture  to  him,  and  he  left  the  Badger  State 
for  St.  Louis,  going  thence  to  New  Orleans, 
where,  in  order  to  provide  for  his  necessities, 
he  learned  and  followed  the  trade  of  cigar- 
making,  and  also  filled  the  position  of  book- 
keeper. 

When  the  yellow  fever  broke  out  in  the 
Crescent  City,  Mr.  Kronig  went  up  the  river 
to  Williamsport,  and  then  made  a  trip  to 
Texas,  being  employed  as  a  salesman  in  a  dry- 
goods  establishment  in  Bayou  Sara.  After- 
ward he  went  to  Louisville,  Kentucky;  Cincin- 
nati, Ohio,  Philadelphia,  and  back  to  New 
York,  where,  as  he  could  get  nothing  else  to 
do,  he  was  obliged  to  accept  a  situation  in  an 
underground  grocery  at  $6  per  month,  and  was 
there  discharged  because  he  refused  to  pass 
counterfeit  money.  Discouragement  and  fail- 
ure seemed  on  every  hand,  but  with  resolute 
spirit  he  made  his  way  back  to  Milwaukee, 
thence  on  foot  to  St.  Paul,  and  returned  to 
Milwaukee,  when  he  heard  of  the  discovery  of 
gold  in  California.  Becoming  acquainted  with 
a  young  physician  and  geologist  who  was  about 
to  go  with  General  Fremont  to  the  Golden 
State,  he  resolved  to  become  one  of  the  party, 
but  the  boat  on  which  he  took  passage  ran  into 
a  sandbar,  and  he  was  accordingly  so  delayed 
that  the  party  took  their  departure  ere  his 
arrival.  Mr.  Kronig  then  remained  at  Inde- 
pendence, Missouri,  until  the  4th  of  July,  when 
he  started  for  the  Pacific  slope  with  a  company 
of  others.  On  reaching  Fort  Mann  they  were 
attacked  by  Indians,  and  he  was  robbed  of  his 
animals. 

He  then  joined  a  train  going  to  Santa  Fe, 
where  he  arrived  on  the  2Oth  of  August,  1849, 
and  engaged  in  the  manufacture  of  cigars,  do- 
ing a  small  business.  As  the  Indians  were  ag- 
gressive and  troublesome,  a  company  of  volun- 
teers was  formed  to  go  in  pursuit  of  the  sav- 


ages. Mr.  Kronig  joined  this  company  and  was 
made  orderly  sergeant.  They  pursued  the 
Apaches  and  Utes  who  had  killed  Mr.  White 
and  companions,  and  had  carried  off  his  wife 
and  child  and  a  nurse.  After  a  long  and  ardu- 
ous march  they  at  length  arrived  where  the 
Indians  had  camped  the  day  before.  It  was 
about  two  hours  before  sunset  when  they  struck 
the  Indian  camp,  and  their  captain,  Jose  Maria 
Valdez,  sent  Mr.  Kronig  to  the  major  com- 
manding the  whole  force,  to  ask  him  for  two 
swift  horses,  in  order  to  mount  two  of  his  men, 
who  were  well  acquainted  with  that  part  of  the 
country,  to  locate  the  Indian  camp.  The  major 
refused  to  grant  his  request,  but  at  the  eleventh 
hour  he  reconsidered  and  finally  granted  it; 
however,  as  it  was  only  fifteen  minutes  be- 
fore sunset,  the  men  lost  the  trail  in  the  dark- 
ness, and  returned  to  camp  without  accom- 
plishing anything.  At  daylight  next  morning 
they  left  the  camp  on  a  gallop,  regulars  ahead 
and  the  volunteers  following,  as  their  horses 
were  nearly  tired  out.  The  Indians  had  made 
the  day  before  a  march  of  twenty  miles,  and 
were  charged  by  the  regulars,  and  a  stray  bul- 
let hit  the  major  on  his  chest,  but  the  force 
was  broken  by  a  pair  of  gauntlets  which  he 
had  in  his  bosom,  and  he  commanded  his  com- 
pany to  halt  until  the  volunteers  would  come 
up.  The  volunteers  were  dismounted  and 
got  between  the  Indians  and  their  horses,  and 
kept  up  a  skirmish  in  company  with  the  regu- 
lars for  a  short  time.  The  Indians  made  this 
stand  in  order  to  give  their  families  time  to 
escape.  Then  followed  a  long  chase,  regulars 
ahead  and  volunteers  following.  The  troops 
had  traveled  rapidly  and  their  horses  were  ex- 
hausted. Mr.  Kronig  saw  the  body  of  Mrs. 
White  (whom  they  were  trying  to  rescue)  lying 
against  a  willow  tree,  pierced  with  arrows. 
The  color,  however,  had  not  entirely  left  her 
face,  showing  that  she  had  just  been  murdered. 
The  Indians  fled,  but  two  or  three  Indian  chil- 
dren were  taken  prisoners.  Three  days  after 
•the  engagement,  while  returning  to  their 
homes,  the  provisions  ran  short,  and  the  vol- 
unteer company  was  ordered  out  at  eight 


HISTORT  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


o'clock  at  night  to  march  toward  the  settle- 
ment. The  horses  were  tired,  and  the  men 
had  to  dismount  and  lead  their  steeds.  At  one 
o'clock  at  night  a  violent  storm  came  on,  and 
they  were  compelled  to  camp  on  the  prairie 
without  wood  or  shelter.  Wrapped  in  their 
blankets  and  robes,  they  were  forced  to  await 
its  abatement,  the  storm  continuing  for  forty- 
eight  hours.  They  had  with  them  300  head 
of  horses  and  40  pack-mules,  part  of  whom 
they  had  captured  from  the  Indians,  but  when 
they  left  camp  they  did  not  have  a  pack-mule 
left,  and  only  horses  enough  to  mount  the 
company.  The  home  guard  killed  a  colt,  as 
they  found  shelter  and  firewood  in  a  canyon, 
and  had  a  good  time.  As  soon  as  possible 
they  struggled  on  through  the  snow-drifts, 
keenly  suffering  from  cold  and  hunger  until 
they  reached  Taos,  where  they  were  discharged 
after  two  months  and  three  days  of  most  ardu- 
ous service. 

The  soldiers  then  gave  Mr.  Kronig  their 
extra  rations,  and  with  this  supply  of  food  he 
then  went  to  a  little  Western  town  called  Rio 
Colorado,  where  he  engaged  in  hunting;  but, 
having  to  bring  his  game  thirty  miles  to  mar- 
ket, he  was  able  only  to  make  about  $4  per 
week.  On  one  of  his  trips  he  met  Colonel 
Bell,  the  commanding  officer  of  the  United 
States  forces,  who  asked  Mr.  Kronig  what  he 
was  doing,  and  on  being  told,  said,  "Wouldn't 
you  like  to  make  $5  per  day  ?  The  Govern- 
ment wishes  to  learn  the  fate  of  Mrs.  White's 
child,  and  we  would  like  to  have  you  go  among 
the  Utes  and  see  if  you  can  learn  anything  of 
it."  Mr.  Kronig  consented  to  attempt  the  ar- 
duous task,  and  with  a  companion  and  two 
horses  started  on  the  perilous  undertaking  for 
the  region  beyond  the  Sierra  Blanca,  where  he 
believed  the  Utes  could  be  found.  It  was  in 
the  month  of  February  and  the  snow  was  two 
feet  deep.  After  the  first  day  they  found  a 
little  grass  on  the  sunny  side  of  a  slope,  which 
they  fed  to  their  horses,  and  supplied  them 
with  water  by  melting  snow  with  stones  which 
they  had  heated  in  the  fire.  On  the  seventh 
day  they  came  in  sight  of  a  village  of  Utes,  who 


were  yet  at  war,  but  had  not  committed  any 
depredations  lately,  and  were  discovered  by 
the  Indians  who  made  an  effort  to  catch  them; 
but  they  succeeded  in  making  their  escape  into 
the  village  where  they  were  safe.  Mr.  Kronig 
went  to  the  best  Indian  lodge  in  order  to  find 
the  chief,  and  after  going  through  the  whole 
village  at  length  succeeded  in  the  search,  find- 
ing the  chief,  Chico  Belasquez.  The  chief 
said,  "  I  see  you  are  spies  and  are  lost."  With 
this  he  sent  out  thirty  young  Indians  to  look 
for  the  trail  and  find  whether  there  were  any 
soldiers  in  the  vicinity;  but  about  10 o'clock  at 
night  the  warriors  returned  reporting  that  there 
were  only  the  two.  Then  Mr.  Kronig  and  his 
companion  were  given  a  good  meal  of  buffalo 
meat,  were  kindly  treated  by  their  savage  en- 
tertainers and  were  told  that  both  the  nurse 
and  the  child  for  whom  they  were  looking  were 
dead.  After  three  days  they  started  on  their 
return  with  an  escort  of  ten  Indians  to  protect 
them  from  the  Apaches,  who  were  at  war.  On 
the  third  day  the  escort  returned  and  Mr.  Kro- 
nig and  his  companion  traveled-  all  night  alter 
the  Indians  left  them,  and  finally  reached 
Taos.  He  was  there  delayed  for  a  month  be- 
fore he  received  his  pay,  when  he  was  given 
$5  per  day  for  the  entire  time. 

In  1850  Mr.  Kronig  established  a  little 
store  at  Rio  Colorado,  New  Mexico,  aud  in  the 
winter  went  on  a  trading  expedition  into  Col- 
orado with  the  Cheyenne,  Arapahoe,  Coman- 
che  and  Sioux  Indians.  He  continued  in  that 
business  until  1855  and  made  money,  but  lost 
most  of  it  again  on  account  of  several  attacks 
by  Indians.  On  Christmas  day,  1854,  occur- 
red the  massacre  at  Pueblo,  where  eighteen 
white  people  were  killed  and  one  woman  and 
two  children  taken  prisoners.  Business  was 
then  entirely  broken  up  and  Mr.  Kronig  went  to 
La  Costilla,  where  he  started  a  store  and  a  dis- 
tillery. In  1856  he  purchased  Barclay's  Fort, 
in  connection  with  which  there  were  700  acres 
of  arable  land.  The  times  were  prosperous 
and  he  engaged  in  mining  in  1868,  and  was  in- 
directly the  discoverer  of  the  Morena  mines  on 
the  Maxwell  grant.  He,  with  others,  dug  a 


HIS  TORT  Of  NEW  MEXICO. 


309 


ditch  forty-four  miles  in  length,  at  a  cost  of 
$3OO,ooOj  and  through  this  undertaking  lost 
all  he  had  and  was  forced  to  begin  anew.  In 
1872  he  started  a  smelter  in  the  Magdalena 
mountains  and  won  success  in  the  new  ven- 
ture. In  1864  he  made  in  the  vicinity  of  his 
present  residence  a  good  lake  of  forty  acres, 
and  erected  the  splendid  adobe  residence  north 
of  the  lake  which  is  now  owned  by  Colonel 
Head.  The  home  with  its  surroundings  had  cost 
him  $40,000,  as  material  was  very  dear,  and 
this  he  later  sold,  with  land  and  other  improve- 
ments, for  $18,000!  In  1883  he  moved  to  his 
present  location,  on  which  he  has  erected  a 
good  stone  residence,  planted  trees  and  flower- 
ing shrubs  and  is  now  spending  the  evening  of 
a  most  enterprising  and  useful  life  in  the  quiet 
pursuits  of  farming,  cultivating  about  550  acres 
of  his  land,  on  which  is  also  a  large  and  thrifty 
orchard.  Several  lakes  stocked  with  valuable  fish 
are  situated  about  three  miles  from  his  residence. 

Mr.  Kronig  has  the  honor  of  having  built 
the  first  flouring  mill  in  Colorado,  and  was  one 
of  the  stockholders  of  the  first  woolen  mill  in 
New  Mexico.  He  is  deserving  of  the  highest 
credit  for  the  enterprise  he  has  displayed  in  the 
development  and  growth  of  New  Mexico.  He 
is  a  man  of  superior  ability,  possessed  of  in- 
tellectual powers  of  a  high  order,  and  from 
books  and  experience  has  gathered  valuable 
knowledge,  to  which  he  adds  the  kindliness 
and  sympathy  of  a  benevolent  nature  that 
gives  to  his  influence  a  power  that  is  far-reach- 
ing and  permanent.  He  has  met  with  both 
adversity  and  prosperity  in  his  business  career, 
but  through  all  has  maintained  a  reputation  for 
honorable  dealing,  and  is  popular  with  his 
business  associates  and  highly  esteemed  in  the 
social  circle  in  which  he  moves. 

Mr.  Kronig's  experience  since  coming  to  the 
Territory  of  New  Mexico  would  make  a  most 
interesting  book.  He  has  seen  and  experienced 
all  the  successes  and  reverses  of  pioneer  life,— 
one  day  possessed  of  a  vast  fortune,  the  next, 
as  it  were,  bereft  of  it.  He  possesses  honor, 
and  is  worthy  of  the  high  respect  of  all  with 
whom  he  has  come  in  contact, 


In  1856  Mr.  Kronig  married  Miss  Raphaela 
Kincaid.  One  of  their  children  has  passed 
away,  and  the  other  is  now  Mrs.  Frank  M. 
Jones,  a  resident  of  Las  Vegas.  The  mother 
died  in  1858,  soon  after  the  birth  of  her  second 
child.  In  1 86 1  Mr.  Kronig  was  united  in  mar- 
riage with  Miss  Louisa  Watrous,  the  daughter 
of  the  pioneer,  Samuel  B.  Watrous,  for  whom 
the  town  of  Watrous  was  named.  The  chil- 
dren of  this  marriage  are  Alexander,  Louie, 
Alfred,  Willie,  Lotta  and  Carolina,  all  residing 
in  the  vicinity  of  their  father's  home.  The  last 
named  is  the  wife  of  William  Harrison. 


ARVEY  P.  MICKEY,  M.  D.,  a  suc- 
cessful  practitioner  of  Las  Cruces,  is 
a  native  of  the  State  of  Indiana,  born 
in  Kosciusko  county  April  9,  1862. 
He  is  of  Scotch  descent,  his  ancestors  being 
among  the  early  settlers  of  Pennsylvania.  His 
grandfather  was  a  soldier  in  the  war  of  1812. 
His  father,  Daniel  Mickey,  was  born  in  the 
Keystone  State  in  1825,  and  was  married  to 
Miss  Catherine  Etzweiler,  a  native  of  the  State 
of  Ohio,  of  German  ancestry.  He  was  one  of 
the  pioneers  «of  Fulton  county,  Indiana,  and 
for  many  years  was  a  successful  farmer.  He 
and  his  wife  were  the  parents  of  six  children, 
three  sons  and  three  daughters,  five  of  whom 
are  living.  The  mother  died  in  1880,  in  the 
forty-fourth  year  of  her  age. 

Dr.  Mickey  is  the  fifth  born  of  the  family. 
He  received  his  literary  education  in  the  Cen- 
tral Normal  College  in  Indiana,  and  was  grad- 
uated from  a  medical  college  of  Indiana,  March 
5,  1888,  and  later  took  a  course  of  lectures  in 
Medical  Department  of  Iowa  University.  He 
began  the  practice  of  his  profession  at  New 
Castle,  Indiana,  and  afterward  practiced  for 
some  time  in  Richmond,  same  State.  On  ac- 
count of  failing  health  he  was  compelled  to 
seek  a  milder  climate,  and  with  this  object  in 
view  came  to  New  Mexico.  He  looked  over 
Arizona,  and  after  traveling  eight  months  in 
New  Mexico,  during  which  time  he  made  close 
observations  of  the  climate  of  the  Territory,  he 


3io 


HIS  TORT  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


settled  in  Las  Cruces,  June  22,  1894.  He  has 
already  been  greatly  benefited  by  the  change 
of  latitude  and  believes  that  he  will  eventually 
be  restored  to  perfect  health.  In  the  practice 
of  medicine  he  has  met  with  most  satisfactory 
results.  He  is  fully  abreast  of  the  times  upon 
all  matters  relating  to  the  practice  and  science 
of  medicine,  and  has  taken  a  leading  rank 
among  the  members  of  his  profession. 

The  Doctor  was  married  April  23,  1889,  to 
Miss  Anna  Marts,  a  native  of  Wells  county, 
Indiana.  This  union  has  been  blessed  by  the 
birth  of  two  children,  June  and  Harvey  P.,  Jr. 
In  politics  Dr.  Mickey  adheres  to  the  principles 
of  the  Democratic  party,  but  his  active  interest 
is  given  wholly  to  his  profession. 


EERMAN  BONEM  is  numbered  'among 
the    leading   dry-goods    merchants  of 
San  Marcial,  New  Mexico.     His  birth 
occurred  in  the  Fatherland  on  the  24th 
of  May,  1863,  and  he  is  of  German  parentage. 
In  his  native  land  he  pursued  his  literary  stud- 
ies, and  on  attaining  the  age  of  seventeen  years 
came  to  America  that   he   might  benefit  his  fi- 
nancial condition  in  this  country  where  better 
opportunities  are  afforded  young  men.    Obtain- 
ing a  position  as  clerk   in   a  general  merchan- 
dise store   in   Winston,    Missouri,   at  $10  per 
month,   he    remained    with    that   firm    for  six 
years,  his  wages  being  increased  from  time  to 
time  until  he  received  $50  per  month. 

In  1886  he  first  set  foot  on  New  Mexican 
soijj  and  obtained  employment  in  the  store  of 
Loewenstein,  Strouss  &  Company  at  Mora. 
From  there  he  came  to  San  Marcial,  accepting 
a  clerkship  in  the  store  of  Joseph  Freuden- 
stein  and  continued  with  that  gentleman  for 
about  four  years,  or  until  he  sold  out,  in  1891, 
to  Leo  Loewenstein.  Mr.  Bonem  remained 
with  the  new  firm  until  the-  22d  of  March, 
1893,  at  which  time  he  opened  a  store  of  his 
own,  having  as  a  silent  partner  Charley  Lam- 
phear,  who  sold  his  interest  to  V.  C.  Proctor, 
November  5,  1894. 


He  began  with  a  small  capital,  but  has  now 
a  well  selected  stock  of  dry  goods,  hats,  caps, 
shoes  and  gents'  furnishing  goods.  His  long 
experience  in  the  trade  has  made  him  thorough- 
ly familiar  with  the  wants  of  his  customers. 
He  has  an  entirely  new  stock,  which  he  sells 
at  reasonable  prices  and  enjoys  his  full  share  of 
the  patronage  of  the  town. 

Mr.  Bonem  was  united  in  marriage  on  the 
1 6th  of    November,    1890,    to  Miss  May  San- 
ders, of   Santa  Fe,   and  they  have  become  the 
parents  of   two  interesting  little  daughters,  - 
Hannah  and  Rena,  both  born  in  San  Marcial. 

In  his  political  views  Mr.  Bonem  is  a  Re- 
publican, earnestly  supporting  the  men  and 
measures  of  that  party;  was  made  a  Master 
Mason  in  San  Marcial,  and  is  Past  Master  of 
his  lodge.  He  is  also  connected  with  the 
Knights  of  Pythias  fraternity  and  the  Inde- 
pendent Order  of  Odd  Fellows,  in  both  of 
which  lodges  he  has  served  as  Treasurer.  He 
enjoys  the  good  will  of  the  whole  community 
and  is  rated  as  a  good  business  man,  thorough- 
ly reliable  in  all  transactions,  and  as  such  is 
justly  entitled  to  the  good  business  which  he  is 
building  up,  and  which  is  constantly  increasing 
under  his  capable  management. 


>-j*UDGE  O.   T.  TOOMBS.— The  attrac- 

J  tive  town  of  Clayton,  and  the  new 
A  J  county  of  Union,  New  Mexico,  are 
favored  in  having  in  their  professional 
ranks  many  enterprising  young  men  who  have 
come  here  from  the  North,  East  and  South 
and  who  are  eminently  fitted  for  the  responsi- 
ble duties  which  devolve  upon  them.  In 
writing  of  the  members  of  the  bar  of  Clayton, 
we  wish  here  to  make  personal  mention  of 
Judge  O.  T.  Toombs,  the  gentleman  with 
whose  name  we  are  pleased  to  introduce  this 
article. 

Judge  Toombs  was  born  in  Yazoo  county, 
in  the  State  of  Mississippi,  January  7,  1862, 
and  is  a  descendant  of  the  same  old  Southern 
family  from  which  Senator  Toombs  sprang. 
His  father,  A.  T.  Toombs,  married  Miss  Mary 


HISTORY  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


E.  Perry,  a  relative  of  the  noted  Commodore 
Perry.  Thus  it  is  seen  that  the  Judge  comes 
from  ancestry  of  which  he  should  be  justly 
proud.  His  father  served  in  the  Confederate 
army  and  died  while  in  the  service,  in  1864. 
Oscar  T.,  our  subject,  was  then  a  small  child, 
and  a  few  years  later,  when  he  was  only  thir- 
teen, his  mother  also  died.  His  youthful  days 
were  spent  at  a  time  and  in  a  part  of  the 
country  where  opportunities  for  obtaining  an 
education  were  very  limited,  and,  being  thus 
early  left  an  orphan,  he  had  to  make  his 
own  way  in  the  world  and  found  that  the 
struggle  was  a  constant  and  hard  one.  When 
a  boy  of  thirteen  he  began  to  do  farm  work  in 
southern  Texas,  at  first  receiving  but  little 
more  than  his  board.  Five  years  of  his  life 
were  spent  in  that  way,  and  when  he  was 
eighteen  years  of  age  he  obtained  a  clerkship 
in  a  store.  For  several  years  he  clerked  in 
various  places  in  Texas,  and  all  the  while  he 
spent  his  leisure  time  in  study,  embracing 
every  opportunity  to  gain  information  that  he 
thought  would  be  of  value  to  him.  Finally 
he  borrowed  a  copy  of  Blackstone,  perused  its 
pages  at  every  odd  moment  he  had,  and  as 
soon  as  practicable  devoted  his  whole  time  to 
the  study  of  law.  In  1889  he  passed  a  credit- 
able examination,  and  was  admitted  to  the  bar 
at  Greenville,  Texas,  and  immediately  after  his 
admission  thereto  became  a  law  partner  with 
T.  D.  Montrose  of  that  place,  with  whom  he 
continued  until  1891,  doing  a  successful  busi- 
ness. In  January  of  that  year  he  removed  to 
Dallam  county,  Texas,  where  he  opened  up  a 
law  office  and  at  once  met  with  prosperity. 
While  there  he  was  elected  County  Judge,  a 
position  which  he  filled  in  a  most  satisfactory 
manner.  At  this  time  hearing  of  the  new 
county  of  Union,  in  New  Mexico,  its  fine  climate 
and  bright  future,  he  decided  to  move  hither. 
He  arrived  at  Clayton  in  1894,  established 
himself  in  law  practice,  and  has  here  rnet  with 
fair  success.  Judge  Toombs  is  a  well-read, 
painstaking  lawyer,  and,  while  he  does  a  gen- 
eral practice,  he  prefers  civil  law. 

In  1888  he  was  happily  married  to  Miss 


Julia  Priest,  a  native  of  Alabama,  but  a  resi- 
dent of  Greenville  at  the  time  of  their  mar- 
riage. Her  father,  the  Rev.  R.  W.  Priest,  a 
Baptist  minister,  was  for  four  years  a  mis- 
sionary in  Africa,  and  is  now  a  resident  of 
Texas.  The  Judge  and  his  wife  .  have  two 
daughters,  Clara  and  Cyrene.  Mrs.  Toombs 
is  a  member  of  the  Baptist  Church. 

Judge  Toombs  is  not  only  a  lawyer  of 
ability  and  worth,  but  also  is  a  citizen  who  is 
deserving  of  the  fullest  confidence  of  the  peo- 
ple among  whom  he  has  chosen  to  reside,  and 
both  he  and  his  family  are  desirable  accessions 
to  the  social  circles  of  Clayton. 


'•    <*  ON.    HENRY     S.    WOOSTER.— In 
j"^    him  whose  name  initiates  this  article 
r    is  found  a  gentleman  whose  identity 
with  East  Las  Vagas  covers  more  than 
a  dozen  years,  and  who,  as  Justice  of  the  Peace 
and  Police  Justice,  occupies  a  position  of  dis- 
tinction. 

Judge  Wooster  is  of  Eastern  birth.  He 
was  ushered  into  existence  on  the  2Oth  of  April, 
1820,  in  the  State  of  New  York,  and  traces 
his  origin  back  to  the  English  and  Scotch, 
some  of  his  ancestors  being  among  the  early 
settlers  of  New  England.  His  father,  Bennett 
Wooster,  was  born  in  Middlebury,  Connecti- 
cut, in  the  year  1800.  He  married  Miss  Han- 
nah Atwood,  two  years  younger  than  himself 
and  a  native  of  the  same  town,  and  after  their 
marriage  they  settled  down  near  their  native 
place,  and  he  was  for  some  time  engaged  in 
buying  and  selling  cattle  there.  In  1844  they 
removed  to  Wisconsin,  where  they  passed  the 
rest  of  their  lives.  He  died  in  the  eighty-second 
year  of  his  age,  and  his  wife  was  about  that  old 
when  she  died.  They  had  three  sons  and  three 
daughters,  of  whom  five  are  living.  The  par- 
ents were  members  of  the  Methodist  Episcopal 
Church,  were  honored  and  respected  by  all 
who  knew  them,  and  reared  their  family  to  oc- 
cupy useful  positions  in  life. 

Judge  Wooster  is  the  eldest  of  his  father's 
family.  His  education  was  received  in  the 


312 


HIS  TORT  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


Cazenovia  Seminary  in  New  York.  In  1844 
he  removed  with  the  rest  of  the  family  to  Wis- 
consin, where  they  acquired  new  lands  and 
gave  their  attention  to  improving  and  cultivat- 
ing the  same.  He  continued  farming  in  Wis- 
consin until  1850,  and  in  the  meantime  had 
married.  In  1850  he  crossed  the  plains  to 
California,  making  the  long  and  tedious  jour- 
ney as  one  of  a  party  of  twenty-one  men,  all 
well-armed,  and  landing  at  his  destination  in 
safety.  He  was  in  Omaha,  Nebraska,  when 
there  was  no  sign  of  a  town  there,  or,  rather, 
he  was  at  the  place  where  Omaha  was^after- 
ward  built  ;  and  he  saw  San  Francisco  when  it 
gave  little  promise  of  becoming  the  magnificent 
city  it  is  to-day.  At  Nevada  City  he  was  en- 
gaged in  mining  two  years.  In  1852  his  wife 
joined  him  in  the  far  West,  making  the  jour- 
ney via  water  and  the  Isthmus  of  Panama. 
Mr.  Wooster  was  at  that  time  at  Sandy  bar  on 
the  Middle  fork  of  the  American  river,  and 
while  he  worked  at  some  disadvantage  there  he 
and  his  two  comrades  each  took  out  about  $  i ,  ooo 
during  the  summer.  He  continued  his  mining 
in  California  until  1860,  and  at  the  same  time 
kept  hotel,  and  was  fairly  prosperous.  While 
there  he  had  the  honor  of  being  a  Republican 
nominee  for  the  State  Legislature,  but  as  the 
Democrats  were  largely  in  the  ascendency  he 
was  defeated.  In  1 860  he  and  his  wife  re- 
turned to  Wisconsin,  via  Panama.  Near  Be- 
loit,  that  State,  he  secured  640  acres  of  land 
not  far  from  the  farm  owned  by  his  brother. 
He  operated  his  own  farm  and  also  took  charge 
of  that  of  his  brother  while  the  latter  was  in 
the  Civil  war  ;  raised  large  crops  which  he  sold 
at  high  prices,  and  made  money  rapidly.  In 
1 865  he  was  honored  by  election  as  a  Repre- 
sentative to  the  Wisconsin  State  Legislature: 
he  served  with  credit  to  himself  and  his  con- 
stituents. Subsequently  he  was  for  eight  years 
Postmaster  of  Clinton,  Rock  county. 

Mr.  Wooster  continued  his  residence  in 
Wisconsin  until  1882,  since  which  time  he  has 
made  his  home  in  East  Las  Vegas,  New  Mex- 
ico. For  six  years  he  kept  the  Wooster  House 
here.  During  that  time  he  entertained  and  be- 


came acquainted  with  many  of  the  prominent 
citizens  of  the  Territory,  and  gained  an  en- 
viable reputation  as  a  genial  and  popular  land- 
lord. Here,  as  in  other  places  where  he  re- 
sided, he  was  soon  recognized  as  a  public- 
spirited  and  leading  citizen,  and  as  one  fitted 
for  official  preferment,  and  in  1887  he  was 
elected  Justice  of  the  Peace,  a  position  which 
which  he  has  since  held  and  in  which  he  has 
rendered  a  high  degree  of  satisfaction.  When 
the  city  of  East  Las  Vegas  was  incorporated 
he  was  also  made  Police  Justice,  and  is  now 
filling  both  offices.  As  showing  his  legal  judg- 
ment and  the  able  manner  in  which  he  presides, 
it  may  be  stated  that  his  decisions  when  taken 
to  higher  courts  are  seldom  reversed. 

Judge  Wooster's  marriage  has  already  been 
referred  to.  That  event  occurred  in  1846,  the 
lady  of  his  choice  being  Miss  Nancy  D. 
Pearce,  a  native  of  Jefferson  county,  New 
York.  For  a  period  of  forty-two  years  she 
shared  life's  joys  and  sorrows  with  him,  this 
happy  relation  terminating  with  her  death  in 
February,  1888.  Of  their  family  of  three 
children,  be  it  recorded  that  they  are  all  mar- 
ried and  settled  in  life,  their  names  as  follows  : 
Clarence,  Atlanta,  Georgia  ;  Bennett,  Torran, 
Mexico  ;  and  Mary,  wife  of  George  E.  John- 
son, of  Missouri  Valley,  Iowa. 

The  Judge  is  both  a  Mason  and  an  Odd 
Fellow. 


HDELAIDO  GONZALES.— In  the  sub- 
ject of  this  sketch   we    have  'a  native 
son  of  New   Mexico  who   has  by  his 
own    efforts    attained    a    position    of 
marked  honor  and  precedence,  his  incumbency 
at   the    present    time    being   that    of   County 
School  Superintendent  of  San  Miguel  county. 
Mr.  Gonzales  was   born  in    the  same    city  in 
which    he    now    retains    his    residence, — Las 
Vegas,— and  the  date  of  his    nativity  was  De- 
cember 1 6,  1860.      As  the   name   indicates  he 
is  of  pure  Spanish  lineage,  four  generations  of 
the  family  having  been  born   on  New  Mexican 
soil.      The  original  ancestor,    Batlazar  Gon- 


HISTORT  OF  NE  W  MEXICO. 


zales,  was  born  in  Spain  and  emigrated  to  New 
Mexico  at  an  early  period  in  its  history,  and 
from  this  source  has  sprung  the  entire  family 
in  the  Territory.  The  respective  heads  of  the 
two  distinct  branches  of  the  family  at  the  pres- 
ent time  are  Encarnacion  and  Jesus  Gonzales. 
The  latter  of  these  was  the  grandfather  of  the 
subject  of  this  sketch  and  was  born  in  Santa 
Fe,  where  he  resided  for  the  greater  portion  of 
his  life,  becoming  a  man  of  much  prominence 
and  influence  in  the  affairs  of  the  Territory. 
He  married  Maria  de  Jesus  Ulibarri,  who  was 
a  native  daughter  of  the  county,  her  father, 
Santiago  Ulibarri,  having  been  a  man  of  note 
in  the  Territory.  Our  subject's  father  Denicio 
Gonzales,  was  born  in  San  Jose  in  1845,  and 
upon  attaining  man's  estate  he  was  united  in 
marriage  to  Miss  Manuela  Romero,  a  lineal 
descendant  from  the  celebrated  Romero  family 
so  prominently  identified  with  the  early  history 
of  New  Mexico.  Denicio  Gonzales  and  wife 
became  the  parents  of  two  children  :  Ade- 
laido,  the  immediate  subject  of  this  review, and 
Petra,  who  is  now  the  wife  of  Martin  Delgado. 
Our  subject  received  his  educational  discip- 
line in  the  college  of  the  Jesuit  Fathers  at  Las 
Vegas,  after  which  he  became  identified  with 
mercantile  pursuits,  having  been  for  ten  years 
one  of  the  leading  merchants  of  Las  Vegas. 
In  1893  he  disposed  of  his  interests  in  this 
line,  and  in  1894  he  was  elected  to  his  present 
important  office, — that  of  Superintendent  of 
the  county  schools.  He  had  previously  served 
as  Director  of  the  Las  Vegas  schools  and  had 
shown  marked  executive  ability  and  a  keen  ap- 
preciation of  the  most  feasible  methods  to  be 
pursued  in  forwarding  educational  interests 
and  securing  the  best  possible  advantages  in 
the  line.  There  are  now  maintained  in  the 
county  I  30  schools,  all  of  which  are  under  his 
immediate  supervision  and  direction.  He 
makes  periodical  visitations  to  the  different 
schools  and  gives  such  rulings  and  instructions 
as  he  deems  best  fitted  to  insure  effective  and 
satisfactory  results  in  the  discipline  and  work. 
His  dispensation  has  been  such  as  to  gain  to 
him  the  commendation  of  all  who  are  interest- 


ed in  this  important  field  of  endeavor,  and  the 
county  has  good  reason  to  feel  a  distinctive 
pride  and  satisfaction  in  its  effective  school  sys- 
tem. He  is  the  present  Captain  of  Company 
E,  First  Regiment  New  Mexico  Volunteers, 
and  has  been  for  the  past  two  years.  It  is  a 
well  organized  company  with  forty  members. 
In  his  political  proclivities  Mr.  Gonzales  is 
a  stanch  Republican,  and  he  renders  an  active 
support  to  his  party  and  the  principles  which 
it  advances.  He  is  one  of  the  honored  men 
of  the  county,  and  stands  as  a  most  creditable 
representative  of  the  native  sons  of  New 
Mexico. 


^V^V  P.  TALLE.— In  the  history  of  the 
1  m  commercial  life  of  Springer,  no  one  is 
more  deserving  of  prominent  mention 
than  this  gentleman,  who  is  recog- 
nized as  one  of  the  most  successful  merchants 
of  the  city,  and  it  is  with  pleasure  that  we  pre- 
sent to  our  readers  the  record  of  his  life,  know- 
ing that  it  will  prove  of  interest  to  many.  His 
birthplace  is  far  off,  in  the  "land  of  the  mid- 
night sun,"  and  his  natal  day  was  May  16, 
1841.  He  was  partly  educated  in  Norway, 
where  he  remained  until  eighteen  years  of  age, 
when,  in  1859,  he  emigrated  to  America, 
locating  in  Doddsville,  Wisconsin.  At  that 
time  he  could  not  speak  a  word  of  English, 
and  had  money  enough  only  to  carry  him  to 
his  destination.  At  first  he  worked  at  farm 
labor,  and  received  as  compensation  for  his 
services  $5  per  month,  which  at  that  time  he 
considered  fairly  good  wages,  being  accustomed 
to  the  low  wages  paid  in  foreign  countries.  He 
continued  farm  labor  until  1861,  and  then  re- 
sponded to  the  country's  call  for  troops. 

On  the  1 6th  of  August,  1861,  Mr.  Talle 
donned  the  blue  as  a  member  of  Company  C, 
Twelfth  Wisconsin  Infantry,  and  with  his 
regiment  went  to  the  front,  participating  in 
the  battle  of  Shiloh,  and  all  of  the  engage- 
ments which  led  to  the  capture  of  Atlanta.  He 
went  with  Sherman  on  the  celebrated  and  tri- 
umphal march  to  the  sea,  and  then  through 


HIST  OR  T  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


the  Carolina  campaigns  to  Washington,  where 
he  participated  in  the  grand  review,  the  most 
brilliant  military  pageant  ever  seen  in  this 
country,  where  "wave  after  wave  of  bayonet- 
crested  blue"  passed  by  the  stand  from  which 
the  president  watched  the  victorious  army.  He 
saw  much  hard  service,  and  was  twice  slightly 
wounded,  but  always  remained  at  his  post, 
faithful  to  the  old  flag  and  the  cause  it  repre- 
sented. When  his  first  term  expired,  with  his 
company  he  re-enlisted,  they  receiving  from 
their  colonel  a  beautiful  silk  banner  in  recog- 
nition of  the  fact  of  their  being  the  largest  vet- 
eran company  in  the  regiment,  almost  all  of 
the  members  having  continued  in  the  service. 

After  his  return  from  the  war,  Mr.  Talle 
attended  school  for  a  time,  and  on  graduating 
at  a  commercial  college  accepted  a  clerkship 
in  a  clothing  and  furnishing-goods  establish- 
ment in  Madison,  Wisconsin.  In  1868  he 
went  to  Eureka,  Kansas,  and  for  eight  years 
clerked  in  the  store  of  J.  C.  Nye,  after  which 
he  opened  a  store  on  his  own  account  in  Ben- 
nington,  Kansas,  continuing  business  at  that 
place  for  two  years. 

In  1882  Mr.  Talle  arrived  in  Springer,  New 
Mexico,  where  he  bought  out  a  bankrupt  firm, 
giving  his  note  for  $5,000,  with  interest  at 
twelve  per  cent.  From  the  first  he  met  with 
gratifying  success,  and  within  two  years  had 
paid  off  all  indebtedness,  and  was  in  possession 
of  a  good  stock  and  a  paying  business.  He 
quickly  acquired  a  mastery  of  the  Spanish 
language,  that  he  might  better  conduct  his 
negotiations  with  the  citizens  who  continued 
to  speak  that  tongue,  and  at  the  same  time  he 
won  the  confidence  and  respect  of  all  with 
whom  he  came  in  contact.  In  1 889  he  erected 
his  present  store  building,  40  x  90  feet,  one  of 
the  rooms  being  devoted  to  hardware  and  the 
remainder  to  dry  goods  and  general  merchan- 
dise. He  has  a  well-arranged  store  and  an 
extensive  stock  of  goods,  while  his  trade  comes 
from  a  territory  that  extends  for  miles  in  every 
direction  from  Springer.  He  has  a  private 
telephone  from  his  store  to  his  residence,  and 
electric  bells  between  his  two  store  rooms. 


His  honorable  dealing,  his  fair  and  courteous 
treatment,  his  earnest  desire  to  please  his  pa- 
trons, and  his  close  applications  are  the  essen- 
tial factors  in  his  prosperity. 

Mr.  Talle  has  always  been  devoted  to  the 
best  interests  of  Springer,  and  has  ever  borne 
his  share  in  promoting  its  public  enterprises 
and  advancing  the  general  welfare.  He  was 
one  of  the  organizers  of  the  water-works  com- 
pany of  Springer,  is  now  serving  as  its  presi- 
dent, and  owns  a  third  interest  in  its  stock. 
On  questions  of  national  importance  he  sup- 
ports the  Republican  party,  but  at  local  elec- 
tions he  votes  independently.  He  is  deeply  inter- 
ested in  the  cause  of  education,  and  is  serving 
as  director  of  the  school  board. 

In  1878  Mr.  Talle  led  to  the  marriage  altar 
Miss  Susan  J.  Nelson,  a  native  of  California, 
of  Norwegian  and  English  ancestry.  Their 
union  was  blessed  with  four  children,  viz. : 
Carl  P.,  now  in  college;  Otis  A.  and  Thomas 
P.,  who  are  at  their  parental  home;  and  they 
had  the  misfortune  to  lose  their  daughter,  Ele- 
gar,  a  lovely  little  girl  of  seven  years.  Mr. 
Talle  possesses  the  untiring  industry  of  the 
Norwegian,  was  imbued  with  the  enterprising, 
progressive  spirit  of  the  Northwest,  and  has 
the  sound  and  careful  judgment  of  the  South. 


ON.  JOSEPH  S.  HOLLAND,  Re- 
ceiver  of  the  United  States  Land  Of- 
fice  for  the  Colfax  District  of  New 
Mexico,  and  a  resident  of  Clayton, 
has  been  identified  with  this  Territory  during 
the  past  two  decades,  the  date  of  his  arrival 
here  being  1875.  Without  more  than  a  pass- 
ing mention  of  him,  this  work  would  be  incom- 
plete, and  it  is  gratifying  to  us  to  be  able  to 
present  the  following  sketch  of  his  life  to  the 
readers  of  this  work. 

Missouri  is  Mr.  Holland's  native  State  and 
he  was  born  February  22,  1844.  Back  to  the 
early  settlements  of  this  country  and  across  the 
ocean  to  England  he  traces  his  ancestry.  The 
Hollands  figured  in  the  early  history  of  Vir- 
ginia and  later  in  Tennessee.  John  Holland 


HIS  TORT   OF  NE  W  MEXICO. 


and  his  twin  brother, — the  former  the  grand- 
father of  Joseph  S., — were  among  the  promi- 
nent pioneers  of  Tennessee,  were  participants 
in  the  Revolutionary  war,  and  lived  to  ripe 
old  ages  and  died  in  Tennessee.  In  that  State 
Thomas  Holland,  the  father  of  our  subject, 
was  born  in  October,  1808,  and  there  he  was 
reared,  educated  and  married,  the  maiden 
name  of  his  wife  being  Miss  Jane  Stokley,  she 
too  a  native  of  Tennessee.  Early  in  the  '305 
they  removed  to  Missouri,  where  they  were 
respected  farmers  and  where  they  finished 
rearing  their  family  of  ten  children,  of  whom 
only  three  now  survive.  In  1837  ne  crossed 
the  plains  to  Santa  Fe,  New  Mexico,  and  en- 
gaged in  freighting,  a  business  which  was 
fraught  with  much  danger  from  the  Indians 
and  other  causes,  but  which  was  very  remun- 
erative, and  he  continued  it  most  of  the  time 
up  to  1850.  During  that  period  he  crossed 
and  recrossed  the  plains  a  great  many  times. 
He  freighted  for  the  Government  during  the  war 
with  Mexico,  forwarding  supplies  to  the  soldiers 
and  making  the  long  journeys  in  company  with 
the  special  train  which  carried  their  pay.  In 
1872,  after  a  useful  and  active  life  filled  with 
many  dangers  and  hardships  but  crowned  with 
success,  he  died  at  his  home  in  Missouri.  His 
wifS  had  passed  away  in  the  spring  of  1861. 

Joseph  S.  Holland  was  the  seventh  born 
in  his  father's  family,  and  was  reared  at  his 
native  place.  When  the  great  Civil  war  broke 
out  he  was  only  sixteen,  but,  young  as  he  was, 
he  had  the  Southern  cause  at  heart  and  he  was 
ready  to  fight  for  it,  and  when  the  Confederate 
Government  called  for  volunteers  he  went  out 
as  a  member  of  the  First  Missouri  Cavalry. 
He  was  with  the  forces  that  operated  in  Mis- 
souri, Arkansas,  Mississippi,  Tennessee,  Geor- 
gia and  Alabama,  and  he  remained  on  duty 
until  the  conflict  was  ended,  seeing  a  great 
deal  of  hard  fighting  and  on  several  occasions 
being  slightly  wounded.  His  services  through- 
out were  characterized  by  true  bravery,  for 
which  he  was  rewarded,  notwithstanding  his 
youth,  by  promotion  to  the  rank  of  Orderly 
Sergeant. 


At  the  close  of  his  army  life  Mr.  Holland 
settled  down  to  the  quiet  occupation  of  farm- 
ing in  Missouri.  Subsequently  he  became  in- 
terested in  merchandising  at  Edgerton  and  was 
thus  occupied  up  to  1873.  In  1875  ne  re- 
moved to  New  Mexico,  the  change  of  location 
being  made  on  account  of  his  wife's  ill  health. 
First  he  settled  in  the  Moreno  valley  in  Colfax 
county  and  engaged  in  the  dairy  business,  and 
two  years  later  removed  to  Cimarron,  where  he 
continued  farming  and  dairying,  and  where  he 
also  filled  the  position  of  Deputy  Sheriff. 
About  this  time  he  was  one  of  the  organizers 
of  the  Illinois  Live  Stock  Company,  which  had 
cattle  in  the  Mora  valley  in  Union  county,  and 
he  was  also  interested  in  importing  stock  from 
Illinois  and  Missouri,  thus  improving  the 
quality  of  stock  in  this  part  of  the  Territory. 
For  a  time  he  was  superintendent  of  the 
"T"  division  of  the  Prairie  Cattle  Company, 
and  from  this  business  he  returned  to  his 
ranch  at  Tramperas,  where  he  has  320 
acres  of  improved  land.  In  the  meantime 
he  had  gained  a  wide  acquaintance  through- 
out the  Territory  and  had  become  popular 
as  well  as  prominent.  In  1889  we  find 
him  occupying  a  seat  in  the  Territorial  As- 
sembly of  New  Mexico.  While  a  member 
of  that  honorable  body  he  introduced  the  first 
bill  which  asked  for  the  creation  of  the  county 
of  Union,  and,  although  the  bill  was  then  de- 
feated, his  action  showed  that  he  was  a  leader 
in  what  afterward  prevailed  and  proved  to  be  a 
desirable  movement.  December  23,  1893, 
Mr.  Holland  received  the  appointment  of  Re- 
ceiver of  the  United  States  Land  Office  for  the 
district  of  Colfax,  the  office  which  he  is  now 
ably  filling.  Politically,  he  has  ever  been  an 
ardent  Democrat;  fraternally,  for  over  twenty 
years  .a  Mason,  and  also  a  member  of  the  K. 
of  H.  and,  religiously,  a  Baptist. 

Mr.  Holland  was  married  in  1867  to  Miss 
Frances  Black,  a  native  of  Missouri,  and  their 
union  was  blessed  with  a  daughter,  Anna  D., 
who  is  now  Mrs.  T.  E.  Clapham.  In  1880, 
after  a  happy  married  life  of  brief  duration, 
the  mother  was  called  to  her  last  home,  leav- 


HISTORY  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


ing  her  little  daughter  and  husband  to  mourn 
their  loss.  Mr.  Holland  has  never  married 
again.  He  resides  in  his  home  at  Clayton, 
where  he  is  recognized  as  a  man  of  the  highest 
integrity  of  character,  and  where  he  has  the 
confidence  and  esteem  of  a  large  circle  of 
friends. 


(D 


AJOR  ARTHUR  MORRISON.- 
This  honored  gentleman  is  pre-emi- 
nently a  pioneer  of  New  Mexico. 
He  dates  his  identity  with  the  Ter- 
ritory from  1 849  and  is  to-day  the  oldest  living 
pioneer  of  Las  Vegas.  During  the  nearly  fifty 
years  of  his  residence  here  he  has  witnessed 
every  phase  of  Western  life,  he  has  aided  in 
subduing  the  Indians  on  the  plains,  he  has 
helped  to  pave  the  way  for  civilization  and  has 
watched  with  interest  its  advance  hitherward; 
and  as  a  historical  personage  he  figures  promi- 
nently. 

While  he  has  been  a  resident  of  the  United 
States  for  many  years, — in  fact,  more  than 
half  a  century, — and  has  been  thoroughly 
identified  with  American  interests,  Major  Mor- 
rison is  not  a  native  of  this  country.  He  is  of 
German  birth  and  ancestry.  He  was  born  at 
Hanau,  near  the  city  of  Frankfort,  Germany, 
March  28,  1821,  his  parents  being  Solomon 
and  Jeanette  (Marko)  Morrison,  natives  of 
Germany,  of  Jewish  faith,  and  prosperous 
tradespeople.  The  Major  was  reared  by  an 
uncle,  was  given  a  liberal  education,  and  speaks 
and  writes  fluently  the  German,  English, 
French  and  Spanish  languages. 

It  was  in  1844  that  the  subject  of  our 
sketch  landed  in  the  United  States.  For  ten 
months  after  his  arrival  here  he  was  employed 
as  clerk  in  New  York.  Then  he  went  to  Balti- 
more and  was  engaged  in  selling  goods  at  whole- 
sale for  Mr.  H.  Price.  Subsequently  he  sold 
goods  in  Lexington,  Boonville  and  other  places 
in  Missouri;  but  he  was  not  pleased  with  that 
State  on  account  of  chills  and  fever  then  so 
prevalent  there,  and  of  which  he  was  a  victim, 
and  concluded  to  leave  Missouri.  Accordingly, 


with  a  bull  train  and  in  company  with  Colonel 
St.  Vrain,  he  came  to  Santa  Fe,  New  Mexico. 
This  train  was  escorted  across  the  plains  by  a 
company  of  United  States  soldiers,  with  some 
of  whom  Mr.  Morrison  became  well  acquainted. 
These  soldiers  advised  him  to  keep  the  sutler's 
store  at  Las  Vegas,  which  he  did,  and  he  was 
thus  engaged  until  the  troops  were  taken  to 
Fort  Union.  He  continued  in  the  mercantile 
business  up  to  1861,  handling  large  quantities 
of  general  merchandise,  and  also  at  this  time 
being  in  the  stock  business.  When  the  war 
broke  out  in  1861  and  the  Territory  became  in 
danger  of  invasion  by  rebels  from  Texas,  he 
raised  a  company  which  joined  the  regiment  of 
which  Kit  Carson  was  Colonel  and  Mr.  Mor- 
rison was  Captain  of  his  company.  On  Sep- 
tember 20,  1 86 1,  President  Lincoln  commis- 
sioned him  First  Major  of  the  regiment  and  at 
the  same  time  Kit  Carson  was  appointed  its 
Colonel.  Major  Morrison  and  Colonel  Carson 
were  warm  friends.  They  were  ordered  to 
Fort  Gregg.  At  this  time  Major  Morrison  was 
in  command  of  five  companies,  and  he  and  his 
men  were  in  battle  February  22,  1862,  after 
which  he  was  sent  with  his  command  to  Pol- 
vadera  and  from  there  to  Fort  Stanton;  was  in 
command  of  the  latter  place  until  the  Confed- 
erate forces  were  repelled  from  the  Territory. 
Most  of  the  regiment  was  then  sent  to  subdue 
the  Navajo  Indians.  After  several  hard-fought 
battles  the  whole  tribe  surrendered,  and  has 
since  been  at  peace  with  the  United  States. 

After  three  years  of  active  and  honorable 
service  in  behalf  of  the  country  of  his  adoption, 
and  the  war  in  the  West  was  over,  Major 
Morrison  resigned  his  commission  and  received 
an  honorable  discharge.  His  services  were 
timely  and  valiant,  and  for  his  loyalty  and 
bravery  at  that  time  he  is  richly  deserving  of 
the  respect  of  every  citizen  of  the  United  States, 
and  also  of  the  kind  consideration  of  this  Gov- 
ernment. It  is  to  be  hoped  that  to  such  an 
aged  veteran  an  ample  pension  will  be  granted. 

Major  Morrison  was  married  in  1856  to  Miss 
Andria  Baca.  She  died,  and  in  1865  he  mar- 
ried Miss  Cecelia  Ortega,  his  present  compan- 


HIS  TORT  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


317 


ion.  At  this  writing,  1895,  they  reside  in  a 
pleasant  home  in  Las  Vegas,  surrounded  with 
fruit  trees  and  having  a  nice  little  garden.  And 
notwithstanding  that  the  Major  is  now  seventy- 
five  years  of  age,  his  intellect  is  bright  and  his 
body  strong.  He  has  a  sharp,  little  black  eye, 
and  in  size  and  shape  very  much  resembles 
Gen.  John  C.  Fremont. 

The  major  is  a  member  of  the  I.  O.  O.  F., 
and  is,  of  course,  identified  with  the  G.  A.  R. 
He  has  been  a  Democrat  all  his  life,  but  is  not 
in  harmony  with  the  Cleveland  administration 
of  public  affairs.  During  his  residence  in  Las 
Vegas,  and  since  the  war,  he  has  served  as 
Justice  of  the  Peace,  and  in  1863-4-5-6  was 
member  of  the  Territorial  Legislature.  In  1 890 
he  took  the  census  of  the  county.  At  present 
he  is  United  States  claim  pension  agent  and 
also  Indian  Department  claim  agent.  He  is 
very  much  respected  by  the  citizens  of  Las 
Vegas  in  general,  and  especially  by  the  Span- 
iards of  this  place,  who  frequently  seek  his 
counsel  and  who  always  find  in  him  a  sympa- 
thizing friend. 


ON.  W.  A.  THOMPSON,  the  present 
member  of  the  Territorial  Legisla- 
ture  from  Union  county,  and  one  of 
the  distinguished  and  honored  citizens 
of  Folsom,  claims  Missouri  as  the  State  of  his 
nativity.  He  was  born  in  Fayette,  Howard 
county,  on  the  4th  of  June,  1858,  and  is  of 
Scotch  lineage,  his  ancestors  having  been  early 
settlers  of  Virginia  and  Kentucky.  His  great- 
grandfather was  born  in  Scotland,  crossed  the 
ocean  to  the  Old  Dominion,  and  became  the 
owner  of  a  tract  of  land  which  included  the 
Natural  Bridge,  one  of  nature's  phenomena. 
Members  of  the  family  participated  in  the  war 
of  the  Revolution,  valiantly  aiding  the  Colo- 
nists in  their  struggle  for  independence.  The 
grandfather,  Hugh  Thompson,  was  born  in 
Virginia,  and  removed  to  Kentucky,  where  his 
son,  John  W.  Thompson,  the  father  of  our 
subject,  was  born  in  the  year  1825.  The  last 
named  was  married  in  the  State  of  his  nativity 


to  Miss  Mary  E.  Anderson,  a  native  of  Ken- 
tucky, and  a  daughter  of  Reuben  Anderson  of 
that  State.  They  became  the  parents  of  eight 
children,  five  of  whom  are  yet  living.  Later 
in  life  they  removed  to  Missouri,  locating  on  a 
farm  in  Howard  county,  where  the  father  still 
resides.  His  wife  died  in  1894,  at  the  age  of 
fifty-nine  years.  During  the  greater  part  of 
his  life  he  has  followed  stock-raising,  and  has 
met  with  a  fair  degree  of  success  in  his  under- 
takings. 

Willard  A.  Thompson,  whose  name  heads 
this  sketch,  was  their  third  child  and  was  edu- 
cated at  Center  College  in  Fayette,  Missouri. 
At  the  age  of  twenty  years  he  entered  upon  his 
business  career  as  a  stock-dealer,  and  bought 
and  sold  stock  in  Chicago,  St.  Louis  and  Kan- 
sas City.  The  year  1886  witnessed  his  arrival 
in  New  Mexico,  at  which  time  he  took  up  his 
residence  in  Folsom.  He  carried  on  a  hotel 
and  also  engaged  in  other  lines  of  business,— 
in  fact  has  been  identified  with  most  of  the  in- 
terests which  have  promoted  the  material  wel- 
fare of  the  city.  He  has  also  erected  a  store 
and  residence,  and  Folsom  numbers  him 
among  her  most  progressive  and  enterprising 
men. 

In  his  political  views,  Mr.  Thompson  is  a 
Democrat  and  has  been  honored  with  several 
offices,  the  duties  of  which  he  has  promptly 
and  faithfully  performed.  He  has  served  as 
Deputy  Sheriff  of  Union  county,  and  in  1894 
was  the  nominee  of  his  party  for  the  office  of 
Representative  in  the  Territorial  Legislature. 
The  returns  at  first  showed  a  majority  of  one 
against  him,  but  because  of  a  fraud  in  one  of 
the  precincts  the  votes  of  that  district  were 
thrown  out  and  he  was  given  a  certificate  of 
election.  He  is  now  serving  in  the  House, 
and  is  one  of  its  able  members,  faithfully  sup- 
porting all  measures  which  are  calculated  to 
advance  the  interests  of  his  constituents. 

Mr.  Thompson  is  the  agent  of  the  Folsom 
Town  Company,  which  has  a  beautiful  tract  of 
land  of  about  1,300  acres  and  two  hotels,  one 
of  them  costing  over  $30,000.  They  have 
some  very  valuable  property  to  sell,  at  very 


3x8 


HISTORT  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


reasonable  rates.  The  town  is  pleasantly 
located 'and  is  rapidly  filling  up  with  a  good 
class  of  citizens.  While  in  the  Legislature 
Mr.  Thompson  secured  the  passage  of  the  scab 
law,  to  prevent  the  spread  of  the  scab  among 
sheep.  He  was  also  active  in  aid  of  the  pass- 
age of  the  brand  law,  which  provides  that  each 
stockman's  brand  shall  be  registered  with  the 
county  board  and  with  the  county  clerk,  so 
that  disputes  shall  not  arise  concerning  the 
ownership  of  brands.  He  is  an  obliging  and 
capable  business  man,  and  no  consideration  of 
self-interest  has  ever  swerved  him  from  what 
he  believed  to  be  the  path  of  duty.  He  has 
now  acquired  a  comfortable  competence,  and 
the  confidence  and  respect  of  all  who  know 
him. 


aHARLES  LYON,  the  efficient  Mayor 
and  Postmaster  of  Cerrillos,  was  born 
in  Niles,  Michigan,  on  the  1 3th  of 
August,  1858,  and  is  a  representative 
of  the  noted  Lyon  family  of  America.  In  his 
constitution  are  the  sturdy  qualities  of  English 
and  Scotch  ancestors,  and  in  his  life  are  mani- 
fest some  of  the  best  characteristics  of  that 
people.  His  father,  Charles  Lyon,  was  born 
in  the  State  of  New  York,  and  removed  to 
Michigan  very  early  in  its  history.  He  married 
Miss  Martha  Colridge,  a  native  of  Massachu- 
setts who  had  emigrated  to  the  Wolverine  State 
in  1831.  Mr.  Lyon  for  many  years  was  a  mill- 
owner  of  Niles,  and  did  a  successful  business. 
Both  he  and  his  wife  were  members  of  the 
Episcopal  Church  and  were  prominent  people 
in  that  part  of  the  State.  His  death  occurred 
in  the  seventy-fourth  year  of  his  age,  and  Mrs. 
Lyon  now  resides  in  Jackson,  Michigan,  at  the 
age  of  sixty-eight. 

We  now  take  up  the  personal  history  of 
Charles  Lyon,  knowing  that  it  will  prove  of  in- 
terest to  many  of  our  readers,  for  he  has  a 
wide  acquaintance  and  many  friends  in  New 
Mexico.  He  was  fifth  in  the  order  of  birth  in 
a  family  of  twelve  children,  of  whom  ten  are 
now  living,  and  in  the  public  schools  of  his  na- 


tive city  acquired  his  elementary  education, 
which  was  supplemented  by  a  course  in  the 
Michigan  State  Normal  School.  In  1879  Mr. 
Lyon  came  to  New  Mexico,  locating  in  the 
Cerrillos  mining  district,  and  has  since  been  en- 
gaged in  prospecting,  locating  and  developing 
various  mines.  He  has  handled  considerable 
property  of  this  kind,  and  is  still  the  owner  of 
various  valuable  mining  tracts.  In  his  chosen 
field  of  labor  he  has  met  with  good  success 
and  is  everywhere  spoken  of  as  an  honorable 
and  reliable  business  man. 

On  the  22d  of  July,  1893,  Mr.  Lyon  was 
united  in  marriage  with  Miss  Maggie  Raney,  a 
native  of  Arkansas,  and  their  union  has  been 
blessed  with  a  lovely  little  son,  Charles  Max- 
well. They  have  a  pleasant  home  in  Cerrillos, 
and  have  the  warm  regard  of  many  friends. 

Mr.  Lyon  is  a  stanch  Democrat  in  his  po- 
litical views,  and  has  ever  done  all  in  his  power 
to  advance  the  interests  of  his  party.  He  was 
appointed  Postmaster  of  Cerrillos  in  1893,  and 
on  the  loth  of  July,  that  year,  took  possession  of 
the  office,  since  which  time  he  has  managed  its 
affairs  to  the  satisfaction  of  all  concerned.  He 
is  a  capable  and  obliging  official,  and  in  March, 
1895,  he  was  nominated  and  elected  by  his 
party  to  the  office  of  Mayor  of  Cerrillos.  His 
administration  is  worthy  of  high  commendation, 
and  he  is  known  as  a  public-spirited  citizen, 
ever  ready  to  advance  the  interests  of  his  town. 
He  has  succeeded  in  freeing  Cerrillos  from 
debt,  in  securing  a  surplus  in  the  treasury, 
keeps  the  streets  in  good  condition,  and  an  era 
of  prosperity  seems  to  have  dawned  upon  the 
town  since  he  became  its  chief  executive.  He 
has  the  good  will  of  all  who  know  him,  and  his 
circle  of  friends  is  limited  only  by  the  circle  of 
his  acquaintances. 


>^AMES  H.  WROTH,    M.    D.— The  sci- 

m      ence  and  art  of  healing  is,  perhaps,  the 

A  1      noblest   of  all  professions    outside   the 

sacred  office,  and  it  will  be  the  endeavor 

in  the  present  sketch  to   state  succinctly,  but 

clearly,  the  chief   points  of    interest  in  the  life 


HISTORY  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


3'9 


of  one  of  the  best  disciples  of  /Esculapius,  if  not 
the  best,  in  the  Territory  of  New  Mexico. 

Our  subject  was  born  in  Camden,  New  Jer- 
sey, in  September,  1854,  of  English  ancestors, 
who  were  early  settlers  in  the  State  of  Mary- 
land, where  his  father,  James  W.  Wroth,  was 
born  in  1815,  and  was  married  to  Miss  Caroline 
Wright,  of  Philadelphia.  He  was  a  successful 
merchant  in  this  city  for  many  years,  and  to 
-the  estimable  pair  were  born  three  children, 
two  sons  and  one  daughter.  The  father  died 
in  the  sixty-seventh  year  of  his  age,  his  wife 
surviving  him  and  now  living,  at  the  age  of 
sixty-four  years.  Both  were  highly  respected 
and  consistent  communicants  of  the  Episcopal 
Church. 

Dr.  Wroth  was  the  eldest  child  and  he  re- 
ceived his  collegiate  education  in  the  University 
of  Pennsylvania,  at  Philadelphia,  graduating 
in  the  classical  course  in  1874,  and  from  the 
medical  department  in  1 878.  He  taught  chem- 
istry three  years  in  the  university,  meanwhile 
practicing  his  chosen  profession,  with  success 
He  came  to  Albuquerque  in  the  initial  stages 
of  that  city's  development,  where  he  established 
himself  in  1881,  and  has,  so  to  speak,  grown 
up  with  the  place.  Here  he  has  met  with  the 
highest  success,  both  as  a  physician  and  sur- 
geon, and  enjoys  the  fullest  confidence  of  the 
fellow  citizens,  not  only  in  the  professional  and 
business  way,  but  socially  as  well.  He  does  a 
large  business  as  a  general  medical  practition- 
er, and  for  some  years  has  made  a  specialty  of 
the  treatment  of  diseases  peculiar  to  women, 
in  which  latter  line  he  has  become  most  expert 
and  successful. 

Although  deeply  engrossed  in  his  profes- 
sional work,  nevertheless  Dr.  Wroth  has  be- 
come fully  identified  with  the  general  interests 
of  the  city  which  he  has  made  his  home.  He 
has  invested  in  property  of  various  kinds,  and 
has  shown  himself  a  public-spirited  citizen  by 
accepting  various  public  offices,  which  he  has 
filled  to  the  eminent  satisfaction  of  his  consti- 
tuents. Dr.  Wroth  is  an  enthusiast  in  edu- 
cational matters,  and  it  is  but  natural  that  he 
should  be  chosen  as  President  of  the  Board  of 


Education  of  the  city,  a  position  which  he 
filled  with  credit.  At  present  he  is  one  of  the 
Regents  of  the  University  of  New  Mexico.  He 
is  past  President  of  the  Medical  Association  of 
the  Territory  of  New  Mexico,  and  at  present 
fills  the  office  of  Deputy  Grand  Master  of  the 
Grand  Lodge  of  Masons  of  the  Territory. 

In  1884  Dr.  Wroth  was  united  in  marriage 
with  Miss  Ella  Burke,  a  native  of  the  State  of 
Maine,  and  their  union  has  been  blessed  with 
two  sons,  James  and  William.  They  have  a 
delightful  home  in  the  city,  and  the  family 
hold  a  high  place  in  the  regard  of  the  citizens 
of  Albuquerque. 


ON.      WILLIAM      W.      GRIFFIN, 

formerly  one  of  Santa  Fe's  most 
enterprising  citizens  but  now  de- 
ceased, was  born  in  Clarksburg, 
West  Virginia,  in  April,  1830.  He  came  to 
New  Mexico,  in  1860,  by  way  of  Little 
Rock  to  Galveston,  Texas,  and  thence  to  New 
Mexico,  making  the  greater  part  of  this  long 
journey  on  foot.  Mr.  Griffin  subsequently 
accepted  the  position  of  Clerk  in  the  United 
States  Quartermaster's  office  at  Santa  Fe,  and 
was  also  Deputy  Collector  of  Internal  Revenue. 
He  had  previously  learned  civil  engineering, 
and  did  a  large  amount  of  surveying  in  New 
Mexico  for  the  Government.  In  company 
with  Hon.  Stephen  B.  Elkins  and  others,  Mr. 
Griffin  organized  the  First  National  Bank  of 
Santa  Fe,  which  was  the  first  bank  established 
in  the  Territory.  Mr.  Elkins  was  chosen  its 
President  and  Mr.  Griffin  Cashier,  which  posi- 
tion he  filled  for  ten  years,  at  which  time  he 
was  made  President  and  filled  that  position  up 
to  the  time  of  his  death,  in  December,  1889. 
He  was  a  prominent  worker  in  the  Re- 
publican party,  and  was  chairman  of  the  Re- 
publican central  committee  for  several  years. 
He  was  an  enthusiastic  Mason,  and  one  of  the 
organizers  of  the  first  Masonic  lodge  in  the 
Territory,  Montezuma  Lodge,  No.  i,  and  was 
its  Master  for  a  number  of  years.  He  was 
also  the  first  Grand  Master  of  the  Grand 


320 


HISTORT  OF  NE  W  MEXICO. 


Lodge  of  the  Territory  of  New  Mexico.  Mr. 
Griffin  was  not  a  member  of  any  church,  al- 
though he  contributed  liberally  to  all  religious 
organizations,  and  was  a  regular  attendant  of 
the  Episcopal  Church. 

In  1866  Mr.  Griffin  was  united  in  marriage 
with  Miss  Jennie  M.  Miller,  a  native  of 
Missouri,  and  they  had  six  children,  all  born 
in  Santa  Fe.  All  his  family  survive  him,  and 
he  left  them  in  comfortable  circumstances  at 
his  death,  having  accumulated  considerable 
property. 


EON.  MARCELINO  GARCIA,  Auditor 
of  the  Treasury  of  New  Mexico,  was 
born  in  Santa  Fe,  April  25,  1855, 
and  descended  from  one  of  the  earli- 
est settlers  in  the  Territory.  His  grandfather, 
Felix  Garcia,  was  born  in  the  Territory,  was 
an  officer  in  the  Mexican  army,  and  his  death 
occurred  in  1872,  at  the  age  of  eighty  years. 
His  son,  Vincenta  Garcia,  the  father  of  our 
subject,  was  born  in  Santa  Fe  in  1827.  He 
married  Cleophas  Lucero,  a  native  of  this 
Territory,  and  also  descended  from  a  promi- 
nent old  family  of  New  Mexico.  Mr.  Garcia 
was  a  merchant  and  stock-raiser  by  occupa- 
tion, was  a  man  of  influence  and  ability,  and 
served  as  a  member  of  the  Territorial  Legis- 
lature a  number  of  terms.  He  died  in  1889. 
His  wife  still  survives,  and  is  now  sixty  years 
of  age.  They  had  four  daughters  and  two 
sons. 

Marceliho  Garcia,  their  second  child  in 
order  of  birth,  received  his  education  in 
St.  Michael's  College.  In  1872  he  began  to 
earn  his  own  living,  by  clerking  in  the  store  of 
Hon.  Felipe  Delgado,  where  he  remained  two 
years.  For  the  following  year  he  was  em- 
ployed in  the  county  clerk's  office;  from  that 
time  until  1880  he  served  as  interpreter  for 
the  Pueblo  Indian  Agency  with  Dr.  B.  M. 
Thomas;  then,  in  partnership  with  a  Mr.  Baca, 
opened  a  general  mercantile  store  in  Rio 
Pudico;  in  the  following  year  returned  to  Dr. 
Thomas  and  was  assistant  clerk  at  the  agency 


for  two  years;  in  1884  was  employed  as  clerk 
by  T.  D.  Barnes  at  Tierra  Amarilla;  then,  in 
1885,  accepted  the  position  as  Deputy  County 
Clerk  of  Santa  Fe  county,  under  John  Gray; 
and  in  1886  was  elected  Clerk  of  the  county. 
Mr.  Garcia  served  a  term  of  two  years  so 
satisfactorily  that  he  received  a  re-election. 
Since  that  date  he  has  served  as  Deputy 
Sheriff  a  number  of  years,  and  during  that 
time  he  has  had  the  collection  of  taxes  of  the 
county,  proving  himself  to  be  a  painstaking 
and  thoroughly  reliable  officer.  In  1892, 
when  the  city  of  Santa  Fe  was  incorporated, 
he  was  elected  a  member  of  the  City  Council 
from  the  Second  ward  for  eight  years;  and  at 
the  last  city  election  he  was  elected  a  mem- 
ber of  the  City  Council  for  a  two-year  term. 
In  1895  Governor  Thornton  appointed  him 
Auditor  of  the  Treasury  of  the  Territory,  his 
appointment  having  been  confirmed  by  the 
Senate  without  a  dissenting  voice,  and  Mr. 
Garcia  now  has  the  honor  of  filling  that 
important  position,  for  which  he  is  required 
to  furnish  $100,000  bonds. 

He  was  married  in  1888,  to  Miss  Kitura 
Wormack,  a  native  of  Missouri.  In  polit- 
ical matters,  Mr.  Garcia  has  been  a  life-long 
Democrat.  He  owns  a  ranch  at  Santa  Fe, 
where  he  keeps  a  dairy  of  Jersey  cows,  and 
eighteen  miles  from  the  city  he  has  a  large 
fruit  ranch.  He  has  a  pleasant  home  in  the 
city.  The  family  are  highly  esteemed  by  all 
with  whom  they  are  acquainted. 


R.  JOHN  C.  SLACK,  Register  of  the 
Land  Office  for  the  Colfax  District 
and  a  practicing  physician  of  Clay- 
ton, New  Mexico,  was  born  in 
Waynesville,  Illinois,  on  the  2Oth  of  August, 
1856,  and  is  of  English  and  Welsh  lineage. 
His  people  belonged  to  the  religious  body 
known  as  the  Society  of  Friends,  and  were  early 
settlers  of  the  city  of  Philadelphia.  There  the 
Doctor's  father,  John  D.  Slack,  was  born.  He 
became  early  identified  with  the  history  of  the 
West,  and  was  one  of  the  founders  of  the  stage 


HIS  TORT  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


321 


line  between  Chicago  and  St.  Louis.  He  was 
also  a  pioneer  in  the  importation  of  Norman 
horses,  and  was  the  owner  of  some  very  fine 
stock.  He  married  Miss  Ellen  Cushman,  a 
native  of  Woodstock,  Champaign  county, 
Ohio,  and  they  had  a  son  and  a  daughter. 
Mrs.  Slack  died  in  1866,  at  the  age  of  thirty- 
one  years,  but  Mr.  Slack  is  still  living  and  has 
now  reached  the  ripe  old  age  of  seventy- 
three. 

The  Doctor  was  the  eldest  child  of  the 
family,  and  in  his  youth  acquired  liberal  edu- 
cational privileges,  his  primary  studies  being 
supplemented  by  a  course  in  the  Normal  Uni- 
versity at  Bloomington.  He  was  graduated  in 
medicine  at  Louisville,  Kentucky,  in  the  spring 
of  1880,  and  for  six  years  practiced  his  profes- 
sion at  his  old  home.  Failing  health  then 
caused  him  to  seek  a  change  of  climate,  and  in 
1886  he  went  to  Colorado,  locating  in  Vilas, 
where  he  remained  until  March,  1889.  At 
that  time  he  came  to  Folsom,  New  Mexico, 
opened  an  office  and  at  once  began  practice. 
In  1890  he  was  appointed  surgeon  for  the  New 
Mexico  Division  of  the  Union  Pacific  Railroad, 
and  has  since  ably  and  acceptably  filled  that 
position.  In  1893  he  was  appointed  Register 
of  the  Land  Office  through  the  kindness  of 
Vice-President  Stevenson, — who  was  an  old- 
time  neighbor  and  friend  of  the  Doctor's,  their 
acquaintance  having  begun  during  the  latter's 
early  residence  in  Illinois,  — and  Antonio  Joseph, 
who  was  Congressman  from  this  Territory. 

On  receiving  the  appointment,  Dr.  'Slack 
came  to  Clayton,  and,  in  addition  to  the  faith- 
ful discharge  of  his  duties  as  Register,  he  is  also 
engaged  in  the  practice  of  his  profession,  and 
his  skill  and  ability  have  won  for  him  a  liberal 
patronage,  of  which  he  is  well  deserving.  In 
his  political  views  the  Doctor  is  a  Democrat, 
and  an  efficient  worker  in  the  interests  of  his 
party.  In  several  campaigns  he  was  engaged 
in  making  speeches  throughout  this  section  of 
the  Territory,  and  has  twice  been  elected  to 
the  office  of  County  Coroner,  resigning  during 
his  second  term  to  serve  in  his  present  official 

capacity. 
21 


On  the  27th  of  December,  1876,  Dr.  Slack 
was  united  in  marriage  with  Miss  Alice  M. 
Dix,  a  native  of  Waynesville,  Illinois.  Three 
children  have  blessed  their  union, — Minnie, 
Neva  and  Leonard.  The  Doctor  is  an  active 
member  of  the  Masonic  fraternity,  has  taken  a 
very  prominent  part  in  building  up  the  lodge 
at  Clayton,  and  is  serving  as  its  first  Master. 
He  is  also  prominent  among  railroad  surgeons 
and  is  a  member  of  the  National  Association. 
He  is  a  genial,  pleasant  gentleman,  a  thorough 
business  man  who  keeps  abreast  with  the  times 
in  everything  connected  with  his  profession, 
and  by  all  who  know  him  he  is  highly  esteemed 
for  his  genuine  worth. 


R.  JOHN  H.  SLOAN,  ex-Mayor  of 
Santa  Fe,  also  one  of  the  city's 
prominent  physicians,  was  born  in 
Alexandria,  Missouri,  November  14, 
1857.  On  the  paternal  side  his  ancestors 
came  from  Ireland  and  located  in  Virginia,  and 
the  family  were  early  residents  of  both  that 
State  and  Kentucky.  The  Doctor's  father, 
John  O.  Sloan,  was  born  in  Philadelphia,  and 
during  many  years  of  hislife  was  a  railroad  con- 
tractor throughout  the  East  and  South.  He 
married  Miss  Fannie  Breeden,  a  native  of 
Kentucky,  whose  grandfather  was  killed  at 
the  battle  of  New  Orleans.  On  the  maternal 
side  she  was  a  relative  of  Chief  Justice  Mar- 
shall. In  1857  John  O.  and  Fannie  Sloan  re- 
moved to  Missouri;  but  after  the  battle  of  Lex- 
ington, he  being  a  Union  man,  they  removed 
to  Decatur,  Illinois,  and  then  to  Cincinnati, 
Ohio,  in  1872,  where  they  still  reside.  They 
have  led  an  honorable  life,  and  have  attained 
a  good  old  age.  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Sloan  were  the 
parents  of  seven  children,  three  sons  and  four 
daughters,  all  of  whom  still  survive 

John  H.  Sloan,  their  first  born,  completed 
his  education  in  Cincinnati,  and  also  graduated 
in  the  medical  course  there  in  March,  1881, 
where  he  was  engaged  in  practice  three  years. 
Having  acquired  a  good  opinion  of  the  future 
of  New  Mexico,  he  came  hither  in  1883,  with 


322 


HIS  TORT  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


the  intention  of  "growing  up  with  the  coun- 
try." Finding  a  good  opening  in  the  city  of 
Santa  Fe,  he  immediately  began  the  practice  of 
his  profession  and,  in  addition  to  his  genera) 
practice,  he  gives  special  attention  to  the  dis- 
eases of  the  lungs.  The  Doctor  has  not  only 
acquired  the  reputation  of  being  a  successful 
physician,  but  takes  an  active  interest  in  every- 
thing that  pertains  to  the  development  of  the 
county.  He  is  also  something  of  a  politician, 
affiliating  with  the  Democratic  party,  and  in 
1890  was  elected  County  Commissioner,  which 
important  position  he  has  filled  creditably.  He 
also  had  the  honor  of  being  appointed  Chair- 
man of  the  Board.  In  1894  the  citizens  of 
Santa  Fe  elected  Dr.  Sloan  Mayor  of  the  city, 
and  he  filled  that  position  to  the  satisfaction  of 
those  who  conferred  the  honor  upon  him.  He 
was  also  chosen  as  a  member  of  the  World's 
Fair  board  for  the  Territory  of  New  Mexico,  of 
which  he  was  made  chairman,  and  did  his  full 
share  in  making  the  Territory's  showing  at  the 
great  exposition  a  grand  success. 

The  Doctor  is  also  fond  of  sport,  taking 
his  recreation  in  hunting  and  fishing,  and  has 
in  his  office  many  trophies  of  his  powers  in 
that  direction.  He  keeps  abreast  of  the  times 
in  his  profession,  has  a  library  of  the  latest 
books  and  has  all  the  most  important  instru- 
ments used  in  the  profession. 

December  31,  1885,  Dr.  Sloan  was  united 
in  marriage  with  Rose,  a  daughter  of  W.  H. 
Keller,  of  St.  Louis,  and  of  Virginian  ancestry. 
The  Doctor  and  Mrs.  Sloan  have  spacious  and 
elegantly  furnished  rooms  adjoining  his  office. 


H.  WILLCOX,  the  genial  and  pop- 
ular host  of  the  Wagon  Mound  Ho- 
tel and  one  of  the  leading  stock- 
growers  of  Mora  county,  New  Mex- 
ico, was  born  on  the  island  of  Guernsey,  July 
23,  1848,  and  is  of  English  ancestry.  He  was 
there  educated,  and  when  eighteen  years  of 
age  crossed  the  broad  Atlantic  to  America  for 
the  purpose  of  making  for  himself  a  home  in 
the  land  of  the  free.  His  father  was  a  furni- 


ture manufacturer,  and  in  his  shops  our  subject 
learned  that  trade.  After  arriving  in  New 
York  he  worked  at  the  carpenter's  trade  for  a 
period  of  three  years,  and  in  1869  joined  a 
French  colony  emigrating  to  Salina,  Kansas. 
It  was  called  the  Franco- American  Colony, 
and  to  its  leaders  he  paid  $300,  for  which  he 
was  to  receive  a  tract  of  land  and  the  machin- 
ery with  which  to  cultivate  it,  but  the  enter- 
prise was  abandoned  and  he  lost  all  that  he 
had  paid.  It  was  discouraging,  but  with  a 
strong  heart  and  resolute  purpose  he  resolved  _ 
to  make  the  most  of  his  opportunities  and  se- 
cured a  Government  ranch  on  the  Arkansas 
river.  This  he  began  to  improve,  but  the  re- 
gion was  infected  with  malaria  and  he  suffered 
greatly  with  chills  and  fever.  This  condition 
of  things  would  lead  one  to  suppose  that  the 
account  which  Dickens  draws  in  the  portrayal 
of  the  characters  of  Martin  Chuzzlewit  and 
Mark  Tapley  were  not  after  all  so  exaggerated. 
Mr.  Willcox  was  obliged  to  abandon  his  prop- 
erty on  account  of  his  health,  and  therefore  lost 
all  that  he  had  invested  there. 

He  now  went  to  Denver,  Colorado,  and 
was  for  some  time  in  the  employ  of  the  Rio 
Grande  &  Denver  Railroad  Company,  and  saw 
the  first  rail  laid  in  the  city  of  Denver.  In 
1871  he  engaged  to  go  to  Cimarron  to  build 
twelve  cottages  for  the  Maxwell  Land  Grant 
Company,  and  remained  in  that  place  for 
twelve  years,  carrying  on  stock-raising,  also 
furniture  and  hardware  business.  He  experi- 
enced many  of  the  hardships  and  dangers 
which  attended  stock-dealing  in  the  early  days. 
He  also  engaged  in  contracting  and  building, 
and  took  the  contract  for  the  erection  of  the 
court-house  and  jail  at  Springer.  He  also 
erected  a  dwelling  upon  and  improved  a  tract  of 
1 60  acres  of  land.  In  1889  he  came  to  the  new 
town  of  Wagon  Mound,  and  the  following  year 
erected  the  hotel  which  he  has  since  successfully 
conducted.  The  house  has  met  favor  with  the 
public,  and  Mr.  Willcox  and  his  wife  put  forth 
every  effort  to  please  their  guests  and  make 
them  feel  at  home.  The  hotel  stands  on  a 
very  desirable  location  near  the  railroad  sta- 


HISTORT  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


323 


tion,  and  just  beside  the  little  mountain  whose 
top  resembles  the  cover  of  an  emigrant  wagon, 
from  which  the  town  takes  its  name.  It  is  in 
the  midst  of  a  beautiful  and  wide  grazing  coun- 
try, a  pleasant  -and  healthful  location.  Mr. 
Willcox  raises  his  own  stock,  and  has  a  meat 
market,  which  he  supplies  with  his  own  cattle. 
He  was  one  of  the  organizers  of  the  Wagon 
Mound  Stock  Growers'  Association,  which  at 
one  time  owned  12,000  head  of  cattle, — a 
grade  of  short-horn.  He  served  as  its  secre- 
tary and  treasurer  for  nine  years,  or  until  the 
company  was  disbanded.  He  is  a  public- 
spirited  and  progressive  citizen,  taking  a  deep 
and  commendable  interest  in  everything  per- 
taining to  the  upbuilding  and  welfare  of  the 
community,  and  Wagon  Mound  owes  much  of 
its  prosperity  to  him. 

On  the  27th  of  March,  1879,  was  cele- 
brated the  marriage  which  united  the  destin- 
ies of  Mr.  Willcox  and  Miss  Ellen  S.  McDon- 
ald, a  native  of  Missouri,  of  Irish  lineage.  She 
has  indeed  been  to  him  a  faithful  companion 
and  helpmeet,  and  he  owes  not  a  little  of  his 
success  in  life  to  her  able  assistance.  Both 
enjoy  the  esteem  of  many  friends  in  New  Mex- 
ico. In  politics,  Mr.  Willcox  is  a  supporter  of 
the  Democracy,  and  in  his  social  affiliations  is  a 
Mason.  In  his  business  career  he  has  encoun- 
tered many  hardships  and  difficulties,  and  has 
pushed  aside  the  barriers  which  obstruct  the 
path  to  competence,  and  to-day  is  the  pos- 
sessor of  a  comfortable  property  which  he  well 
merits. 


aHARLES  H.  SPORLEDER— Among 
the     representative    and   progressive 
business  men  of  the  city  of  East  Las 
Vegas    there    is     none    who     stands 
higher  in    the  esteem  of   the  community  and 
who  has  contributed  in  greater  relative  degree 
to  the  development  of   the  place  than  has  the 
subject  of  this  review.      Mr.  Sporleder  is  a  na- 
tive of  St.  Louis,  Missouri,  where  he  was  born 
on  the  1 2th  of  February,  1846,   being  the  son 
of  August  and  Adolphina  (Schaefer)  Sporleder, 


both  of  whom  were  born  in  Germany,  where 
they  lived  to  attain  maturity.  Their  marriage 
was  consummated  in  St.  Louis,  Missouri.  In 
1842  they  emigrated  to  the  United  States', 
taking  up  their  abode  in  St.  Louis,  where 
they  remained  until  1847,  when  they  removed 
to  Weston,  Platte  county,  Missouri,  where  the 
father  was  engaged  in  the  mercantile  business 
up  to  1855.  He  then  removed  with  his  family 
to  Leavenworth,  Kansas,  where  he  continued 
in  business  until  1862,  when  he  returned  to 
St.  Louis  and  there  continued  to  reside  for  six 
years.  The  family  then  removed  to  Walsen- 
burg,  Colorado,  and  there  the  mother  of  our 
subject  died,  in  1876.  The  father  lived  to  at- 
tain the  age  of  seventy-one  years,  his  death 
occurring,  at  the  same  place,  in  1891.  The 
remains  of  both  repose  in  the  Masonic  ceme- 
tery at  Walsenburg.  They  were  people  of  in- 
telligence, kindly  nature  and  utmost  rectitude 
of  character,  and  they  successfully  accom- 
plished their  mission  in  life,  rearing  their  chil- 
dren to  habits  of  industry  and  instilling  those 
high  principles  of  honor  which  ever  conserve 
true  worth.  Their  children  were  seven  in 
number,  and  of  these  four  now  survive. 

Charles  H.  Sporleder,  the  immediate  sub- 
ject of  this  sketch,  was  the  eldest  of  the  chil- 
dren, and  his  educational  advantages  were 
such  as  were  afforded  by  the  excellent  public 
schools  of  Leavenworth,  Kansas.  In  the  year 
1 860  he  began  work  for  himself  as  a  clerk  in  a 
grocery  at  St.  Louis,  continuing  in  this  asso- 
ciation about  a  year.  In  1871  he  identified 
himself  with  that  line  of  mercantile  enterprise 
to  which  he  has  since  continuously  devoted  his 
attention, — the  boot  and  shoe  trade.  He  was 
for  more  than  six  years  in  the  employ  of  John 
D.  Torlin,  at  St.  Louis,  Missouri,  after  which 
he  accepted  a  position  as  traveling  salesman 
for  the  wholesale  boot  and  shoe  house  of  A. 
Priesmeyer,  of  St.  Louis,  in  the  interests  of 
which  concern  he  traveled  throughout  Missouri 
and  Illinois,  retaining  the  incumbency  for  a 
period  of  five  years  and  thoroughly  familiariz- 
ing himself  with  all  the  details  of  the  business, 
incidentally  acquiring  that  discriminating  knowl- 


3*4 


HISTORY  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


edge  of  the  values  of  stock  and  the  grades  of 
goods  which  has  been  of  such  inestimable  bene- 
fit to  him  in  the  conduct  of  his  own  individual 
business.  It  is  conceded  that  a  better  judge 
of  qualities  and  workmanship  in  the  line  of 
footwear  is  seldom  to  be  found.  This  fact  is 
recognized  by  his  patrons,  who  have  implicit 
confidence  in  his  selections  and  representa- 
tions. In  1874  Mr.  Sporleder  opened  a  retail 
shoe  store  in  St.  Louis,  continuing  the  enter- 
prise until  1883,  when  he  came  to  Las  Vegas 
and  here  commenced  operations  in  the  same 
line,  opening  an  establishment  which  he  has 
since  conducted  most  successfully,  having  ac- 
quired a  large  and  representative  patronage 
and  holding  precedence  as  the  leading  boot 
and  shoe  merchant  of  the  city.  His  commo- 
dious and  finely  equipped  establishment  is  lo- 
cated at  the  Masonic  Temple,  in  East  Las  Ve- 
gas, and  here  is  ever  to  be  found  a  stock  compris- 
ing all  standard  grades  of  footwear,  as  well  as 
the  most  seasonable  novelties.  In  his  methods 
our  subject  is  scrupulously  fair  and  honorable, 
and  he  is  animated  by  an  enterprising  and  pro- 
gressive spirit  which  has  been  felt  very  forcibly 
when  influence  and  tangible  aid  has  been  de- 
manded in  enterprises  and  undertakings  look- 
ing to  the  advancement  of  the  interests  of  the 
community  and  tending  to  insure  the  growth 
and  development  of  the  city. 

In  his  fraternal  relations  Mr.  Sporleder  is 
most  prominently  identified  with  the  Masonic 
order,  in  which  he  has  advanced  to  distin- 
guished honors  in  the  Territory.  He  was 
initiated  into  the  mysteries  of  Masonry  on  the 
25th  of  October,  1881,  at  St.  Louis,  and  in 
1886  he  received  a  demit  from  his  lodge  in  that 
city  and  became  a  member  of  Chapman  Lodge, 
No.  2,  of  Las  Vegas.  Within  the  same  year 
he  was  elected  Junior  Warden  of  the  lodge, 
the  following  year  was  chosen  Senior  Warden 
and  the  next  year  was  elected  Worshipful  Mas- 
ter, in  which  office  he  served  very  acceptably 
for  two  years,  being  honored  with  a  re-elec- 
tion at  the  expiration  of  his  first  term.  In 
1889  still  further  recognition  was  accorded  our 
subject  in  this  noble  fraternal  order,  for  at 


that  time  he  was  appointed  Junior  Deacon  of 
the  Grand  Lodge  of  New  Mexico.  The  suc- 
ceeding year  he  was  elected  Junior  Warden, 
receiving  the  preferment  as  Senior  Warden  in 
1891.  At  the  next  annual  meeting  he  was  ad- 
vanced to  the  position  of  Deputy  Grand  Mas- 
ter, and  in  1893  reached  the  climax  in  being 
chosen  Grand  Master  of  the  Grand  Lodge  of 
the  Territory.  This  record  is  one  of  ex- 
ceptional order,  and  stands  in  evidence  of  the 
high  respect  and  popularity  in  which  he  is 
held  by  his  fellow  craftsmen.  He  is  also  iden- 
tified with  the  Ancient  Order  of  United  Work- 
men, in  which  he  has  passed  all  the  chairs, 
serving  faithfully  in  each  of  the  several  offices. 

In  1868  Mr.  Sporleder  was  united  in  mar- 
riage to  Miss  Louisa  Dorman,  who,  like  himself, 
was  born  in  St.  Louis,  where  the  marriage  was 
solemnized.  They  became  the  parents  of 
seven  children,  of  whom  four  are  living,  name- 
ly :  Rose,  who  is  now  the  wife  of  L.  H.  Hof- 
meister,  an  enterprising  merchant  of  Las  Vegas; 
Walter,  who  is  employed  at  railroading;  Ed- 
ward, who  is  a  clerk  in  the  store  of  his  brother- 
in-law;  and  Louisa  Midget,  who  is  still  in 
school.  In  1889  our  subject  was  called  upon 
to  mourn  the  death  of  his  devoted  and  cher- 
ished companion,  whose  life  had  been  one  of 
consecration  to  husband  and  children,  and  one 
in  which  the  Christian  graces  shone  gently 
forth  in  thought,  word  and  deed.  She  was -a 
woman  of  refinement  in  the  highest  sense  of 
the  term,  and  was  a  zealous  member  of  the 
Presbyterian  Church.  Her  loss  was  deeply 
deplored  in  the  community,  where  she  had 
been  loved  for  her  innate  kindness  and  cour- 
tesy as  shown  to  all. 

In  1892  our  subject  consummated  a  second 
marriage,  being  then  united  to  Miss  Sophia 
Walsen,  the  sister  of  General  Frederick  Wai- 
sen,  of  Denver,  Colorado.  Mr.  Sporleder  is  a 
member  of  the  Presbyterian  Church  and  his 
wife  of  the  Lutheran,  though  both  are  regular 
attendants  at  the  services  of  the  former  de- 
nomination. 

In  his  political  adherency  our  subject  is 
stanchly  in  line  with  the  Republican  party, 


HIS  TORT  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


325 


and  he  has  served  for  three  terms  as  a  member 
of  the  Common  Council  of  Las  Vegas.  In 
this  connection  it  is  worthy  of  note  that  upon 
him  fell  the  honor  of  making  the  motion  for 
the  erection  of  the  fine  public-school  building 
which  now  adorns  the  city,  and  is  a  monument 
to  the  enterprise  and  liberality  of  the  residents 
of  the  place.  This  was  the  first  school  build- 
ing erected  in  the  Territory  by  direct  taxation. 
Mr.  Sporleder  has  also  been  one  of  the  promi- 
nent promoters  and  aiders  in  the  erection  of  the 
fine  brown-sandstone  Masonic  Temple,  which 
is  so  creditable  to  the  fraternity  and  so  magni- 
ficent an  improvement  to  the  city  of  Las 
Vegas. 


(D 


AJOR  ERNEST  A.  GRUNSFELD. 

— Holding  a  conspicuousGovernment 
preferment  and  standing  distinc- 
tively forward  as  one  of  the  best 
known  and  most  thoroughly  representative 
business  men  of  the  Territory  of  New  Mexico, 
it  is  certainly  incumbent  that  specific  attention 
be  accorded  to  a  review  of  the  life  history  of 
the  gentleman  whose  name  initiates  this  para- 
graph. 

Our  subject  is  a  native  of  Cassel,  Germany, 
where  he  was  born  on  the  2/th  day  of  May, 
1864.  He  received  a  thorough  education  in 
the  Fatherland,  and  after  completing  his  stud- 
ies secured  a  most  valuable  business  training, 
the  Grunsfeld  family  having  been  long  and  in- 
timately connected  with  mercantile  pursuits 
and  its  representatives  having  invariably  been 
men  of  keen  business  acumen  and  indefatiga- 
ble industry.  In  1879  Mr.  Grunsfeld  bade 
adieu  to  the  land  of  his  birth  and  set  sail  for 
America,  where  he  arrived  in  due  time.  For 
a  period  of  about  a  year  he  was  variously  em- 
ployed, and  finally  turned  his  attention  to  the 
Southwest  as  offering  superior  business  advan- 
tages. Accordingly,  in  1881,  he  came  to  New 
Mexico,  entering  the  employ  of  Spiegelberg 
Brothers,  who  were  at  that  time  the  leading 
wholesale  merchants  of  the  Territory,  main- 
taining their  headquarters  at  Santa  Fe.  Our 


subject  made  himself  so  invaluable  to  his  em- 
ployers and  contributed  in  so  large  a  measure 
to  the  success  of  the  business  that  he  was  ad- 
mitted to  membership  in  the  firm,  aiding  in 
the  establishment  of  the  branch  business  at 
Albuquerque,  where  for  a  number  of  years  he 
conducted  a  large  and  profitable  trade,  the  en- 
terprise being  at  that  time  located  in  the  old 
town.  Finally  the  new  Albuquerque  house  be- 
gan to  give  promise  of  overshadowing  its  old 
Spanish  namesake,  and  Mr.  Grunsfeld  was  one 
of  the  first  to  realize  the  possibilities  in  the 
case  and  to  assume  an  active  interest  in  the 
building  up  and  improvement  of  the  new  and 
modern  city.  From  the  days  of  her  early  his- 
tory up  to  the  present  time  he  has  stood  as 
one  of  Albuquerque's  most  enthusiastic  and 
progressive  business  men,  maintaining  an  un- 
flagging interest  in  her  welfare,  and  lending 
every  effort  to  insure  her  growth  and  advance- 
ment to  the  proud  position  now  occupied  as 
the  metropolis  of  the  Territory.  He  was  one 
of  the  charter  members  of  the  Commercial 
Club,  whose  functions  have  exerted  so  marked 
an  influence  upon  the  prosperity  of  the  city 
and  have  gained  to  it  recognition  throughout 
all  sections  of  the  Union.  He  is  one  of  the 
prominent  stockholders  in  the  club  building, 
one  of  the  finest  business  structures  in  the  city. 

Through  too  close  application  to  business 
Mr.  Grunsfeld's  health  became  somewhat  im- 
paired, and  within  later  years  he  has  made  sev- 
eral trips  to  Europe  for  recreation  and  recu- 
peration. In  January,  1894,  he  retired  from 
the  business  which  had  rendered  to  him  a  good 
competency,  as  conducted  upon  the  highest 
principles  of  commercial  integrity  and  honor. 

In  his  political  proclivities  our  subject  has 
ever  rendered  an  unswerving  allegiance  to  the 
Democratic,  party  and  has  been  an  active  and 
zealous  worker  in  the  cause.  In  recognition 
of  his  services  and  his  pronounced  and  unmis- 
takable eligibility  for  the  office,  he  was  put  for- 
ward by  his  local  constituents  as  a  candidate 
for  the  important  office  of  Postmaster  of  the 
city,  and  notwithstanding  the  fact  that  in  the 
race  he  had  several  able  and  distinguished 


326 


HIS  TORT  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


competitors,  he  proved  successful,  and  on  the 
3Oth  of  October,  1 894,  received  from  President 
Cleveland  a  commission  as  Postmaster  of  Al- 
buquerque. He  at  once  entered  upon  the  dis- 
charge of  his  duties,  and  by  his  close  attention 
to  the  affairs  of  the  office  and  the  discriminat- 
ing judgment  he  is  bringing  to  bear  in  improv- 
ing the  service  and  conserving  the  interests  of 
the  local  public,  he  is  showing  conclusively 
that  the  confidence  of  his  friends  was  well  re- 
posed. The  post  office  at  Albuquerque  is  the 
only  one  of  the  second  class  in  the  Territory, 
and  is  of  course  the  most  important  within  the 
confines  of  said  Territory.  There  is  no  second- 
class  office  in  Arizona,  and  this  circumstance 
renders  the  Albuquerque  office  a  terminal, 
much  incidental  business  for  Arizona  being  han- 
dled here.  It  is  the  only  office  in  the  Terri- 
tory which  has  the  facilities  of  the  free-deliv- 
ery system,  and  it  is  the  disbursing  office  be- 
tween La  Junta,  Colorado,  and  Los  Angeles, 
California,  being  also  the  depository  for  New 
Mexico  and  eastern  Arizona.  The  postmasters 
in  the  territory  mentioned  report  to  this  office, 
and  moneys  are  received  at  and  disbursements 
made  from  it.  These  facts  clearly  show  that 
the  management  of  the  manifold  details  of  the 
office  demands  a  marked  business  ability  and 
an  exceptional  executive  capacity.  Mr.  Gruns- 
feld  has  been  most  successful  in  bringing  the 
work  into  perfect  system  and  in  insuring  the 
best  service  which  can  possibly  be  attained. 
Through  his  efforts  to  a  large  extent  have 
matters  been  so  presented  to  the  Postoffice  De- 
partment that  Albuquerque  will  soon  have  an 
office  of  a  model  sort,  with  all  modern  conven- 
iences and  accessories,  a  new  building  having 
been  secured  for  its  accommodation. 

Our  subject  has  been  honored  by  Governor 
Thornton  with  a  commission  as  Major  and  an 
appointment  as  a  member  of  the  Governor's 
staff.  He  has  manifested  a  great  interest  in 
perfecting  the  organization  of  the  National 
Guard  of  New  Mexico,  and  in  placing  it  on  a 
permanent  basis  and  insuring  it  the  distinction 
which  is  due,  and  which  will  make  the  organi- 
zation a  credit  to  the  Territory, 


One  of  the  most  progressive  of  the  younger 
business  men  of  Albuquerque,  a  cultured  gen- 
tleman and  one  imbued  with  the  highest  prin- 
ciples of  honor,  our  subject  merits  and  holds 
the  confidence  and  esteem  of  the  people  of  the 
community,  enjoying  a  marked  popularity  in 
the  city  to  whose  development  he  has  so 
greatly  contributed. 


aHARLES  TAMME.— The  progressive, 
and  in  a  measure  consecutive,  stages 
of  development  in  the  history  of  this, 
the  grandest  republic  the  world  has 
ever  known,  have  been  attended  by  labors, 
scenes  and  incidents  peculiar  to  themselves 
and  yet  differing  essentially  by  reason  of  topo- 
graphical conditions,  environments  and  vary- 
ing obstacles  to  be  overcome.  This  sectional 
dissimilitude  necessarily  implies  that  there 
must  have  been  an  equal  variation  in  the  meth- 
ods brought  to  bear  in  initiating  development 
and  ushering  in  the  era  of  greatest  civilization 
and  material  advancement.  Thus  the  pioneers 
of  America  have  had  tasks  whose  analogies 
have  been  slight, — mainly  lying  in  the  ceaseless 
toil  and  endeavor  and  the  fortitude  displayed 
in  the  endurance  of  manifold  vicissitudes. 
Thus  the  life  of  the  pioneers  who  first  opened 
up  the  original  colonies  to  civilization  differed 
in  many  particulars  from  that  of  those  who,  in 
later  years,  took  the  initiative  steps  toward  the 
development  of  the  Middle  States, — in  the 
felling  of  the  trees  of  the  forest  and  evolving 
from  the  sylvan  wilds  the  cultivated  farms  and 
the  magnificent  cities  of  this  end-of-the-century 
period,  or  in  traversing  the  trackless  prairies 
and  there  continuing  the  work  of  development. 
Theirs  again  was  different  from  the  task  of 
those  other  brave  pioneers  who  continue  to 
follow  in  the  course  of  the  "star  of  empire" 
and,  amid  mountain  fastnesses  and  across  the 
weary-stretching  plains  of  the  Far  West,  laid 
sure  the  foundations  of  that  substantial  pros- 
perity and  distinguished  advancement  which 
to-day  prevails.  To  these  last  were  perhaps 
given  the  greatest  of  hardships,  and  theirs  it 


HISTORY  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


327 


certainly  was  to  encounter  the  greatest  dan- 
gers, since  not  only  did  they  often  find  hunger 
and  absolute  destitution  staring  them  in  the 
face,  but  also  had  to  be  ever  on  the  alert  to 
forefend  the  murderous  onslaughts  of  that 
stealthy,  treacherous  and  crafty  foe,  whose  first 
was  the  dominion  in  a  section  which  had  until 
then  been  comparatively  a  terra  incognita. 
The  tales  of  the  "border"  and  the  stirring 
narrations  of  the  scenes  and  incidents  of  the 
frontier  in  the  "Wild  West"  read  like  a 
romance;  but  there  are  few  who  can  realize 
how  great  were  the  sufferings  endured,  the 
dangers  encountered, — so  that  well  may  be 
treasured  the  words  of  those  whose  personal 
recollection  touches  these  early  days,  and  who 
bravely  played  their  part  in  the  great  drama 
whose  action  gave  most  human  portrayal  of 
the  elements  of  both  tragedy  and  comedy. 

The  subject  of  this  review,  who  is  one  of 
the  prominent  and  representative  men  of  the 
city  of  East  Las  Vegas,  to  whose  development 
he  has  contributed  in  a  conspicuous  degree,  is 
one  of  those  who  have  passed  through  all  the 
scenes  that  have  marked  the  pioneer  epoch  in 
the  great  Southwest,  must  assuredly  be  granted 
consideration  in  this  compilation;  and  there  is 
particular  interest  attaching  to  his  career,  in 
which  have  occurred  many  thrilling  adven- 
tures, some  few  ol  which  will  be  briefly  noted 
in  this  connection.  Mr.  Tamme  is  a  native 
of  the  Duchy  of  Brunswick,  Germany,  born  on 
the  ajth  of  January,  1844,  his  ancestry  having 
long  been  prominent  in  the  history  of  the  em- 
pire. His  father  was  the  administrator  of 
landed  processes,  and  was  a  man  of  marked 
intelligence  and  ability.  Our  subject  was  edu- 
cated in  his  native  land,  and  there  acquired  a 
thorough  knowledge  of  merchandising,  devot- 
ing himself  to  this  line  of  occupation  for  a 
period  of  five  years,  prior  to  which  he  had 
taken  a  three  years'  course  in  commercial  col- 
lege. In  the  meanwhile  he  had  read  much  of 
America  and  of  the  wild,  free  and  adventurous 
life  to  be  enjoyed  in  the  far  West.  He  soon 
manifested  his  longing  to  secure  a  taste  of  such 
untrammeled  life,  and  to  verify  for  himself  the 


romantic  interest  attaching  thereto, — his  am- 
bition being  to  hunt,  fish  and  to  meet  the  un- 
tutored savage  in  his  native  haunts. 

In  the  year  1865  his  wishes  assumed  a 
tangible  form,  and  he  then  determined  to 
come  to  America.  The  idea  which  he  had  of 
the  life  he  was  to  lead  in  the  New  World  is 
shown  in  the  circumstances  which  attended  bis 
departure :  his  parents  fitted  him  out  with 
several  suits  of  clothes,  hunting  boots  and  all 
the  accoutrements  which  they  imagined  would 
be  needed  in  such  a  country.  Mr.  Tamme 
landed  in  New  York  soon  after  the  death  of 
President  Lincoln,  and  in  company  with  a 
chum  he  spent  six  months  in  the  national  me- 
tropolis, sight-seeing  and  spending  money  with 
considerable  prodigality.  Finally  the  funds  of 
the  two  came  to  an  alarmingly  low  ebb,  and, 
realizing  the  necessity  of  recruiting  his  finan- 
ces, they  sought  employment  and  were  able  to 
secure  work  in  different  lines  than  they  had 
ever  followed  before, — being  variously  employ- 
ed in  brick  yards,  in  a  cooper  shop,  and  finally 
in  the  harvest  field,  and  finding  little  of  the 
romantic  glamour  which  they  had  so  confidently 
anticipated.  In  the  time  of  the  harvest  they 
went  to  New  Jersey  and  hired  out  to  work  in 
the  field  for  a  "Mohawk  Dutchman."  They 
were  shown  how  to  bind  wheat,  and  our  sub- 
ject was  not  long  in  becoming  quite  expert  in 
the  line,  but  his  comrade  was  less  able  to  ac- 
custom himself  to  the  new  duty.  Their  hands 
were  tender,  the  grain  harsh,  the  days  hot, 
and  to  keep  pace  with  the  expert  men  proved 
too  much  for  Mr.  Tamme's  friend,  who  finally 
gave  up  in  despair,  while  our  subject  himself 
was  nothing  loath  to  cease  operations.  The 
young  men  returned  to  New  York,  whence  our 
subject  went  to  Wisconsin,  where  he  was  em- 
ployed during  the  rest  of  the  summer.  He 
was  not,  however,  as  yet  satisfied  with  his 
condition,  since  he  had  seen  few  traces  of  the 
romantic  life  to  which  he  had  looked  forward. 
Having  in  his  possession  $150  in  gold,  he  pur- 
chased a  ticket  for  Milwaukee,  and  he  relates 
an  amusing  incident  relating  to  his  trip  to  that 
city.  In  the  car  which  he  entered  he  descried 


328 


HISTORT  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


a  crowd  assembled  about  the  seat  of  one  of  the 
passengers.  Something  exciting  was  evidently 
going  on,  and  our  subject  determined  to  inves- 
tigate it.  He  drew  near  and  discovered  that 
the  men  were  betting  on  the  "three-card 
monte  "  game.  The  inevitable  "capper "was 
in  league  with  the  operator,  and  ostensibly 
won  $20,  and  then  withdrew.  Our  somewhat 
unsophisticated  subject  thought  he  "saw  a 
sure  thing,"  and  promptly  planked  down  three 
of  his  gold  eagles  on  a  card.  The  invariable 
result  followed,  and  Mr.  Tamme  continued  his 
journey  a  sadder  but  wiser  man. 

Arriving  in  Milwaukee  our  subject  sought 
employment  without  success.  His  funds  were 
soon  exhausted  and  he  became  well-nigh  des- 
perate. The  night  after  he  had  thus  become 
penniless  he  had  a  peculiar  dream  to  the  effect 
that  if  he  would  go  to  No.  354  East  Water 
street  he  would  be  able  to  secure  employment. 
So  strong  an  impression  did  this  dream  leave 
upon  his  mind  that  in  the  morning  he  sought 
the  address  mentioned  and  found  at  that  loca- 
tion a  men's  furnishing  goods  store,  owned  by 
Mr.  File.  Mr.  Tamme  made  his  case  known 
to  the  proprietor,  was  given  employment,  re- 
taining his  association  with  the  business  for  one 
year  and  being  accorded  that  kindness  and  so- 
licitude which  would  be  shown  a  son.  He  had 
not  yet  secured  the  object  for  which  he  had 
sought  on  leaving  his  native  land:  so  he  left 
his  kind  employer,  proceeded  to  Saint  Louis, 
then  to  St.  Joseph,  Missouri,  and  was  there 
employed  for  three  months  by  Hax  &  Krug, 
furniture  makers  and  dealers.  They  also  were 
kind  to  him  and  offered  him  a  position  in  their 
up-town  store  at  a  better  salary,  but  he  wished 
to  cross  the  plains  to  Denver,  and  with  this 
end  in  view  he  finally  arranged  to  pay  a  man 
$40  to  take  him  across.  After  they  had  reached 
a  point  one  hundred  miles  beyond  Saint  Joseph 
he  was  given  an  ox  team  to  drive  and  for  the 
remainder  of  the  distance  practically  made  the 
journey  on  foot.  The  train  had  transported 
freight  to  Fort  Beaufort,  and  after  he  arrived 
at  that  point  he  engaged  in  making  hay  for  the 
Government.  In  the  spring  he  returned  to 


Denver.  About  this  time  the  Sioux  Indians 
were  on  the  warpath,  and  on  the  stage  route 
they  had  committed  many  horrible  murders 
and  other  fearful  atrocities.  Mr.  Tamme  es- 
caped, but  had  a  chance  to  see  much  of  the 
dastardly  work  accomplished  by  the  relentless 
savages.  Few  people  cared  to  take  the  risk  of 
their  lives,  and  in  the  transportation  of  freight 
from  Denver  to  the  Bijou  basin  the  exhorbit- 
ant  rate  paid  was  eight  cents  per  pound.  Our 
subject  was  one  of  those  intrepid  enough  to 
assume  the  risk,  and  with  others  engaged  in 
this  freighting  industry,  carrying  a  mule  whip 
in  one  hand  and  a  gun  in  the  other. 

This  was  a  precarious  life,  but  it  afforded 
that  excitement  which  he  had  so  long  sought. 
Through  his  connection  with  this  line  of  enter- 
prise he  finally  came  to  New  Mexico,  where  he 
exchanged  merchandise  and  supplies  for  cattle 
and  sheep.  He  then  returned  to  Denver  and 
secured  a  Government  contract  to  transport 
freight  to  Fort  Lyon.  In  1869  Mr.  Tamme 
engaged  in  farming  near  Trinidad,  Colorado, 
raising  crops  of  wheat  and  corn  and  being  suc- 
cessful in  the  venture.  After  this  he  made  a 
trip  to  Texas  and  for  500  miles  they  traveled 
on  a  new  route  to  Fort  Sill.  Subsequently  he 
made  a  trip  to  the  Cheyenne  Agency,  on  the 
north  fork  of  the  Canadian  river.  The  party 
was  escorted  by  a  company  'of  United  States 
soldiers,  who  offered  a  measure  of  protection 
from  the  Indians.  After  the  train  had  pro- 
ceeded 300  miles  up  the  north  fork,  the  scouts 
in  advance  came  running  back  in  hot  haste, 
and  the  party  was  ordered  to  form  a  corral  at 
once.  Our  subject  was  acting  as  cook,  and  the 
men  were  soon  in  line  for  the  discussion  of  the 
supper  which  he  had  prepared.  The  soldiers 
were  stationed  under  cover,  in  a  slough  behind 
the  camp,  and  soon  the  party  saw  Indians 
skulking  up  on  the  opposite  side  of  the  camp. 
Mr.  Tamme  had  a  skillet  of  biscuits  on  the  fire, 
and  in  his  hand  a  large  iron  rod  which  he  used 
as  a  poker.  Three  big  Indians  approached  and 
demanded  food.  Our  subject  told  them  to 
wait  until  it  was  cooked  and  he  would  supply 
them;  whereupon  one  of  the  Indians  kicked  the 


HIS  TORT  Of  NEW  MEXICO. 


329 


skillet  of  biscuits  over,  and  Mr.  Tamme  in- 
stantly felled  him  with  the  poker.  The  noise 
attracted  the  attention  of  the  band  of  Indians 
and  they  immediately  rushed  forth  and  were 
confronted  by  the  soldiers  on  the  other  side, 
after  which  ensued  a  practically  hand-to- 
hand  fight.  Several  of  the  white  men  were 
killed  and  others  wounded,  and  it  was  believed 
that  the  loss  to  the  Indians  aggregated  fully 
fifty  individuals.  The  savages  finally  retreated, 
bearing  off  their  dead  and  wounded. 

On  another  occasion  Mr.  Tamme  was  a 
member  of  a  company  going  from  Fort  Lyon 
to  Fort  Harker,  and,  being  attacked  by  Indians, 
they  formed  a  corral  in  the  road.  They  had  a 
fleet  mare  with  them  which  they  were  particu- 
larly anxious  to  save,  and  a  part  of  the  com- 
pany excavated  a  trench  in  which  they  fortified 
themselves  and  the  mare,  thus  holding  the  red- 
skins at  bay.  Finally  one  of  the  number 
mounted  the  mare  and  made  a  race  for  the 
fort,  to  secure  aid  from  the  soldiers.  The  In- 
dians pursued  him  and  he  was  wounded  by 
several  arrows,  but  his  trusty  steed  soon  bore 
him  out  of  their  reach  and  he  finally  gained  the 
fort,  secured  a  company  of  soldiers  and  re- 
pulsed the  relentless  savages. 

That  winter  he  remained  at  Camp  Supply, 
where  he  was  again  engaged  in  supplying  hay 
to  the  Government,  and  in  the  spring  he  de- 
cided to  return  to  Missouri  in  company  with  a 
friend,  Mr.  John  Hamilton,  the  latter  of  whom 
went  ahead  to  make  arrangements,  our  subject 
returning  on  the  Kansas  Pacific  Railroad,  where 
he  waited.  He  finally  received  a  letter  from 
Hamilton  urging  on  him  the  expediency  of  re- 
turning to  the  West.  The  two  joined  company 
and  again  crossed  the  plains,  locating  in  Colfax 
county,  New  Mexico,  where  they  purchased  a 
tract  of  land  and  engaged  in  farming  and  stock- 
raising.  Mr.  Hamilton  finally  went  to  old 
Mexico,  while  our  subject  successfully  con- 
tinued the  enterprise  just  noted  for  some  time. 
They  subsequently  exchanged  the  place  for  300 
head  of  cattle. 

In  the  spring  of  1875  a  company  was  form- 
ed to  go  co  southern  Texas  to  engage  in  cattle 


raising,  starting  with  about  3,  500  head  of  horses 
and  cattle,  including  the  number  owned  by  our 
subject.  On  the  way  the  company  sold  much 
of  the  stock  and  finally  decided  to  remain  in 
Kansas.  This  caused  Mr.  Tamme  to  also  dis- 
pose of  his  interest  in  the  line,  his  pay  being 
secured  partly  in  horses  and  the  balance  being 
represented  in  notes,  on  which  he  never  real- 
ized. He  procured  an  emigrant  wagon,  loaded 
it  with  supples  and  all  alone  made  the  jour- 
ney to  Texas — a  distance  of  700  miles.  He 
was  thoroughly  armed  and  equipped,  and  was 
absolutely  without  fear  in  the  midst  of  the 
many  dangers  which  surrounded  him.  One 
day  while  driving  along  he  heard  a  peculiar 
sound  and  looking  back  descried  a  stalwart 
Indian  approaching  on  a  pony.  The  Indian 
in  a  gruff  way  demanded  tobacco,  and  upon 
being  assured  by  our  subject  that  he  had  none 
he  accepted  a  loaf  of  bread  in  its  place,  and 
with  disgruntled  looks  proceeded  on  his  way. 
After  driving  for  some  time  Mr.  Tamme  dis- 
cerned a  cabin  in  the  distance,  and  upon  reach- 
ing the  same  found  a  fire  burning  on  the  hearth, 
but  no  one  present.  He  passed  on  and  drove 
down  a  little  hill  into  the  bush,  where  he  con- 
cealed his  horses  as  well  as  he  could  and  pre- 
pared to  defend  himself,  being  reinforced  with 
two  good  rifles,  several  pistols  and  plenty  of 
ammunition.  Soon- he  heard  firing  about  half  a 
mile  distant  and  looking  out  discovered  that 
the  man  from  the  cabin  had  been  attacked  by 
Indians,  while  in  the  other  direction  he  saw  a 
party  of  about  fifty  Indians  making  for  the 
house.  Upon  arriving  they  set  fire  to  the 
building  and  while  they  were  enjoying  the  re- 
sults of  their  deviltry  the  proprietor  of  the  place 
made  his  way  to  the  spot  where  our  subject 
was  concealed.  Mr.  Tamme  let  the  man  have 
one  of  his  guns,  and  they  prepared  to  sell  their 
lives  as  dearly  as  possible.  The  man  said 
that  their  only  hope  of  rescue  was  in  the  pos- 
sibility of  a  company  of  cowboys  approaching 
in  charge  of  their  herds.  Surely  enough,  when 
all  hope  had  fled,  and  they  expected  the  In- 
dians to  attack  them  at  any  moment,  a  herd 
of  cattle  and  about  twenty-five  well-armed 


33° 


HISTORY  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


cowboys  were  seen  in  the  distance,  and,  taking 
alarm,  the  Indians  dashed  away  as  rapidly  as 
they  had  come,  thus  permitting  our  subject  and 
his  companion  to  escape  a  cruel  death. 

In  Texas  Mr.  Tamme  secured  a  good  start 
in  the  cattle  business,  but  being  troubled  with 
malaria  was  led  to  dispose  of  his  interest  and 
to  return  to  Trinidad,  where  for  a  few  years  he 
operated  a  flouring-mill.  In  1879,  in  company 
with  George  Ward,  he  came  to  Las  Vegas, 
which  has  ever  since  continued  to  be  his  home. 
The  two  gentlemen  were  engaged  in  business 
in  the  new  town  for  a  number  of  years,  Mr. 
Ward  disposing  of  his  interest  in  that  city  in 
1882.  The  first  public  hall  in  that  city  had 
been  erected  by  J.  M.  Hamilton,  and  our  sub- 
ject and  Mr.  Ward  rented  this  property  for 
$100  per  month,  fitted  it  with  a  small  stage 
and  operated  it  as  a  theater  until  1884.  Hav- 
ing determined  that  the  city  demanded  superior 
accomodations  in  this  line,  our  subject  then 
erected  his  present  fine  sandstone  opera-house, 
the  structure  being  75  x  1 30  feet  in  dimensions, 
two  stories  in  height,  with  mansard  roof,  the 
architecture  being  of  pleasing  design,  the  build- 
ing standing  as  one  of  the  handsome  modern 
business  blocks  in  the  city.  The  ground  floor 
is  utilized  for  mercantile  concerns,  while  attrac- 
tive suites  of  offices  are  fitted  up  on  the  front 
of  the  second  story.  The  auditorium  of  the 
theater  is  seventy-five  feet  square  and  the  stage 
35  x  50  feet.  Besides  the  main  floor,  there  is  a 
balcony  of  large  seating  capacity,  and  all  the 
appliances  and  accessories  are  those  of  a  first- 
class  opera-house.  Mr.  Tamme  is  the  popu- 
lar manager  of  this  theater,  and  supplies  the 
city  with  most  excellent  dramatic  and  musical 
attractions,  his  efforts  for  the  accommodation 
and  entertainment  of  the  local  public  being 
fully  appreciated.  He  has  invested  quite  ex- 
tensively in  real  estate,  improved  and  unim- 
proved. 

1882  Mr.  Tamme  was  united  in  marriage  to 
Miss  Emelie  Schaefer,  a  native  of  Las  Vegas, 
New  Mexico,  and  they  are  the  parents  of  three 
children:  Eunice  P.,  Lawrence  A.,  and  Emma 
L.  The  family  home  is  one  of  the  most  at- 


tractive in  East  Las  Vegas,  and  it  is  most 
thoroughly  appreciated  by  our  subject,  who 
has  lost  his  penchant  for  startling  romance  and 
Indian  warfare,  and  who  is  honored  as  one  of 
the  city's  representative  and  most  substantial 
citizens.  He  has  aided  in  promoting  nearly 
every  public  enterprise  of  the  city,  has  acquired 
a  competence,  and  is  known  as  one  of  the 
most  enterprising  and  progressive  residents  of 
the  place.  He  aided  in  the  incorporation  of 
the  town  and  was  a  member  of  its  first  Com- 
mon Council.  He  has  also  served  two  years 
on  the  Board  of  Education,  and  lent  his  influ- 
ence toward  the  erection  of  the  fine  school 
building  here,  the  same  being  the  first  to  have 
been  built  in  the  Territory  by  direct  taxation. 
He  was  largely  instrumental  in  securing  the 
erection  of  the  fine  brown-stone  Masonic 
Temple. 

In  his  fraternal  relations  he  is  prominently 
identified  with  the  Masonic  order,  having  ad- 
vanced to  the  Knights  Templars  degree,  and 
having  been  Recorder  of  his  Commandery  for 
the  past  eleven  years. 


HE  FIRST  NATIONAL  BANK  OF 
LAS  VEGAS. — The  unerring  barom- 
eter which  marks  unmistakably  the 
financial  condition  of  any  nation,  and 
the  factor  which  ever  stands  as  the  very  bulwark 
of  prosperity  in  the  protection  of  the  higher  inter- 
ests of  the  commonwealth,  is  the  banking  in- 
stitution as  conducted  according  to  conserva- 
tive principles  and  with  due  recognition  of  the 
conditions  prevailing  at  any  stated  interval. 
In  the  development  of  any  community  there  is 
no  element  of  more  value  and  imperative  ne- 
cessity than  an  ably  managed  and  thoroughly 
reliable  banking  house,  and  in  this  regard  the 
First  National  Bank  of  Las  Vegas  must  be 
accorded  specific  attention  and  absolute  pre- 
cedence, being  the  direct  successor  of  the  first 
institution  of  the  sort  ever  established  here. 

In  1876  the  Raynolds  brothers — Jefferson, 
Joshua  and  Frederick  A.  —  opened  a  private 
banking  house  in  Las  Vegas,  the  same  being 


HISTORT  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


33 r 


the  first  in  San  Miguel  county.  Careful  and 
honorable  business  methods  were  followed,  and 
the  public  appreciation  of  the  functions  and 
reliability  of  the  institution  was  not  denied. 
The  bank  gained  a  representative  support,  and 
its  business  increased  so  rapidly  in  extent  that, 
three  years  after  its  inception,  the  projectors 
found  it  expedient  to  incorporate  under  char- 
ter as  the  First  National  Bank  of  Las  Vegas. 
At  the  time  of  incorporation  the  capital  stock 
was  placed  at  $50,000,  and  the  enterprise  con- 
tinued to  grow  in  popularity  and  in  extent  of 
operations  until  it  was  eventually  found  neces- 
sary to  augment  the  capital,  which  was  in- 
creased to  $100,000  in  1883.  The  solid  finan- 
cial status  of  the  institution  is  shown  in  the 
fact  that  its  surplus  now  (1895)  reaches  the 
notable  aggregate  of  $50,000. 

During  the  entire  history  of  the  bank  Mr. 
Jefferson  Raynolds  has  directed  its  affairs  from 
the  chief  executive  position  as  president,  the 
other  members  of  the  official  corps  at  the  pres- 
ent time  being  as  follows  :  John  W.  Zollers, 
vice  president;  and  A.  B.  Smith,  cashier.  The 
institution  is  recognized  as  one  of  the  stanchest 
in  the  Territory,  and  its  business  is  constantly  in- 
creasing in  extent  and  importance,  the  concern 
being  an  effective  conservator  of  the  interests  of 
not  only  its  stockholders  and  patrons,  but  also  of 
those  of  the  entire  Territory. 


HNTONIO  CIPRINO  GUTIERREZ.  - 
Holding  distinctive  precedence  as  one 
of  the  native  sons  of  New  Mexico,  as 
a   descendant  of   one    of    the    distin- 
guished old  Spanish  families  of  the   Territory, 
and  as   the  incumbent  in  an  important  official 
position — that     as     Clerk     of    Colfax    county 
and    of    the     Probate    Court    of    the  same — 
there  is  a  particular  consistency  in  incorporat- 
ing in  this  volume  a  review  of  the   life  history 
of  this  honored  resident  of  the  thriving  village 
of  Springer. 

Our  subject  was  born  in  Santa  Fe  county, 
New  Mexico,  near  the  course  where  the  Rio 
Grande  pursues  its  majestic  way,  the  date  of 


his  nativity  having  been  September  7,  1847. 
His  great-grandfather,  Pedro  Ascencio  Gutier- 
rez, was  born  in  old  Castile,  Spain,  being  a 
representative  of  one  of  the  old  and  aristocratic 
families  of  that  fair  land.  He  was  married 
there  and  upon  emigrating  to  the  New  World 
was  accompanied  by  his  devoted  bride.  They 
came  to  New  Mexico,  were  among  the  early 
settlers  of  the  Territory,  and  from  these  excel- 
lent people  have  descended  all  the  members  of 
the  family  of  that  name  in  the  Territory.  The 
father  of  our  subject  was  Juan  N.  Gutierrez, 
who  was  born  in  Bernalillo,  where  he  was 
reared  to  mature  years.  He  married  Filomena 
Santiestiven,  and  they  became  the  parents  of 
five  sons  and  two  daughters,  only  three  of 
which  number  now  survive.  Juan  N.  Gutier- 
rez was  a  man  of  prominence  in  the  affairs  of 
the  Territory,  was  a  Captain  of  volunteers  at 
the  time  when  that  organization  of  brave  men 
pursued  and  punished  the  Navajo  Indians, 
whose  depredations  and  atrocities  had  imper- 
iled the  lives  and  property  of  the  settlers.  He 
was  a  member  of  the  Territorial  Legislature 
and  Council  for  seven  terms,  and  was  one  of 
New  Mexico's  most  influential  and  honored 
sons.  His  death  occurred  in  Colorado,  at  the 
venerable  age  of  seventy-two  years,  and  his 
widow  still  survives,  being  now  (1895)  eighty- 
seven  years  old.  She  is  a  faithful  and  devoted 
adherent  of  the  Roman  Catholic  Church,  as 
was  also  her  honored  husband. 

Antonio  C.  Gutierrez,  the  immediate  sub- 
ject of  this  review,  was  the  third  child  in  order 
of  birth.  He  received  his  educational  disci- 
pline in  the  Saint  Benedict  College,  at  Atchi- 
son,  Kansas,  and  the  University  at  St.  Louis, 
Missouri.  After  he  had  completed  his  studies 
he  returned  to  New  Mexico,  and  here  com- 
menced active  operations  by  engaging  in  the 
raising  of  cattle  and  sheep  upon  a  somewhat 
extensive  scale,  in  which  important  line  of  in- 
dustry he  has  ever  since  continued,  having 
been  very  successful  in  his  efforts,  which  have 
been  most  intelligently  and  carefully  directed. 
He  is  the  proprietor  of  a  fine  ranch  of  406 
acres,  and  here  has  a  most  attractive  nome, 


33* 


HISTORT  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


where  he  passes  a  portion  of  his  time  each 
year. 

In  his  political  proclivities  our  subject  has 
ever  been  a  Republican  of  the  stalwart  type, 
and  has  rendered  an  active  support  to  his  party, 
doing  much  to  further  its  interests  in  the  Ter- 
ritory. For  a  time  Mr.  Gutierrez  maintained 
his  residence  in  Colorado,  and  within  that  in- 
terval he  held  official  preferment  as  Treasurer 
of  Las  Animas  county,  Colorado,  and  County 
Commissioner.  In  Colorado  he  has  served  as 
interpreter  of  both  houses  of  the  Legislative 
Assembly  and  also  of  the  District  Court,  his 
intellectual  attainments  and  perfect  knowledge 
of  both  the  Spanish  and  English  languages 
giving  him  particular  prestige  in  this  line. 

In  1894  Mr.  Gutierrez  was  elected  to  his 
present  office  as  County  Clerk  and  Clerk  of  the 
District  Court,  to  the  responsible  duties  of 
which  he  brings  a  marked  capacity  for  detail 
work  and  a  perfect  appreciation  of  the  func- 
tions of  the  office.  His  service  has  gained  him 
the  hearty  commendation  and  endorsement  of 
all  classes  of  people.  He  is  known  as  one  of 
the  representative  men  of  the  county,  and  en- 
joys a  marked  popularity  and  the  esteem  of  the 
people  of  the  community. 

The  marriage  of  our  subject  to  Miss  Clara 
F.  Salezar  was  solemnized  in  1872,  she  being 
a  native  of  New  Mexico  and  a  member  of  one 
of  the  prominent  Spanish  families  of  the  Ter- 
ritory. To  our  subject  and  his  estimable  wife 
have  been  born  eight  sons,  namely:  Henry 
C. ,  Benjamin  F.,  E.  Ulysses,  Cipriano  E. , 
Juan  Virgil,  Jose  Demothnes,  Juan  Cristomo 
and  Fred  Ortensio.  The  family  are  zealous 
adherents  of  the  Catholic  Church  and  they  are 
held  in  high  estimation  in  the  social  circles  of 
the  attractive  village  where  they  retain  their 
residence. 


^j»  J.    SHULER,    M.    D.— Back   to   that 

J      cradle  of  our   national  history,  the  Old 

/•  J      Dominion  State,  must  we  go  to  learn  of 

the  initial  stages  in  the  life  record  of  the 

subject  of  this  review,  a  man  who  has  signal 


prestige  as  the  pioneer  physician  of  Raton, 
New  Mexico,  a  man  of  high  attainments  and 
marked  professional  ability.  The  Doctor  was 
born  in  Page  county,  Virginia,  on  the  23d  of 
July,  1858,  being  of  German  and  English  line- 
age, his  ancestors  having  been  pioneer  settlers 
in  the  county  noted.  There  they  were  seized 
of  extensive  land  grants,  which  they  had  se- 
cured from  King  George,  of  England,  and  upon 
which  five  generations  of  the  family  were  born 
and  reared.  There  John  Shuler,  the  father  of 
our  subject,  was  united  in  marriage  to  Miss 
Mary  A.  Kite,  a  native  of  Virginia,  and  also  a 
a  descendant  of  one  of  the  old  and  prominent 
families  who  had  come  hither  from  England. 

John  and  Mary  Shuler  became  the  parents 
of  eleven  children,  of  whom  are  living  at  the 
present  time  four  sons  and  four  daughters. 
The  venerable  father  and  mother  still  reside  on 
the  old  homestead  in  Virginia,  he  having  at- 
tained the  age  of  eighty  years  and  she  that  of 
seventy-five.  They  are  zealous  members  of 
the  Lutheran  Church,  and  are  held  in  the  high- 
est estimation  in  the  county  where  their  long 
and  useful  lives  have  been  passed. 

Dr.  Shuler,  who  was  the  youngest  son  of 
the  family,  received  his  preliminary  education 
in  the  Polytechnic  Institute,  New  Market,  Vir- 
ginia, and  subsequently  made  ready  to  take  up 
that  course  of  preparation  which  would  fit  him 
for  the  profession  which  he  determined  to 
make  his  vocation  in  life.  He  accordingly 
matriculated  in  the  medical  department  of  the 
University  of  Virginia,  where  he  was  graduated 
in  1879,  after  which  he  entered  the  medical 
department  of  the  University  of  New  York 
city,  completed  the  course  and  graduated 
within  the  following  year. 

Thus  thoroughly  re-enforced  for  the  active 
duties  of  his  profession,  he  came  direct  to 
Raton,  and  here  entered  actively  upon  the 
practice  of  medicine.  His  efforts  have  been  at- 
tended with  eminent  success,  and  he  has  gained 
a  large  and  representative  patronage.  His  ability 
has  gained  recognition  in  his  having  been  chosen 
to  the  important  preferment  as  one  of  the  staff 
of  physicians  and  surgeons  of  the  Atchison, 


HIS  TORT  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


333 


Topeka  &  Santa  Fe  Railroad.  He  has  also 
held  a  similar  incumbency  for  the  Raton  Coal 
&  Coking  Company,  where  his  general  prac- 
tice has  extended  far  beyond  the  local  confines 
of  the  flourishing  little  city  of  his  residence. 
At  the  time  of  the  Doctor's  locating  here, 
Raton  was  but  a  small  hamlet,  and  from  that 
early  period  he  has  been  most  intimately  iden- 
tified with  the  development  and  progress  of  the 
place  which  is  now  one  of  New  Mexico's  most 
attractive  towns.  He  has  invested  to  a  con- 
siderable extent  in  real  estate  here,  and  has 
erected  an  excellent  business  block,  as  well  as 
one  of  the  most  handsome  residences  in  the 
place.  He  was  one  of  the  original  stockhold- 
ers in  and  assisted  in  the  organization  of  the 
Raton  Water  Company;  while  to  every  enter- 
prise tending  to  subserve  the  best  interests  of 
the  town,  he  has  lent  his  quota  of  influence 
and  tangible  assistance. 

He  holds  high  rank  in  the  professional  cir- 
cles of  the  Territory,  and  is  held  in  the  highest 
esteem  by  his  medical  confreres,  being  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Territorial  Board  of  Health  of  New 
Mexico. 

Turning  to  the  more  purely  domestic  pages 
in  the  life  history  of  our  honorable  subject,  we 
find  that  on  the  3ist  of  January,  1884,  was 
consummated  his  marriage  to  Miss  Mollie  K. 
Davis,  daughter  of  Rev.  C.  A.  Davis,  who  was 
pastor  of  the  First  Cumberland  Presbyterian 
Church  of  Memphis,  Tennessee,  where  he  lost 
his  life  in  1867,  while  ministering  to  the  yellow 
fever  sufferers  of  that  year,  thus  offering  him- 
self a  willing  sacrifice  in  aiding  his  fellow  men. 
Dr.  and  Mrs.  Shuler  are  the  parents  of  two 
daughters,  Evlyn  and  Winnifred,  both  of  whom 
were  born  in  Raton.  In  his  religious  adherency 
our  subject  is  a  prominent  supporter  of  the 
Presbyterian  Church,  with  which  Mrs.  Shuler 
is  also  intimately  identified. 

Politically,  Dr.  Shuler  is  a  staunch  Demo- 
crat, and  while  in  no  sense  an  office-seeker  he 
has  rendered  his  party  an  active  support  and 
having  served  efficiently  for  two  years  as  a 
member  of  the  common  council  of  Raton.  His 
chief  interest,  however,  lies  in  his  professional 


work,  to  which  he  is  eminently  devoted,  giving 
almost  his  entire  attention  to  the  care  of  sick 
and  suffering,  and  never  refusing  to  minister  to 
those  who  need  his  care,  be  their  station  in 
life  what  it  may.  Such  a  man  is  most  clearly 
a  public  benefit,  and  is  deserving  of  the  confi- 
dence and  affection  of  his  fellow  men,  since  to 
them  are  his  life's  efforts  practically  conse- 
crated. 


(D 


ARTIN  A.  McMARTIN,  Raton's 
highly  respected  pioneer  merchant, 
was  born  in  St.  Andrews,  Canada, 
on  the  8th  of  January,  1837,  and  is 
of  Highland  Scotch  ancestry.  His  grandfather, 
John  McMartin,  was  born  in  the  Highlands  of 
Scotland,  and  leaving  his  native  land  crossed 
the  Atlantic  to  America,  locating  in  Canada, 
where  he  spent  his  remaining  days.  He  was 
an  ardent  member  of  the  Presbyterian  Church, 
and  lived  to  be  ninety  years  of  age.  His  son, 
Duncan  McMartin,  the  father  of  our  subject, 
was  born  in  New  Brunswick  and  married  Martha 
Liscom,  a  native  of  St.  Andrews,  Canada,  and 
a  descendant  of  an  old  Vermont  family.  Her 
grandfather  and  several  of  his  brothers 
were  soldiers  in  the  war  of  the  Revolu- 
tion. Mr.  and  Mrs.  McMartin  continued  to 
reside  at  St.  Andrews,  where  he  successfully 
followed  farming,  a  prominent  and  highly  re- 
spected citizen  of  the  community.  He  held 
membership  with  the  Baptist  Church  and  also 
died  when  about  ninety  years  of  age,  while  his 
wife  passed  away  in  her  seventy-eighth  year. 
They  reared  a  family  of  ten  children,  of  whom 
five  are  still  living,  Martin  A.  being  the  sixth 
in  order  of  birth. 

Mr.  McMartin  of  this  record  obtained  his 
education  in  the  public  schools  of  his  native 
town  and  remained  under  the  parental  roof  un- 
til he  had  attained  his  majority,  when  he  started 
out  in  life  for  himself.  He  made  his  way  to 
the  State  of  Mississippi,  where  he  took  con- 
tracts for  furnishing  wootd  to  steamboats,  car- 
rying on  business  in  that  line  for  two  years. 
In  1859  he  crossed  the  plains  with  ox-teams  to 


334 


HIS  TORT  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


Pike's  Peak,  joining  a  company  of  twenty-seven 
men  who  took  with  them  a  year's  provisions, 
consisting  of  flour,  coffee,  tea,  sugar,  bacon 
and  soda.  They  were  on  the  journey  for  over 
a  month,  but  at  length  arrived  in  safety  and  en- 
gaged in  mining  in  Russell's  Gulch,  being  thus 
employed  until  cold  weather  compelled  him  to 
abandon  that  work.  He  was  quite  successful, 
making  on  an  average  of  $10  per  day.  On 
leaving  Colorado  he  came  to  New  Mexico* 
spending  the  winter  in  Taos,  and  in  the  spring 
went  to  Leadville,  and  while  on  their  way  over 
the  Raton  mountains,  immediately  over  where 
the  railroad  tunnel  now  is,  they  were  suddenly 
attacked  by  Indians  and  one  of  their  party  was 
killed.  The  party  continued  on  to  Leadville, 
by  way  of  Canyon  City.  There,  in  connection 
with  his  brothers,  Samuel  and  F.  H.,  he 
worked  a  claim  in  California  Gulch,  on  the 
shares,  taking  out  $32,000  in  three  months. 
They  then  spent  the  winter  in  Taos,  and  in  the 
spring  began  the  search  for  gold  in  San  Juan 
county,  Colorado,  but  their  efforts  met  with 
failure.  They  saw  plenty  of  quartz,  but  did 
not  understand  the  working  of  it. 

Mr.  McMartin  and  his  brothers  went 
through  many  of  the  experiences  that  fall  to 
the  lot  of  the  frontiersman.  The  following 
fall  they  started  for  Arizona,  but  were  stopped 
at  Fort  Union  by  the  United  States  soldiers, 
who  thought  that  they  might  be  going  to  join 
the  Confederate  army  ;  so  they  remained  at 
that  place  for  two  years  trading  with  the  In- 
dians, when  they  obtained  permission  to  pro- 
ceed on  their  journey,  and  went  to  Prescott, 
Arizona.  That  city  had  just  been  platted. 
From  there  Mr.  McMartin  went  on  horseback 
to  the  city  of  Mexico,  but  subsequently  re- 
turned and  remained  in  the  vicinity  of  Pres- 
cott for  four  years,  acting  as  guide,  scout  and 
interpreter  for  the  soldiers.  He  participated 
in  as  many  as  fifty  engagements  with  the  hos- 
tile Indians,  was  seven  times  wounded  and  on 
one  occasion  an  arrow  cut  the  skin  on  the  back 
of  his  hand  so  badly  tjiat  his  comrades  sewed 
it  together  with  buckskin  strings.  One  that 
has  not  engaged  in  such  a  life  cannot  realize 


the  peril  and  hardships  which  attend  it.  The 
soldiers  of  the  North  and  South  met  each 
other  in  open  battle,  but  these  men  had  to 
deal  with  the  treachery  of  the  wily  savage, 
who  without  honor  or  principle  in  methods  of 
warfare  would  as  readily  attack  an  unarmed 
man  as  one  who  was  prepared  for  the  en- 
counter. Mr.  McMartin  was  noted  far  his 
bravery  and  courage  and  his  fidelity  to  duty. 

Mr.  McMartin,  on  leaving  Arizona,  came 
to  New  Mexico  and  opened  a  store  in  Loma 
Parda,  in  Mora  county,  had  charge  of  the  post- 
office  of  that  place  and  traded  for  cattle  and 
all  kinds  of  produce.  He  was  also  engaged  in 
the  stock  business,  in  partnership  with  his 
brother  Samuel,  and  when  the  railroad  was 
built  to  Otero  they  removed  to  that  place  and 
purchased  a  frame  building,  which  is  now  the 
post-office  of  Raton.  It  was  built  within 
eighteen  miles  of  Kansas  City  and  was  in  sec- 
tions which  were  put  together  by  hooks.  It 
was  then  moved  from  one  station  along  the 
road  to  another  as  the  road  was  being  built 
until  it  reached  Otero,  when  it  became  the 
property  of  Mr.  McMartin.  In  1880  he  re- 
moved it  to  Raton,  and  for  four  years  carried 
on  business  therein,  it  being  the  first  store 
building  in  the  place. 

When  Mr.  McMartin  arrived  in  Raton  it 
contained  about  200  inhabitants,  living  in 
tents,  in  box  cars  and  in  dug-outs.  The  first 
permanent  settlers  were  Reuben  Letton, 
George  J.  Pace  and  L.  Shields.  The  cow- 
boys made  this  town  their  headquarters  and 
sometimes  held  high  carnival  here.  On  one 
occasion  in  a  drunken  riot  six  men  were  killed 
and  one  man  was  hung.  It  was  a  time  of  in- 
tense excitement;  but,  through  the  coolness 
and  good  management  of  Mr.  Letton,  Mr. 
Pace,  Mr.  McMartin  and  others,  further  blood- 
shed was  prevented  and  peace  was  restored. 
In  1884  Mr.  McMartin  sold  out  his  mercantile 
interests  and  engaged  in  buying  property  and 
building  up  the  town,  since  which  time  he  has 
successfully  carried  on  the  real-estate  busi- 
ness. 

In  1888  Mr.  McMartin  was  united  in  mar- 


HIS TOR T  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


335 


riage  with  Mrs.  H.  H.  Able,  widow  of  Captain 
Able,  of  the  United  States  Cavalry.  He  has 
erected  a  fine  residence  on  an  eminence  over- 
looking the  city,  and  the  home  stands  in  the 
midst  of  beautiful  grounds  covering  six  acres, 
which  are  ornamented  with  trees  and  shrub- 
bery, and  it  is  a  delightful  abode  in  which  to 
spend  the  evening  of  a  useful  and  honorable 
life. 

Mr.  McMartin  has  been  a  prominent  factor 
in  the  upbuilding  and  advancement  of  Raton, 
and  his  able  service  during  the  Indian  outrages 
won  him  the  gratitude  and  regard  of  the  early 
settlers.  He  is  not  only  master  of  the  English 
tongue,  but  can  also  speak  Spanish  and  several 
Indian  languages.  He  has  the  good  will  of 
all  with  whom  •  he  has  come  in  contact,  and 
Raton  numbers  him  among  its  most  valued 
citizens. 


EON.  LARKIN  GREGORY  READ, 
one  of  New  Mexico's  most  valued 
citizens,  is  a  native  son  of  the  Terri- 
tory, born  in  Santa  Fe  May  26,  1856. 
His  father  was  Benjamin  Franklin  Read,  a  na- 
tive of  Baltimore,  Maryland.  Their  ancestry  is 
traceable  to  Hon.  George  Read,  who  was  one 
of  the  signers  of  the  Declaration  of  Independ- 
ence. Our  subject's  father  came  to  the  Terri- 
tory with  General  Kearny  in  1846,  with  the 
rank  of  Captain  in  the  United  States  army, 
and  served  in  the  war  with  Mexico.  After 
coming  to  Santa  Fe  he  had  charge  of  the  Com- 
missary Department  at  Fort  Marcy.  Mr. 
Read  was  married  in  1848  to  Miss  Ygnacia 
Cano.  Her  father,  Ygnacio  Cano,  was  the 
owner  of  the  original  Ortiz  grant,  on  which 
the  famous  Ortiz  mine  was  located,  a  property 
that  for  many  years  produced  vast  treasures  of 
gold,  and  the  title  to  which  was  in  litigation 
for  about  twenty  years.  The  o  wners  were  finally 
defrauded  of  the  entire  property.  There  were 
born  to  Captain  and  Mrs.  Read  three  sons — 
Alexander,  Benjamin  M.  and  Larkin. 

The  latter  was  only  two  years  old  when  his 
father  died,  leaving  the  widow  with  her  three 


little  sons  and  no  means;  but  the  loving  mother 
was  worthy  of  the  great  responsibility,  and, 
although  often  in  want,  impressed  the  young 
minds  with  such  honesty  and  self-reliance  that 
each  one  of  the  boys  grew  to  be  men  of  abil- 
ity, influence  and  integrity.  To  her  untiring 
efforts  in  their  behalf  they  give  the  highest 
praise.  When  only  seven  years  of  age  Larkin 
began  to  aid  in  earning  his  own  support,  work- 
ing in  the  summer  to  pay  his  tuition  in  the 
winter,  and  while  thus  struggling  for  life  and 
an  education  the  privations  which  they  endured 
can  not  be  portrayed  in  words.  Suffice  it  to 
say  that  they  often  lived  on  one  meal  a  day. 
By  the  light  of  their  pitch  fire  in  the  little 
hovel  Mr.  Read  studied  his  lessons,  which  he 
nearly  always  mastered  and  recited  creditably 
at  St.  Michael's  College,  and  many  times  he 
was  able  to  help  his  schoolmates  solve  the 
problems,  for  which  they  paid -him  in  marbles 
and  sometimes  in  nickels.  As  he  advanced  in 
his  studies  he  taught  in  the  college,  and 
finally,  when  eighteen  years  of  age,  became  a 
member  of  the  faculty.  He  completed  his 
course  in  the  college  in  1871,  but  remained 
there  as  a  teacher  for  the  following  five  years, 
and  in  the  meantime  was  private  secretary  and 
interpreter  for  Governor  Giddings.  While  in 
his  employ  a  little  incident  occurred  in  the  life 
of  the  boy  which  in  after  life  has  afforded  him 
much  pleasure.  The  Governor  sent  him  to 
the  bank  to  cash  a  $150  draft.  By  mistake 
the  cashier  gave  him  $1,500.  The  boy  saw 
the  mistake,  but  carried  the  money  to  the 
Governor,  who  sent  him  back  to  the  cashier 
with  the  $1,350,  and  the  latter  gave  him  a 
note  to  carry  to  the  Governor.  It  contained 
thanks  for  the  correction  of  the  error,  with  an 
order  that  young  Read  should  get  as  good  a 
suit  of.  clothes  as  he  could  find.  He  returned 
home  to  his  mother  much  elated,  but  the  lat- 
ter, wishing  to  verify  everything,  went  with 
him  to  the  Governor,  Becoming  convinced 
that  the  beautiful  suit  of  clothes  was  a  reward 
for  his  honesty,  she  clasped  him  to  her  heart 
and  wept  with  joy. 

-  At  the  request  of  Archbishop  Lamy  in  1877 


336 


HISTORT  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


Mr.  Read  went  to  Taos  to  take  charge  of  a 
private  school.  He  had  a  wonderful  success. 
In  1878  he  taught  a  public  school  in  Colo- 
rado, was  afterward  examined  and  received  a 
first-class  certificate,  and  again  engaged  in 
teaching  in  Taos  until  1883,  and  in  the  mean- 
time had  read  law.  He  was  also  for  a  time 
interpreter  at  the  Pueblo  Indian  agency  at 
Santa  Fe;  for  the  following  year  he  was  en- 
gaged by  the  commissioners,  along  with  his 
brother  Benjamin  M.,  as  translators  for  the 
revision  of  the  laws  of  New  Mexico,  a  work 
which  required  nearly  a  year,  and  for  which 
they  received  many  compliments.  He  was 
translator  for  the  Territory  several  years.  In 
1886  Mr.  Read  passed  an  excellent  examina- 
tion before  Judge  Axtell,  Colonel  Pritchard 
and  Major  Breeden,  and  was  admitted  to  the 
bar,  immediately  entering  upon  the  practice  of 
his  profession.  In  1892  he  was  appointed  by 
Governor  Prince  a  member  of  the  Board  of 
Penitentiary  Commissioners,  of  which  he  was 
subsequently  elected  Secretary,  and  at  the 
same  time  was  made  a  member  of  the  School 
Board  of  Santa  Fe.  Under  the  incorporate 
law  of  1891  he  was  elected  President  of  the 
Board,  and  thus  has  the  honor  of  being  the 
President  of  the  first  Board  of  Education  of 
this  city. 

Mr.  Read  is  a  Catholic  of  broad  ideas,  and 
on  several  occasions  he  gave  utterance  to  very 
patriotic  sentiments,  which  commended  him 
to  every  patriotic  citizen.  Among  other  things 
he  said:  "We  Catholics  are  glad  to  obey  the 
laws  under  which  we  live, — the  most  generous, 
the  most  liberal  laws  ever  drafted  by  man,— 
laws  which  made  it  possible  for  this  great  nation 
to  lead  all  others  in  education,  in  progress  and 
in  happiness.  Education  has  done  this.  I 
think  a  man  can  be  a  good  Catholic  and  a  good 
citizen  at  the  same  time.  In  fact,  a  man  can- 
not be  a  good  Catholic  without  being  a  good 
citizen.  I  think  the  common  schools  of  the 
United  States  the  glorious  inheritance  of  the 
rising  generation.  Our  perfected  school  sys- 
tem tends  to  secure  the  permanence  of  our 
American  institutions.  It  makes  it  possible  for 


the  children  of  all  denominations  to  breathe 
the  free  air  of  liberty.  Any  system  of  schools 
must  be  good  that  has  produced  such  men  as 
Grant,  Garfield,  Lincoln  and  a  myriad  of 
others  who  have  helped  to  make  this  country 
what  it  is.  Were  it  not  for  the  generosity  of 
our  American  institutions  no  denomination 
could  live  in  this  country.  The  air  we  breathe 
in  the  United  States  is  too  free  for  any  mental 
slave  to  live  in.  Religion  is  the  concern  of  the 
individual.  Education  is  a  public  concern  to 
which  the  general  Government  is  committed. 
Religion  should  be  in  the  bosom  of  every  man, 
in  his  home  and  in  the  recesses  of  the  inner 
temple,  but  education  belongs  to  all  people 
by  right,  be  their  religion  what  it  may.  " 

It  is  exceedingly  gratifying-  to  the  people  of 
New  Mexico  that  they  had  a  native  of  the  soil 
of  this  rich  and  beautiful  land  who  proved  him- 
self to  be  almost  inspired  for  the  position  he 
took  on  the  great  question  which  lies  so  near 
the  heart  of  every  lover  of  his  country  and  civil 
liberty. 

Under  Mr.  Read's  administration  of  schools 
capable  and  efficient  teachers  were  procured, 
bells  were  put  upon  the  school  buildings,  and 
the  free-school  system  became  one  of  the 
highly  prized  institutions  of  New  Mexico. 
April  28,  1893,  the  United  States  flag,  that 
emblem  of  liberty,  for  the  first  time  in  the  ed- 
ucational history  of  the  city,  was  raised  over 
the  high  school  and  other  school  buildings. 
Arbor  Day  was  celebrated,  at  which  the  school 
children  delivered  very  creditable  and  interest- 
ing exercises.  Among  other  things  trees  were 
planted,  one  to  the  memory  of  George  Wash- 
ington, the  father  of  the  country;  one  to  Abra- 
ham Lincoln,  the  beloved  patriot  and  states- 
man; and  one  to  Hon.  Larkin  G.  Read,  Presi- 
dent of  the  Board  of  Education  of  the  city. 
On  that  occasion  Master  Claire  Webber,  one 
of  the  pupils  of  the  school,  delivered  the  fol- 
lowing remarks:  "  To  L.  G.  Read,  President 
of  the  Board  of  Ed«cation  of  Santa  Fe,  we 
dedicate  this  tree.  May  it  thrive  from  year  to 
year.  May  its  trunk  grow  strong  and  sturdy, 
so  that  it  may  withstand  the  storms  of  many 


HIS  TORT  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


337 


winters.  May  its  branches  shelter  the  little 
children  who  assemble  here  from  year  to  year 
as  carefully  and  as  zealously  as  L.  G.  Read  has 
guarded  the  public-school  question  in  Santa 
Fe. "  Miss  Stella  Sloan  made  the  following 
remarks:  "And  I  will  be  the  guardian  of  this 
tree.  I  will  see  that  no  harm  comes  to  it,  that 
no  careless. hand  be  laid  upon  it.  In  my  care 
for  this  tree  I  will  be  aided  by  all  the  public- 
school  children  of  this  city;  for  to  him  to  whom 
we  dedicate  this  tree  we  owe  a  debt  of  grati- 
tude. By  his  untiring  efforts  we  are  enabled 
to  acquire  an  education,  which  will  enable  us 
to  take  our  places  on  the  great  battle-field  of 
life." 

Not  only  at  Santa  Fe  were  his  efforts  ap- 
preciated, but  the  people  of  the  entire  country 
applauded  his  indefatigable  activity  in  behalf  of 
that  bulwark  of  American  freedom, — the  pub- 
lic schools.  The  School  Journal  of  Michigan 
published  a  good  picture  of  him,  sending  him 
100  of  them  to  give  to  his  friends. 

Mr.  Read  has  made  a  special  study  of  the 
Spanish  language  for  over  twenty-years,  and  is 
considered  not  only  a  good  speaker  and  writer 
of  the  immortal  language  of  'Cervantes,  but  he  j 
is  also  generally  regarded  as  an  authority.  As 
a  criminal  lawyer  he  is  the  equal  of  any  young 
man,  forcible  in  his  arguments,  carrying  the 
jury  with  him  with  unabated  attention.  As  an 
old  criminal  attorney  remarked  at  one  time, 
when  Mr.  Read  was  arguing  to  the  jury  in  a 
murder  case:  "That  young  man  has  such  a 
knowledge  of  nature,  such  magnetism,  and 
speaks  with  such  unction  that  I  doubt  whether 
any  jury  could  resist  him  even  if  they  tried." 
(Mr.  Read  has  not  lost  a  single  murder  case 
yet.)  At  another  time  the  old  judge  was  listen- 
ing so  intently  to  Mr.  Read's  argument  in  a 
murder  case  and  was  so  moved  by  his  argu- 
ment that  he  forgot  to  write  his  instructions  to 
the  jury,  as  was  the  custom,  while  the  attor- 
neys addressed  the  jury;  but,  leaving  the  bench,  ''• 
he  went  to  where  Mr.  Read  was  and  congrat- 
ulated him,  bathed  in  tears,  saying:  "  I  would 
not  have  made  that  defense  for  less  than  $5,- 

ooo. "     Mr.  Read  did    not   get  a  cent  in   this  ; 
22 


case!     He  was  appointed  by  the  court  to  de- 
fend, and  cleared  his  man. 

February  25,  1877,  Mr.  Read  was  united 
in  marriage  with  Miss  Teodora  Martinez,  the 
granddaughter  of  A.  Jose  Martinez,  who  has 
the  credit  of  bringing  the  first  printing-press  to 
New  Mexico.  In  1842  he  published  a  little 
book,  entitled  Instituciones  de  Derecho  Real 
de  Castilla  y  de  India s."  Mr.  Read  still  has  a 
volume  in  his  possession,  which  he  values  very 
highly  as  the  first  book  printed  in  the  Territory. 
Two  children  survive  to  the  union, — James 
Bossuet  and  Dornitila,  the  former  attending 
the  city  high  school  and  the  latter  the  public 
school.  After  Mrs.  Read's  death,  our  subject 
was  married,  in  November,  1889,  to  Miss 
Felicitas  Trujillo,  who  is  now  the  beloved 
partner  of  his  life  and  the  sharer  of  his  sor- 
rows and  joys.  They  have  a  pleasant  home  in 
Santa  Fe.  Mr.  Read  is  a  lover  of  New  Mex- 
ico, losing  no  opportunity  to  further  her  in- 
terests, and,  as  he  may  be  said  to  be  a  self- 
made  man,  he  is  a  credit  to  the  land  of  his  birth. 


*y— *  IRAM  B.  CARTWRIGHT  is  the  senior 
j"\  member  of  the  firm  of  H.  B.  Cart- 
r  wright  &  Brother,  and  a  leading  rep- 
resentative of  the  business  interests  of 
Santa  Fe.  A  native  of  Des  Moines  county, 
Iowa,  he  was  born  on  the  2Qth  of  November, 
1852,  and  is  of  English  descent.  His  father, 
W.  H.  Cartwright,  was  born  in  New  York,  and 
in  1835  both  the  paternal  and  maternal  grand- 
fathers removed  with  their  respective  families  to 
Iowa,  and  became  pioneer  settlers.  The  former, 
Rev.  Daniel  G.  Cartwright,  was  a  Methodist 
minister.  He  and  his  brother  were  the  first 
itinerant  preachers  in  the  State,  and  had  much 
to  do  with  the  establishment  and  upbuilding  of 
Methodism  in  Iowa.  His  death  occurred  in 
the  seventy-seventh  year  of  his  age.  The  ma- 
ternal grandfather,  Dr.  Samuel  Fullenweider, 
was  one  of  the  earliest  practicing  physicians  of 
that  part  of  the  Hawkeye  State,  a  prominent 
character  in  the  history  of  the  community. 
His  Life  has  been  a  long  and  useful  one,  and  he 


338 


HISTORT  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


now  resides  in  Creston,  Iowa,  at  the  advanced 
age  of  ninety-one  years. 

W.  H.  Cartwright,  the  father  of  Santa  Fe's 
successful  merchant,  was  married  in  Iowa  to 
Miss  Miriam  Fullenweider,  and  they  reared  a 
family  of  eight  children.  The  mother  died  in 
1 870,  but  the  father  is  still  living,  having 
reached  the  age  of  seventy-two  years.  Through- 
out his  life  he  has  followed  merchandising  and 
is  justly  regarded  as  one  of  the  worthy  and  re- 
liable business  men  of  his  adopted  State. 

H.  B.  Cartwright,  the  eldest  son  of  the 
family,  acquired  his  education  in  the  public 
schools,  and  at  the  age  of  sixteen  began  his 
connection  with  the  mercantile  business  as  a 
clerk  in  his  father's  store.  There  he  became 
familiar  with  business  plans  and  methods,  and 
the  experience  which  he  there  acquired  has 
proved  of  much  value  to  him  in  later  years. 
In  1878  he  left  his  old  home  and  went  to  Kan- 
sas,  where  he  was  employed  in  the  same  ca- 
pacity until  the  spring  of  1879, — the  date  of 
his  arrival  in  Santa  Fe.  With  the  desire  to 
conduct  a  business  of  his  own,  he  opened  a 
small  book-store,  which  he  carried  on  for  two 
years,  with  a  fair  degree  of  success.  He  then 
sold  out  and  in  1881  established  a  grocery  store, 
which  he  has  since  conducted.  His  trade  has 
constantly  increased,  and  from  a  small  begin- 
ning has  grown  to  extensive  proportions.  It  is 
now  the  largest  business  of  the  kind  in  the  city, 
and  covers  nearly  an  entire  block  at  the  corner 
of  San  Francisco  and  Gasper  streets.  After 
a  time  Mr.  Cartwright  was  joined  by  his  broth- 
er under  the  present  firm  style.  They  now 
carry  a  full  and  complete  stock  of  groceries, 
provisions  and  fruits,  and  large  quantities  of 
hay  and  grain,  and  do  an  annual  business  that 
would  be  a  credit  to  a  city  five  times  the  size 
of  Santa  Fe.  Mr.  Cartwright  is  a  wide-awake, 
enterprising  business  man,  who  has  won  suc- 
cess through  well-directed  effort,  through  per- 
severance, and  through  untiring  energy.  He 
is  systematic  and  methodical,  and  exercises  a 
careful  management,  which  has  proven  an  im- 
portant factor  in  his  prosperity. 

Since   coming  to   New   Mexico,  Mr.  Cart- 


wright has  been  convinced  of  the  prosperous 
future  of  the  Territory,  and  has  constantly 
done  all  in  his  power  to  adorn  and  improve  the 
city  of  Santa  Fe  and  enhance  its  best  interests. 
He  has  made  considerable  investments  in  real 
estate,  and  now  owns  several  buildings  and  is 
half  owner  in  the  Exchange  Hotel.  He  is  also 
engaged  to  some  extent  in  mining;  was  one  of 
the  organizers  of  the  Santa  Fe  Telephone 
Company,  of  which  he  is  now  president,  and 
is  the  president  of  the  New  Mexico  Telephone 
Company,  which  has  built  a  line  from  Santa 
Fe  to  several  other  cities  of  the  Territory.  He 
is  now  serving  his  second  term  as  County  Treas- 
urer of  Santa  Fe  county.  He  is  also  a  director 
in  the  Electric  Light  Company.  Through  the 
legitimate  channels  of  business  he  has  achieved 
a  success,  and  belongs  to  that  type  of  Ameri- 
can citizens, — progressive  and  enterprising,— 
who  promote  the  public  welfare  while  advanc- 
ing individual  prosperity.  Socially  he  is  a 
Scottish-rite  Mason  and  a  charter  member  of 
the  Knights  of  Pythias  fraternity  of  Santa  Fe. 
His  brother,  Samuel  G.  Cartwright,  who 
became  a  member  of  the  firm  in  1892,  is  a  grad- 
uate of  the  academic  department  of  the  State 
University  of  Iowa.  He  married  Miss  Bertha 
Straub,  of  Mt.  Pleasant,  Iowa,  and  they  are 
pleasantly  located  in  their  happy  home  in  Santa 
Fe.  The  firm  of  H.  B.  Cartwright  &  Brother 
stands  very  high  in  the  confidence  of  its  pa- 
trons, and  its  members  have  the  esteem  of  all 
their  fellow  citizens. 


ON.  BENJAMIN  M.  READ,  a  distin- 
guished  member  of  the  bar  of  New 
Mexico,  is  a  native  son,  born  at  Las 
Cruces  in  1853.  On  the  paternal 
side  he  is  a  descendant  of  Honorable  George 
Read,  of  Delaware,  a  participant  in  the  Revo- 
lutionary war  and  one  of  the  signers  of  the 
Declaration  of  Independence.  Later  the 
family  were  prominent  citizens  of  Baltimore, 
Maryland,  where  our  subject's  father,  Ben- 
jamin Franklin  Read,  was  born.  He  was  edu- 
cated in  the  South,  and  came  to  New  Mexico 


HIS  TORT  OF  NE  W  MEXICO. 


339 


in  1846.  He  was  a  man  of  intelligence  and 
ability,  having  served  as  agent  for  the  Govern- 
ment, and  was  also  appointed  superintendent 
of  the  erection  of  the  Federal  building  at  Santa 
Fe.  Soon  after  coming  to  this  Territory,  Mr. 
Read  was  married  to  Miss  Ignacia  Cano,  a  na- 
tive of  New  Mexico  and  a  daughter  of  Ignacio 
Cano,  who  was  born  in  old  Mexico  and  after- 
ward came  to  this  Territory,  and  was  the  dis- 
coverer of  the  famous  Ortiz  mine, — the  first 
gold  and  silver  mine  worked  in  the  Territory, 
and  it  produced  great  treasures.  Like  most 
such  miners,  his  claim  was  contested  after  his 
death,  and  was  in  court  many  years.  He  was 
a  man  of  prominence  and  wealth. 

Mr.  Read  departed  this  life  in  1857,  at 
about  the  age  of  fifty  years,  but  his  widow  sur- 
vived until  1878.  They  had  three  sons,— 
Alexander,  Benjamin  M.  and  Larkin  G.,— 
all  of  whom  are  lawyers  and  men  of  promi- 
nence in  the  land  of  their  birth.  Their  father's 
property  had  been  spent  in  litigation  over  the 
title  to  the  mine,  and  the  widow  was  left  with 
her  three  small  sons  to  support,  a  work  which 
she  attended  to  with  great  faithfulness,  but 
the  children  were  often  thinly  claa  and  had 
little  to  eat. 

Benjamin  M.  Read,  the  second  child  in 
order  of  birth,  was  only  three  years  of  age 
when  his  father  died.  He  was  educated  at  St. 
Michael's  College,  and  gives  the  following  little 
incident  of  his  boyhood  while  at  school.  On 
one  of  their  examination  days,  attired  in  scant 
and  ragged  clothes,  he  was  asked  to  demon- 
strate a  problem  in  mathematics.  While  at 
the  board  Bishop  Larny  asked  the  teacher 
why  the  boy  was  not  in  the  first  class.  He 
replied  that  he  was  the  son  of  a  widow  who 
had  three  sons  and  unable  to  furnish  them  the 
books  they  required.  The  good  bishop  then 
instructed  her  to  buy  them  all  the  books  they 
needed  and  charge  it  to  him.  Mr.  Read  now 
says  that  he  can  never  be  too  grateful  for  that 
act  of  kindness,  and  shall  ever  do  all  in  his 
power  to  perpetuate  his  memory.  Governor 
Connely  was  also  present  at  the  examination, 
two  of  his  own  sons  having  attended  the  col- 


lege, and  he  told  them  to  bring  that  little  boy 
home  with  them.  They  did  so,  and  the 
Governor  and  his  wife  gave  him  a  good  suit  of 
clothes  and  a  large  basket  of  provisions  to  take 
home  to  his  mother.  The  latter,  thinking  that 
he  had  asked  for  help,  punished  him,  and  re- 
turned with  him  to  see  that  it  was  as  he  had 
stated.  Now  that  Mr.  Read  has  become  a 
successful  lawyer  and  a  citizen  of  prominence, 
this  little  incident  should  be  a  source  of  en- 
couragement to  every  poor  boy  struggling  for 
an  education.  Mr.  Read  completed  his  course 
in  the  college  some  years  before  it  was  incor- 
porated, and  there  was  then  no  authority 
to  grant  diplomas;  but  there  is  no  question 
that  our  subject  was  one  of  its  brightest  pupils, 
and  has  since  reflected  credit  upon  his  precep- 
tors and  the  college. 

In  1869,  after  leaving  school,  Mr.  Read 
went  to  Kit  Carson,  and  engaged  in  railroad- 
ing, and  advanced  step  by  step  from  a  section 
hand  until  he  was  promoted  to  the  position  of 
conductor.  In  1871  he  returned  to  New 
Mexico  and  received  the  appointment  of  priv- 
ate secretary  to  Governor  Marsh  Giddings; 
in  1875  he  was  employed  as  a  teacher  in  St. 
Michael's  College,  also  having  charge  of  the 
city  schools  until  1880;  in  the  following  year 
was  appointed  private  secretary  to  Governor 
Sheldon,  translator  for  the  Legislature  and 
Deputy  United  States  Marshal,  and  in  1884  he 
became  the  Chief  Clerk  of  the  Legislative 
Council. 

While  in  the  office  of  Governor  Sheldon, 
Mr.  Read  began  the  study  of  law,  which  he 
continued  about  three  years,  was  admitted  to 
the  bar  in  1885,  and  immediately  entered  upon 
a  lucrative  and  successful  practice.  His  first 
three  cases  were  of  such  importance  that  he 
acquired  a  good  legal  standing,  the  first  being 
a  murder  case,  the  second  a  perjury  and  the 
third  an  election  law  case.  He  won  all  three 
cases,  since  which  time  his  practice  has  steadi- 
ly increased,  and  he  now  has  numerous  land 
and  pension  cases  with  the  Government. 

Mr.  Read  was  one  of  the  organizers  of  the 
New  Mexico  Bar  Association,  and  in  1889  de- 


34° 


HIS  TORT  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


livered  before  them  an  address  on  the  defects 
of  the  laws  of  the  Territory,  in  which  he  made 
recommendations  that  were  adopted  and  be- 
came law.  He  was  elected  to  the  Territorial 
Legislature  in  1891,  but,  although  legally 
elected,  was  ousted  by  the  Democratic  Legisla- 
ture, having  not  even  been  allowed  a  hearing. 
In  the  next  campaign  he  was  again  a  candidate 
for  the  same  office, — member  of  the  Thirtieth 
Legislative  Assembly, — receiving  a  majority  of 
nearly  500  votes  over  the  man  who  had  de- 
prived him,  through  the  Legislature  of  1891, 
of  his  seat.  Mr.  Read  was  one  of  the  organ- 
izers of  the  Republican  League  of  New  Mexico, 
and  in  1889  was  their  delegate  to  the  national 
convention  held  in  Baltimore.  He  also  had 
the  honor  of  being  elected  Vice-President  of 
the  League  for  New  Mexico.  At  the  expira- 
tion of  his  term  he  received  a  re-election,  and 
represented  the  league  at  the  convention  held 
at  Denver  in  June,  1894,  and  was  also  one  of 
the  delegates  to  the  Cleveland  convention  of 
the  league  in  June,  1895.  Mr.  Read  has  been  a 
faithful  worker  for  the  interests  of  the  Repub- 
licans, and  since  1876  has  attended  every  Ter- 
ritorial convention.  When  Archbishop  Chap- 
elle  came  to  Santa  Fe  to  enter  upon  the  du- 
ties of  his  office  he  was  accompanied  by  sev- 
eral archbishops  from  other  portions  of  the 
country.  The  event  being  a  great  one  in  the 
history  of  the  Territory  and  the  Catholic 
Church,  the  citizens  gave  a  grand  reception,  at 
which  Governor  Prince  was  appointed  to  de- 
liver the  English  address  of  welcome,  and  Mr. 
Read  had  the  honor  of  being  chosen  to  deliver 
a  similar  one  in  Spanish,  which  he  did  with 
,  great  credit  to  himself  and  the  highest  satisfac- 
tion to  his  fellow  citizens. 

Mr.  Read  was  married  in  1876  to  Miss  As- 
cention  Silva,  who  died  .two  years  later.  In 
1880  he  was  united  in  marriage  with  her  sister, 
Miss  Magdalena  Silva,  and  they  had  seven 
children,  three  now  living, — Josephine,  Emilia 
and  Candida.  The  wife  and  mother  departed 
this  life  in  May,  1892.  In  the  following  April 
our  subject  married  Miss  Onofre  Ortiz,  a  daugh- 
ter of  Captain  Rafael  Oritz  y  Chavez,  a  Captain 


in  the  Federal  army.  She  is  a  lady  of  refine- 
ment and  an  accomplished  artist  and  musician. 
They  have  a  beautiful  residence,  and  on  their 
large  grounds  Mr.  Reed  is  raising  a  variety  of 
fruits,  showing  the  wonderful  productive  power 
of  the  country  in  that  direction.  They  are  ac- 
ceptable members  of  the  Catholic  Church.  Mr. 
Read  is  an  enthusiast  on  education,  is  well  in- 
formed on  the  general  topics  of  the  day,  and 
is  doing  all  in  his  power  to  promote  the  best 
interests  of  New  Mexico,  the  land  of  his  birth. 


HE  WATER  AND  IMPROVEMENT 
COMPANY.— The  beginning  of  the 
present  water-works  of  Santa  Fe  was 
made  by  a  company  of  residents  in 
1880.  In  1892  the  plant  was  purchased  by 
The  Municipal  Investment  Company  of  Chi- 
cago, and  by  them,  under  the  direction  of  their 
chief  engineer,  J.  M.  Howells,  has  been  con- 
structed during  the  past  two  years  the  present 
magnificent  water  system,  comprising  a  dam 
1,200  feet  long,  320  feet  wide  at  the  bottom 
and  85  feet  high,  enclosing  a  reservoir  of 
150,000,000  gallons'  capacity,  in  the  can- 
yon of  the  Santa  Fe  river,  three  miles 
above  the  city,  and  covers  the  city  sub- 
urbs. The  city  system  proper  is  now  com- 
plete, but  additional  reservoirs  in  connection, 
for  irrigation  of  the  valuable  lands  in  the  Santa 
Fe  valley  below  the  city,  are  in  course  of 
construction.  The  whole  scheme  involves  an 
investment  of  more  than  a  half  million  dollars. 
A  novel  feature  of  the  water  scheme  is  the  man- 
ner in  which  the  surplus  pressure  in  the  pipes 
is  utilized  for  power  for  an  electric-light  plant, 
located  half  way  between  the  city  and  the  res- 
ervoir. The  water  taken  from  the  pipes 
passes  through  two  Pelton  water  wheels,  and 
returns  to  the  pipe  again  to  be  used  in  the  city 
for  domestic  and  irrigating  purposes,  without 
waste  of  water  in  the  operation. 

The  president  of  the  Water  &  Improve- 
ment Company,  and  general  manager  of  the 
enterprise,  is  Captain  S.  H.  Day,  a  native  of 
Ohio,  and  a  veteran  of  the  late  war,  being  one 


HIS  TORT  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


34' 


of  three  brothers  who  served  throughout  the 
struggle  as  officers  "in  different  Ohio  regiments. 
He  resides  with  his  wife  and  two  children  in  an 
elegant  home  in  Santa  Fe,  and  brings  from 
California,  where  he  formerly  resided,  a  ripe 
experience  in  matters  pertaining  to  water- 
works and  irrigation. 


ON.  ANTONIO  ORTIZ  Y  SALAZAR, 

one  of  New  Mexico's  most  widely  and 
favorably  known  citizens,  was  born  in 
Espanola,  Santa  Fe  county,  Decem- 
ber 19,  1831,  and  descended  from  Nicolas 
Ortiz,  who  came  from  old  Mexico  at  the  time 
of  the  conquest  of  the  country  and  became  a 
resident  of  Santa  Fe,  where  several  genera- 
tions of  the  family  have  been  born  and  lived. 
The  sons  of  the  Nicolas  Ortiz  just  mentioned, 
in  line,  have  been :  Nicolas,  Juan  Antonio, 
Ignacio,  Juan  Antonio,  and  the  subject  of  this 
sketch.  Our  subject's  father  married  Miss 
Maria  M.  Salazar,  a  daughter  of  Hon.  Jose 
Manuel  Salazar,  a  distinguished  citizen,  and  a 
descendant  of  one  of  the  earliest  families  in 
the  Territory.  To  this  union  were  born  seven 
children,  only  two  of  whom  still  survive. 

When  the  subject  of  this  sketch  was  only 
six  years  of  age,  the  family  met  with  a  sad  ac- 
cident. While  crossing  a  river  his  father, 
uncle  and  two  of  the  children  were  drowned, 
the  mother,  grandmother,  Antonio  and  others 
having  escaped.  The  latter  was  brought  by 
his  mother  to  Santa  Fe,  and  was  educated  in 
the  best  schools  the  city  afforded,  also  by  his 
uncle,  Father  Salazar,  a  priest  of  the  Catholic 
Church.  After  completing  his  education,  he 
clerked  for  General  Armijo.  In  1859  his  long 
public  life  began,  by  being  appointed  Treasurer 
of  the  county.  In  1861  Mr.  Ortiz  was  elected 
Sheriff  of  the  county,  in  1864  became  Chief 
Clerk  of  the  Council,  in  the  following  year  was 
made  Probate  Judge,  in  1867-9  was  elected  to 
the  same  office,  July  13,  1867,  received  the 
appointment  of  Quartermaster  of  the  Militia  of 
the  Territory,  in  1872  was  appointed  by  Gov- 
ernor Giddings  as  Treasurer  of  the  Territory, 


and  was  reappointed  to  that  office  in  1874, 
1876,  1878,  1882  and  in  1884,  serving  in  that 
important  position  until  1891;  so  that  from 
1872  until  1891,  with  exception  of  two  years, 
he  was  custodian  of  all  the  money  of  the  Ter- 
ritory, and  filled  the  position  in  the  most  trust- 
worthy and  reliable  manner.  In  1876  Mr. 
Ortiz  was  appointed  by  Governor  Axtell,  one  of 
the  County  Commissioners,  and  was  re-elected 
to  the  office.  In  1889  he  was  a  member  of  a 
committee  of  twenty-five  to  draft  a  State  con- 
stitution and  urge  the  admission  of  New  Mexico 
as  a  State.  March  15,  1893,  he  was  appoint- 
ed a  member  of  the  Capital  Custodian  Com- 
mittee. 

Mr.  Ortiz  was  married  May  27,  1854,  to 
Miss  Refugio  Duran,  a  daughter  of  Hon. 
Augustin  Duran,  a  native  of  the  Territory,  and 
descended  from  a  family  of  noblemen.  He 
served  as  Collector  of  Customs  from  1825  to 
1840.  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Ortiz  have  had  ten  chil- 
dren, of  whom  five  are  now  living.  Rosario, 
the  eldest  daughter,  is  now  Mrs.  Alfredo  Hino- 
jas;  Francisca  is  the  wife  of  Fernando  Del- 
gado;  Emilia  is  a  Sister  of  Charity,  known  as 
Sister  Angelica,  and  has  charge  of  the  orphan 
girls;  and  Luz  is  at  home  with  her  parents. 
The  son,  Celestino  Ortiz,  is  married  and  has  a 
family,  and  is  Clerk  of  the  Treasury  of  the 
Territory.  He  is  a  very  correct  accountant 
and  bookkeeper,  and  is  a  trustworthy  son  of  a 
worthy  family. 

In  political  matters,  Mr.  Ortiz  has  been  a 
life-long  Republican,  has  served  the  Territory 
for  a  long  series  of  years  in  a  public  capacity, 
and  has  filled  every  obligation  with  the  utmost 
honor  and  integrity;  is  deservedly  highly  es- 
teemed by  all  who  know  him.  The  family  are 
faithful  adherents  of  the  Catholic  faith. 


HLEXANDER   M.   WHITCOMB,   one 
of  Albuquerque's    early  settlers   and 
representative    citizens,   was  born  in 
Canada,     January    19,     1833,  and  is 
of  Sotch-English  ancestry.    His  father,  Robert 
McKay     Whitcomb,  was     born    in    Vermont 


342 


HISTORY  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


in  1810,  his  people  having  been  early  pioneers 
in  that  State,  and  one  of  the  Colonial  Whit- 
combs  participated  in  the  Revolutionary 
war.  The  mother  of  our  subject,  nee  Dorcas 
Ann  McDole,  was  also  a  native  of  Vermont, 
of  Scotch  ancestry.  To  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Whit- 
comb  were  born  five  sons  and  four  daughters, 
and  all  are  still  living.  The  father  departed  this 
h'fe  in  1 894,  at  the  age  of  eighty-four  years, 
and  his  wife,  who  was  two  years  younger  than 
he,  died  in  1893.  They  were  members  of  the 
Episcopal  Church,  and  were  worthy  people. 

Alexander  McKay  Whitcomb,  their  second 
child,  received  his  education  in  Oswego,  New 
York,  and  in  Burlington,  Vermont.  He  learn- 
ed the  carpenter  and  joiner  trade,  which  he 
followed  several  years,  and  was  Superintendent 
of  the  building  of  the  Vermont  Episcopal  Insti- 
tute, now  a  college.  In  June,  1861,  Mr.  Whit- 
comb  tendered  his  services  to  his  country  by 
enlisting  in  the  regimental  band  of  the  Third  Ver- 
mont Volunteers,  and  served  in  the  Sixth  Corps 
with  the  Army  of  the  Potomac.  After  an  act  of 
Congress,  in  1862,  authorizing  the  discharge 
of  all  regimental  bands,  he  returned  to  his 
home,  but  afterward  followed  his  trade  in  Fair- 
fax county,  Virginia,  two  years.  For  the  fol- 
lowing eight  years  he  was  engaged  in  the 
manufacture  of  doors,  sash  and  blinds  in  Wash- 
ington, District  of  Columbia.  In  1879  Mr. 
Whitcomb  located  in  Albuquerque,  New  Mex- 
ico, where  he  began  work  at  his  trade.  He 
built  the  first  house  in  the  new  town  of  Albu- 
querque, which  was  located  near  where  the  gas- 
works now  stand,  and  for  a  number  of  years 
followed  contracting  and  building  in  this  city, 
having  erected,  among  others,  the  Cromwell 
block,  the  National  Bank  building,  the  Grant 
opera  house  and  many  residences.  Under 
President  Harrison's  administration  Mr.  Whit- 
comb received  the  appointment  of  Postmaster 
of  this  city,  entering  upon  the  duties  of  that 
office  October  22,  1890,  and  filled  the  position 
satisfactorily  for  four  years.  During  his  term 
the  carrier  system  was  inaugurated.  Since  re- 
tiring from  his  office  he  has  been  engaged  in 
the  nursery  business.  He  resides  with  his 


family  in  a  pleasant  home  on  the  corner  of 
Eighth  and  Tijeras  streets,  which  he  erected 
in  1881. 

Our  subject  was  married  January  19,  1855, 
to  Miss  Frances  Crawford,  a  native  of  Ireland, 
who  came  to  America  when  young.  To  this 
union  have  been  born  two  daughters,  namely: 
Frances  Caroline,  who  died  at  the  age  of 
twenty-one  years,  and  was  the  wife  of  Charles 
Belford,  and  had  one  daughter;  and  Mary 
Elizabeth,  now  Mrs.  F.  S.  Putman,  and  resides 
in  Los  Angeles,  California.  In  political  mat- 
ters, Mr.  Whitcomb  has  been  a  life-long  Re- 
publican. Socially,  he  is  a  member  of  the  G. 
A.  R.  Post,  of  which  he  served  as  Commander 
of  the  Department  of  New  Mexico,  and  repre- 
sented the  department  in  the  National  Encamp- 
ment at  Boston.  He  is  also  a  Knight  Temp- 
lar, a  member  of  the  Mystic  Shrine,  and  is 
Past  Grand  Junior  Warden  of  the  Grand  Lodge 
of  New  Mexico. 


aG.  WELLS. — The  great  railway  sys- 
tems of  the  country  are  recognized  as 
having  ever  been  the  most  important 
factors   in   bearing  triumphantly  for- 
ward  the  standard  of  development  and  prog- 
ress in  all  the  arts  and  industries  of  advanced 
civilization,  and  in  their  projection,  construc- 
tion and  operation  have  been   enlisted  men  of 
intellect   and  notable    capacity:    in   fact    only 
such  men  are  available   in  insuring  the  success 
of  this  great  public  service  of  the  nation. 

The  subject  of  this  review  holds  the  respon- 
sible preferment  as  General  Superintendent  of 
the  Atlantic  &  Pacific  Railroad,  his  official 
headquarters  being  maintained  in  Albuquerque, 
the  eastern  terminus  of  the  road,  which  has 
been  of  inestimable  benefit  in  furthering  the 
progress  and  development  of  the  important 
section  of  the  Southwest  which  it  traverses. 
Detailed  reference  to  the  system  will  be  found 
under  individual  heading  in  this  volume.  Mr. 
Wells  has  been  long  and  conspicuously  identi- 
fied with  railroading  enterprises,  and  standing 
at  the  head  of  one  of  the  important  arteries  of 


HIS  TORT  Of  NEW  MEXICO. 


343 


commerce  touching  the  city  of  his  residence  it 
is  scarcely  necessary  to  say  that  he  is  regarded 
as  one  of  her  representative  men,  thus  making  it 
clearly  incumbent  that  his  life  history  should 
find  place  in  this  compilation. 

Arthur  G.  Wells  is  a  native  of  the  Province 
of  Ontario,  Canada,  having  been  born  at 
Guelph,  on  the  i8th  of  November,  1861,  the 
son  of  Arthur  and  Georgina  Wells,  prominent 
residents  of  the  Dominion.  His  educational 
discipline  was  secured  in  the  public  schools  of 
his  native  town,  where  he  completed  a  course 
of  study  in  the  high  school.  In  the  year  1876 
he  began  his  railroad  career  as  a  machinist's 
apprentice  in  St.  Joseph,  Missouri,  where  he 
remained  until  he  became  an  expert  in  this 
line  of  work.  Later  on  he  was  made  clerk  to 
the  master  mechanic  of  the  Chicago,  Burling- 
ton &  Quincy  Railroad,  with  headquarters  at 
Aurora,  Illinois.  We  next  find  him  holding 
the  position  as  clerk  to  the  purchasing  agent 
for  the  Mexico  Central  Railroad,  with  head- 
quarters in  the  city  of  Chicago.  Later  he  be- 
came a  clerk  to  the  superintendent  of  the 
Atchison,  Topeka  &  Santa  Fe  Railroad,  being 
located  at  San  Marcial,  Socorro  county,  New 
Mexico. 

He  first  became  connected  with  the  At- 
lantic &  Pacific  system  in  1882,  when  he  was 
given  the  position  as  chief  clerk  of  the  general 
superintendent,  subsequently  becoming  train- 
master of  the  road.  In  1 886  he  became  the 
assistant  of  the  general  manager  of  the  Ohio  & 
Mississippi  Railroad,  four  years  later  was  given 
the  preferment  as  general  superintendent  of  the 
Ohio,  Indiana  &  Washington  system,  being  the 
incumbent  until  that  road  was  bought  in  by 
the  C.  C.'C.  &  St.  L.  Ry. ,  when  he  became 
superintendent  of  the  Peoria  division  and  later 
of  the  Indianapolis  &  St.  Louis  divisions  of  the 
same  system,  and  in  January,  1895,  he  re- 
sumed his  connection  with  the  Atlantic  &  Pa- 
cific, accepting  the  office  which  he  now  fills — 
that  of  general  superintendent,  to  the  dis- 
charge of  the  duties  of  which  he  brings  a 
thorough  experience  and  an  intimate  know- 
ledge of  all  the  essential  details  of  operation. 


Notwithstanding  the  fact  that  Mr.  Wells  is 
still  a  young  man,  he  has  had  a  very  extended 
and  conspicuous  identification  with  practical 
railroading,  and  that  his  executive  ability  is  of 
distinguished  order  is  shown  in  his  having  held 
offices  of  so  great  importance  and  responsi- 
bility. 

In  1884  Mr.  Wells  was  united  in  marriage 
to  Miss  Gertrude  Barnard,  a  native  of  Green- 
ville, Ontario,i  and  the  daughter  of  Mr.  J.  F. 
Barnard,  a  prominent  railroad  man  of  this 
country.  They  are  the  parents  of  two  chil- 
dren: Helen  Audley  and  Louis  Ingalls  Bar- 
nard. 


ILARIO  ROMERO,  Sheriff  of  the 
county  of  San  Miguel,  and  a  promi- 
nent  native  son  of  the  Territory  of 
New  Mexico,  was  born  in  Santa  Fe 
county,  near  the  historic  old  town  of  that  name, 
the  date  of  his  birth  being  January  13,  1844. 
He  is  a  descendant  of  the  distinguished  old 
family  of  Romeros  who  have  long  resided  in 
New  Mexico.  His  grandfather,  Jose  G.  Romero, 
was  a  captain  in  the  Mexican  army,  and  after 
his  services  as  a  soldier  remained  here  and  be- 
came a  prominent  ranchero.  His  son,  Miguel 
Romero,  was  born  in  New  Mexico  and  was  our 
subject's  father.  He  married  Josefa  Delgado, 
a  native  of  New  Mexico  and  a  descendant  of 
the  old  and  distinguished  family  of  Delgados, 
her  father  being  Manuel  Delgado.  Mr.  Ro- 
mero's parents  had  five  sons  and  five  daugh- 
ters, all  of  whom  are  living.  The  father  was 
the  owner  of  a  large  amount  of  property,  held 
the  office  of  Probate  Judge  of  the  county,  and 
took  considerable  interest  in  public  affairs  all 
his  life.  He  died  at  the  age  of  eighty-one. 
To  him  belongs  the  distinction  of  having  been 
one  of  the  very  earliest  settlers  of  West  Las 
Vegas,  the  date  of  his  first  arrival  here  being 
1 844.  He  moved  his  family  to  this  place  in  1851 
and  was  for  years  engaged  in  merchandising  and 
freighting  here.  Few  of  the  early  settlers  were 
better  known  or  more  highly  respected  than 


344 


HIS  TORT  Of  NEW  MEXICO. 


was  Miguel  Romero.  His  wife  died  at  the  age 
of  sixty-one  years. 

Hilario  Romero,  the  immediate  subject  of 
this  article,  was  the  third  born  in  his  father's 
family.  He  was  educated  in  West  Las  Vegas 
and  in  1866  began  to  do  business  on  his  own 
account,  first  engaging  in  freighting  and  later 
in  the  grocery  business.  After  running  a  gro- 
cery for  two  years  he  became  associated  with 
Benigno  Romero  as  partner,  and  for  fourteen 
years  they  dealt  in  general  merchandise,  con- 
ducting a  large  and  prosperous  business.  During 
this  time  Mr.  Romero  was  also  engaged  in 
stock-raising.  He  has  long  made  a  capable 
Sheriff  of  the  county  of  San  Miguel,  having 
been  elected  to  this  important  office  three 
times,  first  in  1881,  then  in  1885,  and  lastly 
in  1894.  Mr.  Romero  is  a  man  of  nerve  and 
courage,  and  is  especially  fitted  for  the  duties 
of  this  important  office.  During  his  service  he 
has  arrested  and  brought  to  trial  many  des- 
perate characters  and  has  won  for  himself  the 
reputation  of  being  the  best  sheriff  the  county 
has  ever  had. 

In  1866  occurred  his  marriage  to  Miss 
Guadalupa  Delgado,  who,  like  himself,  is  a 
native  of  the  Territory.  They  have  three  chil- 
dren, the  first  born  in  Santa  Fe  and  the  others 
in  Las  Vegas,  their  names  being  Manuelita, 
Lucia  and  Jose  J.  The  eldest  is  now  the  wife 
of  Agustian  Delgado.  The  other  two  children 
still  reside  with  their  parents  in  their  pleasant 
home  in  Las  Vegas.  Mr.  Romero  is  considered 
one  of  New  Mexico's  best  citizens,  and  both  he 
and  his  family  are  popular  among  their  large 
circle  of  friends. 


I  HE  ATLANTIC  &  PACIFIC  RAIL- 
ROAD.— It  would  only  seem  like 
"treating  Nature  with  contempt"  to 
here  refrain  from  giving  specific  men- 
tion to  this  excellent  artery  of  trade  and  com  - 
merce  whose  line  traverses  a  region  notable  for 
its  picturesque  charms  and  prehistorical  attrac- 
tions. This  land  of  the  sky  has  been  the  sub- 
ject and  theme  of  artists,  poets  and  novelists, 


but  even  yet  has  its  fame  not  reached  an  ap- 
proximate of  its  merit.  The  "A.  &  P,"  is  not 
alone  remarkable  for  its  infinite  scenic  variety, 
for  it  is  needless  to  say  that  its  projection  and 
completion  had  a  utilitarian  basis.  It  traverses 
a  section  whose  natural  resources  are  yet  but 
dimly  comprehended,  and  it  is  an  artery  along 
which  shall  yet  throb  the  pulsations  of  magnifi- 
cent industry  and  commercial  traffic,  as  the 
treasures  stored  by  nature  in  the  plains  and 
high-heaved  mountains  of  New  Mexico  and 
Arizona  shall  still  further  be  revealeS.  Of  so 
great  importance  to  the  Territory  with  which 
this  compilation  has  to  do,  it  would  be  flagrant 
neglect  were  we  to  fail  to  give  mention  to  this 
railway  system,  whose  projectors  feared  not  to 
give  it  title  from  the  mighty  waters  that  sweep 
the  coasts  on  either  side  of  our  great  continent. 

The  work  of  construction  on  the  Atlantic 
&  Pacific  Railroad  in  New  Mexico  was  inaugu- 
rated in  1880,  and  the  line  was  completed  over 
the  famous  Canyon  Diablo  in  1882,  the  mag- 
nificent piece  of  engineering  work  at  this  point 
causing  a  delay  of  six  months  in  the  extending 
of  the  road  toward  the  West.  The  Southern 
Pacific  completed  the  line  from  the  Needles  to 
Mojava,  and  the  A.  &  P.  has  effected  the  lease 
of  that  line,  provision  being  made  for  its  pur- 
chase at  such  time  as  the  former  corporation 
shall  be  ready  to  sell.  The  Atlantic  &  Pacific 
has  thus  direct  connections  to  San  Francisco, 
and  also  to  Los  Angeles  and  the  other  Pacific 
coast  cities  and  towns  in  California.  The  road 
has  also  direct  connections  to  the  East,  via  the 
line  of  the  Atchison,  Topeka  &  Santa  Fe  to 
Chicago.  The  line  of  the  A.  &  P.  runs  east 
and  west  through  New  Mexico  and  Arizona, 
tapping  the  great  coal-mining  district  and  mak- 
ing easy  of  access  the  places  of  greatest  inter- 
est in  the  two  Territories  mentioned.  It  is 
recognized  as  the  great  scenic  and  midwinter 
route  to  the  Pacific  coast. 

Chalcedony  Park,  with  its  millions  of  geo- 
logical attractions,  is  reached  from  the  town  of 
Holbrook,  Arizona.  San  Francisco  mountain 
is  reached  from  Flagstaff,  that  Territory,  the 
distance  being  only  about  ten  miles.  From 


HISTORT  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


345 


Humphrey's  Peak  of  this  mountain  may  be  ob- 
tained the  most  noble  and  sublime  of  mountain 
views.  The  pueblo  villages  of  Zunyi  and 
Acoma  are  also  accessible,  and  those  of  Laguna 
and  Isleta  are  so  closely  adjacent  to  the  rail- 
road that  they  may  be  viewed  from  the  trains. 
The  wonderful  cliff  dwellings  are  only  a  few 
miles  from  Flagstaff  and  comprise  the  most 
important  ruins  left  to  tell  of  the  accomplish- 
ment and  the  skill  of  that  prehistoric  race 
whose  dominion  was  formerly  in  this  section. 
To  the  traveler  and  the  tourist  this  road  offers 
the  greatest  of  attractions, — scenes  which  the 
limitations  of  this  article  could  not  afford  lati- 
tude for  even  mention  and  much  less  for  de- 
scription, which  is  itself  impossible  of  accom- 
plishment. The  mind  appreciates  what  words 
cannot  express. 

The  equipment,  accommodations  and  serv- 
ice of  the  Atlantic  &  Pacific  are  now  of  that 
high  order  which  places  it  upon  a  par  with  the 
great  transcontinental  systems  whose  magnifi- 
cent privileges  cannot  fall  short  of  appreciation. 


«•    *  ON.  JOHN  P.    VICTORY,    Solicitor- 
1^"^    General  of  the  Territory  of  New  Mex- 
f    ico,  was  born  in  Brooklyn,  New  York, 
September     10,     1837.       His   father, 
James  Victory,  emigrated  from   county  Long- 
ford, Ireland,  in  1826,  then  a  young  man,  and 
located  in  Brooklyn,  where  he  was  married  to 
Miss  Catharine  Brennan,  also  a  native  of  that 
country.      He  was  engaged  in  contracting  and 
building  in  that  city  until  his  death,  which  oc- 
curred in  1876,  at  the  age  of  seventy-two  years. 
His  wife  had  departed  this  life  in   1837,  soon 
after  the  birth  of  the  subject  of  this  sketch. 

The  latter,  the  only  survivor  of  the  family, 
attended  the  pay  schools  in  his  neighborhood 
and  one  year  in  St.  James  Academy,  after 
which  he  entered  the  law  office  of  Greenwood 
&  Tucker.  He  was  admitted  to  the  bar  at 
Poughkeepsie,  New  York,  and  was  immediately 
appointed  City  Attorney  of  his  native  city,  in 
which  capacity  he  served  two  years.  Mr. 
Victory  continued  the  practice  of  law  in  that 


city  until  1866;  from  that  time  until  1883  he 
followed  his  profession  in  New  York  city,  re- 
siding a  portion  of  the  time  in  Richmond  coun- 
ty; and  then,  on  account  of  failing  health,  he 
came  to  Santa  Fe,  New  Mexico.  He  opened 
an  office  in  this  city,  and  soon  became  one  of 
the  leading  members  of  the  bar  of  the  Terri- 
tory. During  his  residence  here  he  has  been 
fully  identified  with  the  affairs  of  the  city.  For 
five  years  he  served  as  director  of  the  city 
schools,  and  in  1889  was  elected  County  School 
Superintendent,  was  one  of  the  promoters  of  the 
incorporation  of  Santa  Fe,  and  was  the  first 
City  Attorney,  having  held  the  position  under 
both  Democratic  and  Republican  rule.  In 

1893  Mr.  Victory  received  the  appointment  of 
Assistant  Secretary  of  the  Territory,  in  which 
he  served  until  January,  1895.      In  the  fall  of 

1 894  he  was  elected  to  the  Legislative  Council  of 
New  Mexio,  and  during  the  session  of    the  leg- 
islature of  1895  proved  an  active  and  influential 
member  of  that  body.    He  served  in  the  Council 
as  Chairman  of  the  Judiciary  Committee,  the 
Committee    on  Public  Institutions,  the    Com- 
mittee   on    Education,    and    other    important 
bodies  auxiliary  to  legislation.      On  January  7, 
1895,  Governor  Thornton  appointed  Mr.  Vic- 
tory Solicitor-General  of  the  Territory,  upon 
the  duties  of  which  office   he  entered   March 
4,  1895. 

General  Victory  was  married  in  January, 
1864,  to  Miss  Kate  C.  Marshall,  of  New  York 
city,  and  they  had  four  children,  three  of  whom 
are  now  alive:  Vincent,  a  lawyer  in  New 
York  city;  Marie  Loretta  and  Alma  D.  The 
wife  and  mother  died  in  1876.  In  August, 
1890,  our  subject  was  united  in  marriage  with 
Miss  Mary  Maltby,  daughter  of  Norman  Maltby, 
one  time  Mayor  of  the  city  of  Sedalia,  Mis- 
souri. She  is  a  lineal  descendant  of  William 
Cox,  one  of  the  participants  in  and  the  last  sur- 
vivor of  the  celebrated  Boston  Tea  Party,  and 
she  is  a  sister  of  Mrs.  Governor  Thornton. 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  Victory  have  a  little  son,  Thorn- 
ton Maltby,  born  in  Santa  Fe.  Mrs.  Victory 
is  a  member  of  the  Episcopal  Church.  Gen- 
eral Victory  was  reared  a  Catholic  and  has  al- 


346 


HISTORY  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


ways  been  a  faithful  adherent  to  the  church. 
He  owns  a  two-acre  block,  on  which  he  has 
built  a  beautiful  residence,  and  has  planted  the 
grounds  with  trees  and  vines.  Their  home 
commands  a  beautiful  view  of  the  city  and 
mountains,  and  they  live  surrounded  by  all  the 
things  which  taste  and  culture  can  dictate,  for- 
tunate in  the  enjoyment  of  many  blessings  and 
firmly  established  in  the  high  esteem  of  hosts 
of  friends. 


aUTIMIO  MONTOYA.—  The  annals  of 
history  in  New  Mexico  are  prolific  in 
interest  and  in  somewhat  romantic 
incident  through  the  earlier  years 
when  first  the  Territory  was  opened  up  to  civi- 
lization by  the  representatives  of  the  proud  old 
Spanish  families  who  here  disputed  dominion 
with  the  savages,  and  laid  deep  the  founda- 
tions upon  which  has  been  reared  the  magnifi- 
cent superstructure  of  a  rich  and  progressive 
section  of  our  great  Western  republic.  The 
stages  of  development  each  have  their  elements 
of  interest,  and  yet  to  those  who  have 
descended  from  the  original  Spanish  settlers 
there  is  perhaps  a  greater  quota  of  honor  and 
credit  attaching  than  to  those  who  have  drifted 
to  the  section  in  later  years  or  have  been  at- 
tracted here  as  the  resources  of  the  Territory 
have  been  revealed.  But  the  pioneers  of  New 
Mexican  history  are  for  the  most  part  of 
Spanish  extraction,  and  of  the  old  and  promi- 
nent families  there  remain  to-day  many  distin- 
guished sons  who  have  kept  in  touch  with  the 
electrical  advances  of  this  end-of-the-century 
period.  Such  an  one  is  the  subject  of  this 
sketch,  and  there  is  demanded  for  him  specific 
recognition  in  this  volume. 

Eutimio  Montoya  is  one  of  the  most  pro- 
minent and  influential  citizens  of  San  Antonio, 
Socorro  county,  and  it  is  a  significant  fact  that 
this  town  figures  as  the  place  of  his  nativity, 
his  birth  having  here  occurred  on  the  24th  of 
December,  1854.  The  original  ancestor  of  the 
Montoya  family  in  New  Mexico  was  Antonio 
Montoya  (great-grandfather  of  our  subject), 


who  came  from  Mexico  with  a  colony  and 
settled  first  at  Santa  Fe,  and  later  locating  at 
Belen,  became  prominently  engaged  in  farm- 
ing and  stock-raising.  In  this  Territory  he 
married  Guadalupa  Baca,  a  representative  of 
the  noted  family  of  that  name,  and  both  lived 
to  acquire  venerable  age.  Their  son,  Jose  H. 
Montoya  was  born  in  Belen,  and  in  his  early 
manhood  he  was  united  in  marriage  to  Juana 
Maria  Baca,  and  they  were  among  the  first 
settlers  in  the  town  of  Socorro.  The  Socorro 
land  grant  was  given  to  seventy  families,  and 
they  were  the  founders  of  that  town.  Jose 
Montoya  was  also  engaged  in  stock-growing 
until  his  death.  His  son,  Estanislao  Montoya, 
father  of  our  subject,  was  born  at  Socorra,  on 
the  9th  of  December,  1819,  and  he  and  his 
father  were  the  founders  of  the  village  of  San 
Antonio.  Here  they  established  themselves  at 
a  time  when  the  county  was  practically  a  wil- 
derness, and  they  had  many  desperate  conflicts 
with  the  Indians,  who  made  frequent  raids  in 
attempting  to  destroy  them  and  rob  them  of 
their  herds  and  flocks.  They  had  many  narrow 
escapes,  and  suffered  much  from  the  depreda- 
tions of  the  wily  redskins  who  infested  the  Ter- 
ritory at  that  time,  and  who  hesitated  to  com- 
mit no  atrocity.  Our  subject's  father  com- 
manded many  an  expedition  against  the  savages 
for  the  purpose  of  recovering  stock  which  they 
had  captured,  and  in  order  to  protect  the  set- 
tlers from  their  bloodthirsty  onslaughts.  Es- 
tanislao Montoya  took  unto  himself  a  wife  in 
the  person  of  Francisca  Garcia,  who  was  born 
in  Belen,  the  daughter  of  Juan  Andres  Garcia, 
of  the  celebrated  New  Mexican  family  of  that 
name.  In  addition  to  his  extensive  operations 
in  stock-raising,  Mr.  Montoya  also  became 
concerned  in  mercantile  pursuits,  and  was  a 
man  of  much  influence  in  the  Territory.  His 
military  career  is  one  of  which  his  descendants 
may  well  be  proud,  for  it  was  one  of  distin- 
guished service  to  the  cause  of  the  Union  dur- 
ing the  late  war  of  the  Rebellion.  In  1861  he 
received  from  the  Governor  of  the  Territory 
the  appointment  as  Adjutant  General  of  the 
New  Mexico  Militia,  and  in  that  capacity  took 


HISTORT  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


347 


an  active  part  in  the  Civil  war,  participating  in 
the  battles  which  were  waged  in  the  Territory, 
and  which  resulted  in  the  upholding  of  the 
Union  arms  and  in  the  expulsion  of  the  enemy 
from  the  Territorial  borders.  At  the  close  of 
the  war  he  was  prominently  identified  in  the 
capturing  of  the  Navajo  Indians,  and  at  one 
time  he  held  i  50  of  the  savages  in  captivity  at 
San  Antonio.  He  also  had  much  to  do  in 
subduing  the  Apache  Indians,  who  were  the 
most  savage  and  warlike  of  all  the  tribes  that 
infested  the  Territory.  He  later  held  distinc- 
tive official  preferment  as  Probate  Judge  of  the 
county,  and  discharged  the  important  duties  of 
that  position  with  signal  ability  and  honor, 
holding  the  office  for  a  number  of  years.  His 
character  was  beyond  reproach,  and  such  was 
his  life  record  that  the  people  placed  implicit 
confidence  in  him  and  regarded  his  counsel  as 
practically  ultimate.  To  him  belongs  the 
honor  of  having  discovered,  in  1862,  the  valu- 
able coal  deposits  near  San  Antonio,  and  he 
here  developed  the  mining  industry  to  a  cer- 
tain extent,  the  property  being  sold,  in  1881, 
to  the  Atchison,  Topeka  &  Santa  Fe  Railroad 
Company  for  a  consideration  of  $54,000.  The 
demise  of  this  honored  pioneer  was  deeply 
lamented  by  all  who  knew  him.  He  passed 
into  eternal  rest  on  the  8th  of  August,  1884, 
aged  sixty-four  years.  His  widow  still  sur- 
vives, and  has  attained  the  venerable  age  of 
seventy.  They  became  the  parents  of  nine 
children,  three  of  whom  died  in  infancy  and 
five  of  whom  still  abide,  namely:  Juliana  is 
the  wife  of  Jose  A.  Montoya,  a  distant  relative 
of  the  family;  Nemecia  is  the  wife  of  Ricardo 
Pino;  Isabel  is  the  wife  of  Lucas  E.  Pino; 
Placida  is  now  deceased;  Deciderio  S.  died  in 
1887,  aged  forty-two  years;  and  Eutimio  is 
the  immediate  subject  of  this  sketch.  All  of 
the  family  retain  their  residence  in  San  An- 
tonio. 

Eutimio  Montoya  was  the  youngest  of  the 
children,  and  his  education  was  secured  in  the 
excellent  college  of  the  Christian  Brothers,  at 
Santa  Fe.  His  business  career  began  at  an 
early  age,  when  he  went  to  Fort  Craig  and 


took  charge  of  the  store  conducted  by  his 
father,  who  was  sutler  at  the  post  at  that  time. 
He  remained  at  Fort  Craig  for  a  period  of  five 
years  and  then  returned  to  his  home  and  be- 
came the  partner  of  his  father  and  brother  in 
their  extensive  stock-raising  and  mercantile 
enterprises.  They  also  operated  a  large  freight 
train  which  was  utilized  in  transporting  goods 
overland  from  Kansas  City  and  other  points  as 
the  railroad  line  made  its  way  westward.  They 
were  very  successful  in  all  their  endeavors,  and 
on  their  stock  ranch  they  had  at  one  time  as 
many  as  65,000  sheep,  2,000  head  of  cattle 
and  300  head  of  horses.  They  imported  Cots- 
wold  and  Merino  (bucks)  sheep  and  brought 
the  quality  of  wool  up  to  a  high  standard. 
They  were  also  owners  of  large  tracts  of  val- 
uable land.  Soon  after  the  death  of  the  hon- 
ored father  the  brothers  dissolved  their  part- 
nership in  so  far  as  it  pertained  to  the  mercan- 
tile business,  but  continued  to  be  associated  in 
the  stock  enterprise  for  about  two  years  after- 
ward, and  our  subject  is  still  very  prominently 
identified  with  this  industry.  His  sheep  are 
seven- eighths  Merino,  his  cattle  have  a  marked 
strain  of  Hereford  blood,  and  his  horses  are  a 
judicious  crossing  of  the  Hambletonian  and 
Morgan  strains.  His  experience  has  proved  to 
him  that  the  stook  thus  secured  is  most  pecu- 
liarly adapted  to  the  climate  of  New  Mexico  and 
best  insured  to  render  good  returns.  Mr.  Mon- 
toya has  a  spacious  and  attractive  home  in  San 
Antonio,  his  native  place,  and  he  is  recognized 
as  one  of  the  public-spirited  and  influential  cit- 
izens. 

Our  subject  has  been  twice  married.  In 
1875  was  consummated  his  union  to  Miss 
Guadalupa  Luna,  daughter  of  Hon.  Ramon 
Luna,  of  Las  Lunas.  To  them  were  born 
three  children:  Margarita,  wife  of  Solomon 
Baca,  of  Socorro;  Anna  Felicia  and  Elvira,  de- 
ceased. On  the  1 5th  of  January,  1885,  Mr. 
Montoya  was  united  in  marriage  to  Miss  Sallie 
Perez,  daughter  of  Hon.  Demetrio  Perez,  ex- 
Auditor  of  the  Territory,  to  whom  individual 
reference  is  made  elsewhere  in  this  volume. 
Of  the  three  children  of  this  union  two  died  in 


348 


HIS  TORT  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


infancy,  the  one  surviving  being  Acisclo  D.  A. 
Estanislao  P.  and  Ignacio  L.  are  the  names  of 
the  deceased. 

Mr.  Montoya  is  a  worthy  representative  of 
an  illustrious  ancestry  and  is  known  as  a  man 
of  marked  business  ability,  intellectual  force 
and  high  honor,  being  one  of  the  representa- 
tive and  worthy  citizens  of  the  Territory. 


VVASPER  N.  BROYLES,  who  occupies  a 
m  position  of  unmistakable  prominence 
/•  1  and  influence  as  one  of  the  representa- 
tive business  men  and  most  substantial 
capitalists  of  the  thriving  city  o'f  San  Marcial, 
Socorro  county,  where  he  is  engaged  in  bank- 
ing and  in  merchant  milling,  traces  his  ances- 
tral line  back  to  English  origin,  the  family  hav- 
ing become  established  in  the  Old  Dominion 
State  more  than  one  hundred  years  ago,  and 
having  been  conspicuously  identified  with  the 
affairs  of  that  cradle  of  our  national  history. 

Our  subject  is  a  native  of  West  Virginia, 
having  been  born  on  the  paternal  homestead, 
located  in  the  vicinity  of  Red  Sulphur  Springs, 
and  the  date  of  his  nativity  having  been  July 
24,  1859.  His  paternal  grandfather,  Andrew 
Broyles,  settled  near  Red  Sulphur  Springs, 
Monroe  county,  where  he  owned  extensive 
tracts  of  valuable  land,  which  he  brought  to  a 
high  state  of  cultivation,  becoming  one  of  the 
influential  men  of  that  section  and  holding  a 
position  of  prominence.  He  married  Miss 
Mitchel,  and  they  became  the  parents  of  eight 
children.  The  mother  died  in  the  seventy- 
fifth  year  of  her  age,  but  the  father  is  still  liv- 
ing, having  now  (1895)  reached  the  patriarchal 
age  of  ninety-one  years.  He  is  a  member  of 
the  Christian  Church,  as  was  also  his  devoted 
wife.  Their  son,  John  Broyles,  father  of  our 
subject,  was  born  on  the  old  homestead  in  the 
year  1830,  and  was  there  reared  to  maturity, 
eventually  leading  to  the  marriage  altar  Miss 
Sarah  Smith,  a  native  of  the  same  place. 
They  became  the  parents  of  two  children,— 
Lee  C.  and  Jasper  N.,  both  of  whom  are  now 
representative  business  men  of  San  Marcial, 


New  Mexico.  The  father  died  at  the  untimely 
age  of  thirty  years,  but  the  cherished  mother 
still  survives,  being  now  fifty-six  years  of  age. 

Jasper  N.  Broyles,  the  immediate  subject 
of  this  review,  received  his  educational  disci- 
pline at  Marysville,  Missouri,  and  at  Hunter's 
Springs,  West  Virginia,  and  in  his  youth  de- 
voted himself  to  learning  the  art  of  telegraphy, 
securing  his  preliminary  experience  in  the  office 
of  the  Wabash  railroad  at  Conception,  Mis- 
souri, and  after  becoming  an  expert  operator 
he  was  for  seven  years  employed  at  his  profes- 
sion, being  in  the  employ  of  the  Wabash  Com- 
pany for  some  time,  and  later  in  that  of  the 
Atchison,  Topeka  &  Santa  Fe  Railroad  Com- 
pany. In  the  year  1881  he  came  to  San  Mar- 
cial to  take  charge  of  the  local  ticket  office  of 
the  company  last  mentioned,  and  he  continued 
in  this  connection  until  1887,  at  which  time  he 
became  identified  with  the  business  interests 
of  the  town  by  engaging  in  the  grocery  trade 
here,  his  place  of  business  at  the  start  being 
the  same  which  he  has  since  retained.  His 
cash  capital,  as  representing  the  basis  of  opera- 
tions on  the  inception  of  his  mercantile  career, 
amounted  to  only  $250,  and  the  original  estab- 
lishment was  one  of  modest  order.  His  sagac- 
ity and  intuitive  perception  of  correct  business 
methods  led  him  to  avoid  an  expansion  of  his 
credit  and  to  begin  upon  a  moderate  scale  and 
to  widen  the  scope  of  operations  consecutively 
in  proportion  to  the  normal  demands  placed 
upon  the  business.  The  wisdom  of  his  policy 
has  been  conclusively  proved  in  the  years 
which  have  brought  to  him  so  marked  a  degree 
of  success.  Alert  and  enterprising,  and  ever 
according  a  close  attention  to  the  details  of  his 
business,  the  same  showed  a  consecutive 
growth  and  his  establishment  now  represents 
one  of  the  most  important  mercantile  enter- 
prises in  the  thriving  little  city. 

In  1893  the  entire  block  in  which  his  store 
was  located  was  destroyed  by  fire,  but  with 
characteristic  enterprise  Mr.  Broyles  associated 
himself  with  others  in  the  work  of  erecting  on 
the  site  a  substantial  block  of  modern  design 
and  one  which  is  an  ornament  to  the  town. 


HIS  TORT  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


349 


Though  the  fire  necessarily  entailed  a  consider- 
able loss,  he  did  not  regard  it  as  an  absolute 
misfortune,  since  it  gave  to  the  business  por- 
tion superior  facilities  in  the  erection  of  the 
new  building. 

Not  content  to  merely  follow  along  in  beat- 
en paths,  Mr.  Broyles  has  ever  aimed  to  main- 
tain a  progressive  attitude  and  to  anticipate 
the  demands  of  business.  Thus,  in  1894,  he 
became  convinced  that  there  was  an  imperative 
demand  for  first-class  flouring-mill  facilities  in 
San  Marcial,  and  he  forthwith  took  the  initia- 
tive and  erected  a  finely-equipped  mill,  which 
is  fitted  with  full  roller-process  system,  and 
operated  by  steam  power.  The  mill  is  thor- 
oughly modern  in  standard  and  in  its  produc- 
tive facilities,  having  a  large  capacity  for  turn- 
ing out  flour  of  the  highest  grade,  and  for 
successfully  handling  other  food  cereals.  The 
mill  is  now  operated  night  and  day,  and  yet  so 
great  is  the  demand  for  its  exceptionally  ex- 
cellent products  that  its  capacity,  is  tested  to 
the  utmost,  and  the  proprietor  has  in  contem- 
plation the  enlargement  of  the  mill  and  the 
augmenting  of  its  facilities. 

In  addition  to  the  conspicuous  enterprises 
already  noted,  Mr.  Broyles  also  provides  accom- 
modations to  the  local  public  in  the  conducting 
of  a  private  banking  business  in  the  city,  this 
monetary  institution  dating  its  inception  back 
to  1892.  A  general  banking  business  is  con- 
ducted, deposits  are  received,  exchange  bought 
and  sold,  financial  loans  extended,  and  the 
whole  is  managed  upon  such  careful  and  con- 
servative methods  that  a  representative  busi- 
ness is  controlled,  the  proprietor  enjoying  the 
confidence  and  esteem  of  the  community  by 
reason  of  his  ability  and  indubitable  integrity. 
The  bank  is  equipped  with  a  fire-proof  vault 
and  additional  protection  is  insured  by  a  time 
lock,  while  all  other  facilities  are  up  to  the 
modern  standard.  In  his  mercantile  line  Mr. 
Broyles  conducts  both  a  wholesale  and  retail 
business,  handling  a  full  assortment  of  general 
merchandise  and  deriving  a  trade  from  a  wide 
territory  contiguous  to  San  Marcial.  His  suc- 
cess has  been  the  result  of  his  own  efforts, 


and  has  been  of  pronounced  character.  Honor 
and  capability  do  not  lack  for  public  appreci- 
ation, and  our  subject's  career  has  been  one  in 
which  he  has  ever  retained  the  respect  and 
confidence  of  those  with  whom  he  has  had 
dealings.  His  position  as  one  of  the  leading 
citizens  of  San  Marcial  is  conceded,  and  no 
one  man  has  done  more  to  further  the  develop- 
ment and  insure  the  substantial  prosperity  of 
the  town  than  has  he.  He  is  public-spirited 
to  a  degree  and  is  ever  ready  to  lend  influence 
and  tangible  assistance  to  any  enterprise  which 
has  for  its  object  the  conserving  of  the  welfare 
of  the  community. 

In  1884  was  celebrated  the  marriage  of 
Mr.  Broyles  to  Miss  Zina  Hafley,  a  native  of 
Indiana,  and  the  daughter  of  Jacob  Hafley, 
now  a  prominent  resident  of  La  Cygne,  Kansas. 
They  are  the  parents  of  three  children :  Law- 
rence, Rosie  and  Ruth.  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Broyles 
are  zealous  members  of  the  Methodist  Episco- 
pal Church,  South. 

In  his  fraternal  relations  our  subject  is 
prominently  indentified  with  the  Independent 
Order  of  Odd  Fellows,  having  passed  the 
chairs  in  both  bodies  of  that  noble  organization. 
In  politics  he  supports  the  Democratic  party, 
but  he  has  never  been  an  aspirant  for  official 
preferment,  finding  that  his  business  interests 
have  ever  demanded  his  undivided  attention, 
and  in  this  line  he  has  been  eminently  and  de- 
servedly successful,  being  a  distinctive  type  of 
the  self-made  man. 


*S^\    P-  HALL. — This  gentleman,    who  is 
I  ^^    the   proprietor    of    the    Albuquerque 
W    Foundry,  was  born  in    New  York  on 
the  29th  day  of  August,  1849.      He  is 
of  English  and  Irish  extraction,    his  ancestors 
being    early    settlers    of    New    England.      His 
father,    George    Hall,    was    born   in    Oswego 
county,  New  York,  and  married  Mary  Padden, 
who  was  a  native  of  the  same  State.     To  them 
were  born  two  daughters  and  one  son,  the  lat- 
ter   being   the    subject    of   this  sketch.     The 
father  is  still  living,  and  his  wife  died  in  1892, 


35° 


HIS  TORT  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


at  the  age  of  sixty-eight  years.  They  were 
an  eminently  esteemed  and  industrious  family, 
and  acceptable  members  of  the  Methodist 
Church. 

The  son,  R.  P.,  received  his  education  in 
the  public  schools  and  at  Oberlin  College, 
Ohio.  In  1871  he  entered  the  employ  of  the 
Atlantic  &  Pacific  Railroad  Company,  and  was 
with  them  when  in  1880  he  came  to  Albuquer- 
que in  charge  of  their  construction  outfit.  He 
continued  with  the  railroad  company  during 
the  whole  of  the  construction  of  their  line,  and 
then  returned  to  Albuquerque,  where  he  be- 
came connected  with  the  Albuquerque  Foundry 
and  Machine  Company.  In  1881  the  New 
Mexican  Iron  and  Machine  Company  was 
formed,  and  out  of  it  grew  the  Albuquerque 
Foundry  and  Machine  Company,  which  was  in 
1884  incorporated  as  such.  In  1888  Mr.  Hall 
became  the  sole  owner  of  the  plant,  which  was 
destroyed  by  fire  in  May  of  1891.  In  June  of 
the  same  year  he  rebuilt  the  institution  in  an 
enlarged  form,  erecting  a  large  and  commo- 
dious brick  edifice  which  was  appropriately  fit- 
ted out  with  everything  needful  in  the  way  of 
improved  machinery  for  turning  out  everything 
in  their  line.  General  mechanical  work  of  every 
description  is  done  here  and  it  is  considered 
the  finest  plant  of  its  kind  anywhere  in  the 
Territory.  It  stands  by  the  side  of  the  tracks 
of  the  Atchison,  Topeka  &  Santa  Fe  Railway, 
the  plant  covering  two  and  three-fifths  acres 
of  land.  Thirty-five  men  are  constantly  em- 
ployed and  the  business  done  extends  through- 
out New  Mexico  and  Arizona.  The  mill  and 
machine  work  of  the  whole  country  is  done 
here,  and  all  of  the  cast-iron  work  of  the  At- 
lantic &  Pacific  Railroad  Company.  That  Mr. 
Hall  is  a  man  of  extraordinary  business  ability 
is  plainly  evinced  by  the  continuous  and 
healthy  growth  of  the  business  since  he  ob- 
tained sole  control. 

Since  coming  to  Albuquerque  he  has  be- 
come fully  identified  with  the  general  interests 
of  the  city,  has  invested  in  real  estate  and  has 
done  much  toward  the  building  up  of  the  place. 
He  was  one  of  the  organizers  and  charter 


members  of  the  Co-operative  Building  and 
Loan  Association,  and  is  now  serving  his 
seventh  year  as  its  president.  This  institution 
has  been  a  wonderful  factor  in  the  building  up 
of  the  city,  nearly  one  hundred  houses  having 
been  erected  through  its  aid  and  $230,000  of 
home  capital  loaned  by  it.  The  gentleman  is 
also  President  of  the  Broadway  Land  and  In- 
vestment Company.  They  own  two  hundred 
and  eighty  lots  of  land  in  the  city,  which  they 
have  on  the  market.  Mr.  Hall  has  also  been 
interested  in  the  lighting  of  the  city,  being  a 
stockholder  in  both  the  gas  and  electric  com- 
panies. The  enterprises  named  above  are  im- 
portant ones  and  through  them  the  city  has 
made  material  advancement.  Mr.  Hall's  keen 
business  sagacity  has  aided  greatly  in  their  for- 
mation and  successful  career,  and  his  connec- 
tion therewith  speaks  volumes  as  to  his  public 
enterprise. 

Mr.  Hall  was  married,  in  1885,  to  Miss 
Rosa  M.  Dake,  a  native  of  Minnesota,  and  of 
English  descent.  They  have  one  daughter, 
Mary  Vincentia.  Mr.  Hall  is  a  popular  mem- 
ber of  the  Republican  party  and  has  been 
twice  elected  a  member  of  the  Board  of  County 
Commissioners  of  Bernalillo  county.  At  the 
second  election,  such  was  the  satisfaction  he 
gave  during  his  first  incumbency  of  the  office 
that  he  had  no  opposition.  While  in  office  he 
did  all  in  his  power  for  his  own  county,  and 
will  always  be  remembered  as  a  faithful  and 
painstaking  official.  Mr.  Hall  is  a  man  of  fine 
personal  appearance  and  genial  manners,  and 
is  considered  one  of  Albuquerque's  most  pro- 
gressive and  reliable  business  men. 


'•w-'     GUIS  HUNING,  a  prominent  pioneer 

|     resident  of  Los  Lunas,    and    a   self- 

_^^    made  man,  came  to  the  Territory  of 

New  Mexico  in  July,  1861. 
He  is  a  native  of  Germany,  born  in  Hanover, 
April  6,  1834,  a  son  of  German  parents.  In 
the  old  country  he  was  reared  and  educated, 
and  was  engaged  in  agricultural  pursuits  there 
until  1 86 1,  when  he  emigrated  to  America  and 


HISTORY  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


35' 


came  to  Los  Lunas.  On  his  arrival  at  this 
place  his  cash  capital  consisted  of  forty-five 
dollars.  Here  he  accepted  a  clerkship  in  the 
store  owned  by  his  brothers,  Franz  and  Charles 
Huning.  These  brothers  had  been  in  America 
for  some  time  and  had  mercantile  establish- 
ments in  both  Albuquerque  and  Los  Lunas. 
Our  subject  clerked  for  them  until  1865,  when 
he  become  a  member  of  the  firm.  Later  he 
and  Mr.  E.  D.  Franz  became  owners  of  the 
Los  Lunas  store  and  conducted  the  same  for 
eight  months,  at  the  end  of  which  time  Mr. 
Huning  purchased  the  interest  of  his  partner 
and  became  sole  owner.  Soon  after  this  he 
bought  of  Mr.  Jules  Freudenthal  a  similar  es- 
tablishment at  Belen,  and  for  a  time  ran  both 
establishments  under  his  own  name.  In  1866 
he  became  a  member  of  the  firm  of  L.  &  H. 
Huning,  which  continued  up  to  1871.  Their 
business  operations  were  attended  with  large 
success.  They  had  six  branch  houses,  and 
they  handled  many  hundred  thousand  dollars' 
worth  of  goods.  For  a  number  of  years  they  had 
contracts  from  theGovernmentto  the  amount  of 
$  i  50,000  annually.  In  addition  to  their  im- 
mense mercantile  business,  Mr.  Huning  and 
his  brother  were  largely  interested  in  stock- 
growing.  At  one  time  they  had  60,000  head 
of  sheep  and  8,000  head  of  cattle,  and  their 
wool  clip  amounted  to  200,000  pounds. 
In  1888,  when  they  dissolved  partnership, 
their  estate  was  valued  at  $750,000.  In 
1870  they  built  at  Las  Chavez  one  of  the  best 
full  roller-process  flouring  mills  in  the  Terri- 
tory. Thus  it  is  seen  that  in  various  ways  Mr. 
Huning  has  been  foremost  in  developing  the 
resources  of  New  Mexico.  During  his  business 
career  he  from  time  to  time  acquired  large 
tracts  of  valuable  lands,  and  he  is  now  the 
owner  of  no  less  than  125,000  acres,  much  of 
this  land  being  very  valuable  for  coal-mining 
purposes. 

Mr.  Huning  was  married  in  1873  to  Miss 
Emma  Gehrling,  a  native  of  Missouri  and  a 
daughter  of  Dr.  Gehrling  of  that  State.  She 
died  at  the  birth  of  her  first  child,  and  it  lived 
only  seven  months.  October  28,  1876,  he 


married  Miss  Henny  Bush,  his  present  com- 
panion, a  native  of  Bremen,  Germany.  The 
children  of  this  union  are  four  in  number  and 
as  follows:  Emrna,  Frederick,  Lewie  and 
Lolita,  all  born  in  Los  Lunas. 

On  becoming  a  resident  of  America  Mr. 
Huning  identified  himself  with  the  Republican 
party,  with  which  he  has  maintained  his  alle- 
giance ever  since.  He  has  served  five  terms  in 
the  important  office  of  County  Commissioner, 
was  one  of  the  first  Commissioners  elected  in 
the  county,  and  was  the  incumbent  of  this  of- 
fice at  the  time  the  court-house  was  built,  in 
the  pushing  forward  of  which  enterprise  he 
rendered  valued  service.  Both  in  his  official 
career  and  as  a  business  man  he  has  made 
a  wide  acquaintance  throughout  Valencia 
county  and  is  highly  respected  by  all  who  know 
him. 


aRNESTL.  BROWNE.— There  is    an 
element  of  singular  congruity   in  di- 
recting specific  attention  to  the  hon- 
orable career  of  the  subject  of  this  re- 
view, since  he  not  only  holds  high  rank  among 
the  business  men  of  the   Territory    and   as  an 
official  of  Socorro  county,  but  is  the  son  of  one 
who  was  most  conspicuously  identified  with  the 
establishment  and   development  of  the  higher 
business  interests  of  New  Mexico,   and   whose 
life  was  one  characterized  by   the  highest  in- 
tegrity, a  progressive  spirit  and  a  transcendent 
ability   for  the  management  and  direction  of 
affairs  of  great  breadth  and  importance. 

Ernest  L.  Browne  now  holds  the  distinctive 
preferment  as  Treasurer  of  Socorro  county, 
and  in  his  business  relations  is  conspicuous  as 
being  a  member  of  the  wholesale  mercantile 
firm  of  the  Browne  &  Manzanares  Company, 
whose  business  is  one  of  the  most  extensive 
commercial  enterprises  in  the  Territory,  hav- 
ing numerous  branches  and  being  conducted 
with  that  signal  regard  for  absolute  probity  and 
honor  which  has  insured  its  successful  opera- 
tion from  the  time  of  its  inception.  Mr. 
Browne  was  born  in  Kansas  City,  Missouri, 


35* 


HISTORT  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


on  the  i  gth  of  December,  1861,  coming  of  an 
ancestral  line  which  represents  a  blending  of 
English,  German  and  Scotch-Irish  strains.  His 
father,  Lawrence  P.  Browne,  was  a  native  of 
Pennsylvania,  and  in  his  early  manhood  he 
was  united  in  marriage  to  Miss  Artless  J.  Ladd, 
who  was  born  in  Providence,  Rhode  Island, 
their  union  being  consummated  in  Kansas 
City,  where  he  was  engaged  in  the  mercantile 
business  at  the  time.  He  had  commenced  his 
career  as  a  clerk  in  a  store  in  St.  Louis,  Mis- 
souri, entering  the  employ  of  W.  H.  Chick, 
with  whom  he  eventually  became  associated  as 
a  partner,  in  which  connection  they  conducted 
a  successful  mercantile  business  in  Kansas  City 
from  1 864  to  1 869.  Mr.  Browne  then  went  to 
Junction  City,  Kansas,  and  from  that  point  as 
headquarters  was  engaged  in  selling  merchan- 
dise along  the  line  of  the  Union  Pacific  Rail- 
road during  the  period  of  its  construction.  He 
was  thus  concerned  in  business  at  various  points 
along  that  important  route,  and  thereafter  he 
continued  operation  in  a  similar  way  along  the 
line  of  the  Atchison,  Topeka  &  Santa  Fe  Rail- 
road, trading  at  La  Junta,  Pueblo,  Colorado 
Springs,  El  Mora,  Trinidad,  Otero,  and  finally 
at  Las  Vegas,  where  the  headquarters  of  the 
house  have  since  been  maintained. 

In  the  year  1880  the  Socorro  house  was  es- 
tablished, Mr.  Browne  having  prior  to  this  as- 
sociated himself  with  F.  A.  Manzanares,  one 
of  the  most  able  and  prominent  of  the  native 
Sons  of  New  Mexico.  The  firm  eventually 
filed  articles  of  incorporation  as  the  Browne  & 
Manzanares  Company,  and  this  title  has  ever 
since  been  retained.  Mr.  Browne  was  pos- 
sessed of  remarkable  business  acumen  and  ca- 
pacity for  the  management  of  details.  He  was 
an  active  and  indefatigable  worker  and  applied 
himself  unreservedly  to  his  business  affairs.  To 
his  able  efforts  is  largely  due  the  high  measure 
of  success  and  prosperity  which  has  attended 
the  prosecution  of  the  magnificent  mercantile 
enterprise  which  he  founded. 

Lawrence  P.  Browne  departed  this  life  on 
the  5th  of  December,  1893,  and  in  his  death 
New  Mexico  lost  one  of  her  most  honored 


business  men  and  valuable  citizens.  He  had 
established  thirty-five  business  houses  and  had 
gained  a  distinguished  position  in  commercial 
circles;  but  from  first  to  last  he  was  the  same 
unassuming,  courteous  man  of  business,  honest 
and  upright  in  thought,  word  and  deed,  and 
ever  standing  four-square  to  every  wind  that 
blew.  His  was  that  high  sense  of  honor  which 
felt  the  slightest  discredit  as  poignantly  as  a 
wound,  and  after  his  long  and  useful  life  was 
ended  there  were  none  to  cast  a  reflection  upon 
any  action  which  had  characterized  his  career. 
Such  a  name  handed  to  posterity  is  more  price- 
less than  great  riches.  His  sons  are  now  asso- 
ciated with  Mr.  Manzanares  in  conducting  the 
extensive  business,  the  officers  of  the  company 
being  as  follows:  F.  A.  Manzanares,  presi- 
dent; M.  W.  Browne,  vice-president;  C.  W. 
Browne,  secretary;  and  E.  L.  Browne,  cashier 
and  manager  of  the  Socorro  branch  of  the 
business.  t 

The  last  mentioned,  Ernest  L.  Browne, 
figures  as  the  immediate  subject  of  this  review. 
Reverting  to  the  more  salient  points  in  his  early 
history,  we  learn  that  his  more  preliminary  ed- 
ucational training  was  secured  in  the  public 
schools  of  Kansas  City,  after  which  he  com- 
pleted a  thorough  course  of  study  in  the  min- 
eralogical  department  of  the  State  University 
of  Kansas.  He  also  took  a  special  course  of 
study  in  the  Colorado  School  of  Mines,  and 
thereafter  passed  some  time  in  the  offices  of 
the  Union  Pacific  Railroad  Company,  in  order 
to  thoroughly  inform  himself  in  regard  to  the 
details  of  railroading. 

In  1884  he  became  a  member  of  the  com- 
pany of  which  his  father  was  the  head,  and  he 
has  since  been  consecutively  connected  with 
the  business,  having  been  for  six  years  con- 
nected with  the  operation  of  the  main  estab- 
lishment at  Las  Vegas.  In  1890  he  came  to 
Socorro,  and  he  here  had  charge  of  the  cash 
department  of  the  business  until  1894,  when 
he  assumed  the  management  of  the  branch  and 
has  since  directed  its  affairs  with  consummate 
ability  and  judgment.  It  is  unnecessary  to 
state  in  this  connection  that  Mr.  Browne  and 


HISTORT   OF  NE  W  MEXICO. 


353 


his  brothers  inherit  in  a  marked  degree  the 
sterling  mental  and  business  qualities  of  their 
honored  father,  whose  example  they  feel  they 
cannot  do  better  than  to  emulate,  thus  adding 
to  the  splendid  reputation  gained  by  him. 

In  his  political  adherency  our  subject  is  a 
stalwart  Republican,  and  since  coming  to 
Socorro  he  has  taken  a  deep  interest  in  public 
affairs  of  a  local  nature.  He  has  been  partic- 
ularly solicitous  in  advancing  the  educational 
facilities  and  interests  of  the  town,  was  elected 
a  member  of  the  first  School  Board,  and  has 
been  prominent  and  active  in  securing  the  erec- 
tion of  the  fine  brick  school  building,  which  is  a 
valuable  and  permanent  improvement  to  the 
town  and  an  evidence  of  the  public  spirit  and 
liberality  of  its  populace.  In  the  fall  of  1892 
Mr.  Browne  was  elected  Treasurer  of  Socorro 
county,  and  was  chosen  as  his  own  successor 
in  1894 — a  fact  that  most  distinctively  betokens 
the  esteem  in  which  he  is  held  and  the  satis- 
factory dispensation  which  he  has  given  in  the 
important  office. 

An  important  event  in  the  history  of  our 
subject  was  that  which  occurred  in  the  year 
1886,  when  was  solemnized  his  marriage  to 
Miss  Mae  Bassett,  the  daughter  of  Judge  Owen 
A.  Bassett,  a  prominent  resident  of  Lawrence, 
Kansas,  and  an  ex-member  of  the  Legislature 
of  Kansas.  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Browne  have  one 
son,  Owen  Bassett  Browne,  who  was  born  in 
Las  Vegas. 

In  his  fraternal  relation  Mr.  Browne  is 
prominently  identified  with  the  Masonic  order 
and  the  Knights  of  Pythias,  being  Senior  War- 
den of  his  lodge  in  the  former  body,  and  Past 
Chancelor  of  the  latter.  He  is  a  man  of  genial 
and  social  nature,  and  enjoys  a  most  distinctive 
popularity  in  the  little  city  with  whose  interests 
he  is  so  thoroughly  identified. 


OLLIN  E.    SMITH.— New  Mexico  has 
many    able    and    eminent     members 
of  the  legal  fraternity,  and  prominent 
among   these  is  Mr.    Smith,   the  pio- 
neer lawyer  of  Union  county,  now  residing  in 

23 


Clayton.  A  native  of  Alabama,  he  was  born 
in  Waverly  on  the  22d  of  December,  1869, 
and  possesses  many  of  the  strongest  and  best 
characteristics  of  his  Scotch  and  English  an- 
cestors. His  great-grandfather,  Richard  Smith, 
was  the  progenitor  of  the  family  in  America, 
and  on  crossing  the  Atlantic  took  up  his  resi- 
dence in  South  Carolina,  settling  near  Colum- 
bia, where  he  became  a  prominent  planter. 
His  son  William,  the  grandfather  of  our  sub- 
ject, was  born  on  that  plantation  and  inherited 
a  large  property  in  lands  and  slaves.  He  be- 
came the  father  of  Giles  T.  Smith,  who  also 
was  born  on  the  old  estate,  and  there  spent  his 
boyhood  and  youth.  In  Pea  Ridge,  Alabama, 
he  married  Miss  Martha  Martin,  a  native  of 
Savannah,  Georgia,  whose  people  were  of  Eng- 
lish lineage,  and  belonged  to  one  of  the  early 
Georgia  families.  They  removed  to  Pea  Ridge, 
Alabama,  where  was  celebrated  the  marriage 
of  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Smith.  They  had  two  chil- 
dren,— Ollin  E.,  and  Mrs.  J.  A.  Rowe,  whose 
husband  is  serving  as  Mayor  of  Dadeville,  Ala- 
bama. The  mother  of  this  family  died  at  the 
age  of  forty-five  years,  but  the  father  is  still 
living  and  has  now  reached  the  age  of  sixty- 
five. 

Mr.  Smith  is  a  college  graduate,  and  in  his 
earlier  manhood  successfully  followed  the  pro- 
fession of  teaching  for  several  years.  He  is 
to-day  a  man  of  broad  general  information, 
who  keeps  well  versed  on  all  subjects  of  gen- 
eral interest  as  well  as  in  the  line  of  his  pro- 
fession. He  creditably  served  in  the  Confed- 
erate army  during  the  Civil  war,  and  being 
captured  by  the  Union  forces  he  for  two 
years  was  held  a  prisoner  at  Fort  Delaware. 
He  was  several  times  wounded  and  saw  much 
hard  service,  but  he  valiantly  defended  the 
cause  which  he  believed  to  be  right.  He  and 
his  faithful  wife  were  members  of  the  Meth- 
odist Church,  and  were  people  of  the  highest 
respectability.  In  his  old  age,  he  now  enjoys 
the  esteem  of  all  who  have  the  pleasure  of  his 
acquaintance. 

Ollin  E.  Smith  was  educated  in  the  Dade- 
ville College,  near  the  place  of  his  birth,  after 


354 


HISTORY  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


which  he  began  preparation  for  the  legal  pro- 
fession by  reading  law  under  the  instruction  of 
ex-Senator  T.  L.  Bulger.  He  also  served  as 
Assistant  Register  in  Chancery,  under  Mr. 
Bulger,  for  some  time,  and  in  1890,  after  pass- 
ing the  required  examination,  was  admitted  to 
the  bar,  at  Rockford,  Alabama. 

For  two  years,  Mr.  Smith  practiced  at  Pratt 
City,  Alabama,  but  his  health  failed  him  and 
he  was  advised  to  repair  to  New  Mexico  ;  ac- 
cordingly, in  1893,  he  became  a  resident  of 
Clayton.  The  act  had  been  passed  creating 
the  county  of  Union,  but  he  arrived  before  it 
went  into  effect.  He  has  since  been  active  in 
the  upbuilding  of  the  county,  in  its  develop- 
ment and  advancement,  and  his  identification 
with  its  interests  has  been  a  profit  to  the  county 
as  well  as  to  himself.  Opening  a  law  office 
here  he  at  once  began  practice  and  has  secured 
a  liberal  clientage,  which  comes  to  him  as  the 
result  of  his  skill  and  ability.  In  argument  he 
is  convincing  and  his  thorough  preparation  of 
cases  is  shown  in  his  success.  In  politics,  Mr. 
Smith  is  connected  with  the  Democracy,  and 
was  nominated  by  his  party  for  the  Territorial 
Legislature  in  1894,  but  he  declined  the  nomin- 
ation, believing  it  better  to  devote  his  entire 
time  and  energies  to  his  law  practice.  He  is 
a  well  read  and  talented  lawyer,  a  fluent 
speaker,  and,  although  he  engages  in  general 
practice,  he  makes  a  specialty  of  criminal  law. 
Socially  he  is  valued  and  prominent  member  of 
the  Masonic  fraternity,  being  numbered  among 
the  charter  members  of  the  lodge  in  Clayton. 


aALVIN  WHITING.— This  gentleman, 
who  is  the  builder  of  the  fine  block  in 
the  city  of  Albuquerque  which  bears 
his  name,  is  a  native  of  the  State  of 
New  York,  whence  came  so  many  of  the  solid 
citizens  of  the  West. 

He  was  born  at  Ballston,  Saratoga  county, 
on  the  26th  day  of  July,  1855.  His  ancestors 
were  of  English  Puritan  stock,  who  were  early 
settlers  of  Massachusetts,  and  Mr.  Whiting's 
grandfather,  Reuben  Whiting,  fought  in  the 


Revolutionary  war  and  afterward  lived  to  be 
ninety  years  of  age.  His  son,  Jonathan  Whit- 
ing, who  was  the  father  of  the  subject  of  this 
sketch,  was  born  in  Saratoga  county,  New 
York,  where  he  became  one  of  the  most  widely 
and  favorably  known  citizens  of  the  Empire 
State.  He  was  an  extensive  lumber  manu- 
facturer, and  for  many  years  did  an  immense 
business  in  this  line  in  New  York  State  and 
Canada.  He  married  Miss  Hester  M.  Gilbert, 
a  native  of  his  own  county,  and  to  them  were 
born  seven  children,  only  three  of  whom  are 
now  living.  The  father  died  at  the  age  of 
fifty-seven  years,  and  his  beloved  wife  passed 
away  when  in  her  fifty-third  year. 

Calvin,  the  subject  of  this  sketch,  was  the 
fifth  child.  He  graduated  at  Princeton  College 
in  1879,  and  then  pursued  a  course  of  study  at 
the  Columbia  College  School  of  Law,  at  which 
he  graduated  in  1882.  He  practiced  his  pro- 
fession in  his  native  town  for  three  years,  and 
then,  because  of  failing  health,  came  to  Albu- 
querque, in  1887.  While  resting  and  recuper- 
ating here  he  became  impressed  with  the  idea 
that  Albuquerque  had  a  bright  future  and  was 
destined  to  become  a  place  of  importance.  He 
therefore  invested  in  property  and  embarked 
in  the  real-estate  business.  His  intelligent 
foresight  proved  profitable,  and  soon  he  was 
engaged  in  enterprises  which  aided  in  the  bet- 
terment of  the  appearance  and  condition  of  the 
city,  as  well  as  proving  remunerative  to  him- 
self. Mr.  Whiting  built  a  number  of  residences, 
all  substantial  brick  structures,  and  in  1891 
had  completed  the  Whiting  Block,  a  handsome 
building  which  seems  a  fitting  monument  to 
the  gentleman's  enterprise.  The  structure  is 
built  on  the  southwest  corner  of  Gold  avenue 
and  Second  street,  one  of  the  best  locations  in 
the  city.  It  is  50  x  142  feet  in  length,  of  a 
substantial  but  pleasing  style  of  architecture, 
and  contains  five  fine  stores  on  the  first  floor 
and  twenty-five  office  rooms  in  the  second  story. 
Since  the  organization  of  the  Co-operative 
Building  and  Loan  Association  of  this  city,  Mr. 
Whiting  has  had  its  general  management,  and 
the  association  has  grown  and  prospered  until 


HISTORT  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


355 


now  it  has  a  quarter  of  a  million  of  capital. 
By  means  of  its  aid  nearly  one  hundred  houses 
have  been  built,  and  it  has  thus  proven  a  valu- 
able factor  in  the  growth  and  prosperity  of 
the  city. 

Mr.  Whiting  was  married  on  the  24th  of 
October,  1888,  to  Miss  Grace  Western  Hogan, 
of  his  own  native  place,  and  they  have  one 
daughter,  Eleanor. 

In  politics  he  is  a  Republican,  a  member 
of  the  Independent  Order  of  Odd  Fellows, 
and  besides  being  a  man  of  extensive  busi- 
ness ability,  is  by  nature  and  education  a 
gentleman  of  refinement  and  culture.  As  a 
citizen  of  Albuquerque  he  has  been  a  leading 
spirit  in  the  building  up  of  the  city,  and  his 
unbounded  faith  in  the  eventual  growth  and 
prosperity  of  the  place  has  been  correctly 
verified. 


(U 


9  L.  JENNINGS,  one  of  the  early 
settlers  of  Raton,  and  a  veteran  of 
the  late  war,  was  born  in  the  far-off 
State  of  New  York,  his  birth  occur- 
ring in  Jamestown,  on  the  4th  of  August,  1833. 
The  family  is  of  English  origin  and  was  prob- 
ably founded  in  America  in  early  Colonial  days. 
His  father,  Edmund  Jennings,  was  a  native  of 
the  Green  Mountain  State,  and  married  Miss 
Nancy  King,  who  was  also  born  in  Vermont. 
They  removed  to  Jamestown,  New  York,  and 
Mr.  Jennings  was  afterward  for  some  years  a 
pilot  on  the  Ohio  river.  Subsequently  he  en- 
gaged in  land  speculation.  In  the  family  were 
four  children,  but  only  two  are  now  living. 
The  father  died  in  the  sixty-eighth  year  of  his 
age,  and  the  mother  reached  the  ripe  old  age 
of  eighty-four  years.  They  were  both  mem- 
bers of  the  Christian  Church,  in  which  Mr. 
Jennings  long  served  as  Deacon,  and  both  were 
highly  esteemed  and  worthy  people,  who  had 
the  warm  regard  of  many  friends. 

W.  L.  Jennings  was  the  second  child  of 
the  family,  and  was  educated  in  the  public 
schools  of  his  native  town.  He  afterward  en- 
tered an  academy  in  Warren,  Pennsylvania, 


but  not  liking  the  school  he  ran  away  to  Pitts- 
burg,  where  he  spent  a  year  working  for  an 
uncle.  In  the  meantime  his  father  had  taken 
sick  so  that  Mr.  Jennings  returned  to  his  home, 
where  he  remained  until  his  father's  death. 
Attracted  by  the  West  he  then  removed  to 
Olin,  Iowa,  and  was  there  united  in  marriage 
in  1855  with  Miss  Catherine  Walker,  a  native 
of  Dayton,  Ohio,  and  a  daughter  of  William 
Walker  of  that  place.  Two  children  have 
been  born  to  them:  Frank,  who  is  now  a  res- 
ident of  Dayton,  Wyoming;  and  Mary,  wife  of 
D.  B.  Fotheringham,  Mayor  of  the  city  of 
Spokane,  Washington. 

For  some  time  after  their  marriage  Mr.  and 
Mrs.  Jennings  resided  at  Olin,  Iowa,  and  he 
held  the  office  of  Deputy  Sheriff.  He  also  en- 
gaged in  hotel-keeping,  following  that  pursuit 
until  after  the  breaking  out  of  the  Civil  war,  when 
he  resolved  to  give  his  service  to  his  country 
and  aid  in  the  preservation  of  the  Union.  Ac- 
cordingly, on  the  4th  of  August,  1861,  he  en- 
listed in  Company  B,  Ninth  Iowa  Infantry,  and 
with  his  regiment  went  to  Benton  Barracks, 
St.  Louis,  spending  the  winter  at  Pacific  City, 
Missouri.  In  the  spring  he  participated  in  the 
battle  of  Pea  Ridge,  which  he  fought  in  the 
open  field.  It  was  a  hotly  contested  engage- 
ment, charge  after  charge  being  made  all  day 
long.  The  Confederate  forces  had  30,000 
men  and  the  Union  forces  only  10,000.  The 
former  felt  that  they  had  won  the  fight,  but  in 
\  the  morning  the  Union  forces  made  a  magnifi- 
cent charge  and  drove  the  enemy  from  Pea 
Ridge.  The  battle  was  not  as  great  as  to 
numbers  as  other  engagements  of  that  struggle, 
but  it  was  one  of  the  most  hotly  contested,  and 
the  Union  forces  suffered  much  loss,  yet  cov- 
ered themselves  with  glory,  defeating  a  brave 
enemy  three  times  their  number.  The  com- 
pany to  which  Mr.  Jennings  belonged  lost 
twenty  of  its  men,  or  one-fourth  of  the  entire 
number!  The  next  battle  in  which  Mr.  Jen- 
nings took  part  was  at  Vicksburg,  and  he  then 
participated  in  all  the  engagements  of  that 
great  campaign  that  led  up  to  the  capture  of 
Atlanta.  He  served  for  three  years  and  two 


356 


HIS  TORT  OF  NE  W  MEXICO. 


months  and  rose  from  the  rank  of  Corporal  to 
that  of  Lieutenant.  He  was  a  valiant  soldier, 
always  faithful  to  his  duty,  whether  acting  as 
picket  or  serving  in  the  thickest  of  the  fight. 
He  had  many  narrow  escapes,  and  on  one  oc- 
casion a  ball  cut  his  vest  and  passed  between 
his  arm  and  his  body.  He  was  fortunate, 
however,  being  never  wounded,  taken  prisoner 
or  sick  a  day,  and  with  an  honorable  discharge 
he  returned  to  his  home. 

Mr.  Jennings  afterward  removed  to  Lincoln, 
Nebraska,  and  for  a  time  dealt  in  land  and  en- 
gaged in  other  speculations.  Subsequently  he 
removed  to  Lyons,  Kansas,  where  he  carried 
on  business  as  a  painter  and  later  engaged  in 
the  hotel  business.  In  1 880  he  came  to  Ra- 
ton, and  for  a  time  served  as  foreman  with  the 
railroad  company,  then  engaged  in  painting, 
paper  hanging  and  decorating.  In  1886  he 
purchased  a  good  residence,  and  he  also  owns 
his  shop,  and  a  large  house  which  he  rents  out 
to  roomers,  and  which  is  now  full  of  guests. 
His  life  has  been  a  busy  and  useful  one,  and 
he  has  won  success  by  close  application,  en- 
ergy, perseverance  and  capable  management. 

Mr.  Jennings  is  a  member  of  the  Masonic 
fraternity,  also  the  Independent  Order  of  Odd 
Fellows,  and  has  passed  all  the  chairs  in  the 
branches  of  the  latter  order.  He  also  holds 
membership  with  the  Order  of  Rebekah,  and 
the  Order  of  the  Eastern  Star,  while  in  polit- 
ical faith  he  is  a  Republican.  In  all  the  walks 
of  life  he  has  been  found  true  and  upright, 
manifesting  the  same  loyalty  to  principle  that 
he  displayed  when  on  Southern  battle-fields  he 
followed  the  old  flag  which  to-day  proudly 
floats  over  the  united  nation. 


^j*   PROSPER  STUYVESANT,    living   in 
•      Folsom,    New  Mexico,  is  a  prominent 
/•  1      stock     man    of    Union    county.       His 
career  has  been  characterized  by  a  spirit 
of  fairness  and   honorable  dealing,  and  his  de- 
votion  to  the   noble   purpose  of    making    the 
most    and    best    of   himself    has  always    been 
marked. 


He  was  born  in  New  York  city,  on  the  3d 
of  October,  1862,  and  is  therefore  yet  a  young 
man.  He  descends  from  prominent  and  hon- 
ored ancestry  that  sailed  from  Holland  to  the 
New  World,  becoming  early  settlers  of  New 
Amsterdam,  which  is  now  the  metropolis  of 
the  United  States — New  York.  He  traces  his 
ancestry  back  to  Peter  Stuy  vesant,  who  was  the 
last  Governor  of  New  Amsterdam.  Nine  gen- 
erations of  the  family  were  born  in  New  York, 
and  they  were  leading  and  influential  citizens 
and  large  land-owners  of  the  Empire  State. 

The  father  of  our  subject,  Prosper  Stuy  ves- 
ant, Sr. ,  was  born  in  New  York  city,  in  1833, 
and  inherited  large  property  interests  which 
had  been  handed  down  from  father  to  son  for 
generations.  He  married  Miss  Ellen  Farrell, 
a  native  of  his  own  city,  and  they  had  three 
children,  of  whom  two  are  living,  namely: 
Ellen  Maud  and  J.  Prosper.  The  father 
died  in  1872,  at  the  early  age  of  thirty-nine 
years,  and  the  mother,  who  now  survives,  is 
living  in  Denver,  Colorado. 

In  taking  up  the  personal  history  of  J. 
Prosper  Stuyvesant,  we  present  to  our  readers 
the  life  record  of  one  who  is  both  widely  and 
favorably  known  in  the  Territory  of  New 
Mexico.  He  had  good  school  privileges,  hav- 
ing obtained  his  education  in  Poughkeepsie, 
New  York,  in  Burlington,  Vermont,  and  in  the 
Hopkins  Institute.  At  the  age  of  sixteen,  de- 
sirous of  seeing  something  of  Western  life,  he 
came  to  New  Mexico  and  engaged  in  the  cattle 
business  with  his  cousin,  John  R.  Stuyvesant. 
Their  partnership  continued  for  three  years, 
when  the  business  relations  were  dissolved  and 
our  subject  continued  alone  in  the  enterprise. 
With  a  herd  of  cattle  he  arrived  on  the  site  of 
the  present  city  of  Folsom,  July  8,  1879,  and 
has  since  carried  on  stock-dealing  in  this  vicin- 
ity, finding  it  to  be  one  of  the  best  locations  in 
New  Mexico  for  extensive  ranges  and  rich  pas- 
turage. He  has  had  as  high  as  1,400  head  of 
cattle  at  a  time.  He  keeps  on  hand  high 
grades  of  cattle,  crossing  his  stock  with  pure- 
blooded  Durhams.  He  is  a  thoroughgoing, 
progressive,  intelligent  and  prosperous  stock- 


HISTORT  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


357 


man,  and  has  a  valuable  ranch  of  480  acres, 
on  which  he  has  built  and  made  many  excel- 
lent improvements.  He  cuts  as  high  as  100 
tons  of  hay  annually  and  has  ten  miles  of  fence 
on  his  property.  His  affairs  are  conducted  on 
strict  business  principles,  and  honorable  deal- 
ing and  unfaltering  energy  have  won  for  him 
prosperity. 

In  politics,  Mr.  Stuyvesant  is  a- Republican, 
but  takes  no  active  part  in  political  affairs, 
preferring  to  give  his  time  and  attention  to  his 
business  interests,  in  which  he  has  met  with 
signal  success.  In  manner  he  is  pleasant  and 
genial,  and  has  won  a  host  of  friends. 


A.  WHITE. — As  representing  an 
art  which  has  attained  its  maximum 
of  perfection  within  the  past  decade 
and  as  holding  a  position  among 
the  leading  business  men  of  the  thriving  village 
of  Raton,  the  gentleman  whose  name  initiates 
this  review  must  assuredly  be  accorded  consid- 
eration in  this  connection. 

A  native  of  the  old  Buckeye  State,  Mr. 
White  was  born  in  Butler  county,  Ohio,  on 
the  24th  of  March,  1847.  He  was  fully  or- 
phaned when  but  a  mere  child,  and  from  his 
early  boyhood  has  depended  upon  his  own 
efforts  and  bravely  fought  the  battle  of  life. 
His  educational  privileges  were  necessarily 
somewhat  meager  in  extent,  but  being  pos- 
sessed of  a  quick  mentality  and  marked  recep- 
tivity, he  has  gained  by  absorption  as  it  were, 
a  thorough  knowledge  of  business  and  a  broad 
intellectual  grasp.  When  only  a  lad  of  nine 
years  he  was  employed  in  the  harvest  field 
where  he  labored  ' '  from  early  morn  till  dewy 
eve  "  for  the  princely  stipend  of  twenty-five 
cents  a  day,  and  deemed  that  a  large  compen- 
sation. He  earned  the  money  at  farm  work 
which  enabled  him  to  prosecute  his  studies  for 
some  time  in  the  public  schools,  but  soon 
sterner  duties  devolved  upon  him,  and  his  was 
not  a  nature  to  flinch  therefrom. 

He  was  but  eighteen  years  of  age  when 
the  thundering  of  Rebel  guns  from  Fort  Sum- 


ter  swelled  to  a  flood-tide  the  patriotism  of  an 
intrinsically  loyal  nature,  and  on  the  I4th  of 
October  he  enlisted  for  service  in  the  Union 
army  as  a  member  of  Company  I,  Eighty- 
third  Regiment  of  Ohio  Volunteer  Infantry. 
Soon  after  his  enlistment  he  was  transferred  to 
Company  A,  Forty-eighth  Ohio  Volunteers,  in 
order  to  fill  up  its  ranks,  and  with  this  regi- 
ment he  served  faithfully  and  well  until  the 
close  of  the  war.  He  participated  in  the  bat- 
tles at  Blakely  and  Selma,  Georgia,  and  was  in 
other  engagements  of  minor  note,  being  hon- 
orably discharged  at  Houston,  Texas,  on  the 
1 9th  of  October,  1865,  his  term  of  service  hav- 
ing expired. 

His  military  career  terminated,  he  remained 
at  Galveston,  Texas,  for  a  time  and  was  en- 
gaged in  railroad  contracting,  after  which  he 
turned  his  attention  to  the  photographing  busi- 
ness, and  in  1881  came  to  Raton,  and  here 
opened  a  studio.  His  first  location  was  on 
Front  street,  where  he  remained  two  years,  after 
which  he  took  possession  of  his  present  eligible 
quarters  on  Second  street.  He  is  a  thorough 
master  of  the  business,  which  is  both  a  science 
and  an  art,  and  he  has  been  accorded  a  very 
satisfactory  patronage,  his  methods  being  fair 
and  honorable,  and  his  work  standing  as  its 
own  strongest  commendation.  His  attractive 
studio  is  equipped  with  the  latest  modern  ap- 
pliances and  accessories,  and  has  exceptional 
facilities  for  turning  out  work  of  the  highest 
grade.  He  owns  a  20  x  24  inch  lens,  the  same 
being  the  largest  photographic  lens  used  in  the 
Territory,  while  other  accessories  include  a 
flash-light  apparatus  and  an  electric  retouch- 
ing machine. 

In  politics  our  subject  is  a  stanch  Republi- 
can and  fraternally  he  is  very  prominently 
indentified  with  the  Grand  Army  of  the  Repub- 
lic, retaining  a  membership  in  Sedgwick  Post, 
No.  2,  of  Raton,  in  which  he  has  filled  nearly 
all  the  official  positions.  He  is  known  and 
honored  as  one  of  the  reliable  and  progressive 
business  men  of  the  village. 

On  the  1 7th  of  June,  1886,  was  solemnized 
the  marriage  of  Mr.  White  and  Miss  Mattie 


358 


HISTORT  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


McCalister,  a  native  of  Texas,  the  wedding 
ceremony  being  performed  in  Raton.  They  are 
the  parents  of  five  children  :  William,  Edith 
May,  Virginia,  Mable  and  Margeritte. 


ON.  ATANASIO  ROMERO,  one  of 
the  representative  business  men  of 
Santa  Fe,  was  born  in  this  city  May 
2,  1851,  and  is  a  descendant  of  one 
of  the  oldest  Mexican  families  in  the  Territory. 
His  grandfather,  Felipe  Romero,  was  born  in 
New  Mexico,  was  a  prominent  rancher,  and 
died  at  the  age  of  seventy  years,  leaving  a 
family  of  six  children.  His  son,  Jose  Maria 
Romero,  the  father  of  our  subject,  was 
born  in  1801.  He  married  Miss  Guada- 
lope  Gallegas,  daughter  of  Juan  Gallegas, 
also  descended  from  an  old  and  prominent 
Mexican  family.  Five  daughters  and  two  sons 
were  added  to  this  union,  all  born  at  Santa 
Fe.  The  father  died  in  1876,  at  the  age  of 
seventy-five  years. 

Atanasio  Romero,  his  youngest  child,  re- 
ceived his  education  at  St.  Michael's  College, 
completing  the  course  in  1868,  after  which  he 
clerked  in  his  father-in-law's  store  in  Santa  Fe 
until  1883.  During  that  time  he  was  elected, 
on  the  Republican  ticket,  a  member  of  the 
Territorial  Legislature,  in  the  session  of  1880. 
Two  years  afterward  he  became  County  Clerk, 
and  at  that  time  the  office  was  ex  officio,  consist- 
ing of  Probate  Clerk,  Clerk  of  the  Board  of 
County  Commissioners,  and  Clerk  of  the  School 
Board  and  County  Assessor,  so  that  his  posi- 
tion was  one  of  importance,  and  gave  him  a 
thorough  acquaintance  with  all  the  business 
interests  of  the  county.  In  1884  Mr.  Romero 
was  the  Republican  nominee  for  County  As- 
sessor, but  was  defeated,  along  with  the  whole 
ticket.  Two  years  afterwards,  in  1886,  he 
was  nominated  for  Sheriff,  and  was  again  de- 
feated. In  1888  he  was  again  nominated  for 
Assessor,  and  was  still  again  defeated,  as  the 
county  was  largely  Democratic  and  no  Repub- 
lican could  be  elected  to  office.  In  1890  he 
served  as  Deputy  Assessor  and  Probate  Clerk; 


in  1892  was  elected  Probate  Clerk;  in  the 
same  year  was  elected  Alderman  of  the  city, 
and  in  1894  was  nominated  for  Assessor,  but 
was  beaten  by  only  seven  votes.  Mr.  Romero 
was  engaged  in  the  mercantile  business  in 
Santa  Fe  from  1885  to  1891. 

January  i,  1875,  he  was  united  in  marriage 
with  Miss  L.  Lopez,  and  they  had  one  daugh- 
ter, Maclovia,  who  only  lived  to  the  age  of 
seven  years.  Mrs.  Romero  departed  this  life 
July  16,  1876.  May  6,  1878,  our  subject 
married  Miss  Rita  Lopez,  a  sister  of  his  former 
wife,  and  they  have  had  eight  children,  only 
three  of  whom  survive — Agneda,  Ignacio  and 
Lorencita.  The  family  are  adherents  to  the 
Catholic  faith,  and  have  done  their  full  share 
in  aiding  the  church  in  the  building  of  the 
many  fine  edifices  that  are  an  ornament  to  the 
city.  Notwithstanding  his  father  was  a  Demo- 
crat, Mr.  Romero  cast  his  first  vote  with  the 
Republican  party,  and  has  since  given  it  his 
faithful  support.  He  has  a  wide  and  favorable 
acquaintance  and  much  influence  in  the 
county. 


HEODORE  RONAULT,  one  of  the 
successful  business  men  of  Las  Cruces, 
is  a  native  of  France,  born  on  the 
2gth  of  May,  1851.  His  ancestors 
had  lived  for  some  generations  in  that  country, 
and  were  prominent  in  professional  and  busi- 
ness circles  there. 

For  seven  years  he  was  a  trusted  and  capa- 
ble salesman  in  the  store  of  William  Dessanat, 
and  in  1886  he  bought  out  his  employer,  car- 
rying on  business  on  his  own  account  for  the 
past  nine  years.  He  has  a  large  and  complete 
stock  of  general  merchandise  and  by  fair  and 
honest  dealing,  courteous  treatment  and  ear- 
nest endeavor  to  please  his  patrons  he  has  se- 
cured a  large  and  constantly  increasing  patron- 
age. One  of  the  greatest  marvels  of  this  age 
is  the  amount  of  work  for  good  or  ill  that  may 
be  accomplished  by  one  man.  That  one  intel- 
lect can  be  the  motive  power  of  many  enter- 
prises, which  may  work  incalculable  weal  or 


HISTORY  OF  NE  W  MEXICO. 


359 


woe  to  his  fellow  beings  and  bring  each  and 
every  one  to  a  successful  termination,  awakens 
our  wonder  and  respect.  Such  an  intellect  is 
possessed  by  Mr.  Renault,  who  has  been  an 
important  factor  in  the  development  of  the 
county.  He  furnished  the  supplies  to  the  Pinos 
Altos  mines  while  they  were  being  opened,  and 
in  1892  he  established  a  fruit-canning  factory, 
which  has  also  proved  a  profitable  investment. 
He  is  now  canning  the  different  varieties  of 
fruits  raised  in  the  Mesilla  valley,  and  exten- 
sively engaged  in  raising  vegetables  on  his 
ninety-acre  ranch.  He  has  sixty  acres  planted 
to  tomatoes,  and  also  has  a  grape  vineyard,  and 
a  winery  and  distillery,  in  which  he  manufac- 
tures choice  wines  and  grape  brandy.  He  has 
a  good  demand  for  these  products  and  ships  his 
goods  to  different  towns  in  this  section  of  the 
country  and  even  as  far  as  New  Orleans.  Mr. 
Renault  has  cleared  in  his  business  in  three 
years  $  15,000.  He  is  a  typical  representative 
of  that  class  of  American  citizens  who  enhance 
the  general  welfare  while  promoting  individual 
prosperity.  He  has  built  several  residences  in 
the  town  and  is  the  owner  of  a  large  double 
brick  dwelling.  He  is  a  man  of  the  utmost 
reliability  in  business  affairs,  deserving  the  con- 
fidence and  esteem  in  which  he  is  held,  and  in 
the  history  of  the  Territory  is  well  deserving  of 
mention. 

In  1 88 1  was  celebrated  the  marriage  of  Mr. 
Ronault  and  Miss  Margaret  Garcia,  a  native  of 
New  Mexico,  and  a  descendant  of  one  of  the 
most  prominent  families  of  the  Territory.  They 
now  have  five  children,  all  born  in  Las  Cruces, 
namely:  Theodore  J.,  Ernst,  Mary,  Theresa 
and  Margaret. 


>T^OHN.    W.   EVANS,    the  popular  Post- 
a      master  and   a  groceryman  of  Clayton, 
A  1      New  Mexico,  has  been  a  leading  factor 
in  the    town    ever  since   it  was  estab- 
lished.     Indeed,   his    identity    with    the  place 
dates  before  there  was  any  sign  of  a  town  here 
and  before  even   a  tent   had  been   pitched  on 
the  site.      It  was  December  16,  1887,  that  he 


first  landed  here.  Soon  afterward  he  located 
a  farm  of  320  acres  five  miles  south  of  this 
place,  which  he  has  built  upon  and  improved 
and  to  which  he  has  added  until  it  now  com- 
prises 480  acres.  In  1890  he  opened  his  gro- 
cery business  in  Clayton.  Here  he  soon  built 
up  an  excellent  trade,  which  he  has  since  main- 
tained and  which  has  increased  with  the 
growth  of  the  town,  his  success  in  the  grocery 
business  being  due  to  his  close  and  careful  at- 
tention and  good  management,  and  to  the  hon- 
orable and  liberal  methods  employed  by  him. 
In  1893  he  was  appointed  Postmaster,  the  po- 
sition which  he  is  now  ably  filling,  discharging 
his  duties  in  a  manner  most  satisfactory  both 
to  the  Government  and  to  the  patrons  of  the 
office.  As  soon  as  he  received  the  appoint- 
ment he  purchased  a  new  outfit  for  the  office, 
including  a  good  set  of  boxes  fully  up  with  the 
times  and  the  growth  of  Clayton,  and  fitted  up 
the  office  in  a  manner  creditable  alike  to  him- 
self and  the  town.  The  building  in  which  he 
now  does  business  was  erected  by  him  in  1891, 
and  the  following  year  he  built  his  present  res- 
idence. Thus  has  he  contributed  his  full  share 
toward  the  upbuilding  of  the  town.  Mr.  Evans 
is  a  native  of  the  State  of  Indiana,  born  Au- 
gust 1 7,  1 844,  and  is  of  Scotch  and  Welsh 
descent.  His  forefathers  were  early  settlers  of 
New  York,  and  later  removed  from  there  to 
North  Carolina,  of  which  latter  State  his  fa- 
ther, John  W.  Evans,  was  a  native.  The  senior 
John  W.  Evans  removed  to  Cincinnati  when 
that  now  prominent  city  was  a  small  village, 
subsequently  took  up  his  abode  in  Madison, 
Indiana,  and  was  therefore  a  pioneer  of  both 
Ohio  and  Indiana.  He  married  Emaline  Al- 
fred, a  native  of  North  Carolina  and  a  descend- 
ant of  early  settlers  of  this  country. 

When  Mr.  Evans,  the  subject  of  this  sketch 
was  only  three  years  of  age  his  father  died, 
and  six  years  later  he  lost  his  mother  by  death. 
The  little  orphan  then  found  a  home  with  a 
Quaker  family,  friends  of  his  parents,  whose 
kindness  to  the  boy  will  never  be  forgotten  by 
him.  In  the  public  schools  of  Madison  he  re- 
ceived his  education.  August  1 6,  1862,  at  the 


36° 


HISTORT  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


age  of  eighteen  years,  Mr.  Evans  enlisted  in  the 
Union  army  and  went  out  as  a  member  of  the 
Eighty-second  Indiana  Volunteer  Infantry.  He 
served  with  the  Armies  of  the  Cumberland  and 
Tennessee,  under  Generals  Rosecrans  and 
Sherman,  and  his  corps — the  Fourteenth  Army 
Corps — was  known  as  "Pap  Thomas'  Pets." 
His  first  battle  was  fought  at  Perryville. 
Other  engagements  in  which  he  participated 
were  the  battles  of  Stone  river,  Chickamauga 
and  Missionary  Ridge,  and  all  the  hard  fight- 
ing in  the  campaign  which  led  up  to  the  cap- 
ture of  Atlanta.  At  one  time  he  was  offered 
an  important  commission,  which,  however,  he 
declined  on  account  of  his  youth.  While  he 
passed  through  the  war  without  receiving  a 
wound,  the  exposure  and  hard  army  life 
greatly  impaired  his  health.  He  continued  on 
duty  until  the  conflict  ended,  participated  in 
the  grand  review  of  the  victorious  army  in 
Washington,  and  in  June,  1865,  received  an 
honorable  discharge. 

The  war  over,  Mr.  Evans  returned  to  his 
home  in  Indiana,  and  for  two  years  thereafter 
was  unfitted,  on  account  of  his  ill  health,  for 
business  of  any  kind.  On  his  recovery  he  gave 
his  attention  to  the  business  of  photography, 
which  he  followed  for  eighteen  years  in  Indi- 
ana, Kentucky,  Illinois  and  Texas. 

Mr.  Evans  was  married  in  1882  to  Mrs. 
Sarah  E.  Home,  widow  of  Thomas  Home. 
By  her  first  marriage  she  had  three  children, 
viz.:  William  H.,  who  died  in  Clayton,  New 
Mexico,  in  his  twenty-fourth  year;  Cordie,  now 
Mrs.  J.  W.  Wiggins,  of  Oklahoma;  and  Sam- 
uel T. ,  who  resides  with  his  parents  in  Clay- 
ton. Mrs.  Evans  is  a  daughter  of  Mr.  Samuel 
T.  Sloan,  one  of  the  earliest  settlers  of  Dallas, 
Texas. 

In  politics  Mr.  Evans  has  been  a  life-long 
Democrat.  He  keeps  himself  well  posted  and 
takes  an  active  interest  in  the  affairs  of  the 
country.  Over  twenty  years  ago  he  was  initi- 
ated into  the  mysteries  of  Freemasonry  and 
has  maintained  a  membership  in  good  stand- 
ing in  the  order  ever  since.  His  high  moral 
standing  and  his  integrity  as  an  official  and 


business  man  place  him  among  the  leading 
citizens  of  Clayton  and  entitle  him  to  the  high 
respect  and  esteem  in  which  he  is  held  by  all 
who  know  him. 


*y»  EO  LOEWENSTEIN,  one  of  San 
j  Marcial's  leading  merchants  and  most 

_^j^  enterprising  citizens,  doing  the  leading 
dry-goods  and  gents'  furnishing-goods 
business  in  the  town,  is  a  native  of  Germany, 
born  on  the  3Oth  of  May,  1858,  where  his  edu- 
cation was  obtained,  and  when  fifteen  years  of 
age  started  for  the  United  States  to  make  his 
own  way  in  this  free  land,  making  the  voyage 
alone.  Locating  at  Kingston,  New  York,  he 
worked  at  farming  for  $14  per  month,  and 
later  obtained  a  clerkship  in  a  store,  where  he 
continued  for  some  time.  He  became  the 
owner  of  a  small  farm  in  the  mountains,  which 
he  still  owns. 

In  1887  Mr.  Loewenstein  came  to  New 
Mexico,  locating  at  Magdalena,  where  he  open- 
ed a  store  and  began  in  a  small  way  the  busi- 
ness he  has  since  conducted  so  successfully. 
The  town  was  a  mining  camp,  and  though  he 
started  with  only  a  capital  of  $  1,000,  for  three 
years  he  did  a  prosperous  business.  In  1891 
he  arrived  in  San  Marcial,  where  he  bought 
out  the  firm  of  Joseph  Freudenstein,  and  to 
that  stock  he  added  a  quantity  of  goods  he  had 
brought  with  him  from  Magdalena.  His  store, 
25x90  feet,  is  filled  with  a  well-selected  and 
well-kept  stock  of  dry  goods,  hats,  caps,  shoes 
and  all  kinds  of  gents'  furnishing  goods,  and  is 
favorably  located  in  the  center  of  the  business 
portion  on  Railroad  street.  He  has  the  good- 
will and  trade  of  the  railroad  employes,  as  well 
as  the  other  citizens  of  the  place.  Mr.  Loe- 
wenstein has  acquired  his  success  through  close 
application  to  his  business  interests,  faithful- 
ness to  every  detail  of  the  work  and  by  the 
most  upright  and  honorable  methods.  He 
gives  the  fullest  satisfaction  to  his  customers, 
desiring  to  retain  them  as  friends,  and  always 
supplies  them  with  the  best  goods  that  the 
market  affords. 


HISTORT  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


361 


Socially,  Mr.  Loewenstein  is  a  pleasant, 
genial  gentleman.  He  is  prominent  in  Masonic 
circles,  having  attained  the  thirty-second  de- 
gree in  the  Scottish  rite,  and  also  affiliates  with 
the  Knights  of  Pythias  fraternity.  In  politics 
he  is  a  supporter  of  the  Democratic  party,  but 
takes  no  very  active  part  in  political  affairs, 
preferring  to  devote  his  entire  time  and  atten- 
tion to  his  mercantile  interests,  but  on  public 
affairs  is  well  informed. 


*-•-»     GUIS    H.    HOFMEISTER,  who  was 

|     recently    honored  by   election  to  the 

^^    Board  of    Aldermen    for   the   city   of 

East  Las    Vegas,    New  Mexico,    has 

been  connected  with  the  business  interests  of 

this  place  for  more  than  a  decade  and  is  ranked 

with  her  leading  citizens.      Since   1890  he  has 

been  engaged  in  the  grocery  business,  his  store 

fronting  on  the  beautiful  plaza. 

Mr.  Hofmeister,  as  the  name  suggests,  is  a 
German,  and  in  his  make-up  are  found  the  ster- 
ling characteristics  of  his  countrymen.  He 
was  born  in  Cassel,  one  of  the  large  cities  of 
Germany,  July  9,  1864,  and  comes  from  a 
family  most  of  whose  members  have  been  for 
years  engaged  in  mercantile  pursuits.  He  was 
educated  in  part  in  his  native  country,  came 
to  America  in  1882  and  finished  his  education 
at  Quincy,  Illinois,  in  the  Gem  City  Business 
College.  He  had  expected  to  return  to  Ger- 
many, but  after  completing  his  course  in  the 
business  college  was  so  well  pleased  with  the 
United  States  that  he  decided  to  remain  here 
and  become  a  citizen  of  this  country.  Accord- 
ingly he  accepted  a  position  as  bookkeeper,  a 
vocation  which  he  followed  for  several  years. 
In  1884  he  came  to  East  Las  Vegas  and  from 
that  time  until  1890  was  bookkeeper  in  the 
Golden  Rule  clothing  store.  In  1890,  as  be- 
fore stated,  he  engaged  in  the  grocery  and  pro- 
vision business,  his  location  being  in  a  brick 
block  at  the  northwest  corner  of  the  plaza. 
Here  he  keeps  a  fresh  and  well-selected  stock 
of  groceries  and  provisions,  and  has  by  his 
promptness  and  courtesy  and  his  liberal  and 


honorable  business  methods  built  up  a  large 
trade. 

Politically,  Mr.  Hofmeister  has  given  his 
support  to  the  Democratic  party  ever  since  he 
became  a  citizen  of  the  United  States.  He 
was  selected  by  his  fellow  townsmen  as  one  of 
the  Aldermen  of  the  city  in  1895,  a  position 
which  he  is  now  creditably  filling.  Fraternally, 
he  is  identified  with  the  Masonic  order,  having 
received  the  degrees  of  the  blue  lodge,  chap- 
ter and  commandery,  in  all  of  which  branches 
he  has  held  official  position.  He  has  been  the 
efficient  Secretary  of  the  chapter  for  five  years, 
was  Prelate  of  the  commandery  two  years  and 
is  now  its  Recorder.  He  has  been  active  in 
promoting  and  aiding  in  the  building  of  the 
splendid  Masonic  Temple  at  East  Las  Vegas 
and  was  on  the  committee  of  arrangements  for 
its  dedication.  He  is  at  present  one  of  the 
trustees  of  the  Presbyterian  Church,  and  this 
is  his  second  term. 

Mr.  Hofmeister  was  married  June  15,  1891, 
to  Miss  Rose  Sporleder,  daughter  of  Charles 
H.  Sporleder,  one  of  the  prominent  merchants 
of  East  Las  Vegas.  To  their  union  have  been 
added  a  daughter  and  son,  Irene  and  Louis 
Carl.  -They  occupy  one  of  the  pleasant  homes 
of  the  city,  are  active  and. popular  in  social  and 
musicial  circles  here,  and  by  all  who  know 
them  they  are  held  in  high  esteem. 


ORLANDO  SMITH.— The    history    of 
this  gentleman  is  that  of  a  Union  sol- 
dier who  fought   bravely  in  the   late 
war,  a  Western  pioneer  who  has  spent 
nearly  thirty  years  in  New  Mexico,  a  contractor 
and   builder  of  Las  Vegas,  and  a    man  whose 
whole  life  has  been  such  that  he  has  ever  had 
the  good  will  and  respect  of  his  fellows. 

Mr.  Smith  was  born  in  Clinton  county, 
Ohio,  April  14,  1843,  and  is  now  the  only  sur- 
vivor of  the  family  of  two  sons  and  a  daughter  of 
Erie  and  Martha  (Denny)  Smith.  His  mother 
dying  when  he  was  only  three  years  old,  he  went 
to  live  with  his  grandfather  Denny,  with  whom 
he  remained  until  1858,  at  which  time  the 


362 


HIS  TORT  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


grandfather  died.  After  that  he  made  his 
home  with  an  uncle,  one  of  his  mother's  broth- 
ers, until  the  war-clouds  gathered  and  burst 
upon  the  country.  At  President  Lincoln's  first 
call  for  volunteers  to  put  down  the  rebellion 
young  Smith  enlisted  his  services  and  went  to 
the  front,  and  after  his  term  expired  he  re-en- 
listed, this  time  in  Company  B,  Twelfth  Ohio 
Volunteer  Infantry.  He  was  a  participant  in 
the  second  Bull  Run  fight,  the  battle  of  South 
mountain,  and  the  three  days'  fight  after  the 
battle  of  Antietam.  His  command  was  then 
ordered  to  Western  Virginia,  where  they  had 
to  contend  with  the  bushwhackers  and  had  sev- 
eral sharp  fights  with  them.  Later  in  his  serv- 
ice Mr.  Smith  was  Color  Bearer  and  a  Cor- 
poral, and  his  last  battle  was  at  Lynchburg. 
At  the  end  of  his  second  term  of  enlistment  he 
was  honorably  discharged  from  the  service  and 
returned  to  his  home  in  Ohio,  where  for  a  time 
he  was  profitably  engaged  in  fanning. 

In  1866,  in  company  with  two  others,  Mr. 
Smith  made  the  trip  across  the  plains  to  Santa 
Fe,  New  Mexico.  From  here  he  proceeded  to 
Colorado,  and  at  Pueblo  was  engaged  in  work 
at  the  carpenter  trade  four  months  for  Peter 
Dodson.  Next  we  find  him  at  Fort -Union, 
similarly  employed  for  some  time,  and  in  1868 
went  from  there  to  the  mines  of  Elizabeth- 
town.  At  the  latter  place  he  turned  his  at- 
tention to  mining  and  in  the  mines  sank  the 
money  he  had  already  earned.  In  1871  he 
went  to  Cimarron,  and  worked  at  the  old  Max- 
well place,  constructing  dwellings  and  stores, 
and  in  the  spring  of  the  following  year  he  came 
to  Las  Vegas.  From  that  date  to  the  present 
time  he  has  been  identified  with  this  town,  has 
been  engaged  in  contracting  and  building  here, 
and  has  done  a  large  amount  of  work,  many  of 
the  good  buildings  of  the  place  being  monu- 
ments to  his  skill  and  enterprise.  He  built 
his  own  home  and  shop.  He  has  an  engine 
and  other  machinery  and  does  all  his  own 
planing  and  moulding  work,  and  has  had  no 
trouble  in  maintaining  the  high  reputation  he 
established  years  ago  as  a  workman  of  the  first 
order. 


Mr.  Smith  was  married  in  1874  to  Miss 
Sesaria  Baca,  a  native  of  the  Territory  of  New 
Mexico  and  daughter  of  Victorianno  Baca,  a 
descendant  of  the  noted  Baca  family.  Mr. 
and  Mrs.  Smith  have  no  children  of  their  own, 
but  have  reared  an  adopted  daughter,  Emma. 

He  is  something  of  a  politician,  affiliating 
with  the  Republican  party.  He  is  also  an  act- 
ive member  of  the  Grand  Army  of  the  Re- 
public, has  held  nearly  all  the  offices  in  the 
order,  and  is  Past  Commander  and  Past  As- 
sistant Quartermaster  General. 

Such,  in  brief,  is  a  review  of  the  life  of  one 
of  the  leading  and  most  respected  citizens  of 
Las  Vegas. 


>nr*OHN  S.  CLARK,  one  of  the  enterpris- 
m  ing  and  successful  business  men  of  East 
A  J  Las  Vegas,  was  born  in  Hay  wood  coun- 
ty, in  the  State  of  Tennessee,  on  the 
29th  of  October,  1858,  and  traces  his  ancestry 
back  to  "Merry  England,"  whence  came  his 
ancestors  to  America  in  early  Colonial  days, 
braving  the  dangers  of  an  ocean  voyage  at  the 
time  of  primitive  navigation  to  secure  homes 
in  North  Carolina.  Later  they  removed  to  the 
State  of  Tennessee,  where  Jacob  Clark,  the 
father  our  subject,  was  born  in  the  year  1826. 
Having  attained  to  man's  estate  he  married 
Miss  Mary  F.  Wells,  a  native  of  his  own  State, 
her  ancestors  also  having  come  from  North 
Carolina.  They  had  a  family  of  nine  children, 
eight  sons  and  a  daughter,  of  whom  seven  are 
now  living.  The  father  died  at  the  age  of  forty- 
two  years,  but  the  mother  still  survives,  and 
has  reached  the  age  of  sixty- four.  They  were 
members  of  the  Methodist  Church,  were  chari- 
table and  benevolent  people  and  were  very 
popular  with  a  wide  circle  of  friends.  The 
father  made  farming  his  life  occupation. 

John  S.  Clark  was  the  eldest  of  the  family 
and  the  days  of  his  boyhood  and  youth  were 
passed  under  the  parental  roof  in  the  usual 
manner  of  farmer  lads  of  that  place  and  pe- 
riod. The  educational  privileges  that  he  re- 
ceived were  those  afforded  by  the  public 


HIS  TORT  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


363 


schools.  The  great  Civil  war  had  brought  to 
the  family  severe  financial  loss,  and  from  an 
early  age  Mr.  Clark  has  made  his  own  way  in 
the  world.  The  knowledge  acquired  in  the 
school-room  he  has  largely  supplemented  by 
experience  and  observation,  and  possessing  an 
observing  eye  and  retentive  memory  he  has 
made  himself  a  well-informed  man.  His 
financial  success  is  the  crown  of  his  own  efforts, 
and  demonstrates  the  power,  in  this  free  land 
of  ours,  to  rise  from  an  humble  position  to 
one  of  affluence  through  merit  and  business 
ability,  independent  of  influential  friends  or 
financial  aid. 

In  his  youth  Mr.  Clark  worked  as  a  farm 
hand  and  continued  to  follow  agricultural  pur- 
suits until  the  twenty-second  year  of  his  age, 
when  he  determined  to  try  his  fortune  upon 
the  broad  plains  of  the  Southwest,  hoping 
thereby  to  benefit  his  financial  condition. 
Accordingly,  on  the  3d  of  April,  1884,  he 
arrived  in  Las  Vegas,  New  Mexico,  where  for 
a  time  he  held  the  position  of  night  clerk  in 
the  Plaza  Hotel.  In  1887  he  formed  a  part- 
nership with  Mr.  Forsythe  and  opened  in  East 
Las  Vegas  the  business  which  they  have  since 
so  successfully  conducted.  They  have  a  large 
restaurant  and  also  retail  liquors.  Their 
establishment  is  advantageously  located,  hav- 
ing a  suite  of  rooms  which  extend  back  from 
Railroad  avenue,  where  they  furnish  first-class 
meals  at  all  hours  of  the  day  and  night  and  are 
doing  by  far  the  largest  business  in  their  line 
in  the  city.  As  his  financial  resources  have 
increased  Mr.  Clark  has  also  made  some  in- 
vestments in  real  estate  in  Las  Vegas,  and 
now  owns  some  valuable  city  property. 

Our  subject  is  recognized  as  a  public-spir- 
ited and  progressive  citizen,  ever  ready  to  help 
his  fellow-townsmen  in  any  enterprise  having 
for  its  object  the  upbuilding  and  prosperity  of 
the  community  in  which  he  lives,  and  as  such 
he  is  one  of  the  most  highly-esteemed  men  of 
East  Las  Vegas.  Fraternally  he  is  an  active 
Mason  and  is  the  present  High  Priest  of  Las 
Vegas  Royal  Arch  Chapter  No.  3.  He  is  also 
a  member  of  Las  Vegas  Commandery.  His 


political  support  has  been  unswervingly  given 
to  the  Republican  party,  and  he  is  now  chair- 
man of  the  county  central  committee,  and  has 
been  an  important  factor  in  the  successes  of 
his  party  in  this  county. 

On  the  2d  day  of  January,  1880,  Mr.  Clark 
was  happily  united  in  marriage  with  Miss 
Nannie  C.  Watson,  a  native  of  Kentucky  and 
a  daughter  of  Dr.  A.  J.  Watson,  of  that  State. 
They  have  two  children, — Herbert  W.  and 
Lawrence  D.  Their  circle  of  acquaintances  in 
the  community  is  extensive  and  their  friends 
are  many. 


HDOLPH  P.  HILL.— It  is  a  noticeable 
fact  that  to  the  young  men  the  West 
and  South  are  largely  indebted  for 
their  advancement  and  prosperity. 
Enterprising  and  progressive,  they  have  carried 
forward  the  work  of  progress  to  the  benefit  of 
the  various  business,  political,  educational  and 
social  circles  with  which  they  have  been  con- 
nected. A  worthy  representative  of  this  class 
is  seen  in  Mr.  Hill,  the  present  efficient  County 
Clerk  of  Santa  Fe  county.  He  is  numbered 
among  the  native  sons  of  the  city  of  Santa  Fe, 
where  his  birth  occurred  on  the  7th  of  Sep- 
tember, 1871.  He  acquired  his  elementary 
education  in  St.  Michael's  College  and  com- 
pleted his  course  in  the  University  of  New 
Mexico,  at  which  institution  he  was  graduated 
with  honor  in  the  class  1892. 

Mr.  Hill  then  entered  upon  his  business 
career,  forming  a  connection  with  the  firm  of 
Norfleet  &  Company,  of  Wallace,  serving  as 
bookkeeper  for  a  period  of  two  years.  He 
then  accepted  a  similar  position  in  the  service 
of  Benjamin  McClean  &  Company,  a  leading 
mercantile  firm  of  Kansas,  and  for  some  time 
had  charge  of  a  branch  of  their  extensive  gen- 
eral mercantile  business  in  Las  Vegas,  New 
Mexico.  His  next  position  made  him  book- 
keeper for  the  Daily  Optic,  a  paper  pub- 
lished in  Las  Vegas,  and  on  severing  that 
connection  he  removed  to  Mora,  this  Territory, 
where,  in  partnership  with  Camilo  Padillo,  he 


HISTORT  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


edited  and  published  El  Musquito,  a  weekly 
Spanish  newspaper,  but  continued  in  this  en- 
terprise only  about  eight  months. 

On  the  expiration  of  that  period,  Mr.  Hill 
returned  to  his  native  city,  there  accepting  a 
position  as  private  secretary  of  Governor 
Thornton,  and  remained  for  the  period  of  four 
months,  and  not  long  after  this  was  called 
to  public  office,  for  his  fellow  citizens  appre- 
ciated his  worth  and  ability  and  honored  him 
accordingly.  He  was  nominated  for  the  posi- 
tion of  City  Clerk,  made  a  satisfactory  canvass 
and  was  elected  by  a  large  and  flattering  ma- 
jority. The  creditable  manner  in  which  he 
filled  this  position  made  him  a  popular  candi- 
date for  the  office  of  County  Clerk.  He  was 
placed  in  nomination,  and  the  confidence  of 
the  public  in  his  merit  was  attested  by  his 
election  in  the  fall  of  1894.  Soon  afterward 
he  entered  upon  the  duties  of  the  office,  which 
also  includes  those  of  the  Clerk  of  the  Probate 
Court  and  ex  officio  Clerk  of  the  Board  of 
County  Commissioners. 

Mr.  Hill  is  the  owner  of  a  rich  and  valuable 
farm  of  160  acres,  lying  three  miles  south  of 
the  city,  where  he  is  carrying  on  agricultural 
pursuits.  In  religious  faith  he  is  an  adherent 
of  the  Catholic  Church.  Politically  he  is  a 
supporter  of  the  Democracy  and  has  made  such 
a  creditable  record  that  he  has  won  the  respect 
of  all  who  know  him,  and  is  justly  numbered 
among  the  valiant  sons  of  New  Mexico. 


BLETCHER    H.   MITCHELL,    presi- 
dent of   the   Board  of  Trade  of  Cer- 
rillos,  and  one  of  the  prominent  min- 
ing men  of  this  section  of  the  Terri- 
tory, is  a  native  of   Iowa,  born  on  the  i;th  of 
January,  1857,  and  is  of   English  and  German 
descent.      His  father,  Henry  H.  Mitchell,  was 
born  in  Kentucky  in  1817,  and  when  a  young 
man  removed  to  Iowa,  where  he  wedded  Miss 
Mary  Ann  Pierson.      In  that  State  he  secured 
lands   and    purchased   a   valuable   farm,  upon 
which   he  spent   his  remaining  days,  success- 
fully carrying  on    agricultural    pursuits.       He 


died  in  1884,  having  survived  his  wife  a  few 
years.  They  were  consistent  members  of  the 
Methodist  Church,  and  were  highly  esteemed 
for  their  many  excellencies  of  character.  The 
gentlemen  whose  name  heads  this  sketch  is 
the  sixth  child  in  the  family  of  eight  children, 
of  whom  six  are  yet  living. 

Fletcher  H.  Mitchell  acquired  his  educa- 
tion in  the  public  schools  of  his  native  town, 
and  on  attaining  his  majority  went  to  Colo- 
rado, where  he  was  engaged  in  cattle-raising 
for  a  season.  He  then  secured  a  clerkship  in 
a  mercantile  store,  and  was  employed  in  that 
capacity  until  1880,  at  which  time  he  came  to 
New  Mexico.  Locating  in  Las  Vegas,  he  was 
in  the  employ  of  the  railroad  company  for  a 
year,  and  in  1881  came  to  Cerrillos,  where 
with  the  capital  he  had  acquired  through  his 
own  industry  and  perseverance  he  opened  a 
general  mercantile  store,  which  he  conducted 
for  two  years.  Mr.  Mitchell  then  sold  out  and 
became  interested  in  mining  in  the  vicinity  of 
Cerrillos.  He  has  since  continued  in  this 
business,  and  has  extended  his  mining  opera- 
tions until  he  is  now  the  owner  of  much  valu- 
able mining  property,  partly  located  in  Arizona 
and  partly  in  New  Mexico.  He  is  engaged  in 
prospecting,  and  buys  and  sells  mining  prop- 
perty  as  a  speculation.  He  is  an  expert  in 
judging  of  the  value  of  ore,  and  his  properties 
are  gold,  silver,  lead  and  copper  mines.  In 
all  his  business  dealings  he  is  a  man  of  the 
strictest  honor  and  integrity,  and  has  the  con- 
fidence of  all  with  whom  he  has  been  brought 
in  contact.  Mr.  Mitchell  has  at  various  times 
been  interested  in  merchandising,  and  now 
carries  on  business  in  that  line  in  connection 
with  Mr.  H.  C.  Kinsell.  He  erected  the  first 
glass-front  store  in  the  town  and  has  put  up  a 
number  of  residences. 

In  1882  Mr.  Mitchell  was  united  in  mar- 
riage with  Miss  Fanny  M.  Estes,  of  Clay  county, 
Missouri,  and  their  union  has  been  blessed 
with  a  son,  Arthur  E.,  who  was  born  in  Santa 
Fe  county.  Our  subject  is  a  member  of  the 
Odd  Fellows  Society,  and  in  politics  he  is  a 
stalwart  Republican;  but  while  he  takes  a  deep 


HIS  TORT  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


365 


interest  in  the  growth  and  success  of  his  party, 
he  has  never  been  an  office-seeker,  preferring 
to  devote  his  time  and  attention  to  his  own 
private  interests.  He  has  unbounded  faith  in 
Cerrillos  and  her  rich  mines,  and  there  is  not 
much  question  but  that  his  highest  hopes  will 
be  realized  in  the  near  future.  Mr.  Mitchell 
has  been  an  important  factor  in  the  develop- 
ment and  upbuilding  of  this  region,  no  one 
taking  a  more  prominent  part  in  its  promotion. 
He  is  public-spirited  and  progressive,  a 
straightforward,  honorable  business  man,  a 
gentleman  of  courteous  demeanor  and  sterling 
worth,  and  all  who  know  him  esteem  him 
highly. 


W.  McSCHOOLER  is  the  leading 
merchant  of  Folsom,  New  Mexico, 
proprietor  of  what  is  known  as  the 
Folsom  Supply  Store.  It  is  appro- 
priately named,  for  everything  is  kept  on  hand 
there  that  is  found  in  a  general  mercantile 
establishment.  He  has  enlarged  his  stock  to 
meet  the  growing  demand  of  the  trade,  and 
from  the  public  he  now  receives  a  liberal  pat- 
ronage which  honest  dealing  and  earnest  en- 
deavor justly  merits. 

Mr.  McSchooler  is  a  native  of  Ohio,  and 
was  born  on  the  I3thof  February,  1861.  His 
great-grandfather,  Mr.  Mack,  was  born  and 
reared  in  Scotland  and  figured  prominently  in 
the  revolution  which  occurred  in  his  native  land. 
On  this  account  he  was  obliged  to  take  refuge 
in  a  foreign  country  and  made  his  escape  to 
Germany,  where  he  afterward  married  a  Miss 
Schuler.  He  then  combined  the  two  names 
in  the  present  form,  by  which  his  posterity  have 
since  been  known.  He  spent  his  remaining 
days  in  Germany,  reared  a  large  family,  and 
four  of  his  sons  emigrated  to  New  York,  be- 
coming prominent  business  men  of  that  city. 
They  were  largely  engaged  in  the  shipping  busi- 
ness, and  one  of  these  became  the  grandfather 
of  our  subject.  J.  G.  McSchooler,  the  father 
of  Folsom's  enterprising  merchant,  was  born 
in  New  York,  and  when  a  young  man  removed 


to  Ohio,  where  he  was  united  in  marriage  with 
Miss  Elizabeth  B.  Wiggins.  In  a  few  years 
they  removed  to  Clay  City,  Illinois,  where  for 
some  years  the  husband  and  father  successfully 
engaged  in  merchandising.  His  death  oc- 
curred there  in  1872,  and  his  widow  moved  to 
Louisville,  Illinois,  where  she  is  still  living. 
Their  family  numbered  six  children,  four  sons 
and  two  daughters,  and  all  yet  abide. 

The  gentleman  whose  name  begins  this  re- 
view was  the  fifth  in  order  of  birth.  During 
his  early  childhood  he  accompanied  his  parents 
to  Louisville,  Illinois,  where  he  was  reared 
and  educated.  When  he  was  quite  young  he 
entered  a  printing-office  to  learn  the  trade  and 
during  his  three-years  apprenticeship  became 
quite  proficient,  thoroughly  mastering  the  busi- 
ness in  all  its  details. 

In  1888  Mr.  McSchooler  left  Illinois  and 
removed  to  Trinidad,  Colorado,  where  he  en- 
gaged in  the  publication  of  the  Standard  for 
some  time.  He  next  went  to  Clayton,  and  for 
a  year  was  the  publisher  of  the  Enterprise,  a 
newspaper  of  that  city.  On  the  expiration  of 
that  period  he  came  to  Folsom,  and  founded 
the  Metropolitan,  which  he  published  for  seven 
years — a  bright,  entertaining  journal,  setting 
forth  in  a  most  capable  manner  the  resources 
of  the  town  and  county.  In  1892  he  retired 
from  the  newspaper  business,  and  the  Metro- 
politan is  now  published  by  J.  E.  Ellis,  under 
the  name  of  the  Folsom  Cricket.  Mr.  Mc- 
Schooler then  established  his  general  mercan- 
tile store,  and  in  addition  to  this  line  of  busi- 
ness is  also  considerably  interested  in  the  rais- 
ing of  sheep,  cattle  and  horses. 

Mr.  McSchooler  is  a  public-spirited,  pro- 
gressive citizen,  losing  no  opportunity  whereby 
he  can  advance  the  interests  of  his  town  and 
county.  In  political  faith  he  is  a  Republican 
and  by  his  ballot  supports  that  party,  but  has 
never  sought  or  desired  official  preferment. 
He  has  a  pleasant  home  in  his  adopted  city 
and  his  many  excellencies  of  character,  his 
sterling  worth  and  strict  integrity  have  gained 
him  the  high  regard  of  many  friends.  On  the 
5th  of  March,  1883,  he  was  united  in  marriage 


366 


HIS  TORT  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


with  Miss  Catherine  Graham,  a  native  of 
Bloomington,  Illinois,  and  a  daughter  of 
Thomas  Graham,  of  that  State.  Like  her 
husband,  she  is  held  in  high  esteem  and  occu- 
pies an  enviable  position  in  social  circles. 


aH.    NANCE,  one  of    Folsom's  active 
business  men,  railroad  agent  and  real- 
estate  dealer,  has  been  a  resident  oL 
this    place    since     1888.      During  the 
years  that  have  passed  he  has  served  as  station 
agent  and  has  been  prominently  identified  with 
all  public  affairs  of  a  progressive  nature,  with- 
holding his  support  from  no  enterprise  that  is 
calculated    to    prove   of    public  benefit.      The 
record  of  his  life  is  as  follows: 

He  was  born  in  Paducah.  Kentucky,  on  the 
2/th  of  December,  1860;  his  ancestors  were 
early  settlers  of  Virginia  and  Kentucky;  his 
father,  Harvey  Nance,  was  born  in  the  latter 
State,  was  married  to  Miss  Elmira  Orr,  a  na- 
tive of  Philadelphia,  Pennsylvania,  and  in  1860 
they  removed  to  Illinois,  which  has  since  been 
their  place  of  abode.  Six  children  were  born 
in  their  family,  of  whom  four  are  still  living. 

C.  H  Nance,  the  fourth  in  order  of  birth, 
acquired  his  early  education  in  the  public 
schools,  and  at  the  age  of  seventeen  started 
out  to  fight  life's  battle  for  himself,  learning 
the  art  of  telegraphy,  since  which  time  he  has 
been  connected  with  railroading,  until  he  has 
become  an  expert  agent,  fully  posted  on  every 
detail  of  the  business.  He  has  followed  his 
chosen  calling  in  Illinois,  Iowa,  Missouri,  Kan- 
sas, Texas  and  Colorado,  and  for  the  past 
seven  years  has  been  in  charge  of  the  office  in 
the  town  of  Folsom,  New  Mexico.  From  his 
station  are  shipped  annually  many  hundred 
car-loads  of  stock,  and  quite  a  considerable 
amount  of  merchandise,  and  other  transport- 
able commodities  is  handled.  He  carefully 
looks  after  the  interests  of  the  business,  and  no 
more  efficient  or  capable  agent  could  be  se- 
cured. 

On  the  I  ;th  of  April,  1887,  was  celebrated 
the  marriage  of  Mr.  Nance  and  Miss  May  Men- 


denhall,  a  native  of  Dallas  City,  Illinois.  The 
lady  has  the  honor  of  having  been  appointed 
Postmistress  of  Folsom,  in  1893.  The  office 
is  owned  by  her  husband,  is  conveniently 
located  and  nicely  equipped,  and  she  is  giving 
excellent  satisfaction  in  her  capable  manage- 
ment of  affairs. 

In  his  political  views,  Mr.  Nance  is  a  Dem- 
ocrat, and  socially  is  connected  with  the  Ma- 
sonic fraternity.  He  is  a  careful  and  competent 
business  man  and  now  owns  considerable  real 
estate,  including  several  business  blocks  in 
Folsom  and  160  acres  of  choice  land  adjoining 
the  town,  which  will  ultimately  be  transformed 
into  fine  residence  lots.  On  this  property  he 
has  built  a  good  home,  which  commands  an  ex- 
cellent view  of  the  beautiful  surrounding  coun- 
try. He  also  has  a  very  promising  gold  claim 
in  the  Palo  Blanco  mountains,  twenty-five 
miles  from  Folsom,  and  an  assay  of  the  ore 
taken  near  the  grass  roots  shows  $6.40  worth 
of  gold  to  the  ton.  He  expects  soon  to  fully 
develop  this  property.  Mr.  Nance  is  a  leading 
resident  of  Folsom,  and  is  an  enthusiast  on 
the  healthfulness  and  beauty  of  the  location, 
which  is  indeed  justly  noted  for  its  salubrious 
climate  and  fine  surroundings.  He  belongs  to 
that  class  of  intelligent,  enterprising  men  to 
whom  the  future  progress  and  prosperity  of 
this  locality  will  be  due. 


>j*OHN  SENINGER  is  an  honored  vet- 
m  eran  of  the  Mexican  war,  and  one  of 
A  j  the  most  highly  respected  citizens  of 
Folsom.  He  is  a  native  of  Germany, 
and  his  parents  were  also  natives  of  the  Father- 
land. His  birth  occurred  on  the  8th  of  Sep- 
tember, 1824,  and  he  was  educated  in  the  land 
of  his  nativity  and  there  learned  the  trade  of 
stone  mason.  About  the  time  he  attained  his 
majority  he  resolved  to  try  his  fortune  in 
America,  for  he  had  heard  favorable  reports 
of  superior  advantages  here  afforded  to  young 
men.  He  therefore  embarked  on  a  westward- 
bound  sailing  vessel,  and  on  the  22d  of 
June,  1846,  arrived  in  New  York  city,  whence 


HISTORY  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


367 


he  afterward  went  to  Wisconsin,  and  then  to 
St.  Louis,  Missouri,  where  he  secured  employ- 
ment in  a  mill  for  a  time.  He  scorned  no 
honest  labor  which  would  yield  him  a  living, 
and  while  still  in  St.  Louis  he  responded  to 
the  call  of  his  adopted  country  for  troops  to 
aid  in  the  war  with  Mexico,  enlisting  in  Com- 
pany H,  Fourteenth  United  States  Infantry. 
He  served  under  General  Scott,  and  continued 
at  the  front  until  the  struggle  was  ended.  ~  He 
was  in  the  city  of  Mexico,  and  traveled  across 
the  old  Mexican  empire.  At  length  he  was 
honorably  discharged  at  New  Orleans  and 
returned  to  St.  Louis. 

Mr.  Seninger  then  removed  to  Iowa,  and 
for  some  time  worked  at  his  trade  in  different 
places  in  that  State.  He  was  one  of  the 
founders  of  the  town  of  Clinton,  Iowa.  In 
1859  he  crossed  the  plains  to  California,  with 
ox  teams,  there  being  thirty-five  wagons  in  the 
train  with  which  he  traveled.  He  had  been 
married  in  the  Hawkeye  State,  in  1854,  to  Miss 
Annie  Lark,  who  accompanied  him  on  the 
western  expedition.  They  made  a  safe  jour- 
ney, and  after  six  months  of  travel  across  the 
desolate  and  barren  plains  of  the  West  arrived 
at  Red  Bluff,  California.  In  the  Golden 
State,  he  engaged  in  mining,  also  followed  the 
same  pursuit  in  Washington,  Idaho,  and  Mon- 
tana. He  passed  through  many  of  the  thrill- 
ing experiences  that  fell  to  the  lot  of  the 
miner  in  those  early  days  and  sometimes  was 
penniless  and  again  the  possessor  of  consider- 
able capital.  While  in  Montana,  he  carried 
on  his  mining  operations  at  Bannack  and  at 
Alder  Gulch,  also  at  Last  Chance  Gulch.  He 
went  to  the  site  of  the  present  city  of  Helena, 
just  after  the  discovery  of  gold  there,  when  its 
inhabitants  numbered  only  a  few  miners.  It 
was  an  exciting  period  in  the  history  of  the 
now  rich  State  of  Montana.  The  miners  were 
a  law  unto  themselves  and  lynch  rule  was 
often  in  force  as  a  protection  against  ' '  road- 
agents. " 

Mr.  Seninger  afterward  returned  to  Cali- 
fornia, and  in  1874  came  to  New  Mexico,  pur- 
chasing a  ranch  eight  miles  above  where  the 


town  of  Folsom  now  stands.  That  property  he 
farmed  until  the  town  was  established  in  1884, 
when  he  sold  his  ranch  and  came  to  Folsom, 
purchasing  property  here.  In  1888  he  built  a 
good  stone  residence,  which  he  now  makes  his 
home  and  is  living  retired  here,  enjoying  a 
rest  which  he  has  truly  earned  and  richly  de- 
serves. A  part  of  his  land  will  undoubtedly 
be  utilized  in  making  additions  to  the  city,  for 
it  is  a  valuable  property  and  favorably  located. 

In  politics,  our  subject  is  a  stalwart  Re- 
publican, and  in  religious  belief  is  a  Catholic. 
He  and  his  wife  now  reside  in  their  pleasant 
home  which  he  erected,  surrounded  by  many 
warm  friends  who  hold  them  in  high  regard. 
He  well  deserves  the  rest  that  has  come  to 
him,  for  his  career  has  been  an  honorable  and 
useful  one. 

In  1862  Mr.  Seninger  was  called  upon  to 
mourn  the  loss  of  his  wife,  by  death.  He  did 
not  remarry  until  1894,  when  he  was  joined  in 
wedlock  with  Mrs.  J.  E.  Benjamin,  whose  son 
is  the  railroad  agent  at  Watrous. 


F.  McGARVEY,  one  of  the  enter- 
prising business  men  of  Blossburg,  and 
ex-County  Commissioner  of  the  coun- 
ty of  Colfax,  is  a  native  of  Pennsyl- 
vania, his  birth  having  occurred  in  the  town  of 
Beaver  Meadow,  on  the  25th  of  March,  1866. 
He  is  of  Irish  descent.  His  parents,  Patrick 
and  Hannah  (Doherty)  McGarvey,  were  both 
natives  of  county  Donegal,  Ireland,  and  were 
reared  and  married  there.  In  1847  they  cross- 
ed the  Atlantic  to  the  New  World,  locating  "in 
Beaver  Meadow,  Pennsylvania,  where  for  a 
few  years  the  father  engaged  in  mining.  In 
the  family  were  fifteen  children,  of  whom 
eleven  are  still  living.  In  1881  they  arrived  in 
the  Territory  of  New  Mexico,  locating  in  Eliza- 
beth, Colfax  county,  but  after  about  a  year 
removed  to  Springer,  where  the  father  was  en- 
gaged in  railroading.  In  1884  he  brought  his 
family  to  Blossburg,  where  he  is  still  living. 
He  has  reached  the  age  of  sixty-six  years,  and 
his  wife  is  now  sixty-seven  years  of  age.  They 


368 


HISTORT  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


are  members  of  the  Catholic  Church,  and  are 
worthy  and  respected  citizens. 

Their  son,  Barney  F.  McGarvey.the  subject 
of  this  sketch,  is  the  thirteenth  child.  His  ed- 
ucational privileges  were  those  afforded  by  the 
public  schools,  and  he  began  to  earn  his  own 
living  as  a  clerk  in  a  store  in  Springer.  Sub- 
.sequently  he  secured  a  clerkship  in  the  employ 
of  Smith  Brothers  at  Blossburg,  and  later  en- 
gaged with  the  firm  of  Cox  &  Mitchell,  also  of 
Blossburg,  this  connection  continuing  until 
1890,  when  he  entered  the  employ  of  the 
Blossburg  Friendly  Co-operative  Association. 
There  he  remained  until  1893,  when  he  formed 
a  partnership  with  Modesto  Brunelli  in  general 
merchandising,  under  the  firm  name  of  Brunelli 
&  Company.  In  this  business  he  has  since 
continued.  They  have  an  extensive  and  well- 
filled  store,  and  are  doing  a  large  and  con- 
stantly increasing  business,  which  is  well-de- 
served, for  the  members  of  the  firm  are 
straightforward,  honorable  business  men  who 
earnestly  endeavor  to  please  their  patrons. 

In  his  political  associations  Mr.  McGarvey 
is  a  Democrat,  and  takes  quite  a  prominent 
part  in  local  politics.  He  has  served  his  fellow 
townsmen  as  a  member  of  the  School  Board 
for  two  terms,  and  has  filled  the  office  of  Jus- 
tice of  the  Peace  for  two  terms.  In  the  fall  of 
1 892  he  was  elected  one  of  the  County  Com- 
missioners of  the  county  of  Colfax,  an  impor- 
tant and  responsible  position,  which  he  satis- 
factorily filled,  discharging  his  duties  with 
promptness  and  fidelity.  He  did  a  practical 
work,  such  as  building  bridges,  making  im- 
provements in  the  court-house  and  other  nec- 
essary improvements.  He  takes  an  active  in- 
terest in  all  public  affairs,  and  is  recognized  as 
an  enterprising  and  progressive  citizen. 

On  the  ist  of  March,  1890,  Mr.  McGarvey 
was  united  in  marriage  with  Miss  Mary  Fother- 
ingill,  a  native  of  Pennsylvania,  and  they  have 
one  daughter,  Elizabeth,  who  was  born  in 
Blossburg.  Their  pleasant  home  is  noted  for 
its  hospitality,  and  their  friends  are  many. 
Mr.  McGarvey  possesses  a  social,  genial  na- 
ture that  makes  him  a  valued  member  of  the 


Knights  of  Pythias  fraternity.  He  has  filled 
all  the  offices  in  the  subordinate  lodge  and  is  a 
member  and  office-holder  in  the  Grand  Lodge 
of  the  Territory.  He  is  also  a  member  of  the 
Independent  Order  of  Red  Men,  and  is  widely 
and  favorably  known  throughout  the  Territory 
of  New  Mexico. 


(D 


ODESTO  BRUNELLI.  —The  name 
of  this  gentleman  is  synonymous 
with  the  business  interests  of  Bloss- 
burg, New  Mexico.  He  is  the 
senior  member  of  the  mercantile  firm  of 
Brunelli  &  Company,  and  is  a  worthy  repre- 
sentative of  that  type  of  American  character, 
that  progressive  spirit,  which  promotes  public 
good  in  advancing  individual  prosperity.  His 
success  is  the  result  of  his  industry  and  un- 
tiring enterprise,  combined  with  good  judg- 
ment and  correct  business  habits. 

Mr.  Brunelli  was  born  in  Tyrol,  Austria, 
on  the  23d  of  August,  1845,  and  his  ancestors 
had  for  some  generations  lived  in  that  country. 
He  was  educated' in  his  native  land  and  at  the 
age  of  fifteen  began  to  learn  merchandising  in 
a  business  house  in  Italy.  His  father  had  died 
and  for  a  number  of  years  he  was  the  sole  sup- 
port of  his  mother.  On  attaining  his  ma- 
jority in  the  year  1866  he  entered  the  Austrian 
army  and  served  in  the  war  with  Prussia  and 
Italy.  After  three  years'  connection  with  mili- 
tary life  he  returned  to  his  home  and  his 
mother  and  continued  to  support  and  care  for 
her  until  the  time  of  her  death.  In  1872  he 
went  to  Germany,  where  he  was  engaged  in 
mining,  working  in  the  iron,  silver  and  also  in 
the  coal  mines.  In  1881  he  determined  to  try 
his  fortune  in  America,  of  whose  excellent  op- 
portunities and  privileges  he  had  heard  such 
favorable  reports. 

Accordingly  Mr.  Brunelli  crossed  the  Atlan- 
tic to  the  New  World,  bringing  with  him  a 
capital  of  about  $1,500  and  located  in  Hazel- 
ton,  Pennsylvania.  He  was  for  some  years 
engaged  in  coal  mining  at  Smithson,  in  West- 
moreland county.  In  1884  he  arrived  in 


HIS  TORT  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


369 


Blossburg,  which  at  that  time  contained  only  a 
few  houses,  but  its  growth  has  been  rapid  and 
to-day  it  is  ranked  among  the  progressive  and 
advancing  towns  of  the  Southwest.  Mr. 
Brunelli  embarked  in  business  here,  and  has 
made  his  home  in  Blossburg  for  the  past 
eleven  years.  For  a  time  he  engaged  in  min- 
ing and  prospered  in  his  undertakings.  In  this 
way  he  added  to  his  capital,  and  in  1892  or- 
ganized the  mercantile  firm  of  which  he  is  now 
the  senior  member.  He  carries  a  large  stock 
of  well  assorted  goods  and  has  built  up  an 
excellent  trade,  his  patronage  coming  from  a 
wide  extent  of  territory. 

Since  residing  in  Blossburg,  Mr.  Brunelli 
has  been  prominently  identified  with  the  inter- 
ests of  the  town,  has  aided  in  the  building  of 
its  churches  and  in  the  promotion  of  all  enter- 
prises that  are  calculated  to  prove  of  public 
benefit.  His  well  conducted  business  efforts 
have  been  crowned  with  success,  and  to-day 
he  is  one  of  the  substantial  as  well  as  one  of 
the  valued  citizens  of  his  adopted  home. 

In  his  political  views,  Mr.  Brunelli  is  a 
Republican,  and  in  his  social  connections  is  an 
Odd  Fellow,  Knight  of  Pythias  and  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Christopher  Columbus  Society.  In 
religious  faith  he  and  his  family  are  adherents 
of  the  Catholic  Church. 

In  1877  was  celebrated  the  marriage  of  Mr. 
Brunelli  and  Miss  Lucy  Cornelia,  also  a  native 
of  Austria.  Their  family  numbered  eight 
children,  of  whom  five  are  still  living,  namely: 
Ernest  and  Bruno,  who  were  born  in  Bavaria, 
Germany;  Rudolph,  who  was  born  at  Smith- 
son,  Pennsylvania;  and  Rodger  and  Elza,  born 
in  Blossburg. 


E  GRACE  F.    STEPHENSON,   one  of 
New     Mexico's    most  respected   pio- 
neers, came  to  the  Territory  in  1853, 
and  for  many  years  held  public  office 
in  Donna  Ana   county,  having   proved  an  effi- 
cient   and    capable    Probate   Clerk,    ex-officio 
County  Recorder  and  ex-officio  Clerk  of    the 
Board  of  County  Commissioners,    and  is  thus 

24 


most  thoroughly  informed  in  all  the  details  of 
the  county  business  and  history. 

He  was  born  in  Mexico,  on  the  3ist  of 
March,  1834,  and  is  of  Scotch-Irish  ancestry. 
His  father,  Hugh  Stephenson,  was  born  in 
Kentucky,  July  18,  1798,  and  in  early  life  emi- 
grated to  Missouri,  becoming  one  of  the  earli- 
est pioneer  settlers  of  Lafayette  county.  Later 
he  went  to  Mexico  and  married  Miss  Juana 
Ascarate,  a  daughter  of  Juan  Ascarate,  of  Paso 
del  Norte,  Mexico,  who  was  one  of  the  early 
settlers  of  that  county.  The  father  began  life 
as  a  trapper  in  the  Southwest,  but  later  be- 
came a  merchant,  which  business  he  continued 
to  follow  up  to  the  time  of  his  death,  which 
occurred  October  11,  1870,  being  then  sev- 
enty-two years  of  age.  His  wife  was  born 
Februarys,  1809,  and  departed  this  life  Feb- 
ruary 5,  1857. 

In  their  family  of  seven  children,  Horace 
F.  Stephenson,  is  the  third  in  order  of  birth. 
After  completing  his  education  in  the  St.  Louis 
I  University,  he  learned  merchandising  in  his  fa- 
ther's store,  and  established  himself  in  that 
line  of  business  in  the  county  seat  of  El  Paso 
county,  Texas,  where  he  remained  until  the 
breaking  out  of  .the  Rebellion,  when  he  re- 
moved to  San  Antonio,  Texas,  and  engaged  in 
buying  cotton.  He  then  did  a  large  mercan- 
tile business  in  El  Paso  del  Norte,  in  which  he 
continued  until  1866,  and  for  three  years  was 
sutler  at  Fort  Bliss. 

In  1858,  Mr.  Stephenson  led  to  the  mar- 
riage altar  Miss  Simona  Button,  a  native  of 
Mexico,  and  to  them  were  born  five  children, 
as  follows  :  Jennie,  Annie,  Adelia,  Mary  and 
Horace  M. 

In  1869,  Mr.  Stephenson  came  to  New 
Mexico  and  for  three  years  was  engaged  in 
trade  at  Victoria.  He  began  stock-raising  in 
1873,  in  which  he  was  successfully  engaged  un- 
til 1879,  raising  both  sheep  and  cattle.  At  the 
end  of  that  time,  however,  he  was  elected 
Clerk  of  Donna  Ana  county,  and  has  since 
filled  most  satisfactorily  that  important  office, 
having  been  re-elected  every  term  since  with 
the  exception  of  1884-5.  He  is  a  beautiful 


HISTORT  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


penman  and  accurate  accountant,  and  the 
nicely  kept  records  of  the  county  are  a  monu- 
ment to  his  talent  and  ability.  He  has  always 
been  a  consistent  adherent  of  the  principles  of 
Democracy,  and  in  his  party  and  in  the  county 
stands  as  a  man  of  integrity  and  honor,  as  well 
as  a  faithful  public  official.  He  and  his  family 
stand  high  in  the  social  circles  of  the  commun- 
ity, and  are  devout  members  of  the  Catholic 
Church. 


UGH  H.  SMITH,  Tax  Collector  of 
Colfax  county,  and  one  of  the  most 
wide-awake  and  progressive  business 
men  of  Blossburg,  is  a  native  of  the 
lowlands  of  Scotland,  his  birth  having  oc- 
curred in  Killwinning,  Ayrshire,  on  the  27th  of 
July,  1859.  His  parents  were  John  and  Mag- 
gie (Haddow)  Smith,  both  of  whom  were  na- 
tives of  Scotland.  During  his  early  childhood 
his  father  died,  leaving  the  widow  with  three 
sons — William  H.,  John  H.  and  Hugh  H. 
The  father  had  engaged  in  coal-mining  and 
left  no  means  to  his  family:  so  the  little  boys 
were  early  forced  to  earn  their  own  living  and 
began  work  in  the  coal  mines  in  order  to  secure 
their  daily  bread.  It  was  a  hard  struggle  to 
keep  the  "  wolf  from  the  door."  Hugh  was 
only  nine  years  of  age  when  he  first  began 
working  in  the  coal  mines,  and  his  education 
in  consequence  was  limited;  but  through  his 
own  efforts,  his  intelligent  observation  and  re- 
tentive memory  he  has  become  a  well-informed 
man  and  popular  citizen.  For  his  first  work 
he  received  only  twenty-two  cents  per  day. 

Mrs.  Smith,  the  mother,  afterward  married 
Robert  McKechnie,  and  in  1868  the  entire 
family  emigrated  to  the  United  States,  locating 
in  Morris  Run,  Tioga  county,  Pennsylvania, 
where  they  continued  the  hard  labor  of  coal 
digging  until  July,  1880,  and  then  removed  to 
Dubois,  Pennsylvania,  and  six  months  later 
went  to  Stanton,  Illinois.  In  that  place  they 
met  with  better  success.  The  sons  had  grown 
to  manhood  and  had  become  experienced  in 


their  line  of  business,  so  that  they  were  now 
able  to  make  $3.  50  per  day.  William  Smith 
had  in  the  meantime  married  and  had  decided 
to  invest  in  town  property.  He  purchased 
some  lots  and  also  erected  some  houses  upon 
his  land.  In  order  to  do  this  he  had  to  go  in 
debt  to  some  extent  and  hard  times  came  on 
which  financially  embarrassed  him  to  a  degree. 
The  family  was  compelled  to  remove  to  Lucas 
county,  Iowa,  where  the  brothers  were  again 
successful  in  mining  and  secured  enough  money 
to  pay  off  the  indebtedness  and  still  own  the 
property  at  Stanton.  A  strike  was  inaugur- 
ated in  the  mines  of  Lucas  county,  and  the 
brothers,  wishing  to  take  no  part  in  this,  left 
that  place  and  returned  to  Illinois. 

In  1882  they  came  to  Blossburg,  New 
Mexico,  but  found  that  there  was  a  strike 
among  the  miners  at  this  place,  and  it  was 
therefore  some  little  time  before  they  could 
secure  work  here.  They  earned  as  high  as  $4 
per  day  and  the  brothers  kept  their  funds  and 
interest  together.  Deciding  that  there  was 
money  to  be  made  in  the  cattle  business,  in 

1886  William  H.  Smith  purchased  cattle  to  the 
value  of  $3,000  and  brought  them  to  the  Max- 
well land  grant,  where  he  engaged  in  herding 
with   satisfactory   results,  keeping  on  hand  as 
many    as  600  head   of    cattle.      In    1887   the 
brothers  began  the  purchase  of  registered  Jer- 
sey cattle,  and   they  now  have   a  large  herd  of 
the  finest  Jersey  stock  in  the  Territory.     They 
have  purchased    land,  and   to-day  have  a  fine 
farm    of    560  acres,    pleasantly  located    eight 
miles  from  Blossburg,  where   they   keep  their 
blooded  stock  and  also  some  range  cattle.      In 

1887  they  embarked   in  another  field  of  enter- 
prise   and    established  a    mercantile  store    in 
Blossburg.      As  their  own  money  was  tied  up 
in   the  stock   business    they    borrowed    $700, 
with  which   they  bought  out  the  stock  of   Mc- 
Garvey    Brothers,  and   Hugh   H.   became  the 
manager  of  the  store.      From   the  beginning 
the  new  enterprise  has  been  attended  with  suc- 
cess, and  the  liberal  and   honorable  business 
methods  of  the  manager  has   secured   a  large 
and  paying  trade,  which  he  has  since  controlled. 


HIS  TORT  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


37  * 


John  H.  Smith  is  also  now  giving  his  labors 
to  the  work  of  the  store.  In  a  short  time 
they  were  able  to  pay  off  all  the  indebted- 
ness and  have  become  merchants  of  ample 
means  to  conduct  a  successful  business.  By 
their  straighforward  dealings  and  their  earnest 
desire  to  please  their  customers  they  have 
secured  a  very  liberal  patronage. 

The  Smith  Brothers  have  always  been 
active  members  and  supporters  of  the  Republi- 
can party,  but  have  never  been  politicians  in 
the  sense  of  office-seekers.  In  1894  the  gen- 
tleman who  was  nominated  by  the  party  for 
Tax  Collector  declined  to  serve,  and  Hugh  H. 
Smith  was  then  chosen  and  at  length  persuad- 
ed to  become  the  party  nominee.  It  was  then 
closely  approaching  the  time  of  election,  but 
his  friends  rallied  to  his  support  and  he  was 
elected  by  a  majority  of  183.  His  popularity 
in  the  community  where  he  is  best  known  is 
shown  by  the  fact  that  out  of  126  votes  cast 
in  Blossburg  he  received  124,  and  one  of  the 
two  he  cast  himself.  His  opponent  lived  in 
Raton,  but  a  company  of  men  from  that  place, 
unasked,  to  do  Mr.  Smith  honor,  gave  him  a 
majority  of  sixty  in  Raton.  That  he  is  a  faith- 
ful official  no  one  questions,  for  his  fidelity  to 
a  trust,  whether  public  or  private,  has  always 
been  one  of  his  marked  characteristics. 

Mr.  Smith  was  married  in  1887  to  Miss 
Clara  J.  Turner,  a  native  of  Staffordshire,  Eng- 
land. They  had  three  children,  but  one  died 
in  infancy,  and  another  died  at  the  age  of 
eighteen  months,  Alice  E.  being  the  only  sur- 
vivor. In  1892  Mr.  Smith  also  suffered  the 
loss  of  his  wife,  who  died  on  the  last  day  of 
November,  after  a  short  and  happy  married 
life  of  five  years.  She  was  a  most  amiable 
lady  and  her  loss  was  a  severe  one  to  the 
family.  Mr.  Smith  and  his  brothers  are  men 
of  very  genial  and  generous  natures  and  are 
talented  musicians.  They  aided  in  the  organ- 
ization of  the  Blossburg  Silver  Band,  and  Hugh 
H.  Smith  is  the  very  popular  drum  major.  His 
brother  is  also  a  fine  musician  and  their  talent 
in  this  line  makes  them  a  valuable  acquisition 
to  any  society. 


F.  McAULIFFE,  who  stands  promi- 
nently forward  as  one  of  the  pioneer 
residents  of  the  flourishing  little  city 
of  Raton,  New  Mexico,  and  who  is 
regarded  as  one  of  her  representative  business 
men,  has  attained  by  his  own  efforts  a  marked 
measure  of  success  in  life,  and  is  clearly  en- 
titled to  consideration  in  this  connection. 

Our  subject  traces  his  lineage  to  stanch 
old  Irish  stock,  having  been  born  in  county 
Kerry,  Ireland,  on  the  i6th  of  December, 
1857,  the  son  of  Florence  and  Mary  (Vaughan) 
McAuliffe,  both  of  whom  were  natives  of  the 
Emerald  Isle  and  were  people  of  intelligence 
and  honest  worth  of  character.  T.  F.  McAu- 
liffe, the  immediate  subject  of  this  review,  re- 
ceived his  preliminary  educational  discipline  in 
his  native  land,  and  when  only  a  lad  of  fifteen 
years  he  emigrated  to  America,  locating  in 
Marquette  county,  Michigan,  soon  after  his 
arrival  here.  He  was  for  some  time  employed 
there  in  the  iron  mines,  the  work  being  of  the 
most  laborious  character  and  well  designed  to 
test  the  strength  of  a  fully  matured  man. 

After  leaving  the  mines  our  subject  went  to 
Canada  and  there  engaged  in  railroad  work  for 
a  period  of  four  years,  during  the  latter  part 
of  which  time  he  did  some  little  contracting, 
and  in  this  was  incidentally  identified  with  the 
construction  of  the  Canadian  Pacific  Railroad. 
The  year  1879  stands  as  the  date  of  his  ad- 
vent in  New  Mexico,  and  for  a  year  he  contin- 
ued operations  in  connection  with  railroad  con- 
struction, and  in  that  association  was  present 
at  the  inception  of  the  present  metropolitan 
little  city  of  Raton,  where  he  now  retains  his 
residence.  For  a  portion  of  the  time  he  had 
charge  of  the  coal  business  for  the  railroad 
company.  After  the  town  came  into  being  he 
established  himself  in  the  saloon  business  here, 
his  being  one  of  the  first  places  of  the  sort  in 
the  little  village.  He  continued  operations  in 
this  line  for  four  years,  after  which  he  turned 
his  attention  to  stock-raising,  in  which  enter- 
prise" he  has  been  very  successful,  having  ex- 
tensive interests  and  having  done  much  to  ad- 
vance the  industry  in  this  section  of  the  Terri- 


372 


HIS  TORT  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


tory.  He  introduced  blooded  Durham  cattle 
from  Missouri  and  graded  up  his  stock  to  a 
high  degree  of  perfection. 

In  1887  Mr.  McAuliffe  commenced  opera- 
tions in  his  present  line  of  business,  opening  a 
meat  market  and  preparing  to  cater  carefully 
to  the  demands  of  the  local  public.  Of  indubi- 
table integrity,  and  fair  and  honorable  in  his 
business  methods,  he  has  built  up  a  large  and 
representative  trade,  and  has  incidentally  at- 
tained a  gratifying  success  in  the  enterprise. 
He  raises  all  the  stock  utilized  in  his  market, 
and  knows  exactly  the  quality  of  the  meats 
which  he  places  before  his  patrons — a  fact 
which  is  duly  appreciated  and  which  has  given 
his  place  distinctive  precedence  in  the  town. 

One  of  the  first  business  men  of  Raton, 
our  subject  has  ever  maintained  a  lively  inter- 
est in  its  growth  and  development,  and  has 
never  failed  to  lend  his  influence  and  tangible 
aid  in  forwarding  every  enterprise  which  has 
had  as  its  object  the  best  interests  of  the  town. 
He  was  one  of  those  concerned  in  the  organi- 
zation of  the  Raton  Building  and  Loan  Com- 
pany, having  been  chosen  as  its  vice  presi- 
dent and  as  a  member  of  its  board  of  directors. 
Both  positions  he  still  retains.  This  company 
has  exercised  a  potent  influence  in  the  sub- 
stantial upbuilding  of  the  town,  and  its  func- 
tions have  steadily  subserved  consecutive  de- 
velopment. 

In  political  matters  Mr.  McAuliffe  main- 
tains an  independent  attitude,  preferring  to 
vote  for  men  and  measures  rather  than  to  ren- 
der a  supine  allegiance  to  any  party  or  ring. 
The  confidence  and  respect  in  which  he  is  held 
by  his  fellow  townsmen  is  shown  in  the  fact 
that  he  has  been  called  upon  to  serve  in  the 
important  capacity  as  a  member  of  the  Com- 
mon Council,  in  which  position  his  efforts  and 
influence  were  directed  to  the  furtherance  of 
the  city's  best  interests.  He  has  acquired 
valuable  real  estate  in  Raton  and  is  regarded 
as  one  of  her  most  reliable  and  progressive 
business  men.  In  his  fraternal  relations  our 
subject  is  prominently  identified  with  the  In- 
dependent Order  of  Odd  Fellows. 


On  Christmas  day,  1884,  Mr.  McAuliffe 
was  united  in  marriage  to  Miss  Virginia  Ange- 
line  Gillespie,  a  native  of  the  State  of  Tennes- 
see, and  they  have  become  the  parents  of 
three  children,  namely:  Florence  L. ,  Altie  C. 
and  Addie  May.  In  1890  our  subject  erected 
a  very  commodious  and  attractive  residence, 
where  he  and  his  family  enjoy  all  the  comforts 
and  privileges  of  a  true  home. 


HM.  ADLER,  an  enterprising  and  suc- 
cessful merchant  of  Wagon  Mound, 
New  Mexico,  who  is  entitled  to  great 
credit  for  what  he  has  accomplished 
in  the  business  world,  claims  Maryland  as  the 
State  of  his  nativity.  He  was  born  in  the  city 
of  Baltimore  on  the  8th  of  November,  1853, 
and  is  of  Hebrew  ancestry.  His  parents  were 
both  natives  of  Bavaria,  Germany,  and  in  early 
life  sailed  from  their  old  home  to  the  New 
World,  locating  in  Maryland.  In  that  State 
and  Virginia  the  father  was  engaged  in  mer- 
chandising, following  that  pursuit  throughout 
his  entire  life.  He  reached  the  age  of  sixty- 
one  years,  and  was  then  called  to  his  final  rest, 
while  his  wife  died  at  the  age  of  forty-two 
years.  They  had  a  family  of  seven  children, 
of  whom  six  are  now  living. 

The  fourth  in  order  of  birth  is  Aaron  M. 
Adler,  the  well-known  resident  of  Wagon 
Mound.  He  acquired  his  early  education  in 
the  schools  of  his  native  city,  and  began  train- 
ing for  his  business  career  at  the  early  age  of 
twelve  years,  when  he  entered  his.  father's 
store.  He  paid  close  attention  to  the  business, 
studied  the  methods  that  were  pursued  and  the 
plans  that  were  followed,  and  thus  gained  a 
thorough  knowledge  that  has  fitted  him  for  his 
own  successful  career. 

Mr.  Adler  continued  in  business  with  his 
father  until  1881,  at  which  time  he  came  to 
the  Territory  of  New  Mexico,  and  entered  the 
store  of  Mr.  Ilfeld,  of  Las  Vegas,  in  the  capac- 
ity of  salesman.  He  was  afterward  employed 
by  Mr.  Eldot,  of  San  Juan,  and  later  was  with 
Thomas  Burns  at  Terra  Amarilla.  Mr.  Ad- 


HIS  TORT  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


373 


ler's  advent  in  Wagon  Mound  was  in  1890,  at 
which  time  he  purchased  the  mercantile  estab- 
lishment of  T.  Romero  &  Son.  Here  for  the 
past  five  years  he  has  been  doing  a  satisfactory 
and  prosperous  business,  which  is  constantly 
increasing.  He  keeps  a  large  stock  of  general 
merchandise  and  deals  in  wool  and  all  kinds  of 
produce  from  this  section  of  the  country.  By 
his  business  talents  and  enterprise  he  has  ac- 
quired a  large  patronage  and  the  confidence 
and  good  will  of  the  residents  through  a  wide 
district,  being  highly  esteemed  as  a  reliable 
merchant.  In  his  social  relations  he  is  a  Mas- 
ter Mason. 


>Y*OHN  JUSTUS  SCHMIDT,  once  a 
•  successful  pioneer  merchant  and  promi- 
/•  1  nent  citizen  of  Wagon  Mound,  New 
Mexico,  now  deceased,  was  born  in 
Germany,  on  the  2/th  of  September,  1838, 
and  when  only  fifteen  years  of  age,  he  emi- 
grated to  America  for  the  purpose  of  making 
his  own  way  in  the  world.  He  was,  in  the 
broadest  sense  of  the  term,  a  self-made  man, 
starting  in  life  with  no  capital  beyond  a  pair  of 
willing  hands  and  an  active  brain.  He  located 
first  in  Kentucky,  and  began  his  life  in  the 
New  World  as  a  farm  boy,  working  for  $6.00 
per  month.  After  a  time  he  removed  to  Cin- 
cinnati, Ohio,  and  then  to  the  State  of  Texas, 
working  at  whatever  he  could  find  to  do  that 
would  yield  him  an  honest  living.  After  four 
years  spent  in  this  way  he  received  news  of 
his  father's  death,  and  returned  to  his  native 
land,  where  he  took  charge  of  the  old  home 
farm.  But  the  New  World  attracted  him  and 
some  time  later  he  again  crossed  the  Atlantic, 
locating  in  Missouri.  He  purchased  a  farm 
near  Washington,  and  engaged  in  agricultural 
pursuits  near  that  place  until  1872,  the  year  of 
his  arrival  in  New  Mexico.  He  spent  one 
year  at  Granada,  Colorado,  and  in  1873  came 
to  Mora  county,  where  the  following  year  he 
entered  into  partnership  with  Henry  D.  Rein- 
ken,  establishing  a  general  mercantile  store  at 
Ocate,  another  at  Wagon  Mound,  and  a  third 


at  Watrous.  They  continued  the  partnership 
until  1888,  doing  a  successful  and  constantly 
increasing  business.  In  that  year  they  sold 
out  the  Ocate  store  and  dissolved  the  partner- 
ship, Mr.  Reinken  taking  the  Watrous  busi- 
ness, and  Mr.  Schmidt  in  Wagon  Mound.  He 
continued  to  carry  on  this  enterprise,  handling 
all  kinds  of  merchandise  and  other  products  of 
the  country.  He  enjoyed  a  large  patronage, 
coming  from  a  wide  extent  of  territory,  and 
was  also  largely  interested  in  stock-raising. 
He  built  at  Wagon  Mound  a  commodious  resi- 
dence, had  a  large  store  building  and  ware- 
house, and  was  the  foremost  merchant  in  all 
that  region  of  the  country. 

On  the  5th  of  March,  1884,  Mr.  Schmidt 
married  Miss  Mollie  A.  Ford,  a  native  of  Dela- 
ware and  a  daughter  of  John  Ford,  of  that 
State.  She  came  to  New  Mexico,  in  1882, 
with  her  uncle,  Rev.  Thomas  Harwood,  and 
prior  to  her  marriage  successfully  engaged  in 
teaching  in  the  schools  of  Wagon  Mound. 
Two  bright  children  blessed  this  union:  Car- 
rie L.  and  Justus  Jewell.  Mr.  and  Mrs. 
Schmidt  began  their  domestic  life  in  the  pleas- 
ant home  which  he  had  prepared,  and  every 
happiness  which  falls  to  the  lot  of  man  seemed 
to  be  theirs.  His  business  successes  enabled 
him  to  procure  all  the  comforts  and  many  of 
the  luxuries  of  life,  and  he  found  his  greatest 
pleasure  in  the  midst  of  his  little  family,  but  at 
the  hands  of  a  murderer  he  passed  away!  He 
had  had  a  business  difficulty  with  one  of  his 
customers,  J.  D.  Gallegos,  and  in  order  to  se- 
cure himself  from  loss  had  been  obliged  to 
attach  the  man's  sheep.  On  Friday  morning, 
July  i,  1892,  while  in  his  carriage  with  his  wife 
and  baby,  and  within  sight  of  his  own  home, 
he  was  murdered  by  his  customer,  who  rode 
up  behind  him,  rifle  in  hand,  and  before  either 
Mr.  Schmidt  or  his  wife  were  aware  of  his  pres- 
ence leveled  his  gun  and  ordered  the  former  to 
get  out  of  the  carriage.  This  he  endeavored 
to  do,  and  at  the  same  time  made  an  effort  to 
draw  his  pistol,  but  was  instantly  shot.  The 
horse  at  the  firing  started  on  a  run,  and  Mrs. 
Schmidt,  not  having  hold  of  the  lines,  could 


374 


HISTORT  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


not  control  the  frightened  animal.  She  suc- 
ceeded in  lowering  the  carriage  top  and  look- 
ing back  saw  her  husband  lying  on  the  ground. 
The  murderer's  horse  was  also  lying  on  the 
ground,  while  Gallegos,  bareheaded,  with  his 
gun  upon  his  shoulder,  was  making  for  the 
woods.  It  is  believed  that  Mr.  Schmidt  shot 
the  horse  to  prevent  the  assassin  from  follow- 
ing his  wife.  Her  horse  ran  some  distance, 
and  slacking  up  as  it  came  to  a  ditch  she  jump- 
ed out,  struck  on  her  feet  and  fell  forward  on 
her  baby,  which  was  quite  badly  injured.  Mrs. 
Schmidt  went  to  a  house,  got  help  and  re- 
turned to  find  her  husband  dead.  Two  cham- 
bers of  his  revolver  were  empty,  and  it  was 
found  that  notwithstanding  he  had  been  mor- 
tally wounded,  he  had  succeeded  in  killing  the 
horse  and  slightly  wounding  the  assassin,  Gal- 
legos,  who  was  soon  after  arrested,  tried  and 
sentenced  to  the  penitentiary  for  life.  Mr. 
Schmidt  had  taken  an  active  interest  in  all  the 
affairs  of  New  Mexico  pertaining  to  its  welfare 
and  upbuilding,  and  was  widely  known  and 
highly  esteemed.  He  had  gained  the  most 
enviable  reputation  as  a  public-spirited,  gener- 
ous man  who  was  well  worthy  the  confidence 
and  respect  reposed  in  him  by  the  entire  com- 
munity. He  left  to  his  family  a  competence, 
and  Mrs.  Schmidt  is  still  living  in  Wagon 
Mound,  devoting  herself  to  her  children.  She 
is  a  most  estimable  lady,  and  her  circle  of  warm 
friends  is  extensive. 


ERNARDO  A.  ROMERO.— As  a  rep- 
resentative of  one  of  Watrous'  lead- 
ing commercial  enterprises,  and  as  a 
citizen  of  more  than  ordinary  promi- 
nence, this  gentleman  is  well  deserving  a  place 
in  a  work  which  contains  the  history  of  the 
leading  men  of  New  Mexico.  His  entire  life 
has  been  passed  within  the  borders  of  the  Ter- 
ritory, his  birth  having  occurred  in  Taos  coun- 
ty, on  the  2oth  of  August,  1863.  He  is  of 
Spanish  lineage,  a  descendant  of  the  honored 
Romero  family  that  has  been  connected  with 
the  development  of  the  Territory  since  the 


days  of  its  early  history.  His  father,  George 
A.  Romero,  was  also  born  in  Taos  county,  and 
married  Miss  Maria  D.  Medina.  They  became 
the  parents  of  four  children,  of  whom  three  are 
living.  The  paternal  grandfather  was  Father 
Antonio  Jose  Martinez,  during  the  time  of  the 
Mexican  diocese,  but  later  he  left  the  priest- 
hood and  was  married.  He  became  a  promi- 
nent educator  in  New  Mexico,  and  being  a  man 
of  ripe  scholarship  and  broad  general  informa- 
tion was  well  fitted  to  become  a  leader  in  the 
profession. 

Bernardo  A.  Romero,  the  subject  of  this 
review,  acquired  an  excellent  education  at 
Taos,  under  the  tutorship  of  Rev.  James  M. 
Roberts,  a  Presbyterian  minister,  and  when  he 
entered  upon  his  business  career  it  was  as  a 
sheep-herder.  The  broad  prairies  of  this  Ter- 
ritory are  well  adapted  to  that  line  of  business, 
and  most  of  the  young  men  who  have  arisen 
to  prominence  have  begun  life  in  that  way. 
His  earnings  went  to  the  support  of  his  par- 
ents, for  whom  he  still  cares,  providing  them  with 
the  comforts  of  life.  Both  are  still  living,  and 
their  present  residence  is  Ocate,  Mora  county. 

The  next  pursuit  to  which  our  subject 
turned  his  attention  was  clerking,  securing  a 
position  in  the  store  of  Schmidt  &  Reinken. 
He  afterward  entered  the  employ  of  Bond 
Brothers,  at  Wagon  Mound,  and  in  this  way 
acquired  a  thorough  knowledge  of  systematic 
and  honorable  business  methods.  In  this  way 
he  also  gained  the  capital  with  which  to  em- 
bark in  business  on  his  own  account.  In 
August,  1 894,  he  opened  a  store  in  Watrous, 
in  a  building  60  x  100  feet,  which  is  now  filled 
with  a  well-selected  stock  of  general  merchan- 
dise. He  also  handles  all  kinds  of  produce 
from  this  region,  and  is  enjoying  a  very  satis- 
factory and  constantly  increasing  trade. 

In  1888  Mr.  Romero  led  to  the  marriage 
altar  Miss  Nannie  Johnson,  who  was  born  in 
Cherry  Valley,  New  Mexico,  and  is  a  daughter 
of  the  honored  pioneer,  J.  T.  Johnson.  They 
have  an  interesting  family  of  three  children, — 
Clara,  James  and  Benjamin, — and  in  social 
circles  they  hold  a  high  and  enviable  position. 


HISTORY  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


375 


Mr.  Romero  is  a  stalwart  Republican  in 
politics,  and  is  now  the  Assessor  of  Mora 
county.  An  intelligent  and  obliging  merchant, 
he  has  no  doubt  a  prosperous  career  before 
him.  It  is  eminently  proper  that  we  should 
not  neglect  in  a  work  of  this  character  to  give 
sketches  of  the  rising  young  men  as  well  as  the 
older  citizens  and  pioneers,  for  to  their  zeal, 
energy  and  integrity  the  future  progress  of  New 
Mexico  will  be  accredited.  Prominent  in  this 
class  is  Bernardo  A.  Romero. 


aHARLES  A.  SPIESS  is  one  of  the 
younger  representatives  of  the  bar  of 
Santa  Fe,  and  the  junior  member  of 
the  law  firm  of  Catron  &  Spiess. 
The  law  is  well  named  one  of  the  learned  pro- 
fessions, for  its  members  must  depend  solely 
upon  their  efforts,  their  success  resulting  from 
superior  mental  'powers — keen  perception, 
sound  judgment,  quick  comprehension,  a  true 
power  of  analysis  and  also  a  power  of  charac- 
ter reading.  All  these  are  combined  in  the 
man  who  wins  prominence  at  the  bar,  and  all 
these  seem  to  be  possessed  by  the  subject  of 
this  review, — a  fact  which  is  indicated  by  the 
success  that  he  has  already  obtained.  Mr. 
Spiess  is  of  German  ancestry  and  was  born  in 
Warrensburg,  Missouri,  on  the  ipth  of  March, 
1867,  being  the  fourth  in  a  family  of  seven 
children.  He  was  reared  on  his  father's  farm 
and  attended  the  public  schools  until  he  had 
arrived  at  years  of  maturity. 

Mr.  Spiess  then  chose  the  profession  of  law 
as  a  life  work  and  began  reading  the  authori- 
ties on  the  subject  to  prepare  himself  for  his 
chosen  calling.  He  also  became  engaged  in 
the  examination  of  titles  and  making  abstracts. 
It  was  in  1888  that  he  first  came  to  New 
Mexico,  and  for  two  years  following  engaged  in 
the  abstract  business  in  Las  Vegas,  after  which  he 
came  to  Santa  Fe,  in  1890,  to  enter  the  office 
of  the  gentleman  who  is  now  his  partner.  He 
studied  diligently  for  a  year,  and  in  1891  was  ad- 
mitted to  the  bar.  For  two  years  he  engaged 
in  practice  alone  and  then  joined  his  old  precep- 


tor in  business,  establishing  the  firm  which  still 
exists  and  which  enjoys  an  enviable  reputation 
as  one  of  the  most  able  law  firms  in  the  Terri- 
tory. A  large  and  lucrative  practice  is  theirs, 
and  few  cases  of  importance  have  come  up  for 
trial  since  the  partnership  was  formed  with 
which  they  have  not  been  connected. 

The  senior  member  has  built  a  large  brick 
block  in  the  city,  and  in  the  upper  story  they 
have  a  large  suite  of  rooms  fitted  up  as  one  of 
the  finest  offices  in  the  Territory  and  supplied 
with  the  largest  law  library  in  New  Mexico. 
It  contains  every  book  of  any  value  on  all  sub- 
jects which  relate  to  law,  and  careful  study  has 
made  the  members  of  the  firm  well  acquainted 
with  the  contents.  They  do  a  general  law 
practice,  standing  at  the  head  of  the  pro- 
fession as  attorneys  in  criminal  cases.  They 
are  the  representatives  of  the  Western  Union 
Telegraph  Company,  of  the  Southern  Pacific 
Railroad  Company  and  of  the  Santa  Fe  Rail- 
road Company. 

Mr.  Spiess  is  an  active  worker  in  the  ranks 
of  the  Republican  party,  and  frequently  aids 
in  campaign  work,  being  a  forceful,  logical  and 
powerful  public  speaker.  He  was  nominated 
by  his  party  to  represent  his  district  in  the 
Territorial  Senate  and  made  a  good  canvass 
for  the  position,  which  he  lost  by  only  eleven 
votes,  thus  greatly  reducing  the  Democratic 
majority.  He  is  a  genial,  whole-souled  young 
man,  enterprising  and  progressive,  and  his 
abilities,  both  natural  and  acquired,  have  made 
him  a  power  before  both  judge  and  jury. 
Since  coming  to  New  Mexico  he  has  made 
judicious  investments  in  real  estate. 


BRANCIS  DOWNS,  a  prominent  mem- 
ber of  the  bar  of  New  Mexico,  resid- 
ing at  Santa  Fe,  is  a  native   of  Lon- 
don, Canada.      He  was  born  Septem- 
ber 29,  1839,  and  his   ancestry  can   be  traced 
back  to  the  early   days  of    the   oldest  abbey 
town  of  England, — Glastonbury.      His  grand- 
father, Daniel  Downs,  and  his  father,    Samuel 
Downs,  came  to  Canada  in   1835  and  settled 


376 


HISTORY  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


near  where  the  city  of  London  now  stands. 
The  former  was  an  English  farmer  and  in  his 
religious  views  was  an  Episcopalian.  He  im- 
proved a  farm,  reared  a  family  of  twelve  chil- 
dren and  lived  to  be  about  seventy-five  years  of 
age. 

Samuel  Downs,  the  father  of  our  subject, 
wedded  Miss  Mary  Mclntyre,  a  native  of  Scot- 
land, who  lost  her  parents  in  early  life  and 
came  to  America  with  her  guardian,  an  old 
Scotch  divine.  Two  children  were  born  of 
their  union — Francis  and  Harriet,  now  Mrs. 
Duncan  Mclntosh,  the  latter  now  a  resident  of 
Burr  Oak,  Wisconsin.  Just  after  the  birth  of 
the  son,  the  father  started  on  a  trip  to  Texas, 
and  in  a  short  time  the  news  came  that  he  had 
died  of  yellow  fever  at  New  Orleans.  His 
wife  survived  him,  and  is  now  seventy-nine 
years  of  age.  For  her  second  husband  she 
married  David  Wells,  and  they  had  one  child, 
Bessie  E.  Wells,  who  now  resides  with  her 
mother  and  is  engaged  in  teaching  in  Kenosha, 
Wisconsin. 

The  subject  of  this  sketch  was  educated  in 
the  common  schools,  and  in  September,  1856, 
removed  to  Wisconsin.  He  had  just  com- 
pleted his  preparatory  course  for  the  Univer- 
sity when  the  great  Civil  war  broke  out,  and, 
prompted  by  a  spirit  of  patriotism,  he  offered 
his  services  to  the  Government,  and  on  the 
3Oth  of  August,  1 86 1,  joined  the  "boys  in 
blue  "  of  the  First  Wisconsin  Battery,  Light 
Artillery.  He  served  in  the  Army  of  the  West, 
and  participated  in  the  siege  of  Vicksburg  un- 
der General  Grant.  They  held  Cumberland 
Gap  against  the  army  of  General  Bragg,  and 
while  there  were  allowed  only  one-fourth  ra- 
tions, and  were  at  last  obliged  to  retreat. 
They  fought  their  way  through  to  Gallipolis, 
Ohio,  living  off  the  country  as  they  went,  and 
then  aided  in  driving  the  rebels  out  of  the 
Kanawha  Valley.  They  were  then  sent  to 
Memphis  and  took  part  in  the  attack  on  Vicks- 
burg under  General  Sherman.  This  was  fol- 
lowed by  the  battle  of  Arkansas  Post,  and  the 
regiment  took  part  in  all  the  engagements  and 
skirmishes  under  General  Grant,  which  ulti- 


mately resulted  in  the  surrender  of  Vicksburg 
on  the  4th  of  July,  1863.  On  the  same  day 
they  started  in  pursuit  of  General  Jo  Johnston 

j  and  participated  in  the  battles  around  Jackson, 
Mississippi.  They  were  then  sent  to  join  Gen- 
eral Banks  in  Louisiana,  and  took  part  in  the 
Sabine  expedition,  and  on  their  return  from 
New  Orleans  were  sent  up  the  Red  river  to  re- 
inforce General  Banks.  After  his  repulse  at 
Mansfield,  they  were  for  eight  days  engaged  in 
skirmishing  while  dams  were  being  built  in  or- 
der that  the  boats  might  float  over  the  rapids. 
Mr.  Downs  was  there  detailed  with  two  pieces 

j  of  artillery,  and  a  brigade  of  cavalry  to  act  as 
rear  guard  to  the  Army  of  the  Mississippi,  and 
was  for  five  days  and  four  nights  without  sleep. 
After  reaching  the  Mississippi  river  he  went  to 
Baton  Rouge  and  thence  his  battery  accom- 
panied the  cavalry  in  many  raids  up  to  the  time 
it  was  mustered  out  on  the  I3th  of  October, 
1 864.  On  his  return  home'  he  was  commis- 
sioned Second  Lieutenant  and  aided  in  raising 
a  company  for  the  Forty-ninth  Wisconsin  In- 
fantry. He  was  then  placed  at  its  head  with 
the  rank  of  Captain,  and  continued  in  the  serv- 
ice until  November,  1865,  when  he  was  hon- 
orably discharged,  at  Madison,  Wisconsin. 
During  his  last  term  he  was  mostly  engaged  in 
pursuingguerrillas  and  bushwhackers.  He  went 
through  the  entire  war  without  a  wound, 
although  he  took  part  in  many  of  the  most 
hotly  contested  battles  of  that  sanguinary  strug- 
gle. Such  in  brief  is  the  record  of  his  army 
career.  It  is  an  easy  matter  to  state  facts,  but 
the  scenes  through  which  the  soldiers  passed 
cannot  be  adequately  described  and  can  only 
be  realized  by  those  who  were  participants. 

Upon  his  return,  Mr.  Downs  spent  four 
years  in  the  State  University  at  Madison,  and 
was  a  graduate  of  the  first  law  class  of  that  in- 
stitution. In  1869  he  went  to  Chicot  county, 
Arkansas,  and  engaged  in  the  practice  of  his 
profession.  He  was  for  four  years  County  At- 
torney, and  for  four  years  County  and  Probate 
Judge,  winning  a  high  reputation  both  as  practi- 
tioner and  official.  In  1874  he  was  a  delegate 
to  the  Constitutional  Convention  of  Arkansas, 


HIS  TORT  OF  NE  W  MEXICO. 


377 


and  aided  in  forming  its  present  constitution. 
In  1880  he  came  to  Santa  Fe,  where  he  at 
once  opened  an  office  and  has  since  successfully 
engaged  in  practice.  As  a  lawyer  of  ability 
and  integrity  he  has  made  a  good  record.  He 
was  special  counsel  on  a  case  of  much  moment 
between  the  United  States  and  the  San  Pedro 
&  Canyon  del  Aqua  Company.  It  was  twelve 
years  before  a  decision  was  reached  on  this 
case,  and  a  very  strong  faction  in  New  Mexico 
had  to  be  conquered,  but  Mr.  Downs  was  at 
last  victorious  and  the  case  excellently  dis- 
played the  fine  legal  ability  which  he  possesses. 
While  this  case  was  pending  the  judge  of  the 
lower  court  disallowed  the  bill,  and  during  the 
heated  controversy  over  this  ruling  Mr.  Downs 
with  several  other  lawyers  and  ten  or  twelve 
of  the  clients  in  the  case  were  sent  to  jail  for 
thirty-six  days.  One  of  these  lawyers,  Hon. 
William  A.  Vincent,  was  afterward  made  Chief 
Justice  to  succeed  the  judge  who  had  caused 
their  incarceration;  and  thus  they  were  fully 
vindicated  and  a  great  victory  was  achieved. 
Mr.  Downs  is  a  man  of  fine  legal  mind,  analyt- 
ical and  logical,  and  in  argument  was  clear  and 
concise,  giving  one  the  impression  that  he  is 
fully  master  of  the  situation,  as  indeed  he  is. 
Mr.  Downs  has  been  a  life-long  Republi- 
can, but  has  never  taken  a  prominent  part  in 
political  affairs  in  New  Mexico.  He  is  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Grand  Army  of  the  Republic,  and 
has  been  Department  Commander  and  Post 
Commander,  filling  the  latter  position  for  a 
long  period  and  continuing  as  the  incumbent 
at  this  time.  He  is  a  man  of  wide  acquaint- 
ance in  the  Territory,  a  gentleman  of  honor 
and  integrity  and  a  most  reliable  lawyer. 


EON.  THEODORE  B.  MILLS.— The 
specific  function  of   biography  is    not 
to  give  voice  to  man's  personal  esti- 
mate of   his   life   and    its  accomplish- 
ment, but    rather   to   express  in  a  determinate 
way  the  verdict  which   the  world   passes   upon 
his  character   and   its  labors.      In  the  case  at 
hand  we  have  to  deal  with  one  who  stands  dis- 


tinctively as  a  representative  and  honored  cit- 
izen of  Las  Vegas,  where  he  is  now  promi- 
nently engaged  in  real-estate  and  mining  oper- 
ations. 

Our  subject  was  born  in  Ashtabula  county, 
Ohio,  on  the  ist  day  of  July,  1841.  His  pa- 
ternal grandfather,  Col.  John  Mills,  was  born 
in  Albany,  N.  Y. ,  and  had  the  distinction  of 
having  been  the  founder,  in  1 809,  of  the  Re- 
publican Artillery,  and  met  his  death  at  Sackett's 
Harbor  on  the  29th  day  of  May,  1813,  at  the 
head  of  his  regiment,  while  valiantly  engaged  in 
the  defense  of  his  country.  For  his  conspicuous 
services  on  this  memorable  occasion  his  State 
erected  a  fine  granite  monument  to  his  mem- 
ory, the  same  being  located  in  the  National 
Cemetery,  three  miles  out  from  the  city  of  Al- 
bany. He  had  married  Mary  J.  Van  Dusen,  a 
native  of  his  own  city,  and  of  Holland  Dutch 
extraction.  They  had  only  two  children, 
John  and  Theodore,  the  latter  of  whom  was 
the  father  of  the  immediate  subject  of  this  re- 
view. As  already  stated,  Grandfather  Mills 
was  killed  in  battle,  having  only  reached  his 
thirty-third  year.  His  widow  survived  him 
and  lived  to  attain  great  longevity,  her  death 
occurring  at  the  age  of  ninety-four  years. 

The  father  of  our  subject  was  born  in  Al- 
bany, New  York,  September  17,  1812.  He 
was  educated  at  West  Point,  and  in  the  war 
with  Mexico  served  as  Adjutant  of  the  Second 
Ohio  Regiment.  He  married  Mary  Eliza  Bradt, 
a  native  of  Troy,  New  York,  and  of  this  union 
were  born  five  sons  and  four  daughters,  of 
whom  only  two  now  survive.  The  mother 
died  at  the  age  of  fifty-two  years,  and  the 
father  lived  to  attain  the  age  of  sixty-nine. 

Theodore  B.  Mills  was  the  fourth  child  in 
order  of  birth,  receiving  his  educational  disci- 
pline in  the  common  schools  and  at  Oberlin 
College,  Ohio.  In  1857  he  went  to  Kansas 
and  was  there  engaged  in  contracting  and  build- 
ing at  the  time  when  the  booming  of  Rebel 
guns  at  Fort  Sumter  aroused  the  patriotic 
zeal  of  every  loyal  citizen.  Not  slow  to  fol- 
low out  the  line  of  what  he  conceived  to  be  his 
duty,  on  the  i8th  day  of  May,  1861,  he  en- 


378 


HISTORY  OF  NE  W  MEXICO. 


listed  as  a  member  of  Company  A,  Second 
Kansas  Volunteer  Infantry,  with  which  he 
served  at  Wilson's  Creek,  and  with  which  he 
was  mustered  out  at  the  expiration  of  his  three 
months'  term  of  enlistment.  He  subsequently 
re-enlisted  in  Company  E,  Fifth  Kansas  Vol- 
unteer Cavalry,  and  was  detailed  on  recruiting 
service,  in  which  line  he  aided  in  raising  the 
Eleventh,  Twelfth  and  Thirteenth  Kansas  Reg- 
iments, after  which  he  was  transferred  to  the 
Fourth  Indiana  Regiment,  in  which  he  served 
until  the  close  of  the  war.  He  was  mustered  in 
in  January,  1865,  after  which  he  was  employed 
for  some  months  as  clerk  in  the  office  of  State 
Treasurer  of  Kansas.  He  then  engaged  in  the 
real-estate  and  insurance  business,  in  which  he 
continued  until  1871.  At  Topeka,  Kansas,  he 
became  president  of  the  King  Bridge  Company, 
which  was  capitalized  for  $500,000,  and  which 
was  extensively  engaged  in  bridge-building 
throughout  the  West. 

In  1871  Mr.  Mills  served  with  distinction 
as  a  member  of  the  Kansas  Legislature;  after 
which  he  went  to  Little  Rock,  Arkansas,  and 
continued  in  the  real-estate  and  insurance 
business  until  1878,  at  which  time  he  came  to 
Las  Vegas,  where  he  effected  the  purchase  of 
the  now  famous  Hot  Springs,  and  at  once  in- 
stituted the  development  of  the  valuable  prop- 
erty. In  1 879  he  sold  the  springs  to  the  Atch- 
ison,  Topeka  &  Santa  Fe  Railroad  Company, 
which  transfer  has  resulted  in  the  building  of 
the  magnificent  Montezuma  Hotel  and  in  the 
completion  of  the  other  notable  improvements 
which  have  been  effected  at  this  popular 
resort. 

Since  coming  to  Las  Vegas  to  reside  Mr. 
Mills  has  served  in  both  the  upper  and  lower 
houses  of  the  Legislature  of  New  Mexico,  hav- 
ing been  a  candidate  upon  the  Republican 
ticket  in  1884  and  upon  the  People's  ticket  in 
1891,  and  his  hold  upon  popular  esteem  and 
favor  being  such  as  to  return  him  in  each  in- 
stance flattering  majorities  at  the  polls.  He 
is  now  recognized  as  the  leader  of  the  Populist 
party  in  his  section  of  the  Territory.  He  now 
devotes  his  attention  almost  exclusively  to  buy- 


ing, selling  and  operating  mines,  and  to  gen- 
eral real-estate  transactions.  In  the  Cochiti 
district,  one  of  the  new  and  rich  mining  districts 
of  the  Territory,  he  has  valuable  holdings, 
among  which  are  the  Chicago  and  the  King 
Solomon  mines. 

In  1864  Mr.  Mills  was  united  in  marriage 
to  Miss  Amelia  H.  Smith,  of  New  York,  and 
they  are  the  parents  of  two  children,  namely: 
Byron  T. ,  a  successful  attorney,  engaged  in 
the  practice  of  his  profession  at  Las  Vegas; 
and  Mary  Rose,  the  wife  of  Dr.  M.  B.  Will- 
iams, a  dental  practitioner  in  this  city. 

Our  subject  is  prominently  identified  with 
the  Masonic  fraternity,  having  taken  all  the 
degrees  of  the  York  rite,  and  having  become 
a  Knight  Templar  in  1862.  He  is  now  a 
member  of  the  Las  Vegas  Commandery  of  the 
Knights  Templar.  At  the  time  of  the  World's 
Columbian  Exposition  in  Chicago,  1893,  he 
was  accorded  a  most  honorable  and  richly - 
merited  preferment,  serving  as  executive 
commissioner  for  New  Mexico.  The  repre- 
sentative exhibit  made  by  the  Territory  at  the 
fair  and  the  incidental  prominence  accorded 
were  largely  due  to  his  efforts  and  to  the  well 
directed  interest  which  he  gave  in  the  prem- 
ises. Mr.  Mills  is  a  man  of  distinctive  intel- 
lectuality and  cultured  tastes,  and  his  private 
library  is  one  of  the  most  select  and  compre- 
hensive of  all  private  collections  in  the  Terri- 
tory. In  it  are  many  ancient  and  valuable 
volumes,  as  well  as  a  fine  assortment  of  mod- 
ern publications  bearing  upon  all  subjects  of 
human  interest.  The  library  is  thoroughly 
classified  in  its  arrangement,  and  its  value  as 
a  preserve  and  reference  authority  is  fully  ap- 
preciated by  its  owner,  whose  aim  has  ever 
been  to  keep  pace  with  the  advancements 
made  in  these  latter  days,  marked  by  so  varied 
and  brilliant  progress.  His  discriminating 
knowledge  and  mature  judgment  are  recognized, 
and  his  advice  is  sought  on  many  matters  of 
importance,  his  honor  and  his  broad  humanity 
gaining  him  the  confidence  and  the  esteem  of 
all  who  know  him  and  are  familiar  with  his 
career. 


HIS  TORT  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


379 


'ILLIAM  H.  GOEBEL  is  the  lead- 
ing hardware  merchant  of  Santa  Fe 
and  belongs  to  that  class  of  repre- 
sentative business  men  to  whom  a 
community  owes  its  prosperity  and  progress. 
Those  who  occupy  official  positions,  control- 
ling the  machinery  of  the  nation,  are  important 
factors  in  the  country's  existence ;  but  their  value 
is  after  all  not  as  great  as  that  of  the  progressive, 
enterprising  members  of  the  world  of  com- 
merce who  keep  in  running  order  the  wheels 
of  trade,  thus  promoting  business  activity.  It 
is  traffic  that  makes  it  possible  for  man  to  live, 
and  he  who  so  successfully  manages  and  oper- 
ates extensive  business  interests  well  deserves 
to  be  ranked  among  the  most  prominent  and 
honored  residents  of  any  community.  The 
business  career  of  Mr.  Goebel  has  been  one  of 
success,  and  he  is  widely  recognized  as  a 
straightforward,  honorable  man,  whose  integ- 
rity is  above  question  and  whose  fairness  is 
above  reproach. 

This  gentleman  was  born  in  St.  Charles, 
Missouri,  on  Christmas  day  of  1861,  and  is  of 
German  descent,  both  parents,  Rudolph  and 
Emily  (Dyes)  Goebel,  having  been  natives  of 
the  Fatherland.  The  former  came  to  America 
in  1853,  and  after  a  two-years  residence  here 
returned  for  his  family.  In  1856  they  all  came 
to  the  United  States,  and  a  location  was  made 
in  St.  Charles,  Missouri,  where  Mr.  Goebel 
engaged  as  a  photographer.  He  has  since 
carried  on  operation  in  that  line  and  has  met 
with  good  success  in  his  undertakings. 

William  H.  Goebel  is  the  second  in  order 
of  birth  in  a  family  of  eight  children,  six  of 
whom  are  now  living.  He  was  educated  in 
the  Kemper  family  school  at  Booneville,  Mis- 
souri, and  from  that  institution  went  to  sea, 
joining  the  United  States  navy  as  a  third-class 
boy  at  $9.  50  per  month.  He  continued  in  the 
service  for  three  and  a  half  years,  and  was  pro- 
moted to  the  rank  of  Quartermaster,  for  which 
service  he  was  paid  $26. 50  per  month.  Dur- 
ing this  time  he  visited  Aspinwall  and  St. 
John's,  Halifax,  and  also  various  other  ports, 
and  when  his  term  had  expired  was  honorably 


discharged.  He  then  returned  to  the  pursuits 
of  civil  life,  and  in  1883  he  entered  upon  his 
business  career  in  the  capacity  of  clerk  with 
the  Simmons  Hardware  Company,  of  St.  Louis, 
Missouri,  one  of  the  largest  hardware  estab- 
lishments in  the  world.  After  some  time  spent 
in  their  employ  he  went  to  Cheyenne,  Wyo- 
ming, and  accepted  a  similar  position  with  the 
hardware  house  of  F.  Schweickert,  continuing 
in  his  service  there  until  1886.  In  that  year 
Mr.  Goebel  arrived  in  Santa  Fe  to  take  charge 
of  the  hardware  business  of  E.  D.  Franz,  a 
pioneer  hardware  merchant  of  the  city.  He 
successfully  conducted  that  establishment  for 
six  years,  making  it  a  profitable  investment  for 
his  employer.  In  1892  he  resigned  his  posi- 
tion to  embark  in  business  for  himself  and 
opened  a  store  in  the  Catron  Block,  where  he 
has  a  large  establishment  and  a  well  selected 
stock,  dealing  in  all  kinds  of  shelf  and  heavy 
hardware.  He  also  carries  a  large  line  of 
wagons,  carriages  and  farm  machinery.  In 
his  long  experience  with  the  prominent  firms 
with  which  he  was  connected  he  gained  a  thor- 
ough knowledge  of  the  business,  and  this,  com- 
bined with  his  honorable  methods,  has  brought 
to  him  a  well  earned  success,  his  trade  having 
assumed  extensive  proportions. 

On  the  isth  of  October,  1885,  Mr.  Goebel 
was  united  in  marriage  with  Miss  Helen  Muller, 
a  native  of  New  Jersey.  To  them  was  born  a 
daughter,  who  after  four  years  lost  her  mother 
and  Mr.  Goebel  was  called  upon  to  mourn  the 
death  of  his  devoted  wife,  who  passed  away  on 
the  1 6th  of  June,  1889.  She  was  an  estimable 
lady,  loved  by  all  for  her  many  excellent  traits 
of  character.  Mr.  Goebel  was  again  married 
on  the  1 6th  of  April,  1890,  his  second  union 
being  with  Miss  Emma  Wilder,  a  native  of 
Boston,  Massachusetts.  They  have  three  chil- 
dren— Gordon  Wilson,  Emma  Wilder  and 
William  Rudolph. 

Mr.  Goebel  is  in  politics  a  Republican,  but 
does  not  consider  that  he  is  bound  by  party 
ties.  His  wife  holds  membership  in  the  Bap- 
tist Church,  and  he  is  connected  with  the  Lu- 
theran Church;  but  in  Santa  Fe  they  attend 


38o 


HISTORT  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


the  services  of  the  Presbyterian  and  Methodist 
Churches.  Mr.  Goebel  can  speak  fluently  the 
German,  English  and  Spanish  languages,  and 
is  a  man  of  broad,  general  information.  He 
is  an  industrious  and  indefatigable  worker, 
whose  close  attention  to  his  business  and  fidel- 
ity to  every  trust  reposed  in  him  has  made  him 
truly  deserving  of  the  success  that  has  crowned 
his  efforts. 


@OTTFRIED  SCHOBER,  one  of  the 
successful  business  men  of  Santa  Fe 
and  the  president  and  principal  stock- 
holder of  the  Santa  Fe  Brewing  Com- 
pany, is  a  native  of  Germany,  born   in    1 860. 
He  acquired  his  education  in   the  land  of  his 
birth  and  learned  the  brewing  business,   after 
which  he  crossed  the   Atlantic   to  the   United 
States,  making  the  voyage  in  1882.    He  worked 
at  his  trade  for  four  years   in   Cincinnati,   and 
then  removed   to   Hamilton,    Ohio,    where   he 
secured  a  position  in  the  Eagle  Brewery,  serv- 
ing as  its  manager  for  four  years. 

On  the  expiration  of  that  period,  Mr.  Scho- 
ber  came  to  the  South  and  spent  a  number  of 
years  in  San  Antonio,  Texas.  In  1 893  he  ar- 
rived in  Santa  Fe,  and  soon  after  purchased 
and  began  the  operation  of  the  Santa  Fe 
Brewery.  Subsequently  he  organized  the 
Santa  Fe  Brewing  Company,  of  which  he  owns 
all  the  shares  of  stock  except  two.  He  is  the 
president  and  manager  of  the  company  and  is 
now  manufacturing  a  quality  of  beer  which 
gives  general  satisfaction.  He  also  manufac- 
tures soda,  mineral  and  carbonated  waters,  and 
has  established  a  successful  and  paying  busi- 
ness. He  is  not  only  considered  a  thrifty  and 
expert  brewer,  but  is  also  recognized  as  an  en- 
terprising and  reliable  business  man. 

The  brewing  plant  covers  eight  acres  of 
ground  lying  just  above  the  city  on  the  bank  of 
the  Santa  Fe  river,  is  supplied  with  all  the  latest 
improved  machinery  and  appliances  and  has  a 
capacity  of  15,000  barrels  of  beer  annually. 
There  are  also  a  number  of  other  buildings,  in- 
cluding ice-houses,  a  soda-water  plant,  a  beer 


cellar  with  a  storage  capacity  of  10,000  bar- 
rels; and  the  beautiful  terrace  in  connection 
with  this  is  a  well  known  popular  resort,  a 
great  favorite  with  the  people  of  Santa  Fe, 
being  situated  so  near  the  city  that  one  can 
spend  there  a  short  holiday,  as  scarcely  any 
time  is  consumed  in  going  and  coming.  The 
brewery  has  its  own  water  of  very  excellent 
quality  for  making  strictly  pure  lager  beer,  and 
Mr.  Schober  takes  entire  charge  of  every  detail 
of  the  work,  and  bottles  about  half  the  product 
of  the  brewery,  which  is  then  shipped  in  every 
direction,  supplying  various  adjoining  counties 
as  well  as  the  city  trade.  In  additition  he  has 
an  extensive  patronage  for  the  mineral  waters 
and  carbonated  beverages,  and  the  soda  foun- 
tains of  Santa  Fe  are  charged  from  this  plant. 
Mr.  Schober's  success  in  his  chosen  field  of 
labor  is  only  another  illustration  of  the  business 
ability  of  the  German-American  who  takes  his 
place  at  the  heaf  in  almost  every  department 
of  business  to  which  he  turns  his  attention. 

Mr.  Schober  was  united  in  marriage  in  1891 
with  Miss  Wilhelmina  Faust,  a  native  of  Ger- 
many, and  they  have  one  child — Frida.  Mr. 
Schober  is  member  of  the  Independent  Order 
of  Odd  Fellows  and  Knights  of  Pythias  frater- 
nity. He  owns  a  pleasant  home  situated  not 
far  from  the  brewery  and  in  his  business  deal- 
ings has  met  with  good  success. 


OSCAR  W.  McCUISTION,  one  of  Ra- 
ton's   most    liberal    and    progressive 
citizens,    has    for   some   years    been 
connected    with    the   history   of    this 
locality  and  has  been   an  important  factor  in 
business  and  political  circles.      He  has  served 
as  Sheriff  of  the  county  of  Colfax,    and  has 
ever  given  his  support  to  matters  pertaining  to 
the  public  welfare. 

A  native  of  Missouri,  Mr.  McCuistion  was 
born  in  Ray  county,  on  the  gth  of  October, 
1849,  and  is  °f  Scotch  descent,  his  ancestors 
having  located  in  North  Carolina  at  an  early 
day  in  the  history  of  this  country. 

Oscar  W.    McCuistion  obtained    a    liberal 


HIS  TORT  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


38, 


education  in  the  country  schools,  and  in  1865, 
when  only  sixteen  years  of  age,  crossed  the 
plains  to  Salt  Lake  City,  driving  a  mule  freight- 
ing outfit  for  John  B.  Shaw.  When  this  task 
was  completed  he  returned  to  his  native  town, 
where  he  was  engaged  in  farming  until  1871, 
when  he  came  to  New  Mexico.  Subsequently 
he  went  to  Arizona  and  to  Texas,  and  pur- 
chased a  herd  of  cattle  which  he  drove  to  the 
mouth  of  Red  river,  after  which  he  made  his 
way  to  New  Orleans  by  water  and  returned  to 
the  Lone  Star  State,  where  he  was  engaged  in 
the  cattle  business  until  1873.  In  that  year 
he  drove  a  herd  of  700  head  of  cattle  to  Colfax 
county,  New  Mexico,  and  in  partnership  with 
Russell  Marcey  located  a  ranch  and  became 
largely  engaged  in  stock-raising.  They  owned 
as  many  as  10,000  head  of  cattle,  and  contin- 
ued together  in  the  business  until  1885,  when 
Mr.  McCuistion  bought  out  his  partner,  giving 
him  $70,000  for  his  half  of  the  stock  and  prop- 
erty. He  then  continued  the  business  alone 
until  1888,  when  he  sold  out,  for  the  enter- 
prise had  become  unprofitable.  For  many 
years  it  was  a  prosperous  business  and  Mr. 
McCuistion  and  his  partner  were  among  the 
most  successful  who  engaged  in  it.  They  also 
liberally  gave  of  their  means  for  public  im- 
provement and  works  of  progress.  They  dona- 
ted $i  5,000  to  erect  the  present  fine  brick  pub- 
lic-school building  which  now  adorns  the  city 
of  Raton  and  is  a  monument  to  their  generosity 
and  public  spirit. 

In  1885  Mr.  McCuistion  came  to  Raton  to 
reside.  At  that  time  there  were  only  about  300 
inhabitants  in  the  town.  He  then  purchased 
the  pleasant  residence  which  has  since  been 
his  home  and  in  which  he  installed  his  bride. 
The  lady  who  now  bears  his  name  was  in  her 
maidenhood  Miss  N.  E.  McCormick,  and  their 
marriage  was  celebrated  on  the  I4th  of  Janu- 
ary, 1885. 

His  fellow-citizens,  appreciating  his  worth 
and  ability,  have  frequently  called  upon  Mr. 
McCuistion  to  serve  in  positions  of  public 
trust.  In  1891  he  was  elected  Assessor  of  his 
county,  and  in  1893  was  called  to  the  office  of 


Sheriff,  continuing  in  that  position  until  the 
ist  of  January,  1895,  when,  on  the  expiration 
of  the  term,  he  retired  to  private  life.  His 
political  support  is  given  to  the  Democracy. 
He  is  a  gentleman  of  intelligence  and  ability 
and  is  justly  regarded  as  one  of  the  most 
prominent  and  honored  citizens  of  Raton.  No 
one  has  taken  a  more  active  part  in  the  de- 
velopment and  upbuilding  of  this  region,  or 
has  been  more  progressive,  and  in  the  history 
of  his  adopted  Territory  he  well  deserves  hon- 
orable mention. 


*ILLIAM  JONATHAN  CART- 
WRIGHT,  who  has  long  been  en- 
gaged in  the  stock  business  in  New 
Mexico  and  now  makes  his  home  in 
Folsom,  is  a  native  of  Brownsville,  Tennessee, 
born  on  the  29th  of  August,  1852.  He  is  a 
descendant  of  the  good  old  Southern  families, 
and  from  an  old  family  Bible  in  his  possession 
the  following  facts  concerning  his  ancestors 
have  been  secured: 

His  grandfather,  William  Cartwright,  was 
the  son  of  Peter  and  Ann  Cartwright,  and  was 
born  on  the  2Oth  of  February,  1792.  He  mar- 
ried Miss  Martha  Fuller,  and  on  the  I3th  of 
December,  1822,  in  the  State  of  Tennessee, 
was  born  to  them  a  son,  Miles  Collier  Cart- 
wright, the  father  of  our  subject.  When  he 
had  arrived  at  years  of  maturity  he  wedded 
Miss  Caroline  America  Weaver,  who  was  born 
in  1828,  and  was  a  daughter  of  Jonathan 
Weaver,  whose  birth  occurred  July  20,  1796, 
and  who  crossed  the  plains  to  Santa  Fe,  New 
Mexico,  as  early  as  1820.  Miles  Collier  Cart- 
wright and  his  wife  had  only  two  children,  — 
William  J.  and  a  son  who  died  in  early  infancy. 
They  were  farming  people,  were  consistent 
members  of  the  Methodist  Church,  and  were 
highly  respected  by  all  who  knew  them.  The 
father  died  December  29,  1859,  and  his  wife 
passed  away  four  years  previous,  on  the  i5th 
of  December,  1855. 

The  only  surviving  representative  of  the  fam- 
ily is  William  Jonathan  Cartwright,  who  was 


HISTORT  OF  NE  W  MEXICO. 


educated  in  the  primitive  schools  of  his  native 
State.  He  may  truly  be  called  a  self-made 
man,  for  since  the  early  age  of  eight  years  he 
has  practically  been  dependent  entirely  upon 
his  own  resources.  At  that  time  he  began 
working  for  a  cousin  for  his  board  and  clothing 
and  the  privilege  of  attending  school  during 
the  three  months  of  winter.  After  remaining 
for  three  years  with  his  cousin,  he  went  to  his 
uncle,  and  secured  permission  to  change  his 
mode  of  life.  He  then  obtained  a  clerkship  in 
a  store,  serving  in  that  capacity  for  three 
years.  In  1872,  when  eighteen  years  of  age, 
he  sought  a  home  in  the  South,  making  his 
way  to  Texas,  where  he  was  engaged  in  cattle 
dealing  for  seven  years.  About  that  time, 
when  on  a  trip  to  Wichita,  Kansas,  he  acci- 
dentally shot  himself  in  the  arm  and  was 
obliged  to  return  to  his  home.  The  following 
spring,  when  he  recovered  from  his  wound,  he 
again  went  to  Texas  and  was  in  the  cattle 
business  in  San  Saba  county  until  1878.  That 
year  witnessed  his  arrival  in  the  Territory  of 
New  Mexico  and  saw  him  located  at  first  at 
Pecos,  whence  he  took  a  herd  of  Chisholm  cat- 
tle to  Nebraska.  In  1 879  he  returned  to  this 
Territory,  and  for  a  year  was  connected  with 
the  Cross  L  Company.  When  it  sold  out  he 
entered  into  business  relations  with  the  Prairie 
Cattle  Company,  in  whose  employ  he  contin- 
ued for  two  years  in  New  Mexico,  and  was 
then  sent  by  that  company  to  Tuscosa,  Texas, 
where  he  had  charge  of  their  ranch  for  thirteen 
months.  Returning  then  to  New  Mexico,  he 
took  charge  of  the  Cross  L  Ranch,  receiving  a 
salary  of  $2, 500  per  year.  He  had  in  his 
charge  about  25,000  head  of  cattle  all  the 
time,  and  from  fifty  to  seventy-five  men  were 
working  under  his  supervision.  On  leaving  that 
farm  Mr.  Cartwright  took  a  claim  of  320  acres 
of  land,  built  a  good  residence  upon  it,  made 
some  other  improvements,  and  for  two  years 
continued  its  active  management.  He  is  still 
the  owner  of  this  property,  although  he  does 
not  personally  cultivate  it  now.  In  1892  he 
came  to  Folsom,  and  purchased  the  residence 
and  the  livery  business  of  Phlen  Humphrey, 


and  is  now  engaged  in  conducting  a  first-class 
stable.  Fidelity  to  duty  and  close  application 
to  business  have  ever  been  numbered  among 
his  marked  characteristics,  and  have  been  im- 
portant factors  in  winning  him  success. 

Mr.  Cartwright  exercises  his  privilege  of 
franchise  as  a  usual  thing  in  support  of  the 
Democracy;  but  the  present  administration  and 
its  attitude  on  the  silver  and  tariff  questions  is 
not  at  all  in  accordance  with  his  views,  and  in 
future  he  says  that  he  will  vote  with  the  party 
that  does  embody  his  ideas  on  those  subjects. 
Socially,  he  is  connected  with  the  Masonic 
fraternity,  and  in  religious  faith  he  holds  to  the 
Methodist  Church,  while  his  wife  believes  in 
the  doctrines  of  the  old  Scotch  Presbyterian 
faith.  He  was  married  on  the  3Oth  of  Novem- 
ber, 1886,  the  lady  of  his  choice  being  Miss 
Barbara  MacKenzie,  a  native  of  Ross-shire, 
Scotland,  who  came  to  New  Mexico  in  1885. 
They  have  four  children,  all  of  whom  were  born 
in  this  Territory,  namely:  William,  David, 
Edith  and  Lena.  The  family  is  one  of  promi- 
nence in  the  community,  and  Mr.  and  Mrs. 
Cartwright  have  a  wide  circle  of  warm  friends. 


•  V^V  R.  JOSE  M.  DIAZ,  a  prominent  mem- 
I       I    ber  of  the  regular  medical  profession  of 
J^^J    Santa  Fe,  was  born  at  Monterey,  Mex- 
ico, May  17,  1868,  a  son  of  Dr.  Bias 
Diaz,  a  native  of  that  country,  and  a  practic- 
ing physician  for  fifty  years.     He  died  in  1889, 
at  the  age  of  seventy-five  years.      He  married 
Miss  Rita  Galendo,  a  graduate  of  the  medical 
school  of  Monterey.      She  is  still  living. 

Dr.  Jose  M.  Diaz,  the  youngest  of  their 
two  children,  was  educated  in  his  native  city, 
and  graduated  at  the  medical  school  of  Monte- 
rey, September  21,  1891.  He  was  a  student 
in  the  medical  school  of  Monterey  for  six 
years,  also  spent  a  short  time  in  Texas,  and 
arrived  in  Santa  Fe  in  1892.  Dr.  Diaz  imme- 
diately opened  an  office,  and  his  practice  has 
ever  since  steadily  increased,  He  belongs  to 
the  regular  or  "allopathic"  school,  but  has 
adopted  the  new  system,  called  Alkaloidal, 


HISTORT  Of  NEW  MEXICO. 


383 


giving  the  smallest  dose  to  obtain  the  effect, 
and  continuing  it  until  the  effect  is  attained. 
No  two  persons  require  the  same  amount  of 
medicine,  and  by  giving  a  small  dose  and  in- 
creasing it  the  amount  necessary  for  each 
patient  is  ascertained.  Dr.  Diaz  has  been  ex- 
ceedingly successful,  and  is  an  enthusiast  in  his 
profession. 

The  Doctor  was  married  May  17,  1892,  to 
Miss  Lucetta  Hill,  an  accomplished  and  edu- 
cated lady,  and  they  have  one  son,  Jose,  born  in 
Galveston,  Texas.  Dr.  Diaz  gives  his  entire 
attention  to  his  practice,  has  a  good  office,  an4 
all  the  latest  instruments  for  the  successful 
practice  of  surgery. 


HBRAHAM  SEVER,  one  of  the  leading 
and  highly  esteemed  citizens  of 
Springer,  and  the  ex-Sheriff  of  Col- 
fax  county,  has  been  identified  with 
the  interests  of  New  Mexico  since  1868.  He 
was  born  in  Warren  county,  Indiana,  on  the 
2 ist  of  August,  1847,  a°d  is  °f  German 
descent,  the  progenitor  of  the  family  in  Ame- 
rica having  crossed  the  Atlantic  from  the 
Fatherland  to  become  one  of  the  early  settlers 
of  New  Jersey.  His  father,  Isaac  S.  Sever, 
was  born  in  that  State  in  1820,  and  married 
Miss  Rosana  Talbott,  by  whom  he  had  three 
children.  The  mother  died,  leaving  her  son 
Abraham  when  only  two  years  of  age.  The 
father  was  a  farmer  and  miller.  He  has  again 
married,  and  by  his  second  wife  had  several 
children.  At  the  age  of  seventy-five  years  he 
is  still  living,  in  Missouri. 

Our  subject  was  sent  to  the  public  schools, 
and  remained  on  the  old  home  farm  until 
seventeen  years  of  age,  when  he  started  out  in 
life  for  himself.  In  1865  he  went  to  Kansas, 
where  he  engaged  in  farming,  and  afterward 
in  the  saddlery  business.  In  the  spring  of 
1868  he  began  working  for  the  Union  Pacific 
Railroad  Company,  and  continued  his  service 
with  it  until  the  road  was  completed  within 
225  miles  of  Denver.  He  then  started  with 
some  comrades  for  that  city,  making  the  jour- 


ney on  foot,  and  for  three  months  worked  in 
the  mines.  In  the  fall  he  came  to  Colfax 
county,  New  Mexico,  and  was  engaged  in  cut- 
ting wood  at  Baldy.  Early  in  1 869  he  went 
on  the  plains  and  was  engaged  in  stock-herd- 
ing, doing  business  in  that  line  on  his  own  ac- 
count. 

In  1873  Mr.  Sever  was  married,  in  Denver, 
to  Miss  Mary  A.  Granger,  a  native  of  Canada, 
and  the  young  couple  began  their  domestic  life 
on  a  farm  of  160  acres  on  Vermejo  creek. 
There  Mr.  Sever  erected  a  residence  and  im- 
proved the  land,  making  his  home  thereon  un- 
til 1887.  In  1886  he  was  elected  Sheriff,  and 
for  four  years  creditably  and  acceptably  filled 
that  position.  He  has  been  a  life-long  Demo- 
crat, and  takes  quite  an  active  part  in  political 
affairs. 

Soon  after  his  election,  Mr.  Sever  came  to 
Springer  and  purchased  the  residence  which 
he  now  makes  his  home.  After  his  retirement 
from  office,  he  was  for  three  years  superintend- 
ent of  the  Red  River  Stock  Ranch,  and  during 
a  part  of  the  time  had  charge  of  as  many  as 
10,000  head  of  cattle.  In  the  winter  of 
1894-5  he  acted  as  Assistant  Engrossing  Clerk 
for  the  Territorial  Legislature,  and  in  the 
spring  following  he  embarked  in  the  meat- 
market  business,  buying  out  the  only  shop  in 
the  town  of  Springer.  He  is  now  successfully 
conducting  this,  doing  a  good  and  constantly 
increasing  business. 

To  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Sever  were  born  four 
children — Walter  L. ,  Harley  M. ,  Chester  V. 
and  Lois  R.  The  mother  of  this  family  was 
called  to  her  final  rest  in  July,  1889,  and  her 
loss  was  deeply  mourned  by  many  friends.  For 
sixteen  years  she  had  been  a  faithful  companion 
and  helpmeet  to  her  husband,  and  was  a  devoted 
and  loving  wife  and  indulgent  mother.  Three 
years  later  Mr.  Sever  was  united  in  marriage, 
on  the  2  ist  of  July,  1893,  with  Miss  Hattie  E. 
Gilbert.  They  are  highly  esteemed  people 
and  have  a  happy  home.  Mr.  Sever  is  a 
member  of  the  Odd  Fellows  society,  and  is 
highly  regarded  in  the  ranks  of  that  fraternity. 
He  is  a  man  of  sound  judgment,  straightfor- 


3*4 


HISTORT  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


ward  and  honorable  in  all  business  transac- 
tions, and  true  in  all  the  relations  and  walks  in 
life.  Springer  numbers  him  among  its  valued 
citizens,  and  in  the  history  of  his  adopted  Ter- 
ritory he  well  deserves  representation. 


AVID  H.  BOATRIGHT.— We  now 
direct  attention  to  the  life  record  of 
one  who  stands  as  one  of  the  most 
successful  and  progressive  merchants 
of  Albuquerque,  and  one  whose  name  is 
honored  in  the  community  to  whose  sub- 
stantial upbuilding  he  has  contributed  in  no 
slight  degree.  The  subject  of  this  sketch  was 
born  at  Otterville,  Missouri,  on  the  25th  of 
March,  1859,  being  of  Scotch  lineage.  His 
ancestors  were  long  residents  of  Virginia,  his 
father,  Charles  F.  Boatright,  having  been  born 
in  the  Old  Dominion  in  1830.  In  1842  the 
latter  removed  with  his  parents  to  Missouri, 
and  in  early  life  became  identified  with  mer- 
cantile pursuits,  having  been  for  many  years 
one  of  the  prominent  and  honored  merchants 
of  the  now  important  city  of  Sedalia.  Charles 

F.  Boatright  took  to   himself  a   wife    in   the 
person    of    Miss  Sallie   Butler,    who  also  is  a 
descendant    of  an   old  and  prominent  Virginia 
family.      Our  subject  was  the  third  in  order  of 
birth    of    the    seven    children  of  his  parents, 
both  of  whom  survive,    as  do  also   all  of  the 
children  save  two. 

David  H.  Boatright  received  his  educa- 
tional discipline  in  the  public  schools  of  Otter- 
ville and  Sedalia,  and  he  ultimately  became  an 
employe  in  the  shops  of  the  Missouri  Pacific 
Railroad  Company,  learning  the  painter's  trade, 
which  he  followed  for  a  number  of  years.  He 
eventually  made  a  change  in  location,  remov- 
ing to  Parsons,  Kansas,  where  he  was  placed 
in  charge  of  the  paint-shops  of  the  same  rail- 
road company.  In  March,  1881,  he  came  to 
Albuquerque  and  assumed  a  position  under 

G.  B1.  Simmons,  then  first  master  mechanic  of 
the   Atlantic  &  Pacific   Railroad  Company,  in 
which  connection   Mr.  Boatright  was  installed 
in  charge  of  the  paint-shops  of  the  company  at 


this  point.  This  incumbency  he  retained  for 
five  years,  after  which  he  returned  to  Sedalia, 
where  for  a  year  he  was  associated  with  his 
father  in  mercantile  trade,  after  which  he  re- 
turned to  New  Mexico  and  re-entered  the  em- 
ploy of  the  Atlantic  &  Pacific,  being  thus  re- 
tained for  three  years  at  the  Needles  and 
Winslow.  At  the  expiration  of  this  period  he 
assumed  a  clerical  position  in  the  mercantile 
establishment  of  J.  H.  Breed,  of  Winslow,  re- 
maining in  this  position  until  1889,  when  he 
returned  to  Albuquerque  and  entered  business 
for  himself,  opening  the  modest  store  to  which 
he  gave  the  title  of  ' '  The  Racket. "  The  business 
was  conducted  from  the  start  on  a  cash  basis 
and  for  small  profits,  and  the  methods  followed 
were  such  as  insured  a  rapid  and  substantial  ex- 
pansion of  the  enterprise.  In  his  first  place  of 
business  he  had  but  sixteen  feet  of  shelving, 
his  stock  embracing  dry  goods  and  notions, 
and  the  concern  being  one  which  but  served  as 
the  nucleus  of  the  fine  modern  emporium 
which  has  been  therefrom  evolved.  The  build- 
ing occupied  is  of  spacious  dimensions  and 
most  eligibly  located,  with  entrance  from 
Gold  avenue  and  Second  street,  the  structure 
being  in  the  form  of  an  L.  The  main  store 
is  25  x  80  feet  in  dimensions,  and  the  annex 
20  x  50  feet,  insuring  ample  accommodations 
for  the  extensive  and  comprehensive  stock  of 
dry  goods,  notions,  carpets,  boots  and  shoes, 
etc.  Mr.  Boatright  holds  a  distinctive  claim 
upon  a  representative  patronage,  his  business 
being  conducted  upon  a  cash  basis  and  being  of 
such  scope  as  to  be  gratifying  in  the  extreme. 
He  attributes  his  success  to  low  prices  for 
cash,  and  he  has  given  his  undivided  attention 
to  his  business,  is  thoroughly  reliable  in  his 
methods  and  as  a  merchant  and  citizen  has  the 
confidence  of  the  people  of  his  city.  Mr. 
Boatright  has  erected  a  nice  residence  on  the 
Highlands,  where  there  is  ever  dispensed  the 
true  hospitality  and  courtesy  of  a  cultured 
home. 

Our  subject  is  a  charter  member  of  the 
Knights  of  Pythias  of  Albuquerque,  and  is  also 
a  member  of  the  National  Union.  Politically 


V 


HISTORT  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


385 


he  renders  an  active  support  to  the  Republican 
party. 

Mr.  Boatright's  marriage  was  solemnized  in 
1888,  when  he  united  his  destinies  with  those 
of  Miss  Rose  Casady,  a  native  of  Adams, 
Massachusetts.  The  offspring  of  their  union 
have  been  three  children:  Stella,  Frankie  and 
Charlie.  The  family  are  held  in  marked  es- 
teem in  the  city,  and  the  subject  of  this  review 
is  recognized  as  one  of  Albuquerque's  repre- 
sentative business  men. 


(U 


WILLIAM  HAYES  POPE,  the  junior 

member  of  the  law  firm  of  Victory 
&  Pope,  one  of  the  most  prominent 
law  combinations  in  New  Mexico,  is 
a  native  of  South  Carolina.  He  was  born  in 
Beaufort,  on  the  I3th  of  June,  1870,  and  de- 
scended from  Scotch-Irish  ancestry,  who  that 
they  might  have  perfect  freedom  braved  the 
dangers  of  an  ocean  voyage  in  those  early  days 
and  crossed  the  Atlantic  to  Virginia.  They 
were  important  factors  in  the  development  of 
that  Colony,  and  when  the  war  for  independ- 
ence came  on  they  joined  the  Colonial  army, 
valiantly  fighting  for  liberty. 

The  father  of  our  subject.  Major.  Joseph 
J.  Pope,  was  born  in  Beaufort,  South  Caro- 
lina, and  was  a  son  of  Joseph  J.  T.  Pope,  a 
prominent  cotton  planter.  The  Major  engaged 
in  the  practice  of  law  in  the  city  of  Charleston 
until  the  breaking  out  of  the  Civil  war,  when 
he  responded  to  the  call  for  the  Confederacy 
and  joined  the  "  boys  in  gray."  He  was  ap- 
pointed to  the  rank  of  Major  and  used  his  best 
endeavors  to  secure  victory  for  the  Southern 
arms,  for  he  was  a  Southern  man  by  birth  and 
training  and  loyally  interested  in  what  he  be- 
lieved was  for  the  benefit  of  his  section  of  the 
country.  For  a  time  he  was  in  command  of 
one  of  the  forts  of  South  Carolina  and  partici- 
pated in  a  number  of  hard-fought  battles.  At 
length  he  was  captured  and  sent  to  one  of  the 
prisons  of  the  North.  When  the  war  was  over 
he  resumed  the  practice  of  law  in  Savannah, 
Georgia,  where  he  continued  until  his  death  in 

25 


1873.  He  had  married  Miss  Emily  Hayes 
Mikell,  a  native  of  Edisto  island,  South  Caro- 
lina, and  a  daughter  of  Isaac  Jenkins  Mikell,  a 
cotton  planter.  Eight  children  were  born  of 
the  union,  of  whom  six  are  yet  living. 

William  Hayes  Pope  lost  his  mother  in 
early  childhood  and  was  reared  by  his  maternal 
grandparents.  He  acquired  his  elementary  ed- 
ucation in  the  schools  of  Edisto  island,  and  at 
the  age  of  twelve  years  was  sent  to  Atlanta, 
Georgia,  in  order  that  he  might  have  better  ed- 
ucational privileges.  He  was  graduated  at  the 
high  school  in  1886,  carrying  off  the  first  hon- 
ors of  his  class,  after  which  he  attended  the 
University  of  Georgia,  where  in  1889  he  was 
graduated  at  the  head  of  his  class,  receiving 
the  degree  of  Master  of  Arts.  Determining  to 
devote  his  energies  to  the  practice  of  law  he 
began  a  preparatory  course  of  study  and  was 
graduated  in  the  law  department  of  the  same 
university  in  1890,  with  the  degree  of  B.  L. 
While  pursuing  his  law  course  he  served  as 
adjunct  professor  of  ancient  languages.  Mr. 
Pope's  education  was  now  completed  and  he 
returned  to  Atlanta,  where  he  entered  the  law 
offices  of  Messrs.  Hoke  and  Burton  Smith,  and 
in  1892  became  a  member  of  the  firm  of  Smith, 
Glenn  &  Smith,  the  senior  member  of  the  firm 
being  the  Hon.  Hoke  Smith,  Secretary  of  the 
Interior  under  the  second  Cleveland  adminis- 
tration. 

Mr.  Pope  devoted  himself  assiduously  to 
the  law  and  his  close  application  to  business 
somewhat  impaired  his  health.  Following  the 
advice  of  a  physician  he  gave  up  his  lucrative 
law  practice  in  Atlanta,  exchanging  it  for  the 
exhilarating  mountain  air  of  Santa  Fe,  New 
Mexico,  where  he  arrived  in  the  spring  of  1 894. 
The  change  proved  beneficial,  and  a  short  time 
afterward  he  became  associate  editor  of  the 
New  Mexican,  a  paper  published  in  Santa  Fe. 
On  the  first  of  March,  1895,  he  resumed  the 
prosecution  of  his  chosen  profession,  forming 
a  partnership  in  law  practice  with  Hon.  J. 
P.  Victory,  who  is  Solicitor  General  of  the 
Territory.  He  is  again  applying  himself  closely 
to  his  business  with  most  gratifying  results, 


386 


HIS  TORT  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


having  already  secured  a  large  clientage,  which 
is  constantly  increasing. 

Mr.  Pope  is  a  member  of  the  Independent 
Order  of  Odd  Fellows,  and  in  politics  is  an  en- 
thusiastic and  active  Democrat.  He  is  a  mem- 
ber of  the  commission  for  the  rebuilding  of  the 
Territorial  capitol,  and  has  been  made  one  of 
the  commissioners  of  New  Mexico  to  attend 
the  great  exposition  to  be  held  in  Atlanta  in 
the  fall  of  1895.  In  his  church  relations  he  is 
a  Presbyterian,  and  is  serving  as  Trustee  of  the 
congregation  with  which  he  is  connected.  Mr. 
Pope  is  a  young  man  full  of  energy  and  ambi- 
tion, and  we  predict  for  him1  good  success  in 
his  professional  career.  In  1895  Judge  Thorn- 
ton was  selected  to  deliver  the  Fourth-of-July 
oration  at  Santa  Fe,  but  almost  at  the  last 
moment  was  called  away  and  Mr.  Pope  was 
selected  to  take  his  place.  His  time  for  prep- 
aration was  short,  but  he  delivered  a  masterly 
address,  eloquent,  patriotic  and  earnest. 


ON.  MATTHEW  C.  ZIRHUT,  one 
of  the  honored  residents  of  Albu- 
querque,  was  born  in  Bohemia,  Oc- 
tober it,  1841,  and  acquired  his 
early  education  in  that  country.  He  came 
with  his  father,  Joseph  Zirhut,  and  his  family 
to  America  when  fifteen  years  of  age,  locating 
in  Pittsburg,  Pennsylvania.  He  worked  with 
his  father  in  the  blacksmith  shop  until  he  ac- 
quired the  trade.  In  1850  he  went  to  Mis- 
souri, where'he  worked  at  his  trade  two  years; 
from  that  time  until  1862  conducted  a  shop  in 
New  Orleans;  went  thence  to  old  Mexico;  re- 
turned to  Pittsburg,  and  in  1870  located  in 
Nebraska.  At  that  place  he  served  as  immi- 
grant agent,  forwarding  immigrants  to  Omaha, 
and  continued  in  that  occupation  fourteen 
years.  April  7,  1881,  Mr.  Zirhut  arrived  in 
Albuquerque,  New  Mexico,  opening  a  black- 
smith shop  in  the  new  town.  He  also  manu- 
factured carriages  and  owned  a  livery  stable. 
He  worked  hard  with  his  hammer  at  the  anvil 
until  1889,  when  he  retired  from  active  busi- 
ness, having  by  his  industry  and  business  abil- 


ity acquired  a  competence.  He  owns  much 
valuable  real  estate,  and  in  his  beautiful  home, 
with  his  good  wife,  he  is  spending  the  eve  of  a 
very  active  and  prosperous  life. 

Mr.  Zirhut  was  married  December  1 7, 
1859,  to  Miss  Anna  Cismar.  They  have  had 
two  children:  William  G.,  .a  business  man  in 
Nebraska;  and  Georgia,  who  was  the  wife  of 
George  K.  Neher.  She  died  June  i,  1895. 
In  political  matters  Mr.  Zirhut  acts  with  the 
Democratic  party,  and  was  chosen  by  his  party 
as  a  member  of  the  Constitutional  Convention 
held  in  Santa  Fe.  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Zirhut  are 
members  of  the  Catholic  Church.  Our  sub- 
ject is  still  active  and  capable,  and  is  ever 
ready  to  aid  in  enterprises  intended  to  improve 
and  raise  in  value  the  interests  of  Albuquerque, 
the  city  of  his  choice. 


PATTY.— In  the  case  at  hand 
we  have  a  notable  example  of  the  re- 
suits  to  be  obtained  by  subjective  de- 
termination and  enterprise,  the  suc- 
cess attending  the  efforts  of  our  subject  having 
been  the  just  reward  for  energetic  and  well- 
directed  endeavors.  Mr.  Patty  is  the  repre- 
sentative hardware  merchant  and  tinner  of 
Las  Vegas,  of  which  thriving  city  he  became  a 
resident  in  1879,  being  at  that  time  in  most 
moderate  circumstances,  and  having  made  his 
own  way  to  the  high  measure  of  success  which 
is  now  his. 

He  is  a  native  of  the  old  Buckeye  State, 
the  date  of  his  birth  having  been  May  27, 
1849.  His  ancestry  is  of  Scotch  and  English 
strain,  his  father,  Samuel  Patty,  having  also 
been  born  in  Ohio,  the  date  of  his  birth  having 
been  as  early  as  1795 — showing  conclusively 
that  the  paternal  grandfather  of  our  subject 
must  have  been  one  of  the  pioneer  residents  of 
that  State.  The  maiden  name  of  our  subject's 
mother  was  Ann  Scudder  Gray,  and  she  was 
of  Scotch-Irish  lineage.  Samuel  Patty  had 
been  twice  married  prior  to  this  union,  the 
children  being  five  in  number,  two  being  the 
offspring  of  the  last  marriage.  The  father 


HISTORT  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


387 


died  at  the  age  of  fifty-four  years,  his  widow 
subsequently  consummating  a  second  marriage, 
as  the  result  of  which  union  she  became  the 
mother  of  four  children.  She  still  survives 
and  is  now  (1895)  sixty-five  years  of  age. 

At  the  time  of  his  father's  death  the  sub- 
ject of  this  review  was  but  twelve  years  of  age, 
and  his  educational  advantages  were  some- 
what meager  in  scope,  being  confined  to  the 
public  schools  in  his  native  State.  At  the 
early  age  of  fifteen  years  he  was  practically 
thrown  upon  his  own  resources,  engaging  in 
farming  and  receiving  as  remuneration  only  $6 
per  month  and  board.  The  family  removed  to 
Missouri  in  the  fall  of  1866  and  within  the  suc- 
ceeding year  Mr.  Patty  began  his  apprentice- 
ship at  the  tinner's  trade,  in  which  line  of  oc- 
cupation he  continued  to  be  employed  until 
1879,  when  he  removed  to  Las  Vegas  and 
here  secured  a  little  shop  only  fourteen  feet 
square,  there  installing  himself  in  business  and 
preparing  to  make  for  himself  a  place  in  the 
world.  He  was  involved  in  debt  to  the  amount 
of  thirty  dollars,  but  set  himself  valiantly  and 
energetically  at  work,  and  occupation  for  his 
willing  hands  was  not  denied,  his  efforts  being 
mainly  in  the  line  of  tin  roofing  and  general 
shop  work. 

He  eventually  removed  to  more  commo- 
dious quarters,  and  as  the  result  of  his  earnest 
and  persistent  efforts  he  had  succeeded  in 
clearing  $ i, 800  at  the  expiration  of  two  and 
one-half  years.  He  then  sold  out  to  a  firm 
who  finally  failed  in  business,  thereby  losing  to 
him  all  of  his  accumulations.  He  was  not  a 
man  to  sit  down  in  idleness  and  repine  at  past 
losses,  but  he  made  a  sturdy  effort  to  recoup 
the  same.  In  1883  he  resumed  business  in  the 
mercantile  line,  assuming  his  present  location 
at  that  time,  said  quarters  being  most  eligibly 
situated  on  East  Bridge  street,  where  he  has 
a  store  and  shop,  24  x  80  feet  in  dimensions 
and  well  stored  with  stoves,  tinware,  heavy 
and  shelf  hardware  and  all  lines  germane  to  an 
enterprise  of  this  character.  Mr.  Patty  has 
ever  been  fair  and  honorable  in  his  dealings 
and  he  is  accorded  a  representative  support, 


the  business  being  carried  forward  very  suc- 
cessfully. *  He  devotes  his  entire  attention  to 
the  enterprise  and  is  a  most  assiduous  worker 
now,  as  he  has  ever  been.  He  has  built  an 
attractive  residence  in  the  city  and  is  regarded 
as  one  of  her  most  successful  and  progressive 
citizens — one  who  has  attained  success  as  the 
result  of  his  own  efforts. 

Mr.  Patty's  marriage  was  solemnized  in 
1884,  when  he  wedded  Miss  Angie  F. ,  daugh- 
ter of  H.  Chadeayne  and  a  native  of  French 
county,  Indiana.  Our  subject  has  found  little 
time  to  devote  to  matters  essentially  social, 
but  is  identified  with  the  Woodmen  of  the 
World.  In  his  political  proclivities  he  acts 
independently,  voting  for  men  and  measures 
rather  than  rendering  narrow  allegiance  along 
set  party  lines.  He  is  recognized  as  one  of  the 
intelligent  and  reliable  business  men  of  Las 
Vegas  and  maintains  a  public-spirited  interest 
in  her  welfare. 


BP.  CANTOU,  who  is  one  of  the  repre- 
sentative business  men  of  Raton,  Col- 
fax    county,    has    had    a    somewhat 
eventful  career  and  has  made  his  way 
against  great  odds  and  attained  to  a  high  meas- 
ure of  success  as  a    result   of    his  own    well- 
directed  and  indefatigable  efforts. 

Coming  of  a  long  line  of  estimable  French 
antecedents,  Mr.  Cantou  is  a  native  of  la  belle 
France,  where  he  was  born  on  the  2Oth  of 
April,  1852.  He  was  educated  in  the  land  of 
his  nativity  and  there  remained  until  he  had 
attained  his  majority,  when,  in  1873,  he  emi- 
grated to  America,  being  poor  in  purse  and 
ignorant  of  the  English  language.  His,  how- 
ever, was  not  a  nature  to  be  rebuffed  by  ad- 
verse circumstances  and  seemingly  insuperable 
obstacles,  and  upon  arriving  in  New  York  he 
forthwith  set  forth  to  find  employment.  He 
worked  at  cigar-making  for  a  short  time  and 
then  went  forth  as  a  peddler  of  walking  canes, 
finally  accummulating  sufficient  funds  to  en- 
able him  to  make  his  way  to  Denver,  Colorado, 
where  he  arrived  in  September,  1877.  He 


388 


HISTORT  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


was  for  a  time  employed  in  a  hotel  and  then 
proceeded  to  Georgetown,  where  "he  was  en- 
gaged in  assorting  minerals.  He  finally  re- 
turned to  Denver,  where  in  partnership  with 
two  others  he  engaged  in  the  restaurant  busi- 
ness. After  six  months  he  disposed  of  his  in- 
terests in  this  line,  and  in  December,  1878, 
located  at  Trinidad,  Colorado,  through  which 
place  the  Santa  Fe  railroad  had  just  been  com- 
pleted. He  here  secured  employment  as  a 
clerk  in  a  store,  remaining  for  two  years  and 
gaining  an  excellent  idea  of  the  mercantile 
trade.  After  this  he  again  began  operating  on 
his  own  responsibility,  engaging  in  peddling 
throughout  this  section  of  the  Southwest — at 
first  packing  his  goods  on  burros  and  later  util- 
izing a  horse  and  wagon. 

In  1883,  Mr.  Cantou  first  came  to  Raton, 
where  he  engaged  in  the  liquor  business  for  a 
year,  then  disposing  of  his  interests,  as  the  line 
was  distasteful  to  him.  He  thereafter  re- 
turned to  Trinidad  and  accepted  a  position  in 
a  mercantile  establishment  at  a  salary  of  $50 
per  month.  He  retained  his  residence  in  Colo- 
rado until  May,  1885,  when  he  once  more  lo- 
cated in  Raton,  where  he  opened  a.  grocery, 
his  operations  being  based  upon  a  cash  capi- 
tal of  $165.  The  enterprise  on  the  start  was 
of  a  modest  order,  but  such  were  the  energy 
and  correct  business  methods  brought  to  bear 
that  the  scope  of  operations  constantly  in- 
creased in  extent,  so  that  more  commodious 
quarters  finally  became  necessary  for  the  ac- 
commodation of  the  business.  Accordingly  in 
1890,  Mr.  Cantou  erected  a  store  building,  25 
x6j  feet  in  dimensions,  and  here  he  has  since 
couducted  a  very  satisfactory  business,  his 
stock  having  been  increased  to  include  a  fine 
line  of  general  merchandise.  By  his  careful 
attention  to  the  demands  of  his  customers  and 
his  scrupulous  honor  he  has  gained  the  confi- 
dence and  respect  of  the  public, — elements  so 
essential  to  the  success  of  any  industry  of  this 
character. 

In  his  political  adherency  our  subject  is  act- 
ively in  line  as  a  supporter  of  the  Democratic 
party  and  its  principles,  and  his  standing  in 


popular  favor  has  been  shown  in  the  honorable 
preferments  which  have  been  accorded  him  in 
the  gift  of  the  local  public.  He  was  called 
upon  to  serve  as  School  Director  and  Justice 
of  the  Peace,  and  in  April,  1895,  he  was 
elected  by  the  voters  of  the  Fourth  ward  as 
their  representative  in  the  City  Council,  an 
office  for  which  he  is  admirably  qualified.  He 
has  maintained  a  steadfast  interest  in  the  de- 
velopment and  substantial  upbuilding  of  the 
city,  and  has  several  residence  properties  here, 
as  well  as  valuable  gold  and  silver  mining 
claims  in  the  country. 

On  the  2yth  of  May,  1884,  Mr.  Cantou  was 
united  in  marriage  to  Miss  Eusebia  Ribera,  a 
native  of  Colorado  and  of  excellent  Spanish 
ancestry.  They  have  four  children,  namely  : 
Napoleon,  Stephen,  Emil  and  Manuel.  The 
family  are  all  devoted  adherents  of  the  Roman 
Catholic  Church,  and  our  subject  contributed 
liberally  toward  the  erection  of  the  church  edi- 
fice which  is  one  of  the  most  attractive  houses 
of  worship  in  Raton. 


aB.  KOHLHOUSEN,  M.  D.,  is  one  of 
the  most  prominent  physicians  of  Col- 
fax  county,    New    Mexico.       He    re- 
sides in  Raton,  where  he  has  a  large 
and  extensive  practice   that  has  come    to  him 
as  a  reward  of  his  skill  and  ability.      He  has 
put  forth  every  effort  to  perfect  himself  in  his 
chosen  calling,  and  his  professional  brethren  as 
well  as  the  general  public  recognize   his  supe- 
rior worth. 

A  native  of  Virginia,  the  Doctor  was  born 
in  Winchester,  on  the  i;th  of  April,  1856, 
and  is  of  German  ancestry,  his  family  having 
been  founded  in  America  by  those  of  the  name 
who  became  pioneer  settlers  of  the  Old 
Dominion.  His  father,  F.  W.  Kohlhousen, 
was  born  in  1801,  and  followed  the  business  of 
farming  and  merchandising.  He  married 
Eliza  Keister,  a  native  of  Virginia  and  a  de- 
scendant of  the  Maury  family.  In  the  early 
days  of  Virginian  history  a  Mr.  Maury  brought 
a  colony  to  this  country  who  became  the  first 


HIS  TORT  OF  NB  W  MEXICO. 


389 


settlers  in  the  Shenandoah  valley.  Repre- 
sentatives of  this  family  served  in  the  Revolu- 
tionary war,  valiantly  aiding  the  Colonies  in 
their  efforts  to  secure  release  from  the  cruel 
oppressions  of  the  British  government.  Mr. 
and  Mrs.  F.  W.  Kohlhousen  had  a  family  of 
three  sons  and  a  daughter,  and  two  of  the  sons 
served  in  the  Confederate  army.  During  the 
great  struggle  much  of  the  family  property  was 
sacrificed.  The  father  reached  the  advanced 
age  of  ninety-three  years,  passing  away  in 
1894,  but  the  mother  died  in  1862,  in  the 
forty-fifth  year  of  her  age.  In  religious  belief 
they  were  Lutherans  and  were  people  of 
genuine  worth  and  high  respectability. 

The  Doctor,  the  youngest  of  the  family, 
was  educated  in  the  academy  of  his  native 
town  of  Winchester  and  at  the  Roanoke  Col- 
lege. When  it  came  time  for  him  to  make 
choice  of  a  business  which  he  wished  to  follow 
as  a  life  work,  he  determined  to  enter  the 
medical  profession  and  became  a  student  in 
the  medical  department  of  the  University  of 
Virginia,  at  which  he  was  graduated  in  the 
class  of  1877.  He  then  attended  the  hospitals 
at  Richmond,  Baltimore  and  New  York,  and 
thus  saw  a  practical  demonstration  of  all  the 
knowledge  he  had  acquired.  In  1882  he  came 
to  Raton,  and  opening  an  office  has  since  been 
successfully  engaged  in  the  practice  of  medi- 
cine here,  being  one  of  the  oldest  and  most 
reliable  physicians  in  Colfax  county.  He 
keeps  abreast  of  the  times  in  everything  per- 
taining to  the  science  of  medicine  and  well 
merits  the  liberal  patronage  which  he  receives. 
A  valued  member  of  the  New  Mexico  Territor- 
ial Medical  Association,  he  served  as  its  vice- 
president  in  1894. 

In  the  same  year  Dr.  Kohlhausen  was 
united  in  marriage  with  Miss  Laura  Chase,  a 
native  of  New  Mexico  and  a  daughter  of  M.  M. 
Chase,  a  prominent  citizen  and  honored 
pioneer  of  Cimarron.  They  now  have  a  little 
son,  who  is  the  delight  of  the  household.  The 
Doctor  and  his  wife  have  many  warm  friends 
in  this  locality  and  hold  an  enviable  position 
in  social  circles.  In  politics  the  Doctor  is  a 


Democrat,  and  has  been  an  active  participant 
in  the  affairs  of  that  party,  having  served  as 
chairman  of  the  Democratic  Central  Commit- 
tee of  Colfax  county  for  a  number  of  years. 
Socially,  he  is  connected  with  the  Odd  Fel- 
lows Society,  the  Independent  Order  of  Red 
Men  and  the  Knights  of  Pythias.  He  is  a 
pleasant,  genial  gentleman  and  an  accom- 
plished physician,  and  has  the  good  will  of  the 
entire  county,  where  he  is  so  widely  and  favor- 
ably known. 


a  D  WARD    A.    TERRELL.— The    life 
record  of   this  well-known  and  hon- 
ored pioneer  of  Raton,  Colfax  county, 
is  one  into  which  enter  many  interest- 
ing and  romantic  elements, — phases  which  tell 
of  adventure  and  hazardous  undertakings,  of 
valiant  service  to  the  nation  and  of  well  di- 
rected effort  toward   definite    ends.       It  thus 
becomes  both  a   pleasure  and  a  privilege  for 
the  biographist  to  note  the  more  salient  points 
in  the  career  of  this  brave  veteran  and  ex-offi- 
cer of  the  United  States  Navy. 

A  native  of  the  national  metropolis,  Mr. 
Terrell  was  born  in  New  York  city  on  the  i6th 
of  June,  1839.  His  lineage  is  of  Irish  and 
French  origin,  his  ancestors  having  been 
among  the  early  settlers  in  the  State  of  Louis- 
iana, whence,  later  on,  representatives  of  the 
family  became  residents  of  Florida  and  Texas. 
William  P.  Terrell,  grandfather  of  our  subject, 
was  an  active  participant  in  the  war  of  the 
Revolution.  His  son,  also  named  William  P., 
was  born  in  Florida,  and  upon  attaining  ma- 
turity he  married  Miss  Chloe  Lobdell,  a  na- 
tive of  the  State  of  Connecticut  and  of  French 
ancestry.  Her  people  were  loyal  to  the  king 
at  the  time  of  the  Revolutionary  war.  To 
William  P.  and  Chloe  (Lobdell)  Terrell  eight 
children  were  born,  three  of  whom  survive, 
the  immediate  subject  of  this  review  being  the 
fourth  in  order  of  birth.  The  father  died  in 
1847,  aged  thirty-nine  years,  and  the  mother 
lived  to  attain  the  age  of  sixty-two  years. 

E.dward  A.  Terrell  received  his  preliminary 


39° 


HISTORY  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


education  in  New  York  city,  and  when  but  a 
lad  of  thirteen  years  he  went  to  sea,  sailing  on 
the  "  Washington  "  to  the  West  Indies.  After 
his  return  he  boarded  the  "Champion"  for  a 
three-years'  whaling  cruise  in  the  Arctic  and 
Pacific  oceans.  His  next  voyage  was  on  the 
"Hero,"  of  which  he  was  acting  as  second 
officer  at  the  time  the  vessel  was  wrecked  off 
the  coast  of  Africa.  Escaping  with  his  life, 
Mr.  Terrell  then  returned  to  New  York,  where 
he  was  eventually  made  officer  of  the  "  Betsey 
Williams,"  sailing  in  the  merchant  service 
from  New  York  to  South  American  ports. 

Our  subject  was  still  connected  with  the 

merchant  marine   service  at  the  time  of   the 

• 

outbreak  of  the  war  of  the  Rebellion,  and  he 
loyally  proffered  his  services  in  defense  of  the 
nation's  honor.  In  June,  1862,  he  was  ap- 
pointed acting  master  under  Commodore  Far- 
ragut,  in  the  West  Gulf  Squadron,  and  was  a 
participant  in  the  brilliant  manceuvres  which 
led  up  to  and  resulted  in  the  capture  of  New 
Orleans.  He  was  also  present  and  rendered 
efficient  service  in  the  fall  of  Mobile.  After 
this  he  was  assigned  to  Admiral  Thatcher's 
squadron,  with  which  he  remained  until  the 
close  of  the  war,  having  been  either  in  com- 
mand singly  or  as  an  executive  officer  during 
the  entire  course  of  the  greatest  civil  war  the 
world  has  ever  witnessed.  He  served  in  turn 
on  the  Portsmouth,  Owasco,  Katahdin,  Ka- 
nawha  and  the  flag-ship  Arizona.  He  was 
aboard  the  last-mentioned  vessel  at  the  time 
she  was  burned  on  the  Mississippi  river.  He 
was  thereafter  a  member  of  Admiral  Thatcher's 
staff  on  the  flag-ship  Stockdale,  and  had  com- 
mand of  the  Buckthorn.  He  also  served  for  a 
short  time  each  on  the  Nyanza  and  the  Itasca. 
After  peace  was  resumed  Mr.  Terrell  was 
ordered  North,  and  went  out  of  commission  at 
Philadelphia.  He  was  then  ordered  on  board 
the  Kearsarge  and  sailed  for  Brazil.  Reach- 
ing that  country  he  was  soon  attacked  with  a 
severe  illness,  which  for  a  time  impaired  his 
sight  and  permanently  affected  his  hearing. 
When  the  boat  reached  San  Francisco  on  the 
return  trip  he  resigned,  but  subsequently  re- 


turned to  South  America,  where  he  was  en- 
gaged in  erecting  telegraph  lines  for  the  Peru- 
vian government.  From  there  he  returned  to 
the  United  States,  and  in  1872  went  to  Kansas 
City  and  thence  to  Colorado,  where  he  was 
engaged  in  quartz-mining  at  various  points. 
During  the  excitement  at  Leadville  he  went  to 
that  point  and  continued  mining  operations 
there  until  he  was  obliged  to  cease  by  reason 
of  rheumatic  difficulties.  His  experience  in 
this  line  of  industry  was  similar  to  that  of  the 
average  operator:  at  times  success  attended 
his  efforts  and  again  his  labors  would  be  all  in 
vain. 

The  year  1879  represents  the  date  of  Mr. 
Terrell's  arrival  in  Raton,  whither  he  came  for 
the  benefit  of  his  health.  He  erected  one  of 
the  finest  residences  in  the  place  and  finally 
recovered  his  health  sufficiently  to  accept  em- 
ployment as  a  machinist  with  the  Atchison, 
Topeka  &  Santa  Fe  Railroad.  He  retained 
his  association  with  the  operations  of  this  com- 
pany for  the  long  period  of  fourteen  years,  and 
was  one  of  its  capable  and  trusted  employees. 

In  1892  our  subject  erected  his  present  at- 
tractive and  commodious  adobe  house,  which 
is  most  eligibly  situated.  The  grounds  com- 
prise an  area  of  an  acre,  and  Mr.  Terrell  has 
beautified  the  premises  by  the  planting  of  fruit 
and  shade  trees  and  ornamental  shrubbery. 
The  place  is  conceded  to  be  one  of  tne  most 
attractive  homes  in  the  little  city  with  whose 
growth  and  development  our  subject  has  been 
most  intimately  identified. 

On  the  4th  of  March,  1876,  were  solemn- 
ized the  nuptials  of  Mr.  Terrell  and  Miss  Rosa 
Karuthers.  Mrs.  Terrell  is  a  native  of  Ne- 
braska, where  she  was  born  on  the  3Oth  of  May, 
1856.  They  are  the  parents  of  two  daughters 
and  a  son,  namely,  Eva,  Myrtle  and  Rich- 
ard K. 

Our  subject  is  a  prominent  member  of  the 
Masonic  order,  in  which  he  has  advanced  to  the 
Knights  Templar  degree,  and  has  a  conspicuous 
fraternal  relationship  with  the  Grand  Army  of 
the  Republic,  being  Past  Master  of  the  Sedg- 
wick  Post,  No.  2,  and  having  filled  many  of 


HISTORT  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


39 1 


the  other  official  positions  in  the  organization. 
He  is  highly  esteemed  in  the  community  as  a 
sincere  and  courteous  gentleman  and  an  hon- 
ored veteran  of  the  United  States  Navy. 


H.  GREENLEAF.— Genea- 
logical  research  is  often  fecund  in 
interest  and  profit;  indeed  the  whole 
history  of  advancement  and  progress 
in  the  affairs  of  life  is,  per  sc,  so  indissolubly 
linked  with  the  individuality  of  human  achieve- 
ment that  in  following  out  in  detail  the  life 
history  of  one  generation  after  another  we 
must,  perforce,  have  cognizance  of  the  ele- 
ments which  constitute  the  essence  of  all 
history. 

In  the  subject  of  this  review  we  touch  up- 
on the  record  of  one  who  has  not  only  wrought 
well  for  himself,  but  whose  ancestry  is  one  of 
long  and  conspicuous  identification  with  the 
annals  of  our  national  commonwealth.  Robert 
H.  Greenleaf  stands  as  one  of  the  representa- 
tive citizens  and  retired  capitalists  of  Albu- 
querque, having  heen  a  resident  of  New  Mex- 
ico since  1872.  He  was  born  in  the  State  of 
Maine  on  the  6th  of  March,  1834.  His  pa- 
ternal ancestors  were  representatives  of  the 
French  Huguenots,  who  were  compelled  to  flee 
their  native  country,  by  reason  of  religious  per- 
secution, and  to  take  refuge  in  England,  where 
Edward  Greenleaf  was  born  in  the  year  1600. 
He  emigrated  to  New  England  in  1635,  and 
this  sturdy  patriot  figures  as  the  original  Ameri- 
can ancestor  of  the  very  considerable  Green- 
leaf  family  disseminated  throughout  the  Union. 
Jonathan  Greenleaf,  grandfather  of  the  sub- 
ject of  this  review,  was  born  in  New  England, 
and  was  an  active  participant  in  the  war  of  the 
Revolution,  in  which  he  supported  the  cause 
of  the  colonies  with  all  the  patriotic  fervor  of 
an  ardent  and  loyal  nature.  He  lived  to  attain 
a  remarkable  longevity,  his  death  occurring  on 
the  Kennebec  river  in  Maine,  and  his  age  at 
the  time  of  his  demise  being  103  years. 

James  B.  Greenleaf,  father  of  our  subject, 
was  a  native  of  the  old  Pine  Tree  State,  where 


he  was  born  in  the  year  1797.  Attaining  ma- 
turity he  was  united  in  marriage  to  Miss  Sybil 
Goddard,  and  to  them  were  born  nine  children, 
of  whom  only  four  are  living  at  the  present 
time.  The  mother  died  at  the  age  of  eighty- 
three  and  the  father  lived  to  attain  the  age  of 
ninety-three  years. 

Robert  H.  Greenleaf  was  the  fifth  child  in 
order  of  birth,  and  his  education  was  received 
elementally  in  the  common  schools,  after  which 
he  completed  his  studies  in  the  normal  school 
at  Hebron,  Maine.  He  continued  to  reside  on 
the  parental  farmstead,  in  Oxford  county, 
until  he  had  reached  the  age  of  eighteen  years, 
when,  imbued  with  a  spirit  of  adventure,  he 
drifted  Westward,  and  in  1851  crossed  the 
plains  to  California,  arriving  in  San  Francisco 
after  a  tedious  and  perilous  journey  of  four 
month's  duration.  He  soon  made  his  way  to 
the  mines  in  Sierra  county  and  shortly  after- 
ward installed  himself  as  keeper  of  the  first 
hotel  on  Howland's  Flats,  this  somewhat  prim- 
itive caravansary  being  known  far  and  wide  as 
the  Sierra  Nevada  House,  and  its  proprietor 
attaining  a  marked  popularity  throughout  that 
section.  He  remained  there  until  1861,  when 
he  made  his  way  to  New  York  city  and  to  the 
old  home  on  a  visit;  then  went  to  Monmouth, 
Illinois,  where  he  was  engaged  in  merchandis- 
ing for  a  period  of  ten  years,  when  disaster 
overtook  him  in  the  destruction  of  his  estab- 
lishment by  fire,  thus  losing  to  him  all  the 
property  he  had  accumulated.  In  order  to  re- 
coup his  losses  and  to  secure  for  himself  a  new 
start  in  life  he  left  his  family  in  Illinois,  and, 
proceeding  to  Texas,  there  engaged  in  sheep- 
raising  upon  a  somewhat  extensive  scale.  For 
five  years  he  devoted  himself  assiduously  to 
this  occupation,  holding  no  work  too  arduous 
and  enduring  all  hardships  for  the  purpose  of 
protecting  himself  and  family  from  present  and 
future  want.  He  herded  his  own  flocks  and 
slept  out  of  doors  much  of  the  time  during  all 
these  years.  While  engaged  in  this  business 
he  went  from  Texas  to  Dodge  county,  Kansas, 
with  his  flocks,  comprising  10,000  head  of 
sheep.  When  they  reached  the  Tuscosa  river 


392 


HIS TOR T  OF  NE  W  MEXICO. 


they  found  the  stream  much  swollen,  and 
sheep  men  were  greatly  disinclined  to  risk  the 
stock  in  the  then  turbulent  water,  but  in  order 
to  secure  a  good  market  our  subject,  with  his 
usual  courage,  took  the  risk.  He  subdivided 
the  flock,  taking  out  1,000,  putting  the  few 
goats  in  to  lead,  and  driving  them  into  the 
stream.  They  were  carried  by  the  swift  cur- 
rent fully  a  mile  down  the  river  and  the  entire 
day,  from  sunrise  until  dark,  was  consumed  in 
effecting  the  transfer  of  the  flocks.  This  work 
accomplished,  the  men  than  swam  the  river, 
each  carrying  a  small  sack  of  flour  tied  on  the 
back  of  his  neck,  since  they  could  not  make 
the  obstinate  burros  cross  the  river  with  their 
packs.  Mr.  Greenleaf  traversed  the  entire  dis- 
tance of  500  miles,  arriving  with  his  flocks  in 
Dodge  City  at  a  most  opportune  time,  ' '  hitting 
the  market  just  right,"  as  he  expressed  it.  He 
disposed  of  his  sheep  at  a  good  profit,  having 
realized  from  his  five  years'  work  $20,000 
above  expenses.  He  thus  secured  once  more 
a  beneficent  smile  from  Dame  Fortune,  and  in 
1879  he  came  to  Albuquerque,  there  being  at 
the  time  but  one  frame  house  in  the  new  town. 
Here  he  has  since  remained  and  has  seen,  from 
this  modest  inception,  the  city  wax  strong  in 
population  and  material  prosperity,  until  to- 
day it  stands  as  one  of  the  most  attractive  mod- 
ern cities  in  the  entire  Southwest.  He  forthwith 
invested  fn  local  realty  and  ever  stood  ready 
to  do  all  in  his  power  to  advance  the  interests 
of  the  place  and  to  insure  the  growth,  which, 
as  realized,  has  proved  such  a  satisfaction  to 
him.  In  1892  Mr.  Greenleaf  made  a  note- 
worthy contribution  to  the  business  structures 
of  Albuquerque,  erecting  a  fine  brick  block  of 
modern  architectural  design,  on  Railroad 
street,  the  same  being  50x75  feet  in  dimen- 
sions and  three  stories  in  height.  This  build- 
ing is  utilized  for  commercial  and  hotel  pur- 
poses and  is  one  of  the  finest  in  the  city, 
having  cost  $29,000.  In  1880  he  erected  a 
very  handsome  and  unique  cobble-stone  cot- 
tage, in  which  *he  maintains  his  hospitable 
home. 

Our  subject  conducted  the  first  hotel  in  the 


city,  and  in  the  early  history  of  the  town  had 
the  pleasure  of  entertaining  nearly  all  of  the 
prominent  men  of  the  Territory.  He  has  also 
done  a  large  amount  of  prospecting  and  min- 
ing, and  at  his  home  has  a  magnificent  collec- 
tion of  New  Mexico  agates.  He  was  the  dis- 
coverer and  is  the  owner  of  the  Sweepstakes 
gold  mine,  located  twenty  miles  southeast  of 
the  city.  This  mine  runs  $43  in  gold  and 
silver  to  the  ton,  and  is  now  being  worked  by 
its  owner.  Our  subject  also  owns  valuable 
residence  property  in  the  city,  and  is  recognized 
as  one  of  her  most  substantial  capitalists. 

In  1859  Mr.  Greenleaf  was  united  in  mar- 
riage to  Miss  Olivia  Gray,  a  former  schoolmate. 
They  have  had  three  children,  two  of  whom 
are  living,  namely:  Victor  A.,  an  able  attor- 
ney in  the  State  of  Washington;  and  John  A., 
who  is  associated  with  his  father  in  mining 
operations. 

Our  honored  subject  has  been  a  life-long 
Republican,  and  while  ever  rendering  stanch 
allegiance  to  his  party  and  its  principles,  he 
has  never  been  an  office  seeker,  and  has,  rather, 
signally  avoided  public  life  along  this  line.  In 
his  fraternal  relations  he  is  identified  with  the 
Masonic  order,  of  which  he  was  made  a  mem- 
ber a  full  score  of  years  ago.  A  man  who  has 
played  well  his  part  in  life,  whose  geniality  is 
proverbial  and  whose  kindness  of  heart  is  rec- 
ognized, it  is  needless  to  say  that  our  subject 
enjoys  a  wide  popularity,  numbering  his  friends 
by  the  number  of  his  acquaintances. 


W.  D.  BRYAN.— The  subject  of  this 
review  is  very  thoroughly  identified 
with  the  spirit  of  progress  so  typical 
of  the  Territory  of  New  Mexico,  and 
has  here  attained  a  position  of  distinction  as 
one  of  the  most  prominent  and  successful  mem- 
bers of  the  bar  of  Albuquerque  and  the  Terri- 
tory. Mr.  Bryan  is  a  native  son  of  the  old 
Empire  State,  having  been  born  at  Rye,  New 
York,  on  the  8th  of  October,  1849.  He  is  of 
pure  Irish  extraction  on  the  paternal  side,  his 
great-grandfather,  George  Bryan,  having  been 


HIS  TORT  OF  NE  W  MEXICO. 


393 


born  on  the  Emerald  Isle  and  having  emigrated 
to  America  prior  to  the  war  of  the  Revolution. 
He  settled  in  Philadelphia  and  became  a  man 
of  affairs  and  of  much  prominence  in  the  his- 
tory of  that  stirring  period.  He  was  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Constitutional  Convention,  and  for 
a  number  of  years  served  as  Judge  of  the  Su- 
preme Court  of  Pennsylvania.  His  father  and 
brothers  were  prominent  merchants  of  Dublin, 
Ireland,  and  he  managed  the  American  branch 
of  the  business.  His  son,  George  S.  Bryan, 
grandfather  of  the  immediate  subject  of  this 
review,  was  born  in  the  famous  old  City  of 
Brotherly  Love,  and  upon  attaining  years  of 
maturity  was  united  in  marriage  to  Elizabeth 
Steinman,  who  was  born  in  Lancaster,  Penn- 
sylvania, being  of  German  lineage.  George 
S.  Bryan  was  for  forty  years  Auditor  of  the 
State  of  Pennsylvania,  and  was  a  man  of  force 
and  high  intellectual  attainments. 

Edward  D.  Bryan,  father  of  our  subject, 
was  born  in  Harrisburg,  Pennsylvania,  in  the 
year  1812,  received  his  educational  discipline 
in  his  native  State,  eventually  taking  a  thor- 
ough course  of  study  in  theology  and  being  or- 
dained to  the  ministry  of  the  Presbyterian 
Church.  He  took  unto  himself  a  wife  in  the 
person  of  Miss  Sarah  B.  Conger,  whose  lineage 
is  traced  through  three  sources — French 
Huguenot,  English  and  Dutch.  They  reared 
a  family  of  seven  children,  six  of  whom  are 
living  at  the  present  time.  The  honored  father 
passed  away  in  his  seventy-eighth  year,  and 
his  venerable  widow  still  survives,  being  now 
(1895)  seventy-five  years  of  age. 

R.  W.  D.  Bryan  was  the  second  child  in 
order  of  birth,  receiving  his  preliminary  edu- 
cation in  the  public  schools  and  Blair  Acad- 
emy, Blairstown,  New  York,  and  completing 
his  studies  in  Lafayette  College,  Pennsylvania, 
where  he  graduated  with  honor  in  1870,  re- 
ceiving the  astronomical  prize.  After  his  grad- 
uation in  this  institution,  in  1872,  he  was  ap- 
pointed astronomer  to  the  United  States  North 
Polar  Expedition,  sailed  on  the  Polaris,  Cap- 
tain C.  F.  Hall,  commander,  and  spent  two 
years  in  exploring  the  Arctic  regions.  Some  i 


time  since  our  subject  delivered  a  very  inter- 
esting and  instructive  lecture  upon  the  polar 
region  and  his  explorations  and  experiences 
there,  the  same  attracting  attention  in  scientific 
circles  and  meeting  with  nattering  commenda- 
tions through  the  press  of  the  Union.  After 
returning  safely  from  this  perilous  expedition 
Mr.  Bryan  made  ready  to  enter  upon  a  course 
of  study  in  that  line,  which  he  had  determined 
to  follow  as  his  profession  in  life.  He  accord- 
ingly matriculated  in  the  Columbia  Law  School 
at  Washington,  District  of  Columbia,  gradua- 
ting there  in  1876.  He  at  once  entered  upon 
practice  of  his  profession  in  the  national  capi- 
tal, where  he  remained  until  1882,  when  he 
came  to  Albuquerque  to  take  charge  of  the  In- 
dian school  maintained  by  the  Board  of  Home 
Missions  of  the  Presbyterian  Church.  He  was 
the  efficient  superintendent  of  this  noble  insti- 
tution for  a  period  of  six  years,  after  which,  in 
1888,  he  resigned  the  incumbency  to  take  up 
the  practice  of  his  profession  in  Albuquerque, 
a  place  whose  advantages  and  great  promise 
for  the  future  he  was  fully  capable  of  estima- 
ting and  appreciating. 

Here  our  subject  has  since  devoted  himself 
to  general  practice  at  the  bar,  and  his  efforts 
have  been  well  directed  and  attended  with  con- 
spicuous success.  He  devotes  special  attention 
to  commercial  law,  in  which  line  he  has  repre- 
sented large  interests,  and  in  which  his  abili- 
ties and  discrimination  have  insured  to  him 
victory  and  a  high  standing  in  the  eyes  of  the 
profession  and  the  general  public.  Mr.  Bryan 
holds  official  preferment  as  United  States  Com- 
missioner and  Standing  Master  in  Chancery, 
the  duties  of  which  positions  he  discharges 
with  the  utmost  care  and  fidelity. 

The  marriage  of  our  subject  was  celebrated 
in  1883,  when  he  led  to  the  hymeneal  altar 
Miss  Susie  H.  Patten,  whose  father,  Otis 
Patten,  was  for  twenty-five  years  superintend- 
ent of  the  State  School  for  the  Blind  at  Little 
Rock,  Arkansas.  He  was  a  native  of  the  State 
of  Maine,  and  passed  the  major  portion  of  his 
life  in  looking  after  the  interests  and  welfare 
of  the  blind.  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Bryan  have  two 


394 


HIS  TORT  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


sons,  both  of  whom  were  born  in  Albuquerque, 
their  names  being  respectively:  Kirk  and 
Hugh  McClellan.  Our  subject  and  his  wife 
are  active  members  of  the  Presbyterian  Church, 
Mr.  Bryan  being  one  of  the  Elders  of  the  local 
organization.  He  represented  the  Presbytery 
of  the  Rio  Grande  in  the  General  Assembly  at 
Washington,  District  of  Columbia,  in  1893. 
The  family  residence  is  known  as  one  of  the 
attractive  and  hospitable  homes  of  Albu- 
querque, and  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Bryan  are  highly 
esteemed  in  the  representative  social  circles  of 
the  city. 


*w    •*  ENRY  BROCKMEIER,  Alderman  of 
|r\    Albuquerque,    and   proprietor  of  the 
\  .r    Albuquerque  steam  laundry,  was  born 
in   Illinois,  in   1858.      His  father,  H. 
Brockmeier,   was  a  native  of  Germany.      He 
emigrated  to  the  United  States  in  1852,  loca- 
ting in  Illinois,  where  he  followed  contracting. 
He  had  married  in  the   old  country,    and  was 
the  father  of  ten   children,    but  all,    excepting 
the  subject  of  this  sketch,    have  since  passed 
away.     The  father  departed  this  life  in    1863, 
at  the  age  of  fifty-two  years,  leaving  Henry  an 
orphan  at  the  early  age  of  five  years. 

His  early  opportunities  for  receiving  an  ed- 
ucation were  limited,  as  he  began  to  earn  his 
own  living  at  the  age  of  thirteen  years,  and 
can  truly  be  said  to  be  a  self-made  man.  His 
first  work  was  on  the  farm,  but  he  afterward 
learned  the  baker's  trade.  In  1884  he  came 
to  Albuquerque,  New  Mexico,  where  he  found 
employment  as  a  clerk  in  a  grocery  establish- 
ment for  about  four  years,  and  then,  in  part- 
nership with  a  Mr.  Candee,  he  embarked  in  the 
laundry  business.  Mr.  Candee  subsequently 
sold  his  interest  to  J.  A.  Beaton,  who  remained 
in  the  firm  two  years,  and  since  that  time  Mr. 
Brockmeier  has  been' sole  owner  of  the  estab- 
lishment. In  1892  he  erected  his  present  brick 
building,  25  xgo  feet,  with  a  boiler  room  in  the 
rear  20x30  feet.  Under  Mr.  Brockmeier's 
competent  management  the  business  has  grown 
and  prospered  until  he  now  employs  nine  per- 


sons and  turns  out  a  large  amount  of  superior 
work.  He  has  acquired  much  city  property. 
What  is  still  better,  by  upright  business  meth- 
ods he  has  acquired  the  good  will  and  confi- 
dence of  his  fellow  citizens,  and  in  1894  they 
elected  him  to  represent  the  Second  ward  in 
the  City  Council.  He  is  a  careful  and  judicious 
officer. 

Mr.  Brockmeier  was  married  March  23, 
1890,  to  Miss  Mary  Hubbs,  a  native  of  Minne- 
sota, and  they  have  one  daughter,  Ruth,  born 
in  Albuquerque.  In  his  social  relations,  our 
subject  affiliates  with  the  Independent  Order  of 
Odd  Fellows,  the  Improved  Order  of  Red  Men 
and  the  National  Union.  Mr.  Brockmeier  has 
given  close  attention  to  his  business,  and  has 
acquired  the  reputation  in  Albuquerque  of  be- 
ing one  of  her  worthy  and  reliable  citizens. 


HOMAS  N.  WILKERSON.  — The 
Territory  of  New  Mexico  is  signally 
favored  in  having  represented  upon 
its  corps  of  public  officials  men  of  dis- 
tinctive ability,  honor  and  clearly  defined  apti- 
tude for  the  discharge  of  the  duties  which  enter 
their  respective  fields.  The  subject  of  this  re- 
view is  a  man  who  gives  patient  exemplifica- 
tion of  the  truth  of  the  above  assertion,  occu- 
pying as  he  does  the  important  preferment  as 
District  Attorney  of  the  Second  Judicial  Dis- 
trict of  the  Territory. 

Mr.  Wilkerson  is  a  native  of  the  State  of 
Missouri,  having  been  born  at  Fulton,  on  the 
8th  day  of  March,  1866,  and  being  of  that 
sturdy  lineage  designated  as  the  Scotch-Irish. 
His  ancestors  have  been  long  residents  of  the 
South  and  in  the  several  generations  have  been 
prominently  identified  with  the  history  of  that 
section  of  the  Union.  William  Wilkerson,  the 
grandfather  of  our  subject,  was  a  native  of  the 
Old  Dominion  State,  and  emigrated  to  Ken- 
tucky at  a  period  which  marked  the  early  de- 
velopment of  that  State.  He  married  a  Miss 
Clark  and  they  subsequently  removed  to  Calla- 
way  county,  Missouri,  where  he  held  official 
positions  of  a  conspicuous  order,  being  a  man 


HISTORY   OF  NE  W  MEXICO. 


395 


of  much  prominence  in  the  community.  He 
was  a  member  of  the  Legislature  of  that  State, 
and  there  resided  until  the  time  of  his  demise. 
He  was  a  devoted  member  of  the  Presbyterian 
Church,  and  was  honored  as  one  of  the  worthy 
and  representative  citizens  of  Missouri.  His 
son,  Achilles,  was  born  in  1820,  near  Mount 
Sterling,  Kentucky,  and  upon  attaining  matur- 
ity he  took  unto  himself  a  wife  in  the  person 
of  Miss  Lou  Jane  Baker,  a  native  of  Missouri 
and  the  daughter  of  Martin  Baker,  a  well- 
known  resident  of  that  State.  He  graduated 
at  the  Louisville  Medical  College,  became  a 
practicing  physician,  which  calling  he  followed 
all  his  life.  He  was  in  California  from  1850 
until  1858,  in  which  latter  year  he  returned  to 
Missouri,  where  for  ten  years  he  had  charge  of 
the  Female  Department  of  the  State  Lunatic 
Asylum.  His  death  occurred  in  1893,  and  was 
lamented  by  all  who  had  known  his  sterling 
worth  of  character  and  his  absolute  fidelity  to 
duty.  He  became  the  father  of  a  son  and 
daughter  by  his  first  wife,  the  former  being  the 
immediate  subject  of  this  review.  The  wife 
and  mother  entered  into  eternal  rest  in  1871. 
Thomas  N.  Wilkerson  received  his  prelim- 
inary educational  discipline  in  the  Synodical 
Female  College  and  English  department  of 
Westminster  College,  after  which  he  became  a 
student  in  Westminster  College,  Fulton,  Mis- 
souri, graduating  there  with  the  degree  of 
Master  of  Arts  in  1886.  He  then  matriculated 
in  the  law  department  of  Washington  Univer- 
sity, known  as  the  St.  Louis  Law  School, 
where  he  graduated  in  1888,  with  the  degree 
of  Bachelor  of  Laws.  He  entered  upon  the 
practice  of  his  profession  at  Springfield,  Mis- 
souri, and  there  continued  successfully  until 
1890,  when  filial  solicitude  compelled  him  to 
return  to  the  parental  home  to  care  for  his 
venerable  father,  who  was  afflicted  with  paral- 
ysis. He  practiced  his  profession  there  until 
September,  1892,  and  was  the  City  Attorney 
at  that  time,  when  he  came  to  Albuquerque  on 
account  of  his  health,  and  entered  vigorously 
upon  the  practice  of  his  profession,  afterward 
receiving,  in  January,  1895,  from  Governor 


Thornton,  the  appointment  as  District  Attor- 
ney of  the  Second  Judicial  District  of  the  Ter- 
ritory, which  includes  the  counties  of  Bernalillo 
and  Valencia.  This  position  he  has  since  filled 
with  a  high  degree  of  efficiency  and  his  efforts 
have  ever  been  such  as  conserve  the  ends  of 
justice — a  fact  that  is  recognized  and  appre- 
ciated throughout  the  Territory  where  his  juris- 
diction extends. 

In  politics  our  subject  is  stanchly  in  line 
with  the  Democratic  party,  whose  principles 
and  policies  he  deems  best  designed  for  insur- 
ing the  welfare  of  the  nation.  In  his  fraternal 
relations  he  is  identified  with  the  Masonic  order, 
in  which  he  has  advanced  to  the  degree  of 
Knight  Templar,  and  he  is  Past  Chancellor  of 
the  Knights  of  Pythias  in  Missouri.  He  is  a 
member  and  active  worker  of  the  Bar  Associa- 
tion of  New  Mexico,  and  is  recognized  as  one 
of  the  most  able  young  attorneys  of  the  Terri- 
tory. He  is  highly  esteemed  in  professional, 
business  and  social  circles,  and  this  recognition 
is  accorded  not  alone  by  reason  of  his  marked 
ability,  but  also  by  that  of  his  integrity  and 
scrupulous  honor  as  a  man  among  men. 


>TJEFFERSON  RAYNOLDS.— Within  a 
m  residence  of  nearly  two  decades  in  Las 
(•  /  Vegas  the  subject  of  this  biography  has 
gained  distinctive  recognition  as  one  of 
the  leading  financiers,  not  only  of  this  city,  but 
also  in  the  West,  having  shown  a  marked  ca- 
pacity for  the  conduct  of  affairs  of  great 
breadth.  It  is  not  alone  compatible,  but  prac- 
tically imperative  that  there  be  incorporated  in 
this  volume  a  review  of  his  life,  since  few  have 
been  more  conspicuous  or  have  contributed  a 
larger  quota  in  insuring  the  magnificent  devel- 
opment of  New  Mexico  along  the  normal  chan- 
nels of  progress. 

Our  subject,  who  holds  the  important  posi- 
tion as  president  of  the  First  National  Bank  of 
Las  Vegas,  is  a  native  of  the  old  Buckeye 
State,  having  been  born  at  Canton,  Ohio,  on 
the  26th  of  October,  1843.  In  the  paternal 
line  he  is  of  English  extraction,  his  original 


396 


HISTORT  OF  NE  W  MEXICO. 


American  ancestors  having  emigrated  from 
Great  Britain  to  the  colony  of  Virginia  as  early 
as  the  initial  year  of  the  seventeenth  century. 
The  maternal  ancestor  is  of  German  lineage, 
the  original  representatives  having  come  from 
the  Fatherland  and  settled  in  Germantown, 
Pennsylvania,  in  1750.  Both  families  fur- 
nished representatives  in  the  war  of  the  Revo- 
lution, the  paternal  grandfather,  William  Ray- 
nolds,  having  been  commissioned  as  Major  in 
the  United  States  Army  during  the  war  of 
1812. 

In  1 800  William  Raynolds  removed  with 
his  family  to  Ohio,  becoming  one  of  the  first 
settlers  of  Zanesville,  where  he  died  in  1815. 
He  was  the  father  of  thirteen  children,  of  whom 
Madison  Raynolds  was  the  tenth  in  order  of 
birth,  having  been  born  at  Zanesville,  Ohio, 
in  1808.  The  latter  was  the  father  of  the  im- 
mediate subject  of  this  review  and  was  raised 
to  maturity  in  his  native  State  where  he  event- 
ually united  in  marriage  to  Miss  Sarah  Slusser, 
who  was  born  in  Canton,  Ohio,  being  of  Ger- 
man extraction.  Madison  and  Sarah  Raynolds 
became  the  parents  of  seven  sons,  five  of  whom 
are  living  at  the  present  time.  The  father  of 
our  subject  was  a  man  of  great  intelligence  and 
marked  business  acumen,  having  been  for 
many  years  of  his  life  one  of  the  leading  mer- 
chants of  Canton,  where  he  died  at  the  age  of 
seventy-five  years.  His  widow  is  still  living, 
having  attained  the  venerable  age  of  eighty 
years. 

Jefferson  Raynolds  was  the  third  in  order 
of  the  family  of  seven  sons  and  was  reared  in  ! 
his  native  city,  receiving  his  educational  disci- 
pline in  the  Canton  public  schools.  Ardent 
and  patriotic  in  nature,  he  was  not  slow  to  re- 
spond toT-his  country's  call  for  "honest  men 
and  true"  to  keep  inviolate  her  honor.  In  1861, 
being  then  only  eighteen  years  of  age,  he  enlist- 
ed as  a  member  of  Company  F,  Fourth  Ohio  Vol- 
unteer Infantry,  which  regiment  served  during 
the  war  in  the  Army  of  the  Potomac.  Our 
subject  participated  actively  in  many  of  the 
important  battles  of  the  war,  his  first  engage- 
ment having  been  Rich  Mountain,  Virginia, 


after  which  he  was  at  Winchester  where  the 
gallant  Stonewall  Jackson  fought  so  valiantly 
against  that  defeat  which  was  ultimately  his. 
Subsequent  to  this  Mr.  Raynolds  was  in  the 
series  of  engagements  which  were  fought  up 
and  down  the  Shenandoah  valley  and  partici- 
pated in  the  Potomac  campaign,  after  which 
he  was  placed  on  detached  duty  in  the  War 
Department  and  was  located  at  the  national 
capital  until  the  close  of  the  war,  being  mus- 
tered out. 

After  the  close  of  the  war  our  subject  was 
for  some  time  employed  in  a  clerical  capacity 
in  the  First  National  Bank  of  Canton,  Ohio, 
and  in  1866  he  went  to  Denver,  Colorado,  and 
there  accepted  a  position  as  bookkeeper  of  the 
Colorado  National  Bank.  After  retaining  this 
incumbency  for  some  time  he  went  to  Pueblo, 
where,  associated  with  Mr.  Thatcher,  he  ef- 
fected the  organization  of  the  First  National 
Bank,  and  became  its  first  cashier. 

In  1876  he  became  identified  with  the 
financial  and  material  interests  of  the  Terri- 
tory of  New  Mexico  by  establishing  at  Las 
Vegas  the  first  bank  in  San  Miguel  county,  in 
which  enterprise  he  was  associated  with  his 
brothers,  Joshua  and  Frederick  A.  The  his- 
tory of  this  important  monetary  institution  is 
briefly  outlined  in  an  individual  paragraph  in 
this  volume.  In  1881  he  organized  the  First 
National  Bank  of  Albuquerque,  and  in  the  suc- 
ceeding year  the  First  National  Bank  of  El 
Paso.  He  is  now  the  principal  stockholder  of 
the  First  National  Bank  of  Las  Vegas,  in 
which  he  holds  the  principal  executive  office, 
that  of  President,  while  his  brother,  Joshua, 
has  the  management  of  the  other  two  banks. 

To  the  development  and  substantial  up- 
building of  Las  Vegas  our  subject  has  contrib- 
uted in  the  measure  compatible  with  the  posi- 
tion he  holds  as  one  of  the  leading  capitalists  and 
business  men.  The  magnificent  brown  sand- 
stone building,  in  which  are  located  the  offices 
and  counting  rooms  of  the  First  National 
Bank,  was  erected  by  him,  being  one  of  the 
finest  business  blocks  in  the  city.  He  has  also 
erected  numerous  other  buildings  in  Las  Vegas. 


HISTORT  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


397 


Aside  from  his  connection  with  the  banking 
enterprises  of  the  Territory,  Mr.  Raynolds  is 
largely  concerned  in  other  important  lines  of 
industrial  undertakings,  having  extensive  in- 
terests in  ranching,  stock-raising  and  mining. 
He  is  considered  one  of  the  foremost  financiers 
of  the  whole  Southwest,  and  as  one  who  has 
wielded  a  potent  influence  in  conserving  the 
advancement  of  the  Territory  with  whose  in- 
terests he  has  been  so  intimately  identified  for 
a  long  period  of  years.  Enterprising  and  pro- 
gressive in  his  methods  and  scrupulously  hon- 
orable in  all  the  walks  of  life  he  has  gained  the 
confidence  and  esteem  of  the  people  of  the  en- 
tire Territory  of  New  Mexico. 

Turning  in  brief  to  the  domestic  pages  of 
our  subject's  history,  we  find  that  in  1871  was 
consummated  his  marriage  to  Miss  Martha  C. 
Cowan,  a  native  of  Fairfield,  Iowa.  They 
have  three  sons,  all  of  whom  are  pursuing  their 
studies  in  college. 

In  his  political  proclivities,  Mr.  Raynolds 
is  strongly  arrayed  in  support  of  the  Republi- 
can party  and  its  principles,  and  while  he  has 
always  taken  a  deep  interest  in  the  affairs  of 
the  county  and  Territory,  he  has  invariably 
refused  to  accept  anything  in  the  line  of  official 
preferment  in  the  gift  of  the  people. 


©EORGE  W.  HARTM AN.— This  gen- 
tleman is  one  of  the  prominent  mer- 
chants of  Las  Vegas,  having  been  'a  resi- 
dent of  the  Territory  since  1868.  He 
came  to  Santa  Fe  in  1858,  then  in  1859,  to 
Kansas,  and  returned  here  in  1867.  He  was 
born  in  Rushville,  Schuyler  county,  Illinois,  on 
the  1 2th  day  of  December,  1846.  His  grand- 
father, John  Hartman,  was  a  native  of  Ger- 
many, emigrating  to  the  United  States  and  lo- 
cating at  St.  Louis,  where  he  owned  the  farm 
which  later  became  a  portion  of  the  heart  of 
the  city.  He  served  in  the  war  of  1812,  and 
lived  to  the  ripe  old  age  of  eighty  years.  His 
son,  John  Hartman  (our  subject's  father),  was 
born  in  St.  Louis  in  1812.  He  was  united  to 


Anna  White  in  marriage,  at  Rushville,  Illinois, 
the  lady  being  a  native  of  Kentucky.  He  was 
for  many  years  a  resident  of  Rushville,  and 
died  at  Beardstown,  Illinois,  at  the  age  of  for- 
ty-five years,  and  his  beloved  wife  survived  him 
but  a  short  time,  she  dying  at  the  same  age. 
To  them  were  born  seven  children,  of  whom 
four  are  now  living.  He  adhered  to  the  Lu- 
theran faith,  while  his  wife  was  a  Methodist,  and 
they  were  people  of  great  industry  and  unques- 
tioned reliability. 

George  Washington  Hartman  was  the  eld- 
est child;  he  obtained  his  education  in  the  pub- 
lic schools.  While  living  with  his  aunt  at  St. 
Louis  and  attending  school  there  he  ran  away 
and  went  up  the  Missouri  river  to  Leavenworth 
City,  Kansas,  and,  although  only  a  boy,  he  be- 
came engaged  in  the  Indian  trade  at  Cow  Creek, 
on  the  plains.  During  his  stay  of  a  number  of 
years  here  he  became  proficient  in  the  use  of  the 
Indian  and  Spanish  languages,  which  accom- 
plishment in  later  years  became  of  great  use 
to  him.  He  came  to  New  Mexico  in  1858, 
and  in  1859  went  to  Kansas  and  remained  in 
the  Indian  trade  up  to  1863.  His  goods  were 
obtained  at  Council  Grove,  Kansas,  and  he 
traded  for  furs  and  buffalo  robes,  finding  the 
business  a  very  lucrative  one. 

After  the  war  he  kept  the  old  overland  stage 
station  of  Baron  &  Sanderson,  at  Cow  Creek, 
and  was  familiar  with  Buffalo  Bill  Mathewson 
(not  William  F.  Cody,  but  the  original  Buffalo 
Bill — Mr.  Bill  W.  Mathewson,  now  a  banker 
in  Wichita,  Kansas),  and  all  the  noted  charac- 
ters of  the  time.  From  1863  until  the  close  of 
the  war  he  served  in  the  Sixth  Kansas  Volun- 
teer Cavalry,  and  saw  much  service  in  the 
Southwest,  being  engaged  most  of  the  time  in 
Missouri,  Arkansas  and  the  Indian  Territory, 
and  Louisiana,  fighting  the  guerrilla  bands  that 
were  operating  against  the  Union  and  Union 
men.  It  was  a  rather  rough  service  and  Mr. 
Hartman  was  in  many  fights.  He  was  wounded 
twice,  and  two  horses  were  killed  under  him. 
For  the  injuries  received  he  now  receives  a 
pension,  which  is  a  deserved  one.  After  the 
war  it  was  from  Buffalo  Bill  (Mathewson)  that 


395 


HISTORT  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


he  purchased  the  Cow  Creek  ranch,  which  is 
the  overland  stage  station  above  mentioned. 

In  1867  Mr.  Hartman  accompanied  Gen- 
eral Penrose  as  a  guide  and  scout  on  an  expe- 
dition from  Fort  Lyon  in  pursuit  of  the  -In- 
dians. During  their  absence  of  three  months 
Mr.  Hartman,  by  reason  of  his  thorough  ac- 
quaintance with  the  Indians  and  their  mode  of 
warfare,  proved  of  inestimable  value  to  the  ex- 
pedition. In  1868  he  was  at  the  Merino  mines 
at  Elizabethtown,  New  Mexico,  and  aided  in 
the  construction  of  the  big  ditch  which  brought 
the  water  to  the  mines.  These  mines  were 
rich  in  gold,  and  he  met  with  considerable  suc- 
cess there.  After  this  he  built  the  first  house 
in  Roswell,  and  planted  the  cottonwood  trees 
which  have  since  grown  to  such  gigantic  pro- 
portions. After  this  he  was  for  a  number  of 
years  engaged  in  the  general  mercantile  busi- 
ness at  Puerta  de  Luna,  the  firm  being  Case, 
Hartman  &  Block.  He  was  also  for  fourteen 
years  engaged  in  general  mercantile  business  at 
San  Miguel,  and  has  been  at  Las  Vegas  for  the 
past  nine  years.  Here  he  has  been  associated 
with  Alfred  Weil,  under  the  firm  name  of  Hart- 
man &  Weil,  their  line  of  operations  being  in 
the  wholesale  commission  business.  They  deal 
extensively  in  hay  and  grain,  hides,  wool  and 
pelts,  and  also  handle  wagons,  carriages  and 
all  kinds  of  farming  implements  and  machinery. 
Since  locating  in  the  city  they  have  built  up  a 
large  and  prosperous  business,  gaining  and  re- 
taining the  confidence  and  good  will  of  the 
people  throughout  a  wide  radius  of  country 
and  being  recognized  as  among  the  respresent- 
ative  business  men  of  Las  Vegas,  where  they 
have  acquired  extensive  and  valuable  real-es- 
tate and  other  interests. 

The  date  of  our  subject's  marriage  was  1 884, 
when  he  was  united  to  Miss  Annie  Kohlhauff, 
the  ceremony  occurring  in  the  city  of  St. 
Louis.  This  union  has  been  blessed  with  five 
children  :  Earl  Elmer  and  Beulah  M.,  both  of 
whom  were  born  in  Las  Vegas  ;  the  other 
three  are  deceased. 

In  his  political  adherency  Mr.  Hartman 
renders  support  to  the  Republican  party  and 


its  principles,  and  fraternally  he  is  prominently 
identified  with  the  Grand  Army  of  the  Repub- 
lic, having  held  the  preferment  as  Senior  Vice 
Commander  of  the  order  in  New  Mexico,  and 
having  been  its  representative  at  the  National 
Encampment  held  in  San  Francisco,  in  1886. 
Our  subject  is  a  man  of  strong  constitution 
and  marked  vigor,  possessed  of  sound  and  dis- 
criminating judgment  and  marked  business 
sagacity,  and  notwithstanding  his  long  and  va- 
ried experience  in  the  West  he  is  a  remarkably 
well-preserved  man  and  bids  fair  to  live  long 
and  to  enjoy  the  results  of  his  courage,  perse- 
verance and  industry,  honored  and  admired  by 
all  to  whom  is  granted  his  friendship. 


ILLIAM  B.  STAPP,  of  Las  Vegas, 
is  one  of  the  time-honored  pioneers 
of  the  Territory  of  New  Mexico. 
Through  his  veins  courses  a  mixture 
of  Scotch-Irish  and  German  blood  and  in  his 
make-up  are  found  many  of  the  sterling  quali- 
ties which  characterized  his  sturdy  ancestors. 
His  great-great-grandfather  Stapp  was  born  in 
Scotland  and  after  the  Revolution  in  Scotland 
was  a  refugee  to  the  north  of  Ireland,  where 
his  great-grandfather  James  Stapp  was  born. 
The  latter  emigrated  to  America  in  the  early 
Colonial  days  and  settled  in  the  Old  Dominion, 
and  in  Orange  county,  Virginia,  April  16, 
1759,  his  son  James  was  born.  James  Stapp 
was  a  soldier  in  the  Revolutionary  war.  Jan- 
uary 7.  1785,  he  married  Miss  Sarah  Bur- 
bridge,  like  himself  a  native  of  Orange  county, 
Virginia,  the  date  of  her  birth  being  June  i, 
1762.  Some  time  after  their  marriage  they 
removed  to  Woodford  county,  Kentucky, 
where  they  reared  their  family,  and  where  he 
died  September  18,  1818.  She  survived  him 
until  August  25,  1837,  and  her  death  occurred 
in  Vandalia,  Illinois.  In  Kentucky  they  were 
planters  and  stock-raisers,  and  their  religious 
faith  was  that  of  the  Presbyterians.  Gholson 
Stapp  was  the  eighth  of  their  family  of  nine 
children.  He  was  our  subject's  father  and  was 
born  in  Woodford  county,  Kentucky,  Decem- 


HISTORT  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


399 


her  7,  1802.  He  married  Miss  Maria  Rigest, 
a  native  of  the  State  of  Pennsylvania  and  of 
German  descent.  They  had  two  sons,  and  one 
daughter,  James  T.  B.,  Jr.,  and  William  B. 
The  daughter  was  Malinda  B.  Gholson  Stapp, 
like  his  father  before  him,  was  a  farmer.  He 
removed  from  Woodford  county  to  Mason 
county,  Kentucky,  and  from  there  to  Kaskas- 
kia,  Illinois,  and  next  to  Vandalia,  same  State. 
At  the  last-named  place  the  father  died  De- 
cember 2,  1849,  and  the  mother  April  25,  1854. 
They  were  Methodists,  were  noted  for  their  free 
and  genial  hospitality,  and  especially  did  the 
Methodist  minister  find  a  hearty  welcome  at 
their  door. 

William  B.  Stapp,  the  youngest  of  their 
family,  was  born  in  Vandalia,  Illinois,  Octo- 
ber 8,  1834.  He  was  educated  in  the  common 
schools  and  at  the  McKendree  College  in  Leb- 
anon, Illinois.  After  leaving  college  he  was 
employed  for  some  time  as  clerk  in  Decatur,  Illi- 
nois. In  1858  he  crossed  the  plains  with  oxen 
via  Fort  Gibson  and  on  the  Santa  Fe  trail  to 
Albuquerque.  From  there  he  went  to  Fort 
Stanton,  where  he  clerked  for  a  time,  and  sub- 
sequently engaged  in  merchandising  at  Las  Ve- 
gas. Later,  in  partnership  with  Mr.  C.  S. 
Hopkins,  he  was  post  sutler  at  Fort  Bas- 
corn,  and  they  were  also  largely  engaged  in 
stock  raising  there.  They  had  a  ranch  house 
a  mile  from  the  fort,  and  their  cattle  were 
out  with  herders  fourteen  miles  away.  One 
day  Mr.  Hopkins  took  his  wife  and  went 
out  to  the  stock.  While  they  were  in  camp 
there  a  band  of  eighty  Indians  attacked 
them,  killed  him  and  the  white  herder, 
and  were  in  the  act  of  scalping  his  wife, 
but  a  Comanche  chief  interceded  for  her, 
and  they  only  cut  off  her  hair.  The  Mexican 
herder  claimed  she  was  his  sister  and  took  her 
in  safety  to  the  fort.  The  soldiers  at  once 
pursued  the  red  men,  but  the  latter  made  good 
their  escape  and  took  with  them  no  less  than 
280  head  of  the  stock.  The  dead  were  buried 
at  the  fort.  Only  recently,  and  after  a  period 
of  thirty  years,  Mr.  Stapp  received  payment 
from  the  government  for  the  stock  that  were 


then  stolen,  being  paid  for  them  at  the  rate  of 
$5  per  head.  Mrs.  Hopkins  is  still  living,  now 
a  resident  of  Santa  Fe,  and  she  is  prosecuting 
a  claim  for  damages. 

Mr.  Stapp  continued  at  the  fort  two  years 
longer;  was  there  from  1864  to  1875.  He 
then  came  to  Las  Vegas  and  established  him- 
self in  the  town.  For  a  number  of  years  he 
continued  his  stock  business  with  good  success, 
but  later,  on  account  of  drouth  and  low  prices, 
met  with  heavy  losses.  He  now  has  about 
5, 500  acres  of  land  and  has  a  small  herd  of 
cattle  on  it.  His  home,  however,  is  in  Las 
Vegas. 

Mr.  Stapp  was  married  June  8,  1876,  to 
Miss  Katie  A.  Davis,  daughter  of  Judge  Levi 
Davis,  of  Alton,  Illinois,  and  they  had  three 
children,  namely:  Katie  A.,  William  H.  and 
Davis  B.  Mrs.  Stapp  died  in  1882,  on  the 
second  day  of  December,  and  her  untimely 
death  was  a  source  of  great  bereavement  to 
her  little  family.  She  was  a  woman  whose 
beautiful  character  was  an  inspiration  to  all 
who  knew  her.  Mr.  Stapp  says  of  her  that 
she  was  all  a  man  could  expect  of  a  wife — de- 
voted and  loving  to  her  husband  and  children, 
and  in  every  respect  one  of  the  best  of  women. 
He  has  since  remained  unmarried. 

Mr.  Stapp's  political  views  are  those  advo- 
cated by  the  Democratic  party.  Fraternally, 
he  is  identified  with  the  Masonic  order. 


BRANCIS    HIGGINSON   ATKINS,   a 
physician    of    East    Las  Vegas,    was 
born  in  Brooklyn,    New  York,   April 
15,  1843.    He  descended  from  Joseph 
Atkins,  born   in    1680  and  died   in  1773.      He 
was  a  retired  sea  captain,  and  his  family  re- 
cords are  in  St.  Clement's  Church,    at   Sand- 
wich, England.      He  located  in  Newburyport. 
Massachusetts,    in    1728,    marrying    Mary,     a 
daughter  of  Governor  Joseph  Dudley,  gover- 
nor under  the  crown,  as  was  also  his  father, 
Thomas  Dudley,  of  the  Massachusetts  Colony. 
The  family  held  honorable  positions  and  con- 
tracted noteworthy  intermarriages    in  Massa- 


400 


HIS  TORT  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


chusetts.  The  father  of  our  subject,  Dudley 
Atkins,  graduated  as  A.  B.  at  Harvard,  as 
M.  D.  at  the  University  of  Pennsylvania,  and 
as  A.  B.  at  Bowdoin  College,  and  was  a  phy- 
sician of  the  highest  refinement  and  culture. 

F.  H.  Atkins,  the  subject  of  this  sketch, 
graduated  as  Bachelor  of  Arts  at  the  Lawrence 
Scientific  School,  of  Harvard  University,  in 
1 86 1.  In  1862  he  enlisted  as  a  private  in 
Company  F,  Fourty-fourth  Massachusetts 
Volunteer  Militia,  was  much  under  fire  in 
North  Carolina,  and  a  medical  cadet  from  1 862 
to  1863,  serving  in  the  Judiciary  Square  Hos- 
pital at  Washington,  District  of  Columbia, 
from  1863  to  1864;  during  the  year  of  1864 
was  Acting  Assistant  Surgeon  of  the  United 
States  Navy,  serving  with  Admiral  Farragut 
in  the  West  Gulf  Squadron,  and  contributed 
his  share  on  the  margin  of  the  great  battle  at 
Mobile  Bay,  August  5,  1864. 

Dr.  Atkins  received  medical  lectures  at  the 
Georgetown  Medical  School  at  Washington, 
District  of  Columbia,  in  the  College  of  Physi- 
cians and  Surgeons,  New  York  City,  and  in 
the  Long  Island  College  Hospital,  Brooklyn, 
New  York,  graduating  at  the  latter  institution 
in  1865,  and  standing  equally  with  the  first 
four  at  the  head  of  the  class.  Dr.  Atkins 
served  as  resident  physician  of  Brooklyn  City 
Hospital  until  January,  1866,  when  temporary 
adverse  health  turned  him  to  Minnesota, 
where  he  was  engaged  in  his  profession  for 
seven  years,  living  in  Northfield  and  St.  Cloud. 
He  was  Superintendent  of  Schools  in  Rice  coun- 
ty, that  State,  in  1866  and  1867,  and  was  Pro- 
fessor of  Natural  Sciences  in  Carleton  College, 
Northfield,  from  1867101871.  In  1873,  weary- 
ing of  the  protracted  winters  of  Minnesota,  the 
Doctor  drifted  southward,  and  became  Acting 
Assistant  Surgeon  of  the  United  States  army, 
holding  that  position  until  the  close  of  1884, 
excepting  one  year  as  physician  of  the  Indian 
Bureau,  Interior  Department,  being  then  sta- 
tioned at  the  Mescalero  Indian  Agency,  New 
Mexico,  where  he  contributed  extensive  notes 
on  the  sign  language  of  the  Apaches  to  the 
Smithsonian  Institute  at  Washington,  District 


of  Columbia.  During  his  military  career,  Dr. 
Atkins  served  under  orders  at  Forts  Wallace, 
Larned,  Kansas;  Supply  and  Gibson,  Indian 
Territory  and  at  Fort  Stanton,  New  Mexico. 
During  these  twelve  years  he  saw  much  field 
service,  scouting  with  troops,  and  was  in  one 
sharp  Indian  fight,  with  the  Sixth  United  States 
Cavalry,  against  the  errant  Cheyenne  Indians 
at  Sappa  creek,  western  Kansas,  when  about 
forty  hostile  Indians  perished. 

In  December,  1884,  Dr.  Atkins  left  the 
Government  service,  and  located  in  Las  Vegas, 
New  Mexico,  engaging  in  the  practice  of  medi- 
cine. He  has  since  been  and  is  now  Secretary 
of  the  New  Mexico  Medical  Society,  served  one 
term  as  president  of  the  society,  has  written 
much  on  the  climatology  of  New  Mexico,  and 
has  also  been  a  member  of  the  American  Medi- 
cal and  the  American  Climatological  Associa- 
tions. Dr.  Atkins  has  been  a  supporter  of  the 
Protestant  Episcopal  Church,  doing  much  work 
on  the  secular  side  for  St.  Paul's  Episcopal 
Church  of  Las  Vegas,  of  whose  managing 
board  he  has  been  Treasurer  and  Secretary 
many  years.  He  served  one  year  on  the  School 
Board  of  East  Las  Vegas. 

In  November,  1893,  on  the  reorganization 
of  the  Territorial  Board  of  Medical  Examiners, 
Governor  W.  T.  Thornton  appointed  our  sub- 
ject a  member  of  that  board,  and  he  was  large- 
ly active  in  preparing  a  new  statute  for  the 
regulation  of  the  practice  of  medicine  in  New 
Mexico,  which  was  passed  by  the  legislature  in 
February,  1895.  Under  this  statute  a  Terri- 
torial Board  of  Health  was  organized,  of  which 
Governor  Thornton  appointed  him  a  member, 
and  in  March,  1895,  he  was  elected  Secretary 
of  the  Board. 

In  1891  Dr.  Atkins  published  a  volume 
entitled  "Joseph  Atkins — The  Story  of  a 
Family,"  in  which,  after  thirty  years  of  enthu- 
siastic labor  over  his  hobby,  he  strove  to  sketch 
in  a  readable  manner  the  origin  and  progress 
of  his  family,  with  numerous  genealogical 
charts,  photogravure  portraits  and  scenes  in 
the  old  family  home  in  Sandwich,  England. 
This  work  was  received  with  kindly  interest  by 


HISTORT  OF  NE  W  MEXICO. 


401 


ill  the  kin  of  whatever  name,  and  was  favor- 
ably noted  in  the  special  genealogical  jour- 
nals. 

The  Doctor  was  married,  in  1866,  to  Miss 
Sarah  Edmonds,  a  native  of  West  Molesey, 
England,  and  they  have  four  children.  A 
daughter,  Beatrice,  is  a  skilled  violinist,  hav- 
ing been  educated  at  the  New  England  Con- 
servatory of  Music  at  Boston,  and  for  the  past 
two  years  has  conducted  a  violin  school  at 
Wichita,  Kansas.  A  son,  Emerson,  is  an  en- 
thusiast in  ornithology.  Dr.  Atkins  has  con- 
tributed to  the  literary  and  scholarly  develop- 
ment of  Las  Vegas,  and  has  aided  in  the  phil- 
anthropic work  of  the  town.  In  politics,  he 
was  originally  a  Republican,  but  in  1872  be- 
came an  independent,  and  has  ever  since 
voted  for  the  best  men  and  measures  of  either 
party,  latterly  siding  rather  with  the  Demo- 
cratic party.  That  he  joined  the  Odd  Fellows 
late  in  life  because  of  his  gratification  with 
their  philanthropic  work,  and  that  he  has 
cheerfully  fostered  the  Shakespeare  Club  and 
Beethoven  Society  in  Las  Vegas,  may  indicate 
his  partiality  to  what  is  helpful  and  elevating 
to  mankind;  also  his  giving  lectures  before  the 
Methodist  (South)  Seminary,  the  Summer 
Normal  School,  the  Sorosis,  etc. 


EON.  MICHAEL  COONEY.— A  singu- 
larly active  and  useful  career  has  been 
that  of  the  subject  of  this  review,  and 
one  filled  with  interesting  experiences 
and  high  honors.  His  connection  with  the  af- 
fairs of  New  Mexico  has  been  one  of  eminent 
service  in  public  capacity  and  of  equally  prom- 
inent sort  in  furthering  her  material  prosperity 
and  advancement  along  the  lines  where  mag- 
nificent individual  or  corporate  industries  are 
directed.  That  to  such  an  one  should  be  ac- 
corded distinctive  recognition  in  a  work  of  this 
nature  is  imperative,  and  it  is  with  a  feeling  of 
no  indifferent  satisfaction  that  the  biographist 
here  reverts  to  the  more  salient  points  in  his 
life  history,  and  all  of  the  details  reflect  the 


26 


evidence  of  his  worth  as  a  brave,  loyal  and 
honest  man. 

In  seeking  the  origin  of  our  subject's  gene- 
alogy we  must  go  back  to  the  Emerald  Isle, 
for  there  do  we  find  his  ancestry  represented 
in  the  stanchest  of  old  Irish  stock, — men  and 
women  of  intelligence,  courage,  true  patriot- 
ism and  gentle  refinement.  He  was  born  in 
the  county  of  Durham,  Canada,  on  the  25th 
of  March,  1838,  his  father  having  emigrated 
thither  from  county  Tipperary,  Ireland,  in  the 
year  1818.  The  Cooney  family  was  one  of 
distinction  in  the  Emerald  Isle,  and  was  there 
possessed  of  a  very  considerable  patrimony, 
which  was  reduced  to  a  minimum  in  the  war 
which  they  aided  in  maintaining,  as  directed 
against  Queen  Elizabeth,  during  the  period  of 
fifteen  years.  They  finally  suffered  defeat, 
and  what  few  there  were  who  survived  this 
memorable  conflict  left  Ireland  and  sought 
homes  elsewhere. 

Michael  Cooney,  father  of  our  subject,  was 
a  young  man  when  he  left  his  native  land,  but 
some  time  after  his  location  in  Durham  county, 
Canada,  he  led  to  the  marriage  altar  Miss 
Margaret  Collins,  a  native  of  county  Cork, 
Ireland.  They  worked  zealously  and  faithfully 
and  eventually  reclaimed  an  excellent  farm  in 
Durham  county,  and  there  they  reared  their 
children,  instilling  into  their  minds  those  prin- 
ciples of  honor  and  industry  with  which  they 
were  themselves  so  thoroughly  imbued.  They 
became  the  parents  of  seven  daughters  and 
four  sons,  two  of  whom  (twins)  died  at  the  age 
of  six  months,  while  another  died  in  New  Or- 
leans, Louisiana,  from  an  attack  of  yellow  fe- 
ver. The  mother  departed  this  life  in  the 
sixty-eighth  year  of  her  age.  Her  father,  Tim- 
othy Collins,  lived  to  attain  the  age  of  ninety- 
seven  years,  while  her  mother,  whose  maiden 
name  was  Mary  O'Connor,  lived  to  be  107 
years  of  age.  The  father  of  our  subject  died 
at  the  age  of  eighty-four  years,  and  it  may 
thus  be  seen  that  the  stock  is  one  notable  in 
vigor  of  constitution  and  in  longevity. 

Michael  Cooney,  to  whom  this  review  is 
immediately  dedicated,  was  the  ninth  child  in 


402 


HISTORY  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


order  of  birth,  and  he  was  reared  on  the  pa- 
rental homestead,  receiving  such  educational 
advantages  as  were  afforded  by  the  common 
schools  of  that  section  and  period.  In  1860 
he  started  out  in  life  upon  his  own  responsi- 
bility, coming  to  the  United  States  and  locat- 
ing in  Chicago,  which  was  then  a  city  of  but 
minor  importance. 

In  1 86 1,  when  the  dark  cloud  of  civil  war 
obscured  the  national  horizon,  he  stood  ready 
to  render  loyal  service  to  the  Union,  and  en- 
listed as  a  member  of  Company  C,  Twenty- 
third  Illinois  Volunteer  Infantry,  for  a  term  of 
three  years.  His  regiment  was  sent  to  Lex- 
ington, Missouri,  and  there,  after  several  days 
of  hard  fighting  with  the  Confederate  forces, 
under  General  Price,  they  were  captured  and 
paroled,  returning  to  Illinois,  where  the  regi- 
ment was  placed  in  charge  of  Camp  Douglas. 
Mr.  Cooney  had  been  wounded  hi  the  thigh  by 
a  piece  of  shell,  but  soon  recovered  from  the 
effects  of  the  wound. 

After  his  term  of  enlistment  had  expired  he 
was  honorably  discharged.  He  took  part  in 
O'Neill's  invasion  of  Canada  in,  1 866,  and  after- 
ward returned  to  Chicago,  where  he  effected 
the  organization  of  the  Irish  Rifles,  of  the  Illi- 
nois State  Guards,  and  was  commissioned  as 
Captain  of  this  command  by  Governor  Palmer, 
retaining  this  office  till  November,  1870.  The 
Irish  Rifles  served  under  General  O'Neill  in 
his  efforts  against  Canada,  in  1870,  when  the 
company  became  the  color  company  of  the 
Fourteenth  Regiment,  Irish  Republican  Army, 
and  the  Captain  was  elected  by  the  officers  as 
Lieutenant  Colonel  of  the  regiment  in  the  field; 
but  their  arms  and  equipments  were  cap- 
tured by  General  Mead,  in  their  camp  near 
Malone  on  the  border,  before  getting  an  op- 
portunity to  cross  and  engage  the  enemy.  It 
was  this  regiment  that  demanded  of  the  gov- 
ernor of  New  York  transportation  out  of  his 
State  or  they  would  start  to  march  to  Chicago 
and  live  on  the  country  as  they  went!  The 
governor  refused,  but  William  Tweed  paid  for 
their  transportation  to  Buffalo,  where  they 
obtained  funds  from  Chicago  to  return  home. 


In  the  meantime  Captain  Cooney  had  at- 
tended a  military  school  and  had  become  an 
expert  tactician,  and  it  was  the  intention  of 
the  Rifles  to  cause  an  uprising  in  Canada  in 
view  of  securing  independence  to  the  Do- 
minion. This  project  failed  of  realization. 

Shortly  after  returning  to  Chicago,  and  when 
De  Palladine  was  attempting  to  establish  a  re- 
public on  the  ruins  of  the  French  Empire,  the 
French  Benevolent  Association  of  Illinois  was 
sending  recruits  to  France.  He  organized  the 
Irish-American  Ambulance  Corps  to  aid  the 
Republican  cause,  and  applied  to  the  French 
committee  of  defense  in  New  York  for  trans- 
portation to  Havre;  but  they  claimed  to  have 
exhausted  all  their  funds  in  forwarding  French- 
men; and  after  fruitless  efforts  to  raise  the  nec- 
essary funds  the  organization  disbanded,  their 
only  public  appearance  being  as  an  escort,  to 
the  Union  depot,  upon  sixteen  recruits  from  the 
French  Benevolent  Association,  who  were  en 
route  to  Havre. 

Being  ruined  financially  by  the  expense 
consequent  on  the  Fenian  movements,  he  left 
Chicago  for  New  Orleans  in  November,  1870, 
in  order  to  seek  a  new  field  to  retrieve  his  for- 
tunes. 

An  incident  worthy  of  particular  attention 
in  this  connection  is  that  which  occurred  in 
connection  with  the  first  formal  ceremony  of 
decorating  the  graves  of  Union  soldiers  by  the 
Grand  Army  of  the  Republic,  in  Chicago,  on 
the  3Oth  of  May,  1869.  The  Irish  Rifles  had 
charge  of  the  dedication  of  Calvary  cemetery, 
and  on  that  day  they  were  reviewed  by  Gen- 
eral Sheridan,  who  was  stationed  on  a  balcony 
of  the  Sherman  House.  Each  soldier  had 
a  bouquet  of  flowers  in  the  muzzle  of  his 
gun,  and  after  decorating  the  graves  of  the 
Union  soldiers  with  beautiful  floral  offerings 
there  yet  remained  a  large  quantity  of  the 
flowers,  and  Captain  Cooney  brought  his 
company  to  attention,  made  them  a  brief  but 
singularly  appropriate  address,  and  concluded 
by  asking  them  if  it  would  be  agreeable  to 
them  to  strew  flowers  upon  the  graves  of  the 
brave  Confederate  dead  whose  last  resting  place 


u 
•s. 


X    ^ 

C  '-_ 


~  J 

^  r 

<~s  i" 

•^  ^ 

—  2i 

—  i 

—  X 


Q 
Z 


. 
r. 


HISTORY  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


4°3 


was  marked  here.  It  is  gratifying  to  note  that 
his  suggestion  met  with  earnest  and  hearty  en- 
dorsement on  the  part  of  the  brave  boys  of  his 
command,  and  with  kindly  solicitude  and  ten- 
derness did  they  render  this  tribute  to  their 
fallen  foes,  their  departed  brothers.  The  prec- 
edent was  one  which  will  ever  redound  to  the 
honor  of  the  Irish  Rifles,  showing  the  mag- 
nanimous spirit  by  which  they  were  animated 
— the  spirit  of  true  humanitarianism.  In  the 
Chicago  Times  the  editor,  the  late  Wilbur  F. 
Storey,  referred  in  particular  to  the  action  of  the 
Irish  Rifles,  and  in  glowing  phrases  commended 
them  for  their  noble  tribute,  and  the  animus 
displayed  on  that  memorable  occasion. 

Captain  Cooney  left  Chicago  for  New  Or- 
leans in  1870,  and  while  a  resident  of  that  city 
he  was  associated  with  various  lines  of  business 
enterprise,  and  in  the  election  of  1872  he  ren- 
dered the  Republican  party  such  valuable  and 
timely  assistance  that  he  received  the  appoint- 
ment as  Inspector  of  Customs  for  the  port  and 
was  stationed  at  Morgan  City.  He  was  subse- 
quently installed  as  captain  of  night  inspectors 
at  New  Orleans,  and  while  stationed  there  he 
organized  the  Mitchell  Rifles — this  being  the 
third  organization  of  the  sort  in  Louisiana  after 
the  war.  He  had  two  weeks'  service  in  the 
First  Louisiana  Cavalry  as  First  Lieutenant  un- 
der Governor  Kellogg,  seating  officers  in  the  dis- 
turbed districts,  and  received  the  commenda- 
tion of  General  Badge*,  who  was  in  command. 
When  the  Irish  societies  voted  to  make  the 
Mitchell  Rifles  their  escort  in  the  parade  of 
March  17,  1876,  the  Rifles  extended  an  invita- 
tion to  the  Sixteenth  United  States  Infantry, 
then  in  quarters  at  the  courthouse,  to  march 
with  them,  and  this  episode  marked  the  first 
recognition  of  the  United  States  soldiers  in  the 
South  subsequent  to  the  war. 

A  younger  brother  of  our  subject,  James  C. 
Cooney  by  name,  was  Quartermaster  Sergeant 
in  the  Eighth  United  States  Cavalry,  and  while 
scouting  in  the  Mogollon  mountains  in  New 
Mexico  discovered  silver,  and  after  his  honor- 
able discharge  from  the  military  service  he 
effected  the  organization  of  the  "  Cooney  Min- 


ing District."  In  the  spring  of  1880  he,  with 
several  other  miners,  was  attacked  and  killed 
by  a  band  of  Indians,  under  Chief  Victorio, 
and  soon  after  this  our  subject  left  New  Orleans 
and  came  to  New  Mexico  to  look  after  his  broth- 
er's mining  interests.  Away  up  in  the  moun- 
tains he  hewed  out  from  the  solid  rock  a  sep- 
ulchre for  the  remains  of  his  brother.  The 
door  to  this  tomb  is  sealed  with  cement  and 
ores  from  the  mines,  and  in  these  ores  has 
been  wrought  out  the  design  of  a  cross,  form- 
ing a  singularly  beautiful  and  appropriate 
memorial  emblem.  The  miners  also  hewed  a 
cross  of  porphyry,  which  has  been  placed  upon 
the  summit  of  the  great  rock  which  forms  the 
sepulchre,  and  a  more  dignified  and  noble  rest- 
ing place  was  never  given  a  crowned  head  than 
is  this  massive  tomb  which  has  been  reared 
under  the  clear  skies  of  the  high-heaved  moun- 
tains. In  the  tomb  Mr.  Cooney  has  also  placed 
the  remains  of  his  little  son,  whose  death  oc- 
curred some  years  ago. 

As  soon  as  our  subject  had  perfected  pre- 
liminary arrangements  he  began  the  work  of 
developing  the  mines  which  his  brother  had  dis- 
covered. He  erected  the  first  mill  in  the 
Cooney  district,  and  also  the  first  in  the  Silver 
Creek  camp,  and  he  superintended  the  con- 
struction of  a  road  through  the  canyon  to  the 
camp.  He  has  taken  out  ore  to  the  value  of 
over  $400,000,  and  the  mines  are  still  being 
worked  and  are  yielding  good  returns  under 
lease. 

In  1882  the  Republicans  of  Socorro  county 
accorded  Mr.  Cooney  the  nomination  as  Repre- 
sentative to  the  Territorial  Legislature,  and 
he  was  elected  by  a  representative  majority, 
but  did  not  take  his  seat  until  1884, — the 
Twenty-fifth  Legislative  Assembly  of  New 
Mexico.  In  1888  he  was  again  elected  a 
member  of  the  Legislature,  serving  during  the 
Twenty-eighth  Assembly.  His  capacity  as  a 
business  man  and  as  one  of  broad  mental 
grasp  gave  him  a  particular  power  in  the  work 
of  securing  wise  legislation,  and  his  service  was 
one  of  signal  fidelity  to  the  interests  of  his 
constituents  and  the  Territory  at  large,  as  well 


4°4 


HISTORT  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


as  one  that  stands  to  his  perpetual  credit  and 
honor.  In  1 894  he  was  elected  Collector  of 
taxes  for  his  county,  and  this  preferment  he 
still  retains,  proving  a  most  able  executive. 
He  has  been  progressive  in  his  methods,  and 
has  retained  a  most  lively  interest  in  the  affairs 
of  the  city  of  Socorro,  where  he  resides,  and 
has  identified  himself  with  every  measure 
which  has  had  as  its  object  the  advancement 
and  welfare  of  the  Territory. 

The  Captain's  connection  with  the  impor- 
tant mining  interests  of  New  Mexico  has 
brought  him  into  prominence  in  this  line,  and 
he  is  recognized  as  one  of  the  most  careful  and 
capable  of  operators.  His  every  action  has 
been  characterized  by  honor  and  integrity,  and 
he  is  to  be  distinctively  considered  as  one  of 
the  representative  men  of  the  Territory. 

The  marriage  of  Captain  Cooney  was  cele- 
brated in  the  city  of  New  Orleans,  on  the  i  $th 
of  October,  1879,  when  he  was  united  to  Miss 
Jennie  Donally,  who  was  born  in  New  York, 
but  reared  from  childhood  in  the  Crescent  City. 
They  became  the  parents  of  two  sons,  John 
and  Charles,  the  former  of  whom  died  in  the 
mountains  as  a  result  of  a  hemorrhage  of  the 
lungs,  being  eleven  years  of  age.  Charles  is 
now  in  school,  being  a  bright  and  animated 
youth  of  much  promise,  and  one  to  whom  the 
parents  are  very  devoted.  Captain  Cooney 
has  a  fine  brick  residence  in  Socorro,  and  also 
has  a  farm  and  substantial  residence  at  Mineral 
Park. 

In  his  fraternal  relations  our  subject  is 
prominently  identified  with  the  Independent 
Order  of  Odd  Fellows,  still  retaining  his  mem- 
bership in  Magnolia  Lodge,  No.  22,  of  New 
Orleans,  also  Wildey  Encampment,  No.  i,  of 
New  Orleans. 

He  donated  the  first  United  States  flag  to 
the  Cooney  schoolhouse  in  1890,  being  the 
first  time  a  flag  floated  during  school  sessions 
over  a  schoolhouse  in  New  Mexico.  Upon 
September  2,  1895,  he  donated  and  presented 
another  to  schoolhouse  No.  I  of  Socorro, 
upon  conditions  that  each  boy  or  girl  who  re- 
ceived a  head  mark  would  hoist  the  flag  and 


take  it  down  the  next  day;  and  the  boy  or  girl 
who  did  most  service  for  the  flag  would  receive 
from  him  a  gold  medal  pendant  from  a  small 
silk  flag  as  captain  of  the  color  guard,  and  the 
others  ranking  as  to  service  down  to  the  cor- 
poral, receiving  a  flag  badge  with  the  rank 
thereon  in  gold  letters.  Below  we  give  the 
speech  at  the  presentation: 

"School  Children  of  School  No.  i  :  This 
flag,  which  I  present  to  you  to-day,  was  adopted 
by  Congress  on  the  I4th  day  of  June,  1777. 
Very  little  is  known  relating  to  its  adoption  ex- 
cepting that  it  was  adopted  by  a  unanimous 
vote.  This  is  due  to  the  wanton  destruction  of 
our  library  and  archives  at  Washington  by  the 
English,  who  burned  the  capital  on  August  24, 
1814  ;  but  from  well  authenticated  tradition  it 
comes  to  us  that  General  Washington  had 
called  for  designs  for  a  flag,  and  that  Betsy 
Ross,  a  quaint  little  Quaker  girl  of  Philadelphia, 
had  sewed  the  stripes  together,  and  the  stars 
also  in  the  blue  field,  which  when  shown  pleased 
him  greatly,  and  was  altered  only  slightly  from 
the  original  design  at  the  suggestion  of  the  gen- 
eral. So  you  little  girls  should  have  as  much 
interest  in  the  flag  as  the  boys,  as  it  was  a  girl 
who  conceived  the  immortal  design,  and  whose 
nimble  fingers  had  sown  it  piece  by  piece  to- 
gether. 

"  The  red  of  the  stripes  represent  the  cour- 
age of  our  forefathers  and  their  determination 
to  free  their  country  from  English  tyranny  ;  the 
white  of  its  folds  represents  the  purity  of  their 
intentions  in  giving  equal  rights  to  all  who 
sought  protection  under  its  shade  ;  and  the 
field  of  blue  with  the  stars  thereon  formed  a 
new  constellation  which  was  destined  to  be- 
come as  a  beacon  of  light  and  an  inspiration 
of  hope  and  freedom  to  the  oppressed  of  all 
nations.  Each  star  in  the  constellation  repre- 
sents a  State  in  the  Union  of  the  States  ;  and 
whenever  a  new  State  is  admitted  a  new  star 
is  added,  but  the  thirteen  stripes  remain  the 
same  forever  as  a  lasting  monument  to  the 
valor  of  the  original  thirteen  States,  which 
united  to  overthrow  British  tyranny  and  free 
their  country. 


HISTORT  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


4°5 


"In  the  beginning  this  flag  represented 
only  three  million  people  and  thirteen  States, 
while  now  it  has  forty-four  stars  and  represents 
seventy  millions  of  people, — the  greatest  nation 
on  earth  to-day.  It  represents  a  government 
of  the  people,  for  the  people,  by  the  people, 
where  the  rich  man  and  the  poor  man  are 
equal,  and  every  boy  born  under  its  folds  has 
a  vested  right  to  fill  any  position  from  ward 
constable  to  president  of  the  nation. 

"This  flag  is  known  in  every  clime  and 
upon  every  sea  where  ships  go  forth,  and  wher- 
ever seen  is  recognized  as  the  flag  of  a  free  na- 
tion and  an  emblem  of  liberty.  This  flag  has 
gone  through  four  great  wars,  and  never  yet 
has  been  dishonored.  It  is  the  flag  of  Wash- 
ington, Bunker  Hill,  Saratoga  and  Yorktown. 
It  is  the  flag  of  Starke  and  Stony  Point,  the 
flag  of  Paul  Jones,  of  Barry  and  Montgomery. 
It  is  the  flag  of  Jackson  and  Chalmete;  the 
flag  of  Scott,  of  Lundy's  Lane,  of  Churubusco 
and  Cerro  Gordo.  It  is  the  flag  of  Lincoln, 
the  flag  of  Grant,  the  flag  of  Garfield.  It  is 
the  flag  of  Sheridan,  the  flag  of  Schofield  and 
the  flag  of  Miles.  Whether  this  flag  will  re- 
main the  emblem  of  a  free  nation  depends 
largely  upon  the  school  children  of  the  Re- 
public, upon  whom  the  duty  will  devolve  of 
protecting  this  flag  and  all  it  represents,  when 
the  older  citizens  of  the  Republic  who  have 
loved  it  have  answered  the  last  roll  call  of  their 
Creator. 

"Into  your  hands  I  now  place  this  flag, 
upon  the  conditions  arranged  with  your  prin- 
cipal, that  it  shall  float  over  this  school  every 
day  that  the  school  is  in  session  ;  that  the  boy 
or  girl  who  wins  the  head  mark  each  day  shall 
hoist  the  flag  next  morning  at  nine  o'clock  and 
take  it  down  again  in  the  evening  at  four 
o'clock  ;  and  the  boy  or  girl  who  makes  the 
greatest  score  of  service  at  the  end  of  the 
term  shall  receive  from  me  a  beautiful  gold 
medal  pendant  from  a  small  silken  flag,  engrav- 
ed with  the  name  of  the  school,  the  date,  and 
name  of  the  winner  as  captain  of  the  color 
guard.  To  the  next  in  rank  will  be  given  a 
silken  flag  badge,  with  his  or  her  name  in  gold 


letters  as  First  Lieutenant  of  the  Color  Guard, 
to  the  next,  Second  Lieutenant  ;  next,  First 
Sergeant,  Second  and  Third  Sergeants,  and 
First,  Second,  Third  and  Fourth  Corporals, 
and  all  the  remainder  shall  have  a  badge  as 
members  of  the  Color  Guard.  This  competi- 
tion is  confined  to  the  department  of  Professor 
Duff  and  Mrs.  Riggle,  as  the  children  in  the 
primary  department  are  too  small  to  take  serv- 
ice in  the  Color  Guard,  and  the  rules  govern- 
ing those  contests  remain  subject  to  change  by 
the  teachers  governing  those  departments  when 
in  their  estimation  any  change  is  needed  to  con- 
form to  the  discipline  of  the  school." 


*-•-»     EMUEL  HINES,    M.    D.— The  sub- 
r    ject  of  this  review  occupies  a  position 
_^^    of  unmistakable    precedence   as    the 
only  practicing  physician  in  the  thriv- 
ing village   of  Springer,    Colfax    county,  New 
Mexico,   and  as  a  man  of  marked  intellectual- 
ity and  professional   attainments    and    as  one 
who  has  thoroughly  identified  himself  with  the 
county  and  Territory  of  his  residence,  it  is  cer- 
tainly   incumbent    that  specific    attention  be 
here  directed  to  the  more  salient  points  in  his 
life  history. 

The  Doctor  is  a  native  of  the  State  of  In- 
diana, having  been  born  in  Kosciusko  county, 
on  the  loth  of  April,  1865.  His  paternal 
grandfather,  Francis  Hines,  was  a  native  of 
Germany,  whence,  as  a  young  man,  he  emi- 
grated to  America  and  became  one  of  the 
pioneer  settlers  in  the  county  just  mentioned. 
At  the  time  of  his  acquiring  property  'in  that 
locality  the  same  was  in  a  condition  of  almost 
pristine  wildness,  but  he  felled  the  forest  trees 
and  ultimately  reclaimed  a  fine  farm  in  what 
is  now  one  of  the  most  prosperous  sections  of 
the  Hoosier  State.  The  father  of  our  subject, 
Frederick  Hines,  was  born  in  Ohio,  the  date 
of  his  nativity  having  been  January  27,  1837. 
He  was  reared  to  maturity  on  the  home  place, 
which  came  into  his  possession  when  he  at- 
tained his  majority.  The  family  emigrated  to 
Indiana  in  1844.  A  young  man  of  intelli- 


406 


HISTORT  OF  NE  W  MEXICO. 


gence,  industrious  in  his  habits  and  of  marked 
discrimination,  he  gave  himself  consecutively 
and  energetically  to  the  cultivation  of  the 
farmstead,  which  is  now  one  of  the  finest  in 
that  locality.  He  took  unto  himself  a  wife  in 
the  person  of  Miss  Rachel  Herendeen,  a  native 
of  his  own  county  and  likewise  descended  from 
one  of  its  pioneer  families.  They  became  the 
parents  of  three  children,  of  whom  the  two 
sons  are  yet  living,  as  are  also  the  honored 
parents  themselves.  Frederick  and  Rachel 
Hines  have  long  been  devoted  members  of  the 
German  Baptist  Church,  in  which  their  in- 
fluence has  been  one  of  much  import.  They 
are  among  the  most  prominent  and  most  high- 
ly esteemed  residents  of  their  native  county 
and  richly  merit  the  confidence  which  has  been 
given  them  by  reason  of  their  honest  and  up- 
right lives. 

Dr.  Lemuel  Hines,  the  immediate  subject 
of  this  review,  was  the  eldest  of  the  three  chil- 
dren, and  passed  his  boyhood  years  on  the 
parental  homestead,  receiving  his  preliminary 
educational  discipline  in  the  public  schools, 
after  which  he  continued  his  studies  in  the 
Taylor  University,  at  Fort  Wayne,  Indiana, 
where  he  graduated  in  the  spring  of  1887.  He 
began  studying  medicine  and  entered  a  medi- 
cal college  in  1887,  and  graduated  as  M.  D. 
in  the  spring  of  1890.  Wishing  to  make  his 
knowledge  of  the  noble  science  as  perfect  and 
comprehensive  as  possible,  he  thereafter  took 
a  special  post-graduate  course  of  a  year  in  the 
Ohio  Medical  College,  at  Cincinnati,  Ohio. 

This  work  of  preparation  completed,  the 
Doctor  found  himself  handicapped  for  active 
duty  by  reason  of  being  afflicted  with  marked 
premonitory  symptons  which  showed  that  his 
lungs  were  diseased.  In  order  that  the  in- 
cipient malady  might  not  furthur  encroach 
upon  his  physical  vitality,  he  finally  deter- 
mined to  seek  a  change  of  climate  in  search  of 
relief.  Accordingly,  in  1891,  he  came  to  New 
Mexico,  and  here  his  impaired  health  rapidly 
improved,  and  in  September,  1891,  he  en- 
tered upon  the  active  practice  of  his  profession 
at  Springer,  where  he  has  built  up  a  very  lu- 


crative and  representative  business,  being  the 
only  physician  in  the  place.  His  practice  ex- 
tends far  outside  the  limitations  of  the  county, 
and  his  services  are  in  demand  throughout  a 
wide  radius  of  country,  while  such  is  his  proved 
ability  and  such  his  fidelity  to  those  to  whom 
he  ministers  that  he  has  gained  not  only  the 
confidence  and  esteem  of  the  people,  but  also 
the  affection  of  those  who  have  been  the  re- 
cipients of  his  able  and  kindly  care.  He  is 
an  enthusiast  in  his  profession,  and  in  both 
the  lines  of  surgery  and  medicine,  keeps  fully 
abreast  of  the  advances  made,  being  a  close 
student  and  a  lover  of  the  intellectual  as  well 
as  the  practical  phase  of  the  noble  profession 
to  which  he  has  given  himself.  His  populari- 
ty in  the  community  is  unmistakable,  and  he 
has  taken  a  great  interest  in  the  affairs  of  the 
village  and  lent  his  influence  toward  insuring 
its  advancement  and  substantial  prosperity. 

In  his  political  adherency  the  Doctor  lends 
an  active  support  to  the  Republican  party, 
He  has  maintained  a  lively  interest  in  educa- 
tional matters,  and  has  served  with  signal  effi- 
ciency as  a  member  of  the  School  Board  at 
Springer. 

In  1890  was  celebrated  the  marriage  of  our 
subject  to  Miss  Minnie  Hankins,  a  native  of 
Mendon,  Ohio,  and  they  are  the  parents  of  a 
bright  little  daughter,  upon  whom  they  have 
bestowed  the  name  of  Elsie  Ray. 


(U 


*ILLIAM  H.  KREMIS  is  a  wide- 
awake and  enterprising  business  man 
of  Springer,  the  senior  member  of 
the  firm  of  Kremis  Brothers,  drug- 
gists, and  ex -County  Treasurer.  A  native  of 
Pennsylvania,  he  was  born  on  the  8th  of 
March,  1856,  and  descended  from  German  an- 
cestry that  early  located  in  the  Keystone 
State.  His  father,  James  Kremis,  was  born 
in  Mercer  county,  Pennsylvania,  and  wedded 
Miss  Caroline  Snyder,  a  native  of  the  same 
county.  They  began  their  domestic  life  upon 
the  farm  which  has  since  been  their  place  of 
residence  and  which  was  the  old  homestead  of 


HISTORT  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


407 


the  Kremis  family.  Nine  children  were  born 
to  them,  of  whom  seven  are  now  living. 

William  H.  Kremis,  the  eldest,  was  edu- 
cated in  his  native  tongue,  and  began  the  drug 
business  in  New  Hamburg,  Pennsylvania;  but, 
attracted  by  the  West,  he  made  his  way  to 
Kansas  and  secured  employment  in  a  drug 
store  in  Minneapolis,  that  State,  where  he 
continued  for  five  years.  He  then  began  busi- 
ness on  his  own  account,  and  for  four  years 
conducted  a  store,  which  he  sold  in  1888,  pre- 
paratory to  his  removal  to  Springer,  New 
Mexico. 

On  his  arrival  in  this  city  Mr.  Kremis  pur- 
chased a  store  of  similar  character,  and  has 
since  conducted  the  leading  drug  business  of 
the  town.  His  store  is  complete  in  all  its  ap- 
pointments and  is  tastefully  and  carefully  ar- 
ranged. He  enjoys  the  confidence  of  the  en- 
tire community,  and  his  straightforward,  hon- 
orable dealings  have  won  him  a  liberal  patron- 
age. In  1892  he  admitted  to  partnership  his 
brother,  Joseph  Kremis,  and  the  business  has 
since  been  conducted  under  the  present  firm 
style.  Both  of  these  gentlemen  have  pur- 
chased property  in  the  city,  upon  which  they 
have  erected  comfortable  residences,  and  have 
become  closely  identified  with  the  best  inter- 
ests of  the  place. 

In  July,  1895,  Mr.  Kremis  connected  him- 
self with  E.  G.  Storer  and  opened  a  first-class 
family  grocery  next  door  to  his  drug  store,  the 
style  of  the  firm  being  E.  G.  Storer  &  Com- 
pany. They  keep  everything  usually  kept  in  a 
first-class  family  grocery. 

The  gentleman  whose  name  heads  this 
record  is  a  member  of  the  Independent  Order 
of  Odd  Fellows  and  of  the  Knights  of  Pythias 
fraternity.  He  gives  his  political  support  to 
the  Democracy  and  has  been  honored  with 
some  local  offices.  He  received  the  appoint- 
ment of  Treasurer  of  the  county  of  Colfax,  and 
on  the  expiration  of  his  term  of  service  was 
elected  to  that  office,  in  which  he  efficiently 
served  for  three  years.  The  cause  of  educa- 
tion has  always  found  in  him  a  warm  friend, 
and  his  labors  in  its  interests  have  been  very 


effective.  He  has  served  as  a  member  of  the 
School  Board,  and  was  one  of  the  promoters 
of  the  fine  $  10,000  schoolhouse  which  now 
adorns  the  town  and  of  which  the  citizens  may 
be  justly  proud. 

Mr.  Kremis  was  happily  married  in  1882, 
the  lady  of  his  choice  being  Miss  Caroline 
Olson,  a  native  of  Bennington,  Kansas.  They 
have  three  children,  all  born  in  Springer, 
namely:  Edith,  Josephine  Olson  and  William 
Emanuel.  One  died  at  the  age  of  eighteen 
months,  named  James  Gilbert. 


@EORGE  J.  PACE.— We  now  take 
briefly  into  review  the  life  history  of 
one  who  stands  as  one  of  the  pioneer 
business  men  of  Raton,  Colfax  county; 
one  who  has  the  distinction  of  being  an  hon- 
ored veteran  of  the  late  war^of  the  Rebellion, 
and  whose  entire  life  has  been  one  of  scrupu- 
lous integrity  and  well  directed  effort.  He  now 
conducts  the  leading  grocery  and  provision  es- 
tablishment of  the  thriving  city  with  whose 
interests  he  has  so  long  been  identified,  and  his 
hold  upon  the  confidence  and  esteem  of  the 
community  is  unmistakable. 

Mr.  Pace  is  a  native  of  the  old  Keystone 
State,  having  been  born  in  Allegheny  City, 
Pennsylvania,  on  the  iQthof  November,  1843. 
His  father,  David  Pace,  was  born  in  England, 
whence  he  emigrated  to  America  when  a  young 
man,  taking  up  his  abode  in  Pittsburg,  Penn- 
sylvania. He  was  an  expert  horticulturist  and 
florist,  having  learned  the  business  in  England, 
and  this  line  of  enterprise  he  continued  in 
Pennsylvania  with  marked  success  up  to  the 
time  of  his  death,  which  occurred  when  he  had 
attained  the  venerable  age  of  seventy-three 
years,  his  wife  having  died  at  the  age  of  sixty- 
five.  Her  maiden  name  was  Margaret  Woods, 
and  she  was  a  native  of  Ireland.  In  their  re- 
ligious faith  they  were  devoted  adherents  of  the 
Protestant  Episcopal  Church.  They  reared  a 
family  of  six  children,  of  whom  all  are  living 
at  the  present  time. 

George  J.    Pace,  the  immediate  subject  of 


408 


HISTORT  OF  NE  W  MEXICO. 


this  review,  was  the  fifth  child  in  order  of  birth, 
and  he  was  educated  in  the  public  schools  of 
his  native  city,  and  there  learned  the  trade  of 
a  stove-molder.  He  had  not  yet  attained  his 
majority  when  the  dark  cloud  of  civil  war 
spread  its  gruesome  pall  over  a  divided  nation, 
and  he  was  not  slow  in  preparing  to  go  forth 
in  defense  of  his  country's  honor.  He  enlisted 
as  a  member  of  Company  A,  One  Hundred 
and  Twenty-third  Pennsylvania  Volunteer  In- 
fantry, and  at  the  expiration  of  his  term  re- 
enlisted  in  the  Fourth  Pennsylvania  Cavalry, 
with  which  he  served  until  the  close  of  the  war, 
receiving  an  honorable  discharge  on  the  I2th 
of  July,  1865.  While  a  member  of  the  One 
Hundred  and  Twenty-third  Regiment  he  par- 
ticipated in  the  battles  of  Fredericksburg, 
Chancellorsville  and  South  mountain,  and  after 
joining  the  cavalry  was  in  various  engagements 
and  skirmishes,  conducting  himself  at  all  times 
with  signal  gallantry  and  ever  being  at  the 
point  where  duty  called  him.  When  the  war 
was  over  he  returned  to  his  home,  a  veteran 
and  a  victor,  which  record  was  one  of  which 
he  might  well  be  proud.  He  was  but  twenty- 
two  years  of  age  when  mustered  out  of  the 
service,  and  his  health  had  not  been  impaired 
by  the  hardships  and  privations  endured. 

Turning  his  attention  once  more  to  the  arts 
of  peace,  he  resumed  operations  at  his  trade, 
and  in  1867  went  to  Evansville,  Indiana,  where 
he  was  engaged  in  that  line  until  1873,  when 
he  determined  to  locate  in  the  West.  He  ac- 
cordingly came  to  Colorado,  locating  at  Ani- 
mas,  where  he  engaged  in  the  grocery  busi- 
ness. He  was  one  of  the  founders  of  the  town 
of  West  Las  Animas.  After  conducting  a  suc- 
cessful business  for  some  time  he  disposed  of 
his  interests  and  entered  the  employ  of  Julius 
Graaf,  with  whom  he  remained  for  four  years, 
after  which  he  removed  to  Lake  City,  Colorado, 
and  was  there  engaged  in  business  for  eighteen 
months.  In  1879  Mr.  Pace  made  his  advent 
in  New  Mexico,  opening  a  modest  mercantile 
establishment  in  the  small  room  of  the  only 
house  at  Willow  Spring  ranch.  There  he  re- 
mained for  six  months  and  then  removed  to  the 


thriving  town  of  Otero,  where  he  conducted 
business  for  eighteen  months,  after  which  he 
came  to  Raton.  He  began  business  in  a  little 
frame  building  which  he  moved  here  from 
Otero,  and  in  these  modest  quarters  conducted 
a  very  successful  business  for  a  year,  securing 
nearly  the  entire  grocery  trade  of  the  town. 

Finally  better  accommodations  were  de- 
manded, and  he  erected  the  building  at  present 
occupied,  the  same  being  27x130  feet  in  di- 
mensions. He  here  carries  a  large  and  com- 
prehensive stock  of  staple  and  fancy  groceries 
and  provisions,  and  conducts  the  leading  gro- 
cery business  of  this  section  of  the  Territory, 
having  in  his  long  business  career  here  gained 
a  reputation  for  absolute  reliability;  careful 
methods  and  much  discrimination — -holding 
the  confidence  of  all. 

Mr.  Pace  is  one  of  the  most  progressive  and 
public-spirited  citizens  of  Raton,  and  has  ever 
maintained  a  lively  interest  in  her  development 
and  upbuilding,  having  contributed  liberally  to 
all  enterprises  which  have  tended  to  conserve 
a  substantial  prosperity.  In  his  political  pro- 
clivities a  stanch  Republican,  he  has  been  call- 
ed upon  to  serve  in  important  positions  of  public 
trust  and  responsibility.  He  was  for  two  terms 
the  efficient  incumbent  as  County  Commis- 
sioner, holding  this  office  at  the  time  when  the 
county  erected  its  fine  court  house,  and  lend- 
ing his  influence  and  aid  in  securing  the  greatly 
needed  improvement. 

In  his  fraternal  relations  Mr.  Pace  is  promi- 
nently identified  with  the  Masonic  order,  the 
Knights  of  Pythias  and  the  Grand  Army  of  the 
Republic,  in  the  last  mentioned  of  which  he 
holds  distinctive  preferment  as  Assistant  Quar- 
termaster General  of  the  Department  of  New 
Mexico. 

On  the  1 7th  of  November,  1890,  our  sub- 
ject was  united  in  marriage  to  Mrs.  L.  R. 
Thomas,  ncc  Ray.  She  is  the  mother  of  two 
children  by  her  first  marriage — J.  Ray  and 
Alice.  Mrs.  Pace  is  a  devoted  member  of  the 
Methodist  Episcopal  Church  of  Raton,  and  is 
a  woman  of  much  refinement,  presiding  with 
dignity  and  grace  over  the  attractive  home. 


HIS  TORT  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


HNGUS  A.  GRANT.— The  sturdy  char- 
acteristics of  the  Scotch  type  are  rec- 
ognized far  and  wide,  and  the  influence 
of  this  element  in  the  development  of 
our  composite  nation  has  been  one  of  marked 
potency  and  one  that  has  largely  conserved  ad- 
vancement along  safe   and  conservative   lines. 
The  subject  of  this  brief  review  is  a  man  who 
has  been  conspicuously  identified  with  the  de- 
velopment  and  substantial   upbuilding  of  the 
flourishing  city  of  Albuquerque,  and  it  is  clearly 
consistent    that    particular   recognition   be  ac- 
corded him  in  this  volume,   which   has  to   do 
with  the  representative  citizens   of  the  Terri- 
tory of  New  Mexico. 

Mr.  Grant  is  a  native  of  the  Province  of 
Ontario,  Canada,  the  date  of  his  birth  having 
been  October  4,  1843.  His  lineage  traces 
back  to  Highland  Scotch  ancestry,  the  family 
having  had  representation  in  the  American 
colonies  long  prior  to  the  war  of  the  Revolu- 
tion, in  which  struggle  they  maintained  alle- 
giance to  the  mother  government.  When  the 
war  was  instituted  they  removed  to  Canada, 
where  the  king  gave  them  lands  in  recognition 
of  their  loyalty  to  the  throne.  Archibald 
Grant,  father  of  our  subject,  was  born  in  Can- 
ada in  the  year  1806,  and  there  passed  his 
entire  life.  Attaining  mature  years,  he  was 
united  in  marriage  to  Miss  Nancy  McDonald, 
who  was  likewise  of  Scotch  extraction  and  a 
native  of  the  Province  of  Ontario.  They  be- 
came the  parents  of  nine  children,  whom  they 
trained  to  lives  of  honesty  and  usefulness.  The 
father  died  at  the  age  of  eighty-five  years,  and 
the  mother  survived  to  attain  about  the  same 
age.  They  had  been  continuously  identified 
with  agricultural  pursuits,  and  were  honest, 
industrious  people,  highly  esteemed  in  the 
community  where  so  many  years  of  their  lives 
had  been  passed. 

Angus  A.  Grant,  the  immediate  subject  of 
this  review,  received  his  educational  discipline 
in  the  public  schools,  after  which  he  devoted 
himself  assiduously  to  learning  the  carpenter's 
trade.  In  1866  he  came  into  the  West  and 
worked  at  bridge  building  on  the  line  of  the 


Kansas  Pacific  Railway,  operating  at  various 
points  between  Leavenworth  and  Lawrence. 
Three  years*later  than  the  date  mentioned  he 
was  for  a  time  engaged  in  mining  in  Virginia 
City,  Nevada,  and  also  worked  at  bridge  build- 
ing for  the  Denver  &  Rio  Grande  Railroad 
Company.  In  1870  he  was  in  California, 
where  he  was  variously  interested  in  mining 
and  in  contracting  for  the  railroads.  During 
the  year  1878  he  was  in  the  employ  of  the 
Atchison,  Topeka  &  La  Junta  Railway,  and 
continued  in  this  connection  until  the  road 
reached  San  Diego,  in  1880,  when  he  came  to 
Albuquerque,  where  he  made  very  consider- 
able real-estate  investments  and  became  inti- 
mately concerned  in  the  development  and 
upbuilding  of  the  city.  In  1883  he  erected  the 
fine  business  block  which  bears  his  name,  the 
same  being  75  x  125  feet  in  dimensions.  This 
was  the  first  modern  business  structure  in  the 
city,  and  proved  an  important  factor  in  initiat- 
ing the  period  of  Albuquerque's  permanent 
growth  and  substantial  improvement,  showing 
as  it  did  the  confidence  which  Mr.  Grant  had 
in  the  future  of  the  city,  and  thus  incidentally 
begetting  a  spirit  of  general  confidence  in  those 
who  had  linked  their  fortunes  with  the  incip- 
ient town.  This  fine  block  still  stands, 
is  a  landmark  for  a  long  time  to  come,  is  a 
paying  property  and  a  fitting  monument  to  its 
owner's  faith  in  the  city. 

This  noteworthy  improvement,  however, 
fell  far  short  of  satisfying  our  subject's  zeal  in 
the  advancement  of  the  interests  of  the  place, 
for  we  find  that  within  the  same  year  he 
brought  about  the  establishment  of  the  electric- 
lighting  system,  and  somewhat  later  effected 
the  organization  of  the  company  which  has 
supplied  that  most  essential  equipment, — a 
water-works  system.  He  is  still  the  principal 
owner  of  both  these  systems,  as  is  he  also  of 
the  city's  excellent  gas  plant.  In  1890  he  brought 
about  the  organization  of  the  company  which 
established  the  extensive  ice  factory  here,  the 
same  having  a  capacity  for  the  production  of 
thirty-five  tons  of  ice  per  diem.  Thus  will  it 
be  seen  that  Mr.  Grant  has  been  one  of  the 


410 


HISTORY  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


foremost  promoters  of  Albuquerque's  interests, 
a  leading  spirit  in  everything  tending  to 
advance  her  material  welfare,  an8  one  whose 
efforts  and  services  must  ever  be  held  in  high- 
est appreciation,  not  only  by  those  who  are 
her  citizens  to-day,  but  also  by  generations  to 
come.  He  is  largely  interested  in  both  city 
and  county  real  estate  and  also  in  the  stock- 
raising  industry  of  the  Territory,  and  in  all  his 
business  ventures,  so  ably  directed,  he  has  met 
with  marked  and  richly  merited  success. 

In  1880  Mr.  Grant  was  united  in  marriage 
to  Miss  Joanna  McMillan,  a  native  of  Canada, 
and  they  became  the  parents  of  two  children, 
but  after  only  three  years  of  married  life,  the 
loved  and  devoted  wife  and  mother  was  called 
into  eternal  rest.  One  of  the  children,  Daniel 
Garfield  Grant,  survives  and  is  now  (1895) 
fourteen  years  of  age.  Mr.  Grant  has  remained 
faithful  to  the  memory  of  his  loved  companion 
and  has  never  consummated  a  second  marriage. 

In  his  political  adherency  our  subject  is  a 
stalwart  Republican,  his  views  in  this  line,  as  in 
all  others,  being  thoroughly  well  enforced,  so 
that  he  is  ever  ready  to  give  a  reason  for  the  faith 
that  is  within  him.  He  is  a  man  of  keen  intel- 
lectual grasp,  liberal  in  his  judgment  of  men, 
conscientious  and  honorable  in  all  the  affairs  of 
life,  and  imbued  with  a  genuine  public  spirit. 
He  has  wide  capitalistic  interests  aside  from 
those  already  noted,  and,  in  company  with  his 
brothers,  is  engaged  in  railroad  building  in 
California.  Associated  with  others  he  has  a 
large  tract  of  land  near  the  flourishing  city  of 
Oakland,  that  State,  and  they  are  now  con- 
structing a  line  of  railroad  to  touch  this  point. 
The  land  will  all  be  platted,  subdivided  and 
thoroughly  improved,  making  it  a  most  eligible 
and  valuable  residence  locality.  • 

Mr.  Grant  passes  a  goodly  portion  of  his 
time  in  California  and  the  remainder  in  Albu- 
querque, which  he  ever  considers  his  home. 
Here  he  has  a  spacious  and  elegantly  appointed 
suite  of  rooms,  fitted  for  his  use,  and  here  he 
dispenses  genial  hospitality  to  his  many  staunch 
friends  among  the  business  men  of  the  city. 
Hfs  name  will  be  held  in  highest  honor  in 


Albuquerque  for  all  time  to  come,  and  the 
results  of  his  labors  and  influence  will  ever  be 
appreciated  by  those  who  have  so  richly 
profited  thereby. 


<V°VETER  P.  FANNING,  a  man  to  whom 
1      m    has  come  a  full  measure  of  success  in 
life  as  resultant  upon  his  own  efforts, 
who  has  become  conspicuously  identi- 
fied with  the  interests  of  the  Territory  of  New 
Mexico,  and  who  is  recognized   as  one  of  the 
representative  business  men  of  the  thriving  lit- 
tle city  of  Raton,  over  which  he  is   at  present 
presiding  in  the  important   office   of   Mayor,  it 
is  most  incumbent  that  particular  attention  be 
here  accorded  to  the  gentleman   whose   name 
initiates  this  review. 

Mr.  Fanning  is  a  native  of  Merrickville, 
Ontario,  Canada,  where  he  was  born  on  the 
loth  of  January,  1846,  the  son  of  William  and 
Bridget  (Kennedy)  Fanning,  both  of  whom 
were  born  in  the  south  of  Ireland,  descending 
from  stanch  old  Irish  stock.  Soon  after  their 
marriage  they  emigrated  to  Canada,  and  set- 
tled at  Merrickville,  where  the  father  of  our 
subject  engaged  actively  at  work  at  his  trade 
— that  of  ship-carpenter.  He  died  in  1855, 
and  his  widow  still  survives,  having  now  (1895) 
attained  the  venerable  age  of  seventy-seven 
years.  They  became  the  parents  of  five  chil- 
dren, all  of  whom  were  born  at  Merrickville, 
and  one  of  whom  still  abides  there. 

Peter  P.  Fanning,  the  immediate  subject 
of  this  review,  was  the  second  child  in  the  or- 
der of  birth,  and  his  educational  discipline  was 
secured  in  the  public  schools  of  his  native  town. 
When  but  a  lad  of  fourteen  years  he  began  an 
apprenticeship  in  the  tailor's  trade,  at  which 
he  was  employed  in  Canada  for  a  period  of 
three  years.  He  then  removed  to  Rochester, 
New  York,  where  he  was  engaged  for  a  year, 
after  which,  in  the  winter  of  1864-5,  ne 
worked  at  Little  York,  Pennsylvania.  Return- 
ing thence  to  Rochester  he  there  remained  un- 
til the  fall  of  1866,  when  he  determined  to  go 
farther  to  the  West,  and  accordingly  removed 


H1STORT  OF  NE  W  MEXICO. 


411 


to  Grand  Rapids,  Michigan,  where  he  was  en- 
gaged in  tailoring  until  1870,  when  he  removed 
to  Lowell,  the  same  State,  and  thence  to  Ionia, 
where  he  was  engaged  in  business  until  1882, 
being  associated  with  D.  L.  Irish  &  Son,  un- 
der the  firm  name  of  Irish  &  Fanning. 

The  year  1882  marked  the  advent  of  Mr. 
Fanning  in  Raton,  New  Mexico,  with  whose 
business  interests  he  has  since  been  most  con- 
spicuously identified,  having  secured  a  repre- 
sentative patronage,  and  his  establishment  be- 
ing recognized  as  the  leading  sartorial  emporium 
of  the  town.  He  has  taken  a  lively  interest  in 
the  welfare  of  the  city  of  his  choice  and  within 
the  first  year  of  his  residence  here  he  erected 
an  attractive  residence  and  also  the  building 
which  has  since  been  maintained  as  his  business 
headquarters.  He  has  been  influential  in  for- 
warding the  development  of  the  town  in 
many  ways,  and  the  esteem  in  which  he  is  held 
in  the  community  is  shown  in  the  fact  that  in 
the  spring  of  1895  he  was  elected  to  the  posi- 
tion as  chief  executive  of  the  municipality,  his 
candidacy  having  been  entirely  unsought  by 
him,  and  his  election  having  been  readily  se- 
cured without  personal  effort.  His  adminis- 
tration of  the  affairs  of  the  city  has  been  such 
as  to  justify  the  confidence  reposed,  and  in 
many  ways  has  public  advancement  and  im- 
provement been  conserved. 

A  man  of  strong  intellectual  grasp  and  in- 
dependent character,  our  subject  has  his  views 
and  opinions  well  fortified,  and  is  thoroughly  in 
touch  with  the  affairs  of  the  day.  For  many 
years  he  has  been  identified  with  the  Demo- 
cratic party,  but  he  has  never  merged  his  indi- 
viduality in  a^y  limitation  set  by  an  organiza- 
tion. Since  1873  he  has  been  a  stanch  advo- 
cate of  the  free-trade  policy,  and  he  is  now 
strongly  in  line  in  support  of  the  single-tax 
issue. 

In  1877  was  consummated  the  marriage  of 
Mr.  Fanning  to  Miss  Hannah  M.  Brooks,  a 
native  of  Michigan  and  a  daughter  of  Curtis 
Brooks,  of  that  State.  They  are  the  parents  of 
three  children:  Marion  M.,  Blanche  M.  and 
Lillian  M.  In  his  fraternal  relations  our  sub- 


ject is  prominently  identified  with  the  Masonic 
order,  into  whose  mysteries  he  was  initiated  in 
1871.  He  is  one  of  the  charter  members  of 
Aztec  Commandery,  No.  5,  Knight  Templars, 
and  has  been  identified  with  the  Knights  of 
Pythias  since  1873.  In  his  religious  views  he 
is  a  zealous  and  active  member  of  the  Meth- 
odist Episcopal  Church,  and  the  family  are  held 
in  the  highest  esteem  and  regard  in  the  com- 
munity. 


eDWARD  J.  GIBSON,  who  is  occupy- 
ing the  responsible  position  of  chief 
dispatcher  of  trains  for  the  Santa  Fe 
Railroad  Company  for  Raton,  New 
Mexico,  was  born  in  Indiana  on  the  9th  of 
February,  1863,  and  is  of  English  and  Scotch 
ancestry.  His  parents,  John  and  Mary  (Sod- 
erel)  Gibson,  were  both  natives  of  England 
and  came  to  America  in  1842,  locating  first  in 
New  Orleans.  The  father  was  a  sailor,  and 
after  spending  some  time  in  the  Crescent  City 
removed  to  Ohio,  where  he  became  the  owner 
of  a  canal  boat.  Subsequently  he  removed  to 
Cincinnati,  to  Indiana,  and  later  to  Missouri. 
He  was  a  loyal  citizen  of  his  adopted  land,  and 
served  in  the  Mexican  war,  and  for  three  years 
was  numbered  among  the  defenders  of  the 
Union  during  the  war  of  the  Rebellion.  When 
peace  was  restored  he  located  in  La  Plata, 
Missouri,  where  he  spent  his  remaining  days, 
passing  away  in  January,  1881,  at  the  age  of 
fifty-eight  years.  His  wife  still  survives  him 
and  is  living  at  the  old  home  in  La  Plata,  at 
the  age  of  seventy-six.  In  their  family  were 
six  children,  of  whom  three  are  still  living. 

The  gentleman  whose  name  heads  this  re- 
view was  the  youngest  child.  He  obtained  his 
education  in  the  public  schools  of  La  Plata, 
and  began  his  connection  with  railroading 
when  only  thirteen  years  of  age.  He  became 
night  operator  at  La  Plata,  and  has  since  been 
connected  with  railway  service  in  various  ca- 
pacities, and  was  in  various  places  on  the 
Wabash  system.  In  1881  he  entered  the  em- 
ploy of  the  Missouri  Pacific  Railroad  Com- 


4I2 


HISTORY  OF  NE  W  MEXICO. 


pany,  and  for  a  year  was  assistant  agent  at 
Oswego,  Kansas.  He  was  also  agent  at  Council 
Grove,  Kansas,  and  during  the  time  passed 
there  handled  all  the  material  for  100  miles  of 
the  road.  In  1886  he  went  to  Norfolk,  Ne- 
braska, and  became  train  dispatcher  for  the 
Fremont,  Elkhorn  &  Missouri  Valley  line,  con- 
tinuing in  that  capacity  until  March,  1889. 

In  April  of  the  same  year  Mr.  Gibson  came 
to  Raton,  and  was  employed  as  dispatcher 
until  1891,  when  he  was  promoted  to  his  pres- 
ent position  of  chief  dispatcher  of  trains.  In 
1893  the  company  transferred  him  to  Las 
Vegas,  where  he  was  located  at  the  time  of 
the  great  strike  of  1894.  He  was  eminently 
useful  to  the  company  in  that  very  exciting 
time  in  breaking  the  blockade  and  in  running 
trains  through.  He  was  then  returned  to 
Raton,  which  is  a  more  responsible  position, 
the  company  thus  giving  evidence  of  their  rec- 
ognition of  his  marked  ability  to  handle  the 
heavy  business  of  the  road  at  this  point.  The 
trains  going  over  the  mountains  here  require 
two  and  sometimes  three  engines.  Through- 
out his  business  career  Mr.  Gibson  has  been 
connected  with  the  railroad  service,  and  his 
long  experience,  careful  attention  and  fidelity 
to  duty  are  subjects  of  favorable  comment,  and 
have  enabled  him  to  fill  successfully  the  im- 
portant position  he  now  occupies. 

In  politics  Mr.  Gibson  has  been  a  life-long 
Democrat,  and  while  residing  at  Council 
Grove,  Kansas,  was  elected  and  served  as  a 
member  of  its  City  Council.  In  1895  he  was 
selected  by  the  citizens  of  his  ward  in  Raton 
to  represent  their  interests  in  the  City  Council 
here,  and  the  influence  of  this  wide-awake, 
progressive  man  has  been  felt  for  good  in  be- 
half of  the  city.  He  is  devoted  to  all  that  is 
calculated  to  advance  the  general  welfare,  and 
may  well  be  numbered  among  the  valued  resi- 
dents of  the  community. 

In  December,  1880,  was  celebrated  the 
marriage  of  Mr.  Gibson  and  Miss  Sarah  Ward, 
of  Keytesville,  Missouri,  and  their  union  has 
been  blessed  with  four  children,  a  son  and 
three  daughters,  namely:  John  W. ,  Cecelia 


Geraldine,  Edna  Irene  and  Helen  Marie.  Mr. 
Gibson  is  a  valued  member  of  the  Masonic 
fraternity,  in  which  he  has  taken  the  Knight 
Templar  degree,  and  is  regarded  as  a  man  of 
sterling  worth. 


EUBEN  PIKE  LETTON,  deceased, 
was  a  respected  and  honored  pioneer 
of  Raton,  New  Mexico,  whose  name 
is  inseparably  connected  with  the 
history  of  this  locality,  and  who  was  for  many 
years  an  important  factor  in  its  development 
and  progress.  He  was  born  in  Rockville,  Mary- 
land, twelve  miles  from  the  city  of  Washing- 
ton, in  the  year  1818,  and  when  a  young  man 
removed  to  Missouri,  where  he  was  united  in 
marriage  to  Miss  Pamelia  Kavanaugh,  a  native 
of  that  State.  They  continued  to  reside  in 
Missouri  for  some  years,  and  the  husband  be- 
came a  prominent  stock-grower  and  farmer. 

When  the  war  with  Mexico  was  declared 
Mr.  Letton  enlisted  in  the  service  under  Cap- 
tain Walton  and  Major  Donavan,  and  while 
on  the  way  to  the  seat  of  war  passed  through 
New  Mexico,  stopping  for  a  short  time  in  Santa 
Fe.  He  served  throughout  the  struggle  and 
was  mustered  out  at  New  Orleans.  It  was 
not  long  afterward  that  gold  was  discovered  in 
California,  and  in  1849,  by  way  of  the  isthmus 
of  Panama,  he  went  to  the  Pacific  coast  and 
"took  out"  considerable  gold,  with  which  he 
returned  to  his  home  in  Missouri.  He  then 
purchased  a  "  band  "  of  cattle,  which  he  drove 
across  the  plains  to  California,  and  on  this  in- 
vestment realized  a  handsome  profit.  He  then 
started  by  water  on  the  return  trip  to  his  old 
home,  stopping  on  the  way  to  visit  the  scenes 
of  his  childhood  and  the  friends  of  his  youth  in 
Maryland.  From  there  he  went  to  his  Mis- 
souri farm  where  he  remained  until  1858,  when 
he  became  engaged  in  freighting  to  Salt  Lake 
City,  building  up  a  very  large  business,  which 
required  a  train  of  sixty  wagons  with  six  yoke 
of  oxen  to  every  wagon.  He  was  a  Southern 
man  by  birth,  training  and  principle,  but  when 
the  Civil  war  broke  out  he  refused  to  march 


HISTORY  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


against  the  old  flag  under  which  he  had  once 
fought  and  remained  neutral  throughout  that 
great  struggle.  He  was  in  the  South  a  part  of 
the  time,  dealing  in  horses,  mules  and  other 
stock,  and  took  in  large  sums  of  money;  but  it 
was  Confederate  currency  and  therefore  proved 
worthless;  so  he  papered  one  of  his  rooms  with 
different  denominations  of  bills. 

After  the  war,  Mr.  Letton  returned  to  his 
farm  in  Missouri,  where  he  remained  until 
1875,  when  on  account  of  his  wife's  health,  he 
brought  his  family  to  New  Mexico.  Mr.  and 
Mrs.  Letton  had  five  sons  and  a  daughter, 
namely:  A.  K. ;  B.  S. ;  William,  who  died  in 
Los  Angeles,  California,  in  1894;  Reuben  D. ; 
Finas  D. ;  Jefferson  D.  and  Mary,  who  is  now 
the  wife  of  Charles  Sinnack,  a  hardware  mer- 
chant of  Raton. 

On  coming  to  New  Mexico,  Mr.  Letton 
first  located  in  Otero,  where  he  embarked  in 
the  stock  business,  meeting  with  good  success. 
In  1879,  when  the  railroad  was  built,  he  re- 
moved to  Raton  aud  erected  the  first  residence 
in  the  town,  located  at  the  southwest  corner 
of  Third  street  and  Sanders  avenue,  where  he 
made  his  home  up  to  the  time  of  his  death, 
which  occurred  in  January,  1895.  He  has 
taken  a  prominent  part  in  all  public  affairs  per- 
taining to  the  general  welfare  and  was  deeply 
interested  in  everything  calculated  to  build  up 
the  city.  His  wife  regained  her  health  in  the 
invigorating  climate  of  New  Mexico  and  still 
survives  him. 

A.  K.  Letton,  to  whom  we  are  indebted  for 
the  record  of  the  family,  is  the  eldest  child  of 
the  family.  He  was  educated  in  the  Masonic 
College  of  Lexington,  Missouri,  and  when  he 
had  arrived  at  a  sufficient  age  became  con- 
nected with  his  father  in  most  of  his  business 
enterprises.  He  served  as  one  of  his  father's 
teamsters  in  1858,  when  only  sixteen  years  of 
age,  and  at  that  time  saw  much  of  frontier 
life.  In  1 86 1  he  enlisted  in  the  Confederate 
army  and  took  part  in  the  battles  of  Carthage, 
Wilson  creek  and  Pea  Ridge.  In  1 862  he  came 
to  New  Mexico,  where  he  engaged  in  freighting, 
and  on  hearing  of  the  discovery  of  gold  in  Mon- 


tana he  went  to  that  country,  re-engaging  in 
mining  at  Alder  Gulch,  and  built  the  first  log 
house  in  Helena  for  General  Dorris,  which  he 
used  as  a  store.  He  remained  in  Montana 
until  1865  and  became  familiar  with  the  experi- 
ences and  the  excitement  in  the  mining  towns 
of  that  Territory.  He  also  saw  some  of  the 
nefarious  "  road  agents"  hanged. 

In  1865  Mr.  Letton  returned  to  his  native 
State  and  was  engaged  in  the  stock  business, 
buying,  selling  and  driving  stock  from  Texas 
to  Missouri.  In  1875  he  removed  to  San  Jose, 
California,  where  he  made  his  home  for  ten 
years,  being  engaged  in  the  livery  and  other 
kinds  of  business.  It  was  during  that  time 
that  he  wag  united  in  marriage  in  1877  with 
Miss  Bettie  Lauderdaile,  a  native  of  Missouri. 
In  1885  he  arrived  in  Raton,  which  has  since 
been  his  place  of  residence,  and  the  city  num- 
bers him  among  its  most  active  and  enterprising 
business  men.  He  was  first  engaged  in  the 
butchering  business,  and  then  opened  a  livery 
stable,  having  also  dealt  in  stock  and  carried 
on  other  enterprises.  He  has  owned  as  high 
as  i,  500  head  of  cattle  at  one  time. 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Letton  have  two  children, 
Anna  and  Pearl,  and  in  Raton  he  has  erected 
a  good  residence,  which  is  now  his  place  of 
abode.  Socially  he  is  connected  with  the 
Knights  of  Pythias  fraternity  and  the  Ancient 
Order  of  United  Workmen,  and  in  his  political 
views  is  a  Democrat,  but  has  no  desire  for 
office.  His  straightforward,  honorable  dealing, 
his  good  management  and  his  well  directed 
efforts  have  made  him  a  successful  business 
man,  and  to-day  he  is  the  possessor  of  a  hand- 
some competence,  acquired  through  his  own 
efforts. 


>-j*OHN  J.  MURPHY,  a  city    Trustee    of 
J      Raton,  and  one  of  her  prosperous  busi- 
/•  1      ness  men,  is  a  native  of  St.  Louis,  Mis- 
souri, where  his  birth  occurred  on  the 
19th  of    March,    1858.      His    father,   John   J. 
Murphy,  was  a  native  of  the  Emerald  Isle,  and 
during  his   boyhood  left  that   country   for  the 


4'4 


HIS  TORT  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


United  States,  locating  in  St.  Louis.  After  he 
had  arrived  at  years  of  maturity  he  married 
Miss  Bridget  Carmady,  and  for  some  time  re- 
sided in  St.  Louis,  whence  he  afterward  re- 
moved to  the  State  of  Illinois.  During  the 
greater  part  of  his  life  he  was  connected  with 
the  butchering  business,  and  for  a  number  of 
years  was  foreman  of  a  large  packing  house 
in  St.  Louis.  His  death  occurred  in  Illinois, 
when  the  subject  of  this  sketch  was  a  small 
child,  and  his  wife  survived  him  only  six 
months.  They  were  faithful  and  devout  mem- 
bers of  the  Catholic  Church,  and  their  many  ex- 
cellencies of  character  won  them  the  respect  of 
all  with  whom  they  came  in  contact. 

John  J.  Murphy,  was  the  third  oj  their  fam- 
ily of  five  children,  of  whom  four  are  yet  living. 
At  an  early  age  he  was  left  an  orphan  and 
grew  to  manhood  without  the  shielding  care 
and  influences  that  are  usually  received  in  the 
parental  home.  He  acquired  his  education  in 
Illinois  and  when  quite  young  displayed  a 
strong  taste  for  music.  Later  he  became  a 
member  of  the  Twenty-Third  Regiment  Band, 
and  continued  with  that  command  from  1881 
until  1886,  in  New  Mexico.  While  in  the 
army  he  learned  the  barber's  trade,  and  in 
1886  established  a  shop  in  Raton,  where  he 
has  met  with  very  satisfactory  success,  having 
become -the  leader  in  his  line  of  business  in  the 
city.  He  is  a  straightforward,  honorable  busi- 
ness man,  wide-awake  and  progressive,  and  has 
gained  for  himself  many  friends  during  his  nine 
years'  residence  in  this  place. 

The  political  support  of  Mr.  Murphy  is 
given  to  the  men  and  measures  of  the  Demo- 
cracy. In  1893  he  was  nominated  and  elected 
one  of  the  Trustees  of  the  county,  and  then 
declined  to  run  for  a  second  term;  but  in  1895 
was  again  elected  to  that  position,  for  his  fidel- 
ity to  duty  had  made  his  fellow  citizens  desir- 
ous of  again  securing  his  services  in  that 
capacity.  He  has  also  been  a  member  of  the 
grand  jury  of  the  county.  Socially,  he  is  con- 
nected with  the  Independent  Order  of  Odd 
Fellows,  the  Knights  of  Pythias,  and  the  band 
of  the  First  Regiment  of  Uniformed  Knights 


of  Colorado.  His  instrument  is  the  clarinet, 
and  he  has  acquired  the  reputation  of  being  an 
expert  performer.  He  is  a  great  lover  of  music, 
a  taste  which  he  has  strongly  manifested  since 
his  early  boyhood. 

In  May,  1886,  was  celebrated  the  marriage 
which  united  the  destinies  of  Mr.  Murphy  and 
Miss  Lucy  Pollard,  a  native  of  Liverpool,  Eng- 
land. The  have  three  children — Frank  J., 
John  and  Lucy — all  living  with  their  parents 
in  their  pleasant  home  in  Raton.  During  his 
ten  years'  residence  in  this  place,  Mr.  Murphy 
has  made  a  good  record  as  a  citizen  of  the 
highest  reliability  and  is  ever  ready  to  aid  any 
enterprise  that  has  for  its  object  the  upbuilding 
of  the  town  of  his  adoption. 


^r'j'OHN  JELFS  is  numbered    among  the 
•      early    settlers    of    Raton,    having  wit- 

(•  1  nessed  almost  the  entire  development 
of  this  place,  while  in  the  work  of 
progress  and  upbuilding  he  has  been  an  impor- 
tant factor.  He  is  now  foreman  of  the  railroad 
car  shops,  and  the  duties  of  his  responsible 
position  he  discharges  with  promptness  and 
fidelity.  The  record  of  his  well  spent  life  is  as 
follows: 

He  was  born  at  Hatfield,  near  the  city  of 
London,  England,  on  the  8th  of  August,  1836, 
and  descended  from  old  English  ancestry.  The 
public  schools  afforded  him  his  eductional 
privileges,  after  which  he  learned  the  carpen- 
ter's trade,  mastering  the  business  in  all  its 
details  and  becoming  a  very  proficient  work- 
man. Ere  leaving  his  native  land,  Mr.  Jelfs 
was  married  in  1858,  to  Miss  Sarah  Bunyan, 
who  was  born  in  the  town  of  Welwyn,  twenty 
miles  distant  from  London,  a  relative  of  the 
family  to  which  belonged  the  noted  author  of 
Pilgrim's  Progress.  Seven  children  were  born 
to  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Jelfs  in  England,  namely: 
Annie,  wife  of  Frank  Henning  and  a  resident 
of  Chihuahua,  Mexico;  Harry  and  Alfred,  who 
are  residents  of  Galveston,  Texas,  and  Alice, 
now  a  young  lady  residing  with  her  parents; 
three  died  in  England. 


HIS  TORT  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


4'5 


In  1872  Mr.  Jelfs,  accompanied  by  his  fam- 
ily, took  passage  on  the  steamship  Erin  for 
America,  and  was  seventeen  days  upon  the 
water.  At  length  he  landed  in  New  York  city 
and  made  his  way  across  the  country,  taking 
up  his  residence  in  Marshalltown,  Iowa,  where 
he  accepted  the  position  of  foreman  of  the  car 
shops  of  the  Iowa  Central  Railroad.  After 
serving  acceptably  in  that  capacity  for  eight 
years  he  went,  in  April,  1880,  to  Cerrillos, 
New  Mexico,  with  the  hope  of  making  a  for- 
tune in  the  quartz  mines  of  that  locality.  He 
followed  that  pursuit  for  two  months,  but  not 
meeting  with  the  expected  success  he  accepted 
the  position  of  foreman  of  the  car  shops  of  the 
Santa  Fe  Railroad  Company  at  Raton.  He 
has  since  satisfactorily  served  in  that  capacity, 
and  his  marked  fidelity  to  duty  has  won  him 
the  confidence  of  his  employers,  while  his  con- 
siderate bearing  toward  those  under  his  charge 
has  gained  him  their  sincere  respect. 

In  October,  1880,  Mr.  Jelfs  was  joined  by 
his  family  and  for  seven  months  they  resided  in 
a  box  car  while  their  commodious  and  pleasant 
residence  was  being  erected.  It  is  located  on 
the  southwest  corner  of  Third  street  and  Par- 
sons avenue,  and  is  the  abode  of  hospitality 
and  good  cheer.  Mr.  Jelfs  has  led  a  busy  and 
useful  life,  making  money  steadily  as  the  result 
of  honest  labor,  and  to-day  he  has  besides  his 
home  and  business  much  valuable  real  estate 
in  Raton,  being  now  the  owner  of  a  number  of 
residences  and  other  city  property.  In  poli- 
tics, Mr.  Jelfs  is  a  Republican.  His  support 
was  given  to  that  party  after  careful  consider- 
ation of  the  political  questions  and  issues  of 
this  country.  He  does  his  own  thinking,  and 
sound  judgment  and  clear  conceptions  are 
manifest  in  the  conclusions  at  which  he  ar- 
rives. He  has  served  for  several  terms  as  a 
member  of  the  Board  of  Trustees  of  Raton, 
and  has  frequently  been  solicited  to  become 
the  candidate  for  other  offices.  In  1895  he 
was  the  Republican  candidate  for  the  city's 
Mayor,  and  failed  of  election  by  only  a  few 
votes.  He  has  also  taken  an  active  and  com- 
mendable interest  in  the  educational  affairs  of 


the  town,  and  for  two  terms  served  as  a  mem- 
ber of  the  School  Board.  He  helped  to  or- 
ganize the  building  and  loan  association  and 
has  served  as  its  president  from  the  beginning. 
The  organization  has  loaned  $24,000  for  the 
erection  of  buildings  in  this  city,  and  in  this 
way  has  done  much  for  the  improvement  of 
the  place.  Socially,  Mr.  Jelfs  is  an  honored 
member  of  the  Odd  Fellows  society,  and  has 
filled  all  the  offices  in  the  local  lodge.  He  and 
his  family  are  widely  and  favorably  known  in 
this  locality  and  are  held  in  the  highest  regard 
by  a  large  circle  of  warm  friends. 


BRED    BORN,   the    leading    furniture 
merchant    of  Raton,   began    business 
in  this  place  in  1873,  and  to-day  is  at 
the  head  of  a  fine  furniture  establish- 
ment, complete  in  all  its  appointments,while  from 
the  public  he  receives  a  liberal  and  constantly 
increasing  patronage.      Being  widely  and  favor- 
ably known  in  Raton  and  throughout  the  sur- 
rounding   country,    we    feel    assured    that  the 
record  of  his  life  will  prove  of  interest  to  many 
of  our  readers  and  gladly  give  it  a  place  in  this 
volume. 

Mr.  Born  is  a  native  of  Bavaria,  his  birth 
having  occurred  there  on  the  I3th  of  March, 
1849.  He  was  educated  in  his  native  country 
and  learned  there  the  blacksmith's  trade,  after 
which  he  determined  to  try  his  fortune  in 
America,  and  in  1867  crossed  the  Atlantic. 
For  a  time  he  followed  blacksmithing  in  Pana, 
Illinois,  after  which  he  came  to  the  South,  lo- 
cating in  Texas,  where  he  was  engaged  in  ho- 
tel-keeping and  also  in  dealing  in  ice  for  some 
time.  For  two  seasons,  in  partnership  with 
Charles  Hawes,  he  hunted  buffalo  on  the  plains 
of  Texas,  killing  5,000  of  those  animals  in  two 
years!  He  had  a  camping  outfit  and  took  with 
him  five  men  to  prepare  the  hides.  At  one 
time  his  partner,  within  two  hours  and  a  half, 
killed  1 25  buffalo.  The  business  did  not  prove 
very  profitable  from  a  financial  standpoint,  but 
as  the  Territory  was  freed  of  these  animals  the 
bands  of  marauding  Indians  that  roamed  over 


4i6 


HISTORT  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


the  country  also  left  that  region.  In  1877  Mr. 
Born  came  across  the  plains  to  Anton  Chico, 
and  in  the  spring  of  that  year  camped  where 
the  city  of  Raton  now  stands.  It  was  then 
a  desolate  site,  unmarked  by  a  single  building, 
nor  was  there  a  building  of  any  kind  within 
miles.  In  makingthis  journey  he  and  his  com- 
panions had  two  teams  and  a  saddle  horse  and 
brought  with  them  large  quantities  of  jerked  buf- 
falo beef.  They  camped  at  old  Las  Vegas,  and 
there  sold  and  traded  off  much  of  their  meat. 
Mr.  Hawes  got  into  difficulty  at  this  place  with  a 
man  who  looked  like  a  lawyer,  and  who  tried  to 
make  them  pay  for  the  privilege  of  selling  the 
meat.  It  took  all  that  they  had  made  to  pro- 
tect themselves  from  the  consequence  of  this 
unpleasantness. 

Mr.  Born  became  dissatisfied  with  the  con- 
dition of  affairs  and  made  arrangements  to  sell 
out  to  his  partner  as  soon  as  the  money  could 
be  raised  for  the  purpose.  Accordingly  they 
went  to  the  other  side  of  Trinidad  and  took  a 
contract  to  get  out  a  quantity  of  railroad  ties. 
This  venture  also  proved  a  failure  and  Mr. 
Born  then  went  to  Chicken  Creek,  where  he 
contracted  to  deliver  1,000  ties  to  the  railroad. 
This  plan  was  carried  out  successfully  and  they 
then  purchased  a  mowing-machine  and  went 
up  into  the  mountains  to  cut  hay,  but  before 
they  had  hauled  away  much  of  this  product 
the  snow  came  on  ;  so  they  fenced  it  and  left 
it  until  the  following  spring.  When  they  re- 
turned the  cattle  had  broken  in  and  destroyed 
the  crop.  Thus  disaster  again  overtook  Mr. 
Born  and  made  the  early  years  of  his  residence 
in  New  Mexico  a  period  of  hardship.  He  then 
sold  his  interest  in  the  mowing  outfit  for  $225, 
but  never  received  his  pay. 

About  this  time  the  town  of  Otero  was 
founded  and  Mr.  Born  opened  a  blacksmith 
shop  there  and  carried  on  business  in  that  line 
until  the  spring  of  1878,  when  he  went  to  the 
Silver  Cliff  mining  region  and  engaged  in  pros- 
pecting for  about  six  months.  In  this  venture 
he  again  suffered  losses  and  therefore  opened 
a  blacksmith  shop  at  Silver  Cliff,  where  he  was 
soon  doing  a  very  extensive  business  ;  within 


ten  months  he  cleared  $1,200.  He  then  sold 
out  and  went  to  Bonanza,  where  he  engaged 
in  prospecting  and  mining,  sinking  two  5o-feet 
shafts  and  making  a  tunnel  120  feet.  Mining, 
however,  did  not  prove  to  him  a  profitable  un- 
dertaking, and  he  went  to  Salida,  Colorado, 
where  he  worked  in  the  Calumet  iron  mine 
until  he  had  made  a  few  hundred  dollars.  He 
then  established  a  second-hand  store,  but  soon 
sold  this  out  and  in  1883  came  to  Raton,  where 
he  established  a  furniture  store  on  Clark  ave- 
nue. He  afterward  admitted  to  a  partnership 
J.  C.  Hotchkins,  and  they  did  a  prosperous  and 
constantly  growing  business.  In  1890  Mr. 
Born  bought  out  his  partner,  and  has  since 
been  sole  proprietor  of  this  well  appointed  es- 
tablishment. As  his  financial  resources  have 
increased  he  has  made  judicious  investments  in 
real-estate,  and  to-day  owns  several  valuable 
pieces  of  property  in  Raton. 

His  life  has  been  a  varied  one,  filled  with 
many  of  the  experiences  that  come  to  the  early 
settlers  upon  the  plains  of  the  Southwest.  His 
business  career  has  been  a  period  of  both  ad- 
versity and  prosperity,  but  a  well-merited  suc- 
cess is  now  attending  his  efforts.  He  has  been 
prominently  identified  with  the  upbuilding  of 
New  Mexico,  and  to-day  is  a  wide-awake  and 
progressive  citizen,  deeply  interested  in  all  that 
pertains  to  the  welfare  of  the  Territory. 

In  November,  1886,  our  subject  was  united 
in  marriage  with  Miss  Emma  Van  Wey,  a  na- 
tive of  Illinois.  Their  home  is  b'essed  by  the 
presence  of  three  children — Earl  F. ,  Mabel 
and  Hazel  C.  In  his  political  predilections, 
Mr.  Born  is  a  Republican,  and  socially  is  con- 
nected with  the  Independent  O  der  of  Odd 
Fellows. 


@EORGE  A.    BUSHNELL   has  been 
connected  with  the  histcn  y  of  Clayton 
since  the  days  of  its  earliest  develop- 
ment,   and    is    numbered    among    its 
most  enterprising  and  successful  business  men. 
He    is  devoted  to  the    public  interests  of  the 
town,  withholding  his  support  from  no  object 


HISTORT  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


4'7 


that  is  calculated  to  promote  the  general  wel- 
fare, and  all  who  know  him  esteem  him  highly 
for  his  genuine  worth. 

Mr.  Bushnell  is  a  native  of  the  Channel 
Islands,  born  on  the  1 8th  of  July,  1851,  and 
descended  from  an  old  family  of  England.  He 
acquired  his  education  in  the  world's  metropo- 
lis— London — and  learned  the  profession  of 
civil  engineer,  after  which  he  was  engaged  in 
office  work  in  connection  with  that  business 
until  1871,  when  he  came  to  New  Mexico  to 
accept  a  position  at  Cimarron,  in  the  office  of 
the  Maxwell  Land  Grant  Company.  After 
serving  in  that  capacity  for  a  number  of  years, 
he  opened  a  livery  stable  there  and  had  a  Gov- 
ernment forage  agency,  furnishing'  forage  for 
the  Government  animals  that  passed  through 
that  county  on  the  way  to  the  different  forts 
on  the  frontier.  His  next  business  venture 
was  in  stock-dealing.  He  purchased  160  acres 
of  land  of  Thomas  O.  Boggs,  and  for  a  time 
was  engaged  in  stock-raising,  in  partnership 
with  two  of  his  brothers,  carrying  on  opera- 
tions along  that  line  until  1894,  when  he  sold 
out.  He  was  also  engaged  in  merchandising 
at  Raton  from  1885  until  1889.  when  he  sold 
and  came  to  Clayton. 

The  town  was  then  in  its  infancy,  and  Mr. 
Bushnell,  in  connection  with  the  Fox  Brothers 
and  Mr.  Dorsey,  opened  the  first  store  in  the 
place.  The  business  has  since  been  carried  on, 
but  is  now  under  the  control  of  the  Clayton 
Commercial  Company.  Mr.  Bushnell  was  for 
some  time  the  manager  of  this  company,  and 
is  still  one  of  its  stockholders.  He  possesses 
excellent  business  and  executive  ability,  is  sys- 
tematic and  methodical,  and  by  carefully 
watching  every  detail  of  his  business,  and  by 
efficient  management,  he  has  acquired  a  high 
degree  of  success. 

In  the  winter  of  1884  was  celebrated  the 
marriage  of  Mr.  Bushnell  and  Miss  Minnie 
Boggs,  a  native  of  Colorado,  and  a  daughter  of 
the  noted  pioneer  and  guide,  Thomas  O.  Boggs, 
one  of  the  historical  characters  of  the  South- 
west. Mr.  and  Mrs.  Bushnell  have  three  chil- 
dren—  Charles  L. ,  born  in  Raton,  and  Thomas 

27 


G.  and  Rose  M.,  born  in  Clayton.  Their 
home  is  a  substantial  residence,  which  was 
erected  by  Mr.  Bushnell,  and  within  its  hos- 
pitable doors  good  cheer  abounds  and  a  hearty 
welcome  is  ever  extended  to  their  many  friends. 
The  political  support  of  our  subject  is  given 
to  the  Democracy,  and  since  coming  to  Clay- 
ton he  has  taken  quite  an  active  part  in  poli- 
tics. He  has  served  as  Deputy  County  Treas- 
urer since  the  organization  of  the  county,  and 
has  ever  been  devoted  to  all  that  pertains  to 
the  public  walfare  and  to  the  work  of  improve- 
ment and  progress.  He  was  interested  in  the 
original  town  site  and  has  been  president  of  the 
Town  Site  Company,  which  is  composed  of 
several  of  the  best  business  men  of  Clayton. 
They  still  have  a  large  tract  of  undeveloped 
land,  which  they  sell  at  reasonable  terms  in 
order  to  induce  settlers  to  locate  here,  thereby 
promoting  the  growth  and  prosperity  of  the 
community.  From  early  manhood  Mr.  Bush- 
nell's  career  has  been  one  that  has  gained  him 
the  highest  commendation,  and  in  all  the  rela- 
tions of  life  he  has  been  recognized  as  a  straight- 
forward, honorable  "man,  true  to  his  duties, 
to  his  friends  and  to  his  country. 


WILLIAM  M.  MCCLELLAN,  who  is 

one  of  the  well  known  and  popular 
citizens  of  Albuquerque  is  an  honored 
veteran  of  the  late  war  of  the  Rebel- 
lion, in  which  he  served  with  signal  distinction, 
and  is  a  man  who  by  his  own  efforts  has  at- 
tained a  due  measure  of  success  in  temporal 
affairs.  Among  the  representative  men  of  the 
Territory  he  well  merits  place  as  considered  in 
this  work. 

Our  subject  was  born  in  Cochranville, 
Chester  county,  Pennsylvania,  the  date  of  his 
nativity  having  been  August  14,  1839.  He 
traces  his  lineage  to  stanch  Scotch  and  Ger- 
man ancestry,  his  father,  William  McClellan, 
having-  been  a  native  of  bonny  Scotland, 
whence  he  came  to  America  when  a  boy.  He 
became  identified  with  the  agricultural  interests 
of  the  old  Keystone  State,  and  there  was 


418 


HIS  TORT  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


eventually  united  in  marriage  to  Miss  Eliza- 
beth Slyer,  who  was  a  native  of  Germany, 
accompanying  her  parents  to  America  when 
still  but  a  child.  After  their  marriage  they 
continued  their  residence  in  Pennsylvania  and 
there  reared  a  family  of  seven  children.  The 
father  died  in  1853,  at  the  age  of  fifty-two 
years,  and  the  mother  survived  to  attain  the 
venerable  age  of  seventy-nine  years.  They 
were  most  estimable  people, — honest,  indus- 
trious and  of  unswerving  integrity. 

William  M.  McClellan,  the  immediate  sub- 
ject of  this  review,  was  the  fifth  child  in  order 
of  birth.  His  educational  discipline  was  re- 
ceived in  the  common  schools,  but  in  even  this 
respect  his  privileges  were  somewhat  limited, 
since  he  was  only  seven  years  of  age  when  his 
father  died.  At  the  age  of  sixteen  the  young 
man  began  the  battle  of  life  on  his  own  respon- 
sibility, working  at  farm  labor  for  seven  dollars 
per  month.  His  was  no  easy  task,  for  he  was 
employed  from  sunrise  until  sunset  in  attend- 
ing to  those  onerous  duties  incidental  to  the 
cultivation  of  a  farm.  The  discipline  was  one 
that  developed  in  him  a  marked  physical  vigor 
and  that  sturdy  spirit  of  independence  which 
has  so  greatly  conserved  his  success  in  the 
affairs  of  life. 

Mr.  McClellan  continued  to  be  identified 
with  agricultural  pursuits  until  1861,  when  his 
loyal  spirit  was  aroused  as  the  dark  cloud  of 
war  obscured  the  national  horizon,  and  he 
went  forth  in  defense  of  the  Union,  respond- 
ing to  President  Lincoln's  call  for  men  to  aid  in 
suppressing  the  rebellion.  Our  subject  en- 
listed as  a  member  of  Company  A,  Sixty-sixth 
Ohio  Volunteer  Infantry.  The  first  battle  of 
importance  in  which  he  participated  was  that 
at  Winchester,  after  which  he  was  in  the  action 
at  Cross  Keys  and  later  participated  with  his 
regiment  in  the  second  battle  of  Bull  Run.  In 
this  memorable  conflict  Mr.  McClellan  was 
struck  on  the  skull  by  a  fragment  of  shell,  be- 
ing instantly  rendered  insensible.  He  was  left 
on  the  field  as  dead,  but  he  eventually  re- 
covered consciousness  and  found  himself  lying 
with  his  face  in  his  cap  and  besmeared  with 


blood.  He  finally  recovered  in  a  measure 
from  his  dazed  condition  and  mustered  strength 
to  gain  his  feet  and  make  his  way  to  the  rear, 
the  effort  being  one  that  taxed  him  to  the  ut- 
most. As  a  result  of  his  injuries  he  was  in- 
capacitated for  service  for  the  next  month,  but 
he  recovered  sufficiently  to  rejoin  his  regiment 
at  Harper's  Ferry,  after  which  he  participated 
in  a  minor  engagement  at  Dumfries  Landing 
and  was  in  the  fight  at  Fredericksburg,  where 
Stonewall  Jackson  met  his  death.  After  this 
he  was  in  active  service  in  the  great  and  de- 
cisive battle  at  Gettysburg,  subsequent  to 
which  the  regiment  was  on  the  Rapidan,  when 
it  was  sent  to  New  York  city  to  quell  the 
riots.  Returning  shortly  to  the  Rapidan  the 
regiment  was  ordered  thence  to  the  South- 
west, under  General  Sherman.  Mr.  McClellan 
was  in  the  entire  campaign  leading  up  to  and 
including  the  taking  of  Atlanta,  also  taking 
part  in  the  battles  of  Chattanooga  and  Look- 
out Mountain.  From  Atlanta  he  accompanied 
Sherman  on  the  memorable  march  to  the  sea, 
and  his  brigade  was  the  first  to  enter  Savan- 
nah, and  there  had  the  honor  of  raising  the 
stars  and  stripes  over  the  United  States  bar- 
racks. 

The  return  march  through  the  Carolinas 
was  one  of  long  and  weary  order,  in  which  the 
jaded  troops  endured  many  hardships,  cross- 
ing the  swamps  and  subsisting  on  the  meager 
supplies  which  the  country  afforded.  They 
were  compelled  to  build  many  corduroy  roads 
through  the  swamps  and  saw  much  hard 
service.  The  regiment  of  which  our  subject 
was  a  member  continued  the  march  from 
Raleigh,  North  Carolina,  over  the  battle 
grounds  of  the  Wilderness,  to  Washington, 
where  it  was  their  privilege  to  participate  in 
the  grand  review.  After  this  they  were  in 
camp  three  weeks  at  Louisville,  Kentucky, 
whence  they  were  ordered  to  Columbus,  Ohio, 
and  were  there  mustered  out.  Mr.  McClellan 
had  been  faithful  to  his  high  duty,  had  served 
valiantly  in  his  country's  behalf,  and  was  now 
enabled  to  return  to  his  home,  an  honored  and 
battle-scarred  veteran. 


HISTORY  OF  NE  W  MEXICO. 


419 


Turning  his  attention  once  more  to  the 
arts  of  peace,  our  subject  remained  for  a  year 
in  the  East,  after  which  he  went  to  Atchison, 
Kansas,  where  he  procured  a  team  and  made 
arrangements  to  transfer  a  load  of  freight  from 
that  city  to  Denver.  Finding  this  a  profitable 
venture,  he  continued  in  the  freighting  busi- 
ness for  two  years,  all  supplies  at  that  time 
having  to  be  transferred  overland  to  many  of 
the  important  points  in  the  West.  Subsequent 
to  this  Mr.  McClellan  engaged  in  contracting 
on  the  Union  Pacific  Railroad,  and  continued 
to  be  thus  employed  until  the  road  was  com- 
pleted and  he  had  witnessed  the  driving  of  the 
gold  spike.  He  next  engaged  in  contracting 
on  the  Kansas  Pacific  Railroad  and  later  on 
the  Denver  &  Rio  Grande  and  the  Atchison, 
Topeka  &  Santa  Fe.  He  next  turned  his  at- 
tention to  stock-raising  on  the  Arkansas  river, 
continuing  in  that  line  of  enterprise  for  two 
years,  after  which  he  resumed  his  former  oc- 
cupation, securing  a  contract  to  furnish  ties 
for  the  construction  of  the  Atlanta  &  Pacific 
Railroad, — supplying  300,000. 

In  the  fall  of  1881  he  disposed  of  his  in- 
terests in  this  line  and  the  following  spring 
settled  in  Albuquerque,  which  has  ever  since 
continued  to  be  his  home.  His  labors  had 
been  such  as  to  enable  him  to  determine  as  to 
the  possibilities  offered  in  the  West,  and  the 
fact  that  he  finally  determined  upon  locating  in 
Albuquerque  betokened  his  excellent  judg- 
ment and  his  prescience  of  the  magnificent  de- 
velopment which  was  to  come  to  the  city  of 
his  choice.  He  made  considerable  real-estate 
investments  here  and  for  two  years  conducted 
a  meat  market,  after  which  he  disposed  of  the 
bnsiness  and  began  dealing  quite  extensively 
in  live-stock.  Through  his  indefatigable  effort 
he  has  acquired  a  competency,  and  in  1889  he 
retired  from  active  business  pursuits. 

In  the  year  1 872  was  consummated  the  mar- 
riage of  Mr.  McClellan  and  Mrs.  Lucy  M. 
Campbell,  a  native  of  Mahoning  county,  Ohio. 
In  their  attractive  home  they  are  enabled  to 
enjoy  all  the  comforts  of  life  and  to  accord  cour- 
teous hospitality  to  their  large  circle  of  friends. 


Our  subject  has  always  rendered  active 
support  to  the  Democratic  party,  and  the  con- 
fidence and  esteem  in  which  he  is  held  in  Albu- 
querque has  been  shown  in  his  election  as  a 
member  of  the  City  Council,  in  which  he 
served  acceptably  for  two  years.  He  was  the 
first  representative  in  that  body  from  the  third 
ward,  and  aided  in  the  incorporation  of  the 
city, — in  whose  welfare  he  has  taken  a  deep 
and  abiding  interest,  contributing  in  every 
possible  way  to  its  development  and  substan- 
tial upbuilding. 


HOMAS  O.  BOGGS,  now  deceased, 
was  one  of  New  Mexico's  distinguished 
and  noted  pioneer  settlers,  who  be- 
came identified  with  the  Territory  and 
its  history  in  1845,  which  year  witnessed  his  ar- 
rival in  Taos.  This  volume  would  be  incom- 
plete without  the  record  of  his  life,  and  with 
pleasure  we  present  to  our  readers  this  sketch. 
He  was  born  at  Harmony  Mission  in  the  In- 
dian Territory  in  August,  1824,  and  was  a  son 
of  Governor  Boggs,  of  Missouri.  His  father 
was  also  a  prominent  character,  who  was  em- 
ployed by  the  Hudson  Bay  Fur  Company  and 
afterward  by  the  American  Fur  Company. 

To  that  service  our  subject  gave  a  part  of 
his  earlier  years.  He  acted  as  guide  and  scout 
with  General  John  C.  Fremont,  and  was  a 
warm  personal  friend  of  Kit  Carson.  Together 
they  went  on  many  explorations  and  expedi- 
tions through  the  Southwest.  They  traveled 
over  the  wild  plains  and  through  the  mountain- 
ous region,  where  they  were  in  constant  dan- 
ger of  death  at  the  hands  of  the  wily  Indians. 
More  exciting  than  any  fairy  tale,  more  won- 
derful than  any  story  of  fiction  is  the  true  rec- 
ord of  the  careers  of  these  worthy  pioneers, 
who  made  civilization  in  this  section  of  the 
country  possible.  When  Kit  Carson  died,  Mr. 
Boggs  reared  and  cared  for  his  family,  thus 
demonstrating  the  sincerity  of  his  friendship. 

After  trapping  and  trading  throughout  the 
entire  Western  country,  Mr.  Boggs  came  to 
Colfax  county,  New  Mexico.  He  was  an  ac- 


420 


HIS  TOR  r  OP  NEW  MEXICO. 


quaintance  and  friend  of  Mr.  Maxwell,  the 
owner  of  the  noted  Maxwell  -Land  Grant. 
Here  he  became  one  of  the  extensive  sheep- 
growers  of  the  Territory,  his  wool  product  in  a 
single  year  bringing  him  $40,000.  For  some 
years  he  also  owned  a  farm  and  resided  on  the 
Tramperos.  He  also  spent  a  portion  of  his 
later  life  at  Springer,  and  from  that  place 
came  to  Clayton,  where  his  death  occurred  in 
1894.  He  had  reached  the  traditional  age  of 
man — three-score  years  and  ten — and  his  ca- 
reer had  been  one  of  benefit  to  humanity. 

Mr.  Boggs  had  married  Miss  Ronalda  Luna, 
a  native  of  Taos,  New  Mexico,  and  a  step- 
daughter of  Governor  Bent.  She  was  present 
at  the  massacre,  when,  with  others,  her  step- 
father was  killed,  being  cruelly  murdered  by 
the  Indians.  She  took  him  in  her  arms  when 
he  was  fatally  wounded  and  tried  to  shield  him 
from  the  deadly  work  of  the  savages,  but  in 
spite  of  her  efforts  his  body  was  filled  with  ar- 
rows and  the  life  of  that  noble  man  was  thus 
ended.  Mrs.  Boggs  was  ever  a  faithful  com- 
panion and  helpmeet  to  her  husband,  sharing 
with  him  in  many  of  the  hardships  of  pioneer 
life,  and  always  encouraging  and  sympathizing 
with  him  in  his  work.  She  still  survives  him 
and  is  now  living  with  her  daughter,  Mrs. 
Bushnell,  at  Clayton.  Their  only  son  has 
also  passed  away.  Mr.  Boggs  was  a  man 
of  very  generous  impulses,  whose  liberality  and 
generosity  were  well  known.  His  bravery  and 
courage  were  of  the  highest  type — that  type 
which  shielded  the  weak  and  helpless  at  the 
risk  of  his  own  life.  He  was  conversant  with 
every  phase  of  frontier  experience  and  was  an 
important  factor  in  the  settlement  of  the  great 
Southwest.  All  honor  be  to  these  brave  pio- 
neers who  made  the  wonderful  development  of 
this  section  of  the  country  a  possibility. 


*w    "*  ON.   SAMUEL  ELDODT,  a   promi- 

|f^    nent  pioneer  merchant  of  New  Mex- 

^  r    ico  and  the  honored  Treasurer  of  the 

Territory,  is  a  native  of  Westphalia, 

Prussia,  and  acquired  his  early  training  for  the 


mercantile  business  in  that  country.  In  1868, 
when  a  young  man  of  seventeen  he  came  to 
America  and  made  his  way  direct  to  Santa  Fe, 
where  his  brothers,  Nathan  and  Marcus,  had 
preceded  him  and  were  engaged  in  merchandis- 
ing. The  railroad  at  that  time  extended  only 
as  far  as  Hays  City,  Kansas,  and  the  journey 
thence  was  made  across  the  country  in  wagons. 
Mr.  Eldodt  came  with  a  train  numbering 
twenty-five  wagons,  which  started  in  June,  and 
a  month  later  reached  the  end  of  the  journey, 
which  was  an  unusually  rapid  one.  Mr.  Eidodt 
took  the  lead,  accompanied  by  a  Spanish  gen- 
tleman and  about  a  dozen  others,  traveling  on 
ponies,  and  the  distance  was  accomplished  in 
safety;  but  the  year  previous  the  Sioux  In- 
dians had  been  on  the  war-path  and  had  been 
very  troublesome  to  the  emigrants,  killing  and 
robbing  wherever  they  could. 

Mr.  Eldodt  at  length  arrived  in  Santa  Fe, 
a  poor  young  man,  who  had  acquired  some 
knowledge  how  to  sell  goods  and  do  business, 
but  with  no  capital  to  engage  in  the  enterprise 
for  himself.  He  secured  a  clerkship  in  his 
brother's  store  and  continued  to  serve  in  that 
capacity  for  five  years,  during  which  time  he 
displayed  such  excellent  business  talents  that 
he  was  admitted  to  a  partnership  in  the  busi- 
ness and  a  branch  store  was  established  at  Abi- 
quiu,  of  which  he  was  placed  in  charge.  The 
business  of  the  firm  proved  very  popular  and 
steadily  increased,  and  the  firm  also  extended 
its  operations,  establishing  another  branch  at 
San  Juan. 

In  1882  the  brothers  divided  their  interests 
and  our  subject  took  as  his  share  the  two 
branch  stores  which  he  has  since  conducted  on 
his  own  account,  meeting  with  very  gratifying 
success.  The  business  is  that  of  general  mer- 
chandising, and  he  handles  everything  needed 
by  the  citizens  of  this  region  and  purchases 
all  home  products.  He  is  a  thorough  master 
of  the  business,  having  made  it  a  study,  thus 
becoming  familiar  with  the  wants  of  the  public 
and  how  best  to  supply  them.  Mr.  Eldodt  has 
also  become  greatly  interested  in  wool-growing. 
He  entered  this  business  when  it  was  a  very 


HISTORT  OF  NE  W  MEXICO. 


421 


profitable  one  and  has  had  as  many  as  8,000 
sheep,  at  one  time  the  wool  bringing  him  a 
handsome  annual  income. 

It  was  only  a  year  after  Mr.  Eldodt  left 
Germany  that  his  father  died.  In  1888,  after 
twenty  years  of  close  application  to  business 
in  New  Mexico,  he  began  to  have  a  strong  de- 
sire to  visit  the  home  of  his  youth  and  his 
relatives,  and  his  aged  mother,  who  was  then 
in  feeble  health.  Accordingly,  he  re-crossed 
the  Atlantic,  and  the  meeting  between  mother 
and  son  after  the  long  years  of  absence  can  be 
better  imagined  than  described.  The  mother 
said,  "All  my  wishes  are  gratified  except  one. 
I  wish  that  you  could  be  with  me  until  my 
demise."  With  a  true  filial  spirit  he  granted 
this  request;  staying  with  her  all  through  her 
last  illness,  although  it  was  a  long  one,  regard- 
less of  his  large  business  interests  in  America. 
When  she  passed  away  and  the  last  sad  rites 
were  performed  over  her  remains,  Mr.  Eldodt 
returned  to  his  home.  His  mother  had  almost 
completed  her  eightieth  year,  and  the  last  two 
years  were  cheered  by  the  presence  of  her  son, 
who  tenderly  administered  to  her  every  want 
and  securing  for  her  all  the  comforts  and  lux- 
uries which  money  could  procure.  The  noble- 
ness of  character  which  he  displayed  has  been 
seen  at  other  times  in  his  life  and  commands 
the  respect  of  all. 

Upon  his  return  to  New  Mexico  Mr.  Eldodt 
again  took  up  his  business,  entering  into  it 
with  all  the  ardor  of  his  nature  which  never 
stops  at  half-way  measures.  He  continued  to 
accumulate  property  rapidly  and  now  enjoys  a 
handsome  fortune  as  the  reward  of  his  labor. 
He  has  always  acquired  large  real  estate  inter- 
ests which  have  proved  a  paying  investment. 

Mr.  Eldodt  was  happily  married  on  the 
loth  of  May,  1893,  to  Miss  Lina  Stern,  a  native 
of  Germany.  After  a  short  married  life  of  a 
little  more  than  a  year  she  passed  away,  leav- 
ing an  infant  daughter;  but  in  a  short  time  the 
baby  also  died,  leaving  the  husband  and  father 
alone  in  the  world,  which  now  seemed  doubly 
desolate. 

All  his  life  he  has  been  a  consistent  Demo- 


crat, but  has  never  been  an  office  seeker,  his 
extensive  business  interests  claiming  the  greater 
part  of  his  attention;  but  in  1895  Governor 
Thornton  honored  him  by  an  appointment  to 
the  office  of  Treasurer  of  the  Territory,  and  the 
Senate  confirmed  him.  He  then  accepted  the 
position  as  custodian  of  public  funds  and  is 
now  acceptably  serving  in  that  office.  He  is 
a  member  of  the  Masonic  fraternity  and  has 
attained  the  thirty-second  degree  in  the  Scot- 
tish rite.  Every  dollar  that  he  possesses  has 
been  honestly  earned  by  himself,  and  he  truly 
deserves  all  the  credit  which  the  term  "self- 
made  man  "  implies.  He  came  to  this  country 
a  poor  boy,  and  not  through  fortunate  circum- 
stances, but  by  earnest  labor,  good  manage- 
ment and  business  ability,  has  steadily  worked 
his  way  upward  to  a  position  of  wealth  and 
affluence.  He  is  known  in  business  circles  as  an 
honorable,  straightforward  man  and  his  life  is 
well  worthy  of  emulation. 


aOLONEL  EDWARD  H.  BERG- 
MANN,  the  efficient  and  capable  Su- 
perintendent of  the  Territorial  Peni- 
tentiary at  Santa  Fe,  was  born  in 
Prussia,  November  7,  1832.  He  was  educated 
in  his  native  country,  and  when  seventeen 
years  of  age  volunteered  in  the  Prussian  army, 
having  served  four  years  in  the  First  Regiment 
of  Light  Hussars.  At  the  close  of  his  service, 
having  a  desire  to  see  America,  and  believing 
that  promotion  in  the  American  army  was  more 
easily  obtained,  he  came  with  General  Mc- 
Clellan  to  this  country  in  1859.  After  arriving 
in  this  Territory,  Mr.  Bergmann  served  as 
chief  clerk  at  department  headquarters.  When 
the  great  Civil  war  broke  upon  the  country,  he 
volunteered,  and  served  during  the  struggle 
with  the  celebrated  soldier  and  Indian  fighter, 
Colonel  Kit  Carson,  who  was  Colonel  of  the 
regiment,  and  Mr.  Bergmann  was  Lieutenant 
Colonel.  The  latter  served  gallantly  during 
the  entire  struggle,  took  part  in  the  battle  of 
Valverde  and  in  many  Indian  fights  with  the 
Sioux,  Apaches  and  Navajos,  and  in  fact  was 


HISTORY  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


in  constant  service  four  years  on  the  frontier. 
He  built  Fort  Bascom  on  the  Canadian  river, 
and  rendered  the  Government  much  valuable 
service,  for  which  he  was  promoted  to  the  po- 
sition of  Colonel.  Mr.  Bergmann  was  subse- 
quently sent  by  the  Government  to  the  San 
Juan  country  to  select  military  post  sites,  and 
to  report  on  the  country. 

In  1867  our  subject  resigned  his  position 
and  turned  his  attention  to  mining,  but  lost 
considerable  money  in  that  venture.  He  also 
had  a  fifteen-stamp  mill  in  Moreno  valley  in 
Colfax  county.  In  1891  the  Penitentiary  Com- 
missioners selected  him  as  the  most  fitting  per- 
son to  take  charge  of  the  Territorial  institu- 
tion, the  sequel  of  which  has  shown  the  cor- 
rectness of  their  judgment,  as  Colonel  Berg- 
mann has  received  and  merited  the  highest 
praise.  The  penitentiary  is  now  in  an  excel- 
lent condition,  not  an  inmate  being  on  the  sick 
list,  the  best  of  order  and  discipline  prevails, 
everything  about  the  place  is  clean  and  com- 
fortable, and  the  best  of  food  is  given  the 
prisoners.  Colonel  Bergmann  has  utilized  the 
prisoners  in  building  the  prison  wall,  in  hauling 
the  stone  and  making  the  brick.  Notwith- 
standing the  fact  he  had  few  skilled  workmen, 
a  most  creditable  work  has  been  accomplished. 
The  wall  is  2,319  feet  long,  twenty  feet  high, 
twenty-seven  inches  wide,  resting  on  a  solid 
stone  foundation  four  feet  deep,  four  feet  wide 
below  the  surface,  and  two  feet  eight  inches 
wide  above  the  ground.  The  west  side  of  the 
wall  is  adorned  with  an  elaborately  constructed 
arch,  with  an  artistically  finished  main  entrance 
gate,  worked  by  an  electric  lock.  This  gate 
is  surmounted  by  a  guard  tower,  there  also 
being  six  other  guard  towers  on  the  wall,  and 
the  entire  work  displays  unusual  artistic  taste. 
Two  thousand  feet  of  ten-inch  sewer  pipe  has 
been  made,  and  now  serves  as  a  first-class 
sewer,  adding  greatly  to  the  sanitary  condition 
of  the  institution.  Other  important  improve- 
ments have  been  made,  and  the  Commission- 
ers, in  their  report  to  the  Governor,  say  that 
Mr.  Bergmann's  suggestions  have  been  prac- 
tical, his  executions  perfect,  and  all  the  work 


has  been  done  under  his  personal  supervision, 
in  all  of  which  he  has  been  honest  and  tire- 
less in  his  watchfulness.  In  conclusion  they 
say:  "We  may  be  pardoned  for  expressing  a 
becoming  pride  in  the  condition  of  this  institu- 
tion, believing  that  it  will  compare  favorably 
with  any  of  its  character  in  the  older  States." 
Colonel  Bergmann  was  married,  in  1870.  to 
Miss  Augusta  Sever,  a  native  of  St.  Louis,  and 
they  have  three  children,  all  born  in  New 
Mexico,  namely:  Henry  E.,  Carl  Emmanuel 
and  Laura  G.  The  wife  and  mother  departed 
this  life  in  1889.  The  Colonel  still  has  large 
mining  interests  in  the  Territory,  is  a  strong 
bi-metalist,  and  is  independent  in  his  political 
views.  He  was  made  a  Mason  in  New  Mex- 
ico, and  is  now  a  member  of  the  Masonic 
order,  being  a  Knight  Templar  at  Santa  Fe. 
He  is  also  Senior  Vice  Commander  of  the 
Grand  Army  of  the  Republic.  It  is  needless 
to  add  that  Colonel  Bergmann  is  a  man  of  the 
highest  integrity  and  honor. 


HNTONIO  WINDSOR,  the  leading  con- 
tractor and  builder  of  Santa  Fe,  was 
born  in  Melbourne,  Australia,  Octo- 
ber 14,  1854.  His  father,  Captain 
Richard  Windsor,  an  Englishman,  was  a 
sailing-master  of  mercantile  ships.  He  mar- 
ried Miss  Mary  Knudson,  a  native  of  Norway, 
and  while  they  were  in  Melbourne,  the  subject 
of  this  sketch  was  born.  When  he  was  five 
years  of  age  they  returned  to  England,  where 
they  remained  for  a  time,  and  also  went  to 
Norway.  When  Antonio  was  twelve  years  old 
they  came  to  the  United  States.  In  1863  Mrs. 
Windsor  was  injured  in  a  shipwreck  in  the 
English  Channel,  from  the  effects  of  which  she 
died  in  1864.  Mr.  Windsor,  our  subject's 
father,  continued  his  seafaring  life  for  many 
years,  and  now  resides  in  England. 

Antonio,  their  only  child,  was  educated 
principally  in  Chicago,  and  attended  an  archi- 
tectural school  there  for  eighteen  months.  He 
afterward  learned  the  carpenter's  trade.  His 
first  employment  was  in  building  bridges  on 


HISTORY  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


the  Northern  Pacific  Railroad,  after  which  he 
followed  his  trade  in  Denver,  and  while  in  that 
city  he  began  contracting,  a  business  which  he 
has  since  successfully  followed.  Mr.  Windsor 
also  did  considerable  business  at  Leadville  dur- 
ing its  early  growth.  In  1885  he  came  to  New 
Mexico,  where  he  worked  on  the  Territorial 
penitentiary  until  its  completion.  He  also 
served  as  superintendent  for  the  contractor  on 
the  capitol.  Mr.  Windsor  built  the  addition 
to  St.  Vincent's  College,  did  the  wood  work 
on  the  United  States  Territorial  Building, 
built  the  Orphan  Asylum  at  Santa  Fe  and 
Guard  House  at  Fort  Wingate,  erected  many 
stores  and  residences  in  Santa  Fe,  and  also 
built  a  handsome  brick  residence  for  himself 
on  Gasper  avenue,  where  he  now  resides. 
Since  coming  to  New  Mexico  he  has  acquired 
considerable  real  estate  and  is  interested  in 
eight  gold  and  silver  mining  claims. 

Mr.  Windsor  was  married,  in  1888,  to  Miss 
Carrie  Smith,  a  native  of  New  York.  They 
have  three  children,  all  born  in  Santa  Fe, 
namely:  Pansy  Amelia,  King  Olaf  and  John 
Joseph.  In  his  social  relations  Mr.  Windsor 
affiliates  with  the  Independent  Order  of  Odd 
Fellows  and  the  Knights  of  Pythias,  having 
served  as  Deputy  Grand  Chancellor  of  the  lat- 
ter order.  He  is  independent  in  his  political 
views. 


@ENERAL  EDWARD   F.    HOBART, 
Surveyor    General    of    New    Mexico 
during  the    administration   of    Presi- 
dent Benjamin  Harrison,  was  born  in 
New  Hampshire,    October  9,    1836,    and    de- 
scended from  one  of  the  earliest  New  England 
families  who  were  prominent   in  the  early  his- 
tory of  the  Colonies.      His  great- uncle,  Jacob 
Hobart,    was   killed   at  the  battle  of    Bunker 
Hill.      His  grandfather,  Abel  Hobart,  was  born 
in  New   Hampshire,    and    his    father,    Horace 
Hobart,  was  born  in  Colebrook,  that  State,  in 
1800.      He    married    Miss    Charlotte    Pruden 
Field,  a  daughter  of  Peter  R.  Field,  from  En- 
field,    Connecticut.     The  Fields   also  were    a 


noted  family  and  early  settlers  of  New  Eng- 
land. On  both  sides  the  family  were  Puritans 
and  Congregationalists,  and  many  of  the  Fields 
were  ministers.  The  great-great-grandfather 
of  Mrs.  Horace  Hobart  was  a  minister  in  Con- 
necticut, and  was  shot  by  an  Indian  while  at 
work  in  his  field.  In  1837  Horace  Hobart  and 
wife,  with  a  colony  of  relatives,  went  overland 
to  Beloit,  Wisconsin,  and  became  the  founders 
of  that  town.  Mr.  Hobart  became  prominent 
in  the  upbuilding  and  improvement  of  that 
place,  and  was  one  of  the  founders  of  the 
Beloit  College,  having  given  a  part  of  the  land 
on  which  it  was  built.  The  first  colony  con- 
sisted of  about  i  oo  persons,  nearly  all  relatives, 
members  of  the  Congregational  Church,  and 
most  worthy  people.  Mr.  Hobart  served  as 
Deacon  of  the  church  for  many  years,  and  was 
widely  known  as  an  efficient  supporter  of  good 
enterprises.  His  death  occurred  in  1860,  he 
leaving  a  widow  and  three  sons.  She  survived 
until  1884,  dying  in  her  eighty-fourth  year. 
Their  three  sons  were:  Edward  F. ,  the  sub- 
ject of  this  sketch;  Horace  R.,  editor  of  the 
Railway  Age  in  Chicago;  and  Henry  Field,  who 
came  to  New  Mexico  in  1884,  and  died  the  fol- 
lowing year. 

General  Hobart  was  educated  at  Beloit 
College,  graduating  at  that  institution  in  1854, 
after  which  he  engaged  in  civil  engineering  on 
the  railroad,  under  President  Robert  Harris, 
for  several  years  President  of  the  Northern 
Pacific  Railroad.  Mr.  Hobart  was  also  city 
engineer  of  Beloit  for  some  time.  In  1884  he 
came  to  Las  Vegas,  New  Mexico,  and  engaged 
with  his  brother  in  the  ice  business,  but  the 
following  year  his  brother  died,  and  he  became 
sole  owner  of  the  enterprise,  continuing  the 
same  until  1889.  In  that  year  he  received  the 
appointment  from  President  Harrison  of  Sur- 
veyor General  of  the  Territory,  and  during  his 
service  of  four  years  many  Government  surveys 
were  made.  He  also  has  the  honor  of  having 
suggested  the  Pecos  Park  reservation,  known 
as  the  Pecos  National  Park.  It  is  the  source 
of  the  Pecos  river,  and  the  reservation  is  of 
untold  value  to  New  Mexico  as  the  source  of  a 


HISTORY  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


great  water  supply.  While  engaged  in  irriga- 
tion engineering  Mr.  Hobart  laid  out  and  con- 
structed a  ditch  and  brought  water  to  the  land 
which  he  is  now  improving  and  planting  to  all 
kinds  of  fruit  and  alfalfa.  He  owns  2,000 
acres,  200  acres  of  which  is  under  cultivation, 
and  presents  a  flattering  prospect  of  becoming 
a  valuable  and  remunerative  property.  He 
also  has  land  at  Las  Vegas  and  a  good  home 
at  Santa  Fe.  Mr.  Hobart  is  an  intelligent  and 
thoroughly  practical  man,  and  is  doing  all  in  his 
power  to  aid  in  the  growth  and  development  of 
New  Mexico. 

The  General  was  married  April  13,  1859, 
to  Miss  Marian  Cunningham,  a  native  of  New 
York,  and  a  daughter  of  John  Cunningham,  a 
member  of  a  prominent  New  York  family,  and 
a  descendant  of  the  Pilgrim  Fathers  of  New 
England.  Our  subject  and  wife  had  one  son, 
Edward  B.,  who  died  in  the  third  year  of  his 
age.  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Hobart  are  members  of 
the  Congregational  Church.  The  former  is  a 
life-long  Republican,  and  both  are  prominent 
and  valued  citizens  of  Santa  Fe. 


HMBROSIO  ORTIZ,  a  native  son  of 
New  Mexico,  was  born  at  Santa  Fe 
December  7,  1839,  and  is  a  descend- 
ant of  Nicolas  Ortiz,  who  came  to 
New  Mexico  at  the  time  of  the  conquest.  He 
had  three  sons, — Francisco,  Toribio  and 
Nicolas.  The  last  is  the  grandfather  of  our 
subject.  They  had  a  grant  of  80,000  acres  of 
land,  for  which  there  are  now  three  hundred 
heirs,  and  one-fourth  of  the  property  has 
been  given  to  have  the  grant  confirmed.  The 
place  is  known  as  the  Caja  del  Rio,  and  is  lo- 
cated on  the  Rio  Grande.  Ignacio  Ortiz,  the 
father  of  our  subject,  was  born  in  Santa  Fe, 
where  several  generations  of  the  family  have 
been  born  and  reared.  He  married  Josefa 
Chaves,  of  Bernalillo,  and  a  daughter  of  Gov- 
ernor Jose  Antonio  Chaves,  who  served  as 
Governor  of  the  Territory  for  several  years. 
Ignacio  Ortiz  departed  this  life  in  1850,  and 
his  wife  survived  until  1874. 


Ambrosio  Ortiz,  the  sixth  of  their  seven 
children,  five  now  living,  was  educated  by  the 
Fathers,  before  St.  Michael's  College  was  estab- 
lished. After  completing  his  education  he 
served  as  clerk  in  the  general  mercantile  and 
clothing  establishment  of  Wendell  Debus  for 
fifteen  years.  In  1868  Mr.  Ortiz  was  appoint- 
ed Treasurer  of  the  county,  to  fill  a  vacancy, 
but  after  the  expiration  of  his  term  he  was 
elected  to  that  office,  serving  in  the  same  until 
1873.  In  that  year  he  was  elected  Clerk  of 
Santa  Fe  county,  received  a  re-election,  and 
held  the  position  four  years. 

Mr.  Ortiz  was  married,  in  1861,  to  Miss 
Paula  Romero,  a  native  of  Santa  Fe,  and  a 
daughter  of  Rafael  Romero,  they  being  first 
cousins.  To  this  union  have  been  born  sixteen 
children,  of  whom  eight  are  now  living,  namely: 
Luz,  Juan  Jose,  Francisco,  Facundo,  Ignacio, 
Adela,  Estefana  and  Emilio.  They  have  seven 
grandchildren.  Juan  Jose  is  a  printer  by  occu- 
pation, and  has  served  two  years  as  County 
Superintendent  of  Schools  of  Santa  Fe  county. 
The  family  are  members  of  the  Catholic  Church, 
and  Mr.  Ortiz  is  a  member  of  the  Catholic 
Knights  of  America,  an  insurance  society.  In 
addition  to  the  heirship  property,  Mr.  and  Mrs. 
Ortiz  have  a  fruit  and  grain  farm  within  a  half 
mile  of  the  city,  where  they  have  a  good  resi- 
dence, and  also  own  a  block  of  houses  at  the 
foot  of  Johnson  street.  He  is  an  intelligent, 
reliable  and  upright  bsiness  man,  and  the  family 
are  well  spoken  of  in  the  city  in  which  they 
were  born  and  have  always  resided. 


ON.  MANUEL  VALDES,  a  native  son 
of  New  Mexico,  was  born  at  Santa  Fe, 
October  3,  1846,  and  descended  from 
one  of  the  oldest  families  in  the  Ter- 
ritory. His  grandfather,  Jose  Pablo  Valdes, 
of  Spanish  ancestry,  was  a  blacksmith  by  oc- 
cupation, was  industrious  and  honest  and  lived 
to  a  ripe  old  age.  His  wife,  nee  Josefa  Pa- 
dilla,  also  descended  from  one  of  the  old  fami- 
lies in  the  Territory.  Their  son,  Antonio  Val- 
des, the  father  of  our  subject,  was  born  at 


HIS  TORT  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


425 


Santa  Fe  in  1814,  was  a  farmer  and  merchant 
by  occupation,  and  lived  to  the  age  of  seventy- 
three  years.  He  married  Miss  Guadulupe 
Valdes,  and  they  had  five  children.  She  died 
at  the  age  of  seventy  years. 

Manuel  Valdes,  the  only  survivor  of  the 
family,  completed  the  course  in  the  Brothers' 
College  in  1862,  after  which  he  attended  Arch- 
bishop Lamy's  Latin  School.  In  1865  he  be- 
came a  clerk  in  the  general  store  of  Zecken- 
doofer,  later  for  a  Mr.  Wesche,  next  for 
Spiegelberg  Brothers,  from  1867  to  1873,  was 
with  the  house  of  Perea  &  Company,  again  be- 
came an  employe  for  Spiegelberg  Brothers, 
and  in  1874  engaged  in  business  on  his  own 
account,  in  partnership  with  Hon.  Felipe  Del- 
gado.  That  partnership  continued  until  1879, 
when  Mr.  Valdes  went  to  Bernalillo,  and  was 
with  J.  L.  Perea  until  the  latter's  death,  after 
which  he  managed  the  store  for  two  years. 
Returning  to  Santa  Fe,  he  was  again  with 
Spielgelbsrg  Brothers  until  1886,  and  was  em- 
ployed by  Sol  Spiegelberg  from  1886  to  1891. 

In  1890  Mr.  Valdes  was  elected  Assessor  of 
Santa  Fe  county,  on  the  Republican  ticket, 
and  served  in  that  position  two  years.  Dur- 
ing that  time  he  was  nominated  by  his  party 
as  a  candidate  for  Mayor  of  the  city,  his  op- 
ponent being  Bernard  Selegman,  and  he  was 
elected.  After  serving  in  that  position  one 
term,  Mr.  Valdes  acted  as  Territorial  Librarian 
for  about  one  year  and  a  half,  in  which  he  was 
engaged  until  January  15,  1895.  He  is  now  a 
member  of  the  committee  having  the  custody 
of  the  capital  grounds  and  buildings. 

In  1871  our  subject  was  united  in  marriage 
with  Miss  Luz  Delgado,  a  daughter  of  the  late 
Hon.  Felipe  Delgado.  To  this  union  have 
been  born  six  children — Antonio,  Felipe,  Jose, 
Federico,  Juanito  and  Conrado.  The  second 
son  is  a  graduate  of  St.  Michael's  College,  and 
now  has  charge  of  the  Indian  Government 
School.  The  family  are  members  of  the  Cath- 
olic Church.  Mr.  Valdes  is  an  active  and  re- 
liable business  man,  and  enjoys  a  wide  ac- 
quaintance and  influence  in  his  native  Terri- 
tory, to  which  he  is  much  devoted. 


aHARLES  WILLIAM  DUDROW,  one 
of  Santa  Fe's  prominent  and  success- 
ful business  men,  was  born  in  Fred- 
erick county,  Maryland,  Novembers, 
1849.  His  ancestry  were  of  German  descent, 
and  were  among  the  earliest  pioneers  of  Penn- 
sylvania. His  great-grand-father  moved  to 
Maryland,  where  several  generations  of  the 
family  were  born,  our  subject's  father,  Conrad 
Dudrow,  having  been  born  there  in  1810.  He 
married  Miss  Miles,  who  was  a  native  of  that 
State,  and  soon  afterward  they  removed  to 
Richmond,  Missouri,  where  Mrs.  Dudrow  soon 
afterward  died.  With  his  two  children,  a  son 
and  a  daughter,  the  father  returned  to  Mary- 
land, and  the  children  were  raised  by  their 
grandmother  Miles.  During  the  war  Mr. 
Dudrow  sympathized  with  his  people  of  the 
South,  but  took  no  part  in  the  struggle, 
although  he  suffered  financially  by  it. 

When  fifteen  years  of  age  Charles  W.  Dud- 
row, the  subject  of  this  sketch,  began  to  earn 
his  own  living.  Going  to  Missouri,  he  engaged 
to  drive  cattle  from  Kansas  to  Texas,  continu- 
ing that  occupation  a  year  and  a  half.  In 
1872  he  came  to  New  Mexico,  securing  the 
position  of  stage  messenger  for  Barlow  &  San- 
derson, between  Pueblo  and  Santa  Fe,  and 
also  drove  the  stage  a  part  of  the  time.  While 
engaged  in  that  work  he  was  three  times  at- 
tacked by  robbers.  Mr.  Dudrow  followed 
that  occupation  until  the  railroad  was  built,  in 
1880,  and  he  came  with  the  last  coach  to 
Santa  Fe.  Since  that  time  he  has  been  en- 
gaged in  the  freight  transfer  business,  the  firm 
now  being  known  as  Dudrow  &  Davis,  and 
they  control  nearly  all  the  freight  and  are 
large  dealers  in  coal,  hay  and  grain.  They 
own  and  keep  five  teams  constantly  at  work. 
Mr.  Dudrow,  separate  from  the  firm,  also  con- 
ducts a  lumber  yard,  and  has  sold  the  lumber 
for  most  of  the  large  buildings  in  the  city.  He 
has  acquired  enviable  reputation  as  a  business 
man  of  ability  and  integrity.  He  has  invested 
in  real  estate  in  the  city,  where  he  has  planted 
two  orchards,  and  is  now  raising  large  quanti- 
ties of  peaches,  plums,  apricots,  apples  and 


426 


HISTORT  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


cherries,  demonstrating  what   the  rich  soil  of 
New  Mexico  will  do  with  proper  care. 

Mr.  Dudrow  cast  his  first  vote  with  the 
Republican  party  and  has  since  been  one  of  its 
strongest  adherents.  He  is  now  serving  his 
second  term  as  Commissioner  of  Santa  Fe 
county,  and  has  the  honor  of  being  the  Chair- 
man of  the  Board.  He  gives  the  same  close 
attention  to  the  affairs  of  the  office  which  he 
bestows  on  his  own  business,  and  makes  a 
most  efficient  and  competent  officer. 


>-T*OSE  SEGURA,  Librarian  of  the  Terri- 
m  tory  of  New  Mexico,  was  born  in  Santa 
/•  J  Fe,  February  20,  1856.  One  of  his 
ancestors  was  a  member  of  the  Spanish 
army  that  participated  in  the  recapture  of  the 
Territory  from  the  Indians.  He  owned  a 
grant  of  land  in  Santa  Fe  county,  and  lived 
there  until  his  death,  at  the  age  of  seventy 
years.  He  married  a  Miss  Madrid,  a  daughter 
of  one  of  his  comrades,  and  from  them  has 
sprung  the  family  of  that  name  in  New  Mex- 
ico. In  old  Mexico  they  were  professional 
people,  and  some  were  authors,  physicians, 
engineers  and  lawyers,  but  in  this  Territory 
they  have  principally  followed  the  peaceful 
vocation  of  farming  and  stock-raising.  The 
father  of  our  subject,  Simon  Segura,  was  born 
in  Santa  Fe  in  1839.  He  married  Miss  A. 
Dominguez,  a  daughter  of  Don  Guadalupe 
Dominguez,  a  soldier  under  the  Spanish  and 
later  under  the  Mexican  rule.  They  had  two 
sons— N.  Segura,  a  lawyer  at  Las  Vegas,  and 
the  subject  of  this  sketch. 

The  latter  received  his  education  at  St. 
Michael's  College,  graduating  at  that  institu- 
tion in  1870.  After  serving  for  a  time  as  Po- 
lice Justice  of  Las  Vegas  he  made  a  tour  of  the 
East  and  Mexico,  returning  thence  to  Santa 
Fe,  and  in  1885  became  the  founder  and  sole 
owner  of  a  weekly  newspaper,  "El  Boletin 
Popular."  Mr.  Segura  is  still  its  editor  and 
owner.  In  1890-1  he  was  Indian  Agent  at 
Santa  Fe,  receiving  his  appointment  from  the 
President.  He  traveled  among  all  the  pueblo 


settlements  in  the  Territory,  established  a 
number  of  schools,  was  influential  in  having 
them  regularly  attended,  and  thus  proved  an 
efficient  officer.  In  January,  1895,  Mr.  Se- 
gura received  the  appointment  of  Territorial 
Librarian,  which  he  is  now  filling  in  addition 
to  his  other  work. 

November  20,  1891,  our  subject  was  united 
in  marriage  with  Miss  Charlotte  Howland,  a 
native  of  this  Territory  and  a  daughter  of 
Major  George  Howland,  of  Santa  Fe.  They 
have  one  child,  Gustavo.  Mr.  Segura  is  a 
man  of  intelligence  and  ability,  is  well  spoken 
of  in  the  city  of  which  he  is  a  native  son  and 
in  which  he  has  a  pleasant  home. 


>j*AMES  R.  HUDSON,  a  wholesale  and 
•  retail  jeweler  of  Santa  Fe,  was  born  in 
/•  J  Chester  county,  Pennsylvania,  Septem- 
ber 15,  1837,  of  Scotch-English  an- 
cestry, who  were  early  settlers  in  America. 
His  grandfather,  James  Hudson,  was  a  non- 
commissioned officer  in  the  Colonial  army 
during  the  Revolutionary  war.  He  was  a 
member  of  the  Presbyterian  Church,  and  lived 
to  the  age  of  eighty-six  years.  His  son,  Rob- 
ert Hudson,  our  subject's  father,  was  born  in 
Lancaster  county,  Pennsylvania,  in  1803.  He 
married  Miss  Rebecca  Scott,  a  native  also  of 
that  county.  Soon  after  their  marriage  they 
removed  to  Ohio,  where  Mr.  Hudson  was  en- 
^gaged  in  the  manufacture  of  furniture,  but 
later  returned  to  Philadelphia,  continuing  in 
business  there  until  his  death,  in  1866,  at  the 
age  of  sixty-three  years.  His  wife  died  soon 
after  the  birth  of  the  subject  of  this  sketch. 

The  latter  was  raised  by  his  aunt  in  north- 
ern Ohio,  where  he  attended  the  public 
schools,  and  also  attended  school  at  West 
Chester,  Pennsylvania.  In  1861,  when  the 
great  Civil  war  burst  upon  the  country,  Mr. 
Hudson,  in  response  to  Lincoln's  call,  enlisted 
in  Company  B,  Second  Volunteer  Infantry, 
and  was  on  detached  service  most  of  the  time 
until  the  expiration  of  his  term.  In  August, 
1 86 1,  he  again  enlisted,  entering  the  Eighty- 


.HISTORY   OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


427 


third  Ohio  Volunteer  Infantry,  and  received 
the  commission  of  Second  Lieutenant.  He 
served  in  Virginia  under  Generals  Pope  and 
Sigel,  was  afterward  in  the  Army  of  the  Cum- 
berland, and  took  part  in  the  first  and  second 
battles  of  Bull  Run,  Fredericksburg,  Antietam, 
Chancellorsville,  Gettysburg  and  Kenesaw 
mountain.  At  the  last  engagement  Mr.  Hud- 
son suffered  the  loss  of  his  leg,  and  previous  to 
that  had  also  been  three  times  wounded.  Mr. 
Hudson  had  been  promoted  from  time  to  time 
until  he  became  Major  of  his  regiment,  serving 
as  such  when  obliged  to  retire  from  the  service. 

Recovering  from  his  wounds,  Mr.  Hudson 
received  the  appointment  of  Deputy  United 
States  Collector  of  Internal  Revenue.  In  1868 
he  resigned  that  position  to  engage  in  the 
jewelry  business  in  Chillicothe,  Ohio,  remain- 
ing there  until,  on  account  of  failing  health, 
he  was  induced  to  take  up  the  open-air  pur- 
suit of  farming  and  stock-raising,  following 
that  occupation  several  years.  In  1878  he 
located  at  Las  Vegas,  New  Mexico,  where  he 
was  engaged  in  placer  gold  mining  and  mer- 
chandising for  several  years,  having  owned  the 
first  store  at  Golden  and  was  the  first  Post- 
master of  the  town.  Since  1883  Mr.  Hudson 
has  been  engaged  in  the  jewelry  business  in 
Santa  Fe. 

In  1866  he  was  united  in  marriage  with 
Miss  Elizabeth  Platte,  a  native  of  Ohio  and  a 
daughter  of  Peter  Platte,  who  died  on  the 
farm  he  had  improved  in  that  State,  at  the 
age  of  eighty-six  years.  In  the  East  Mrs. 
Hudson  had  been  a  sufferer  from  asthma,  and 
it  was  to  prolong  her  life  that  they  came  to 
New  Mexico,  and  she  is  now  enjoying  good 
health.  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Hudson  have  three 
children:  Mary,  now  Mrs.  N.  M.  Norfleet; 
Frank  H.,  engaged  in  the  grocery  business, 
and  Arthur,  in  business  with  his  father.  On 
coming  to  Santa  Fe  Mr.  Hudson  immediately 
became  identified  with  the  affairs  of  the  city. 
He  purchased  property,  built  a  good  home, 
has  served  as  City  School  Clerk,  and  has  been 
a  member  of  the  Board  of  Education  since  its 
organization.  He  is  an  enthusiast  on  the  sub- 


ject of  free  schools,  and  was  instrumental  in 
establishing  the  public-school  system,  of  which 
Santa  Fe  may  well  be  proud.  Religiously  he 
is  an  acceptable  member  of  the  Presbyterian 
Church;  politically,  has  been  a  life-long  Re- 
publican; and  socially,  has  held  various  offices 
in  the  Grand  Army  of  the  Republic.  Mr. 
Hudson  is  still  interested  in  mining  in  this 
Territory,  and  is  looked  upon  as  a  most  reli- 
able and  worthy  business  man. 


*•    *  ON.   ALEXANDER  L.  MORRISON, 

l^"\  ex-United  States  Marshal  of  New 
r  Mexico,  now  residing  at  Santa  Fe, 
was  born  at  Ballycastle,  county  An- 
trim, Ireland,  October  20,  1831,  and  received 
his  education  in  his  native  country.  He  emi- 
grated to  America  in  1846,  and  volunteered  in 
the  Second  New  York  Infantry,  in  the  war 
with  Mexico.  He  now  takes  considerable  pride 
in  wearing  the  badge  of  the  Mexican  war  vet- 
eran. Receiving  an  honorable  discharge  at 
New  Orleans,  Mr.  Morrison  returned  to  Ire- 
land, hoping  to  aid  in  the  liberation  of  his  na-  ' 
tive  land,  but  soon  after  his  arrival  he  was 
suspected,  and,  without  evidence  against  him, 
was  thrown  into  prison.  After  six  months  of 
confinement,  he  was  discharged  without  any 
more  process  of  law  than  that  with  which  he 
had  been  seized  and  imprisoned!  Mr.  Morri- 
son then  returned  to  America,  glad  to  set  foot 
again  on  the  land  of  the  free,  and  worked  at 
the  chair-maker's  trade.  In  1850  he  removed 
to  Troy,  New  York,  and  there  married,  and  in 
1855  they  went  to  Chicago,  where  our  subject 
worked  at  his  trade  for  a  time,  and  in  the 
meantime  read  law.  In  1871  he  was  admitted 
to  practice.  He  was  subsequently  elected  a 
member  of  the  State  Legislature  of  Illinois, 
and  while  there  had  the  pleasure  of  voting  for 
Hon.  John  A.  Logan  for  United  States  Sena- 
tor, the  General  having  been  one  of  his  dearest 
friends.  Mr.  Morrison  was  also  a  warm  friend 
and  supporter  of  General  Garfield.  When  the 
latter  was  elected  President,  he  promised  Mr. 
Morrison  the  position  of  United  States  Mar- 


428 


HISTORT  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


shal  for  the  Territory  of  New  Mexico,  but  the 
beloved  Garfield  meeting  with  his  untimely 
death  before  the  appointment  was  made,  Presi- 
dent Arthur  carried  out  Mr.  Garfield's  inten- 
tions, and  in  1881  Mr.  Morrison  received  his 
appointment  and  came  to  the  city  of  Santa 
Fe.  He  held  the  position  until  after  the  election 
of  President  Cleveland.  When  President  Har- 
rison was  elected,  Mr.  Morrison  received  the 
appointment  of  Register  of  the  Land  Office, 
which  position  he  filled  until  Cleveland  again 
came  into  power,  and  he  then  stepped  down 
and  out.  He  has  since  been  engaged  in  the 
practice  of  law. 

July  16,  1851,  at  Troy,  Mr.  Morrison  was 
united  in  marriage  with  Miss  Jane  Clark,  a 
native  of  Troy,  and  a  descendant  of  a  promi- 
nent Irish  family.  Seven  children  have  been 
born  to  this  union,  namely  :  Robert  Emmet,  a 
lawyer  in  Arizona;  Alexander,  in  the  employ 
of  the  American  Express  Company  in  Chicago; 
John  V.,  manager  of  their  ranch  in  Arizona; 
Hugh  O'N.,  in  the  employ  of  the  Atlantic  & 
Pacific  Railroad  at  Albuquerque;  Joseph,  a 
•lawyer  in  Arizona;  Erin,  a  member  of  the 
order  of  Lorette;  and  Mary,  at  home.  They 
are  all  faithful  members  of  the  Catholic  Church, 
and  are  an  intelligent  and  estimable  family. 
They  have  a  pleasant  and  commodious  resi- 
dence in  Santa  Fe. 


BRANCISCO  GONZALES    v    BACA, 
Assessor    of    Santa    Fe    county,   is  a 
native    son    of    the    Territory,   born 
August  15,  1855.     He  is  a  descendant 
on  both  sides  from  the  early  Spanish  conquer- 
ors of  the   country.      He   is  the  son  of  Hon. 
Nasario  Gonzales,  whose  history  also  appears 
in  this  work,  to  which  the  reader  is  referred  for 
a  more  complete  account  of  the  family. 

Francisco  Gonzales  y  Baca  received  his 
education  in  the  Christian  Brothers'  College  in 
Santa  Fe  and  in  an  academy  at  St.  Louis.  He 
began  life  on  his  own  account  as  a  farmer  and 
stock-grower,  and  now  owns  320  acres  of  the 
family  ranch,  where  he  has  been  interested  in 


sheep-raising.  He  was  also  engaged  in  mer- 
chandising in  Santa  Fe  for  about  six  years. 
In  politics,  like  his  father,  Mr.  Gonzales  y 
Baca  is  a  reliable  Democrat,  and  in  1894  he 
was  elected  by  his  fellow  citizens  to  the  impor- 
tant office  of  Assessor  of  the  county,  which  po- 
sition he  is  now  creditably  filling. 

Our  subject  was  united  in  marriage  with 
Miss  Agrapina  Delgado,  a  native  of  Santa  Fe 
and  a  descendant  of  the  renowned  Delgado 
family.  Six  children  have  been  born  to  that 
union,  namely:  Jose,  Manuela,  Leopoldo, 
Cornelia,  Federico  and  Narsario,  all  residing 
with  their  parents  and  attending  school.  Mr. 
Gonzales  y  Baca  is  a  prominent  and  faithful 
citizen,  as  well  as  a  most  reliable  and  honor- 
able public  officer. 


(D 


CRONIN  is  one  of  the  most  promi- 
nent   residents    of    Lincoln,     New 
Mexico.    He  has  probably  held  more 
official  positions,  and  had  more  of  a 
variegated  career  than  any  other  resident  in 
the  Territory. 

A  native  of  the  southern  part  of  the  Emer- 
ald Isle,  he  was  born  September  2-4,  1839,  and 
at  the  age  of  nine  years  left  Ireland  for  Amer- 
ica, taking  up  his  residence  in  Massachusetts. 
For  eight  years  and  a  half  he  remained  in  the 
Bay  State,  and  its  public  schools  afforded  him 
his  educational  privileges,  but  before  the  pre- 
scribed course  was  completed,  he  ran  away 
from  school  and  joined  the  army  in  New  Mex- 
ico, being  under  eighteen  years  of  age.  He  has 
since  been  connected  with  the-  history  of  the 
Southwest,  and  the  story  of  his  life  if  given  in 
detail  would  recount  some  of  the  most  exciting 
experiences  that  are  found  on  the  pages  of  New 
Mexico's  annals.  Fearless  and  true  in  the 
discharge  of  the  duties  that  devolved  upon  him, 
he  was  engaged  in  the  arduous  warfare  with 
the  treacherous  savage  in  numerous  fights  and 
skirmishes. 

In  1859  Mr.  Cronin  was  in  the  Rio  Gila  ex- 
pedition, engaged  with  the  Apaches  in  Burro 
mountain,  where  the  celebrated  chief  Cuchillo 


HISTORT  OF  NE  W  MEXICO. 


429 


Negro  was  killed.  In  1859  he  participated  in 
a  desperate  engagement  with  the  Apaches, 
which  occurred  in  Dog  Canyon,  of  the  Sacra- 
mento mountains,  the  Americans  being  under 
command  of  Lieutenant  La  Salle.  In  1860 
he  accompanied  the  expedition  which  went  to 
the  Canadian  Red  river  under  command  of 
Porter  and  Ruff.  Subsequent  to  the  battle  of 
Valverde  in  1862  Mr.  Cronin  was  assigned  by 
General  Canby  to  the  command  of  his  depart- 
ment guards,  stationed  at  Santa  Fe.  In  1864 
he  was  commissioned  in  Colonel  "Kit"  Car- 
son's regiment  of  New  Mexico  Cavalry.  In 
1865,  southwest  of  Fort  Sumner,  he  with  fifty 
men  of  his  regiment  attacked  and  captured  a 
band  of  fifty-two  Indians.  For  so  doing  the 
Indians  and  their  friends  demanded  his  court 
martial  for  killing  a  few  of  the  band.  In  1866, 
at  his  own  request  he  was  mustered  out  of  serv- 
ice, though  one  of  the  officers  selected  by  Gen- 
eral Carleton  to  be  retained  in  service  in  a  hold- 
over battalion  of  the  regiment. 

On  his  retirement  from  the  army,  Mr. 
Cronin  engaged  under  contract  in  supplying 
beef  to  the  army,  being  thus  employed  for  two 
years.  His  fidelity  then,  in  1869,  was  recog- 
nized by  an  appointment  to  the  position  of 
United  States  Deputy  Marshal  for  Southern 
New  Mexico,  there  being  at  that  time  only 
three  deputies  in  the  entire  Territory.  He  was 
also  Clerk  of  the  United  States  District  Court 
for  the  Third  Judicial  District  ;  filled  the  office 
of  Inspector  of  Customs  at  El  Paso,  Texas  ; 
served  as  Assistant  United  States  Marshal  ; 
and  in  1870  as  census  enumerator  for  Grant 
and  Donna  Ana  counties — holding  all  four  of- 
fices at  one  time.  In  1873,  in  connection  with 
Captain  Paul  Dowling,  he  conducted  a  sutler's 
store  at  Fort  Stanton,  and  the  following  year 
received  the  appointment  of  Indian  trader  at 
that  place.  In  1876  he  went  to  Arizona,  furn- 
ishing army  supplies  under  Government  con- 
tract, and  the  following  year  became  a  resident 
of  Lincoln  county,  New  Mexico. 

From  1 879  until  1882  Mr.  Cronin  was  en- 
gaged in  mining  and  organized  the  mining  dis- 
trict of  White  Oaks,  and  was  elected  its  first 


Recorder.  In  connection  with  a  Mr.  James 
Redman  he  selected  the  town  site  of  White 
Oaks.  In  1883  and  1884  he  was  again  in  of- 
ficial life,  serving  as  Deputy  County  Clerk  and 
Assessor  of  Lincoln  county.  He  was  also  the 
first  secretary  of  the  Lincoln  County  Stock  As- 
sociation. His  popularity  and  the  confidence 
reposed  in  him  by  the  leaders  of  his  party  was 
shown  in  1884,  when  he  was  nominated  by  ac- 
clamation by  the  Democracy  for  the  office  of 
Clerk  of  Lincoln  county.  This  honor,  how- 
ever, he  declined,  and  in  1886  he  also  declined 
an  appointment  of  Inspector  of  Customs  at 
Deming,  New  Mexico.  Mr.  Cronin  was  at 
this  time  engaged  in  mercantile  pursuits  in  Lin- 
coln and  did  not  wish  to  sacrifice  his  commer- 
cial interests.  ,  He  is  now  conducting  a  good 
store,  having  built  up  a  fair  trade. 

To  other  offices  he  has  been  called  by  the 
will  of  the  people  and  by  appointment.  In 
June,  1887,  he  was  appointed  by  Judge  Hend- 
erson United  States  Commissioner  for  the 
Third  Judicial  District,  and  in  1887  was  ap- 
pointed, by  Governor  Ross,  Probate  Judge  of 
Lincoln  county  to  fill  out  an  unexpired  term. 
In  1889  and  1890  he  was  Chairman  of  Board 
Commissioners  of  Lincoln  county,  and  Probate 
Judge  during  the  years  1891,  1892,  1893  and 
1894,  being  elected  thereto  without  opposition 
for  the  later  term. 


ILLIAM  EGGERT,  M.  D.,  a  promi- 
nent medical  practitioner  of  Santa 
Fe,  was  born  in  Berlin,  Germany, 
August  29,  1824,  received  his  early 
education  in  his  native  land,  and  graduated  at 
the  University  of  Berlin.  He  graduated  at 
the  New  York  Homeopathic  College  in  1863, 
and  has  since  practiced  in  accordance  with  the 
teachings  of  that  school  of  medicine,  residing 
at  Indianapolis,  Indiana,  until  1880.  In  that 
year  he  came  to  Santa  Fe,  where  he  has  since 
exerted  his  utmost  energies  to  alleviate  the 
sufferings  of  the  afflicted.  In  1882,  by  Gov- 
ernor Sheldon,  Dr.  Eggert  was  made  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Medical  Territorial  Examining  Board, 


43° 


HIS  TORT  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


on  which  he  has  ever  since  served.  He  is  a 
member  of  the  various  medical  societies,  and 
has  written  a  number  of  books  on  medical  sub- 
jects, which  have  been  published  and  sold  by 
the  large  publishing  houses  in  the  East.  His 
works  have  met  with  a  satisfactory  demand  and 
have  elicited  favorable  comment.  Dr.  Eggert 
has  given  the  energy  of  his  whole  life  to  the 
knowledge  and  practice  of  his  profession,  and 
has  gained  the  esteem  of  his  brethern  in  the 
profession,  as  well  as  the  confidence  and  good 
will  of  the  people  among  whom  he  has  practiced 
and  lived. 


@EORGE  LUDEMANN.— The  gentle- 
man now  under  consideration  is  well- 
known  as  the  builder  and  proprietor 
of  the  large  wool-scouring  establish- 
ment located  at  Las  Vegas,  it  being  the  largest 
and  best  plant  of  the  kind  in  the  great  South- 
west.     Before   passing  to  a  biography  of  Mr. 
Ludemann,  we  wish  to  make  reference  to  this 
large  establishment  of  which  he  is  the  head. 

Mr.  Ludemann's  plant  covers  a  tract  of 
six  acres.  The  main  building  is  ot  brick,  is 
50  x  100  feet  in  dimensions,  is  two  stories  high, 
and  is  covered  with  an  iron  roof.  On  one  side 
of  this  main  building  is  a  lean-to,  built  of  brick, 
24x48  feet,  this  addition  being  used  for  the 
engine  room;  and  on  the  other  side  of  the  build- 
ing is  a  lean-to  of  the  same  material,  30  x  100 
feet,  used  for  the  storage  of  wool.  The  first 
main  lower  floor  contains  machinery  for  wool- 
scouring,  which  is  extensive  and  of  the  most 
modern  in  use.  The  wool  is  also  dried  in  this 
room  partially  and  in  the  upper  room  sorting 
and  drying  is  completed.  On  the  front  of  this 
property  Mr.  Ludemann  has  his  own  commo- 
dious residence  and  in  other  parts  of  the  ground 
are  residences  for  the  workmen,  and  a  place 
for  the  large  quantities  of  wood  used  for  fuel. 
The  plant  is  as  nearly  fireproof  as  practical, 
and  the  other  buildings  are  placed  at  the  great- 
est possible  distance  from  it.  The  whole  prop- 
erty has  an  air  of  cleanliness  and  thrift  and  at 
once  stamps  the  owner  as  an  enterprising  and 


prosperous  man.  Mr.  Ludemann  had  a  large 
experience  in  the  business  in  Australia  before 
coming  to  Las  Vegas  and  since  the  establish- 
ment of  his  business  in  New  Mexico  has  im- 
proved the  market  for  wool  by  taking  from  it 
all  the  dirt  and  reducing  its  weight  for  ship- 
ment. As  showing  the  volume  of  his  business, 
we  state  that  in  a  single  season  he  has  handled 
as  high  as  5,600  sacks  of  scoured  wool. 

Mr.  Ludemann  is  a  native  of  Germany. 
He  was  born  in  Holstein  in  the  year  1832,  was 
reared  and  educated  there,  and  in  that  country 
learned  the  business  which  he  has  since  so  suc- 
cessfully followed.  In  1849  he  went  to  Aus- 
tralia and  located  at  Melbourne,  there  conduct- 
ing his  business  profitably  for  some  time,  thence 
removing  to  New  Zealand,  where  he  also  con- 
tinued it  successfully.  In  the  meantime  he 
was  engaged  to  some  extent  in  placer  gold- 
mining  in  Australia.  It  was  in  1882  that  he 
came  to  Las  Vegas  and  established  himself  in 
the  business  above  described. 

Mr.  Ludemann  was  married  in  1874  to  Miss 
Ellen  Green,  a  native  of  England,  and  they 
have  two  children,  Lillie  and  Rosaline,  the 
former  now  in  college  in  Missouri  and  the  latter 
at  home  with  her  parents. 

In  all  public  affairs,  and  especially  those 
relating  to  this  city  and  Territory,  Mr.  Lude- 
mann takes  an  intelligent  and  commendable 
interest.  His  political  views  are  in  harmony 
with  the  principles  advocated  by  the  Republi- 
can party.  A  public-spirited  citizen  and  thor- 
oughly reliable  business  man,  he  enjoys  the 
confidence  and  esteem  of  the  people  of  the 
city  in  which  he  has  created  so  important  an 
industry. 


*•    *  ENRY    G.    COORS.— Nearly     every 
l'^   city  contains    a  few  residents,  whose 
_W   personal   history,    if  written,  gives  a 
very  fair  idea  of  the  growth   of  the 
town    itself,   so    closely  identified  are    the  in- 
terests of  the  man  and  the  town.      Such  a  one 
is    the    gentleman    whose    name    heads    this 
sketch.      Mr.  Coors  is    the  leading  lumber  and 


HISTORT  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


43' 


building  supply  dealer  in  the  city  of  East  LasVe- 
gas,  and  a  gentleman  of  such  unquestioned  bus- 
iness ability  and  integrity  as  to  make  his  name 
a  most  familiar  one  throughout  a  very  large 
portion  of  the  Territory.  He  came  to  the 
place  where  East  Las  Vegas  now  stands  just 
previous  to  the  building  of  the  railroad,  and  is 
therefore  one  of  the  pioneers  and  builders  of 
the  town  which  has  made  such  rapid  and  sub- 
stantial growth  within  the  past  fifteen  years. 

Mr.  Coors  was  born  in  the  city  of  Cincin- 
nati, Ohio,  on  the  I2th  day  of  December, 
1851,  and  is  of  German  ancestry.  His  father, 
Henry  Coors,  was  born  in  Germany,  and  emi- 
grated to  the  United  States  when  a  young 
man,  settling  in  Cincinnati,  where  for  several 
years  he  was  a  successful  cabinet  maker  and 
furniture  dealer.  Later  the  family  removed 
to  Fort  Smith,  Arkansas,  where  the  father 
died  at  the  early  age  of  thirty-five  years.  His 
wife  survived  him  and  died  at  the  old  home- 
stead in  her  sixty-ninth  year.  They  were  both 
members  of  the  Lutheran  Church  and  were 
people  who  enjoyed  the  highest  esteem  of  all 
with  whom  they  were  acquainted. 

Their  son,  Henry  G. ,  was  the  third  in 
order  of  birth  in  a  family  of  seven  children. 
He  was  educated  in  the  State  University  of 
Arkansas,  after  which  he  served  some  years  as 
Assistant  Postmaster  and  was  also  in  the 
stationery  business  at  Van  Buren.  He  came 
from  that  place  to  Las  Vegas  in  1879  and  at 
once  entered  upon  a  business  career  which  has 
been  eminently  successful.  He  formed  a  part- 
nership with  Mr.  Lockhart  and  embarked  in 
the  lumber  business,  the  firm  name  being 
Lockhart  &  Company,  which  continued  up  to 
1885,  when  Mr.  Coors'  brother,  William  F. 
Coors,  took  the  place  of  Mr.  Lockhart  in  the 
firm.  The  business  was  continued  in  this  way 
until  1890,  when  our  subject  became  the  sole 
owner  of  the  business.  The  enterprise,  which 
had  been  begun  at  first  in  a  small  way,  steadi- 
ly grew  until  it  became  the  leading  business  of 
its  kind  throughout  the  Territory  of  New 
Mexico.  Handling  as  they  did  all  kinds 
of  building  material,  including  building  hard- 


ware, at  wholesale  and  retail,  it  was  but 
natural  that  Mr.  Coors  and  his  partners  should 
engage  extensively  in  the  erection  of  buildings. 
This  branch  of  the  business  they  carried  on  in 
a  highly  successful  manner.  They  have  built 
a  large  number  of  structures  in  the  city,  thus 
being  most  prominent  factors  in  the  material 
growth  and  prosperity  of  the  place.  Mr.  Coors 
has  erected  for  himself  a  handsome  residence 
and  is  at  this  time  engaged  in  building  a  large 
brick  block,  25x150  feet  in  size  and  two 
stories  high,  for  the  accommodation  of  his  own 
constantly  increasing  business. 

In  1882  Mr.  Coors  was  married  to  Miss 
Lula  A.  Seewald,  a  native  of  Ohio.  They 
have  three  children,  all  born  in  Las  Vegas, 
their  names  being  Henry  G.,  Mary  K.  and 
Alice.  Mr.  Coors'  religious  views  are  those  of 
the  Lutheran  Church,  while  his  wife  is  of  the 
Episcopal  faith.  In  politics  he  is  a  Republi- 
can. He  is  a  member  of  the  local  lodge  of 
the  Knights  of  Pythias,  and  is  identified  with 
other  social  organizations.  He  is  deservedly 
popular  in  both  business  and  social  circles  and 
is  counted  as  one  of  the  best  citizens  fo  East 
Las  Vegas. 


'^•r'OHN   HILL,     the    leading    contractor 
m      and   builder  of  East  Las  Vegas,    New 
(•  J      Mexico,    and    the    owner    of    the    best 
planing-mill   in  the  city,  is  the  gentle- 
man to  whose  life  history  we  now  direct  atten- 
tion. 

Mr.  Hill  was  born  in  England,  July  13, 
1846.  His  youthful  days  were  spent  in  his 
native  land  and  he  there  received  a  fair  educa- 
tion and  served  an  apprenticeship  to  the  trade 
of  carpenter  and  builder.  May  i,  1863,  he 
sailed  for  America,  when  our  great  civil  war  was 
in  progress,  and  becoming  interested  on  the 
side  of  the  North,  he  volunteered  in  the  Union 
army  immediately  after  his  arrival  here.  He 
served  in  the  Army  of  the  Potomac  and  in  the 
Shenandoah  valley,  participating  in  the  cam- 
paigns which  led  up  to  the  surrender  of  Gen- 
eral Lee  and  the  close  of  the  war,  after  which 


432 


HISTORY  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


he  was  honorably  discharged.  He  then  went 
to  Leavenworth,  Kansas,  and  worked  at  his 
trade  there  and  in  different  places  in  the  West 
up  to  the  time  of  his  coming  to  East  Las  Vegas 
in  1879.  From  1879  until  1881  he  worked  in 
the  old  town  as  a  journeyman,  and  after  this 
until  1 884  had  charge  of  the  building  business 
of  Lockhart  &  Company.  In  the  last  named 
year  he  launched  out  in  business  on  his  own 
account  and  since  then  has  built  many  of  the 
best  and  most  important  buildings  in  the  city, 
among  which  may  be  mentioned  the  large 
school  building  in  the  northwest  part  of  the 
city,  the  Asylum  for  the  Insane,  the  fine 
Taminie  opera-house,  and  the  large  Ward 
block.  He  also  built  the  Guadaloupe  court- 
house and  jail,  the  Union  county  court-house 
and  jail  and  the  Santa  Fe  court-house.  The 
same  year  in  which  he  began  building  and 
contracting  on  his  own  account  he  erected  his 
own  handsome  residence  in  East  Las  Vegas, 
where  he  now  resides  with  his  family,  and  it 
was  in  1887  that  he  built  his  store  and  planing- 
mill,  this  being  a  brick  structure.  He  manu- 
factures sash,  doors  and  blinds,  all  kinds  of 
molding,  dresses  lumber,  etc.  His  business 
is,  indeed,  one  of  great  value  to  East  Las 
Vegas. 

Mr.  Hill  was  married  in  1872  to  Miss  Hat- 
tie  Guenther,  a  native  of  Missouri,  and  they 
have  two  children,  John  and  Samuel,  both 
born  in  Las  Vegas. 

Fraternally,  Mr.  Hill  is  identified  with  the 
Masonic  order.  He  is  Past  High  Priest  of  the 
chapter  and  is  one  of  the  Masons  who  has  been 
prominent  in  the  inception  and  building  of  the 
fine  Masonic  Temple  which  is  now  such  a  credit 
to  the  order  and  ornament  to  the  city.  He  is 
also  a  member  of  the  A.  O.  U.  W. ,  and  his 
political  sympathies  are  with  the  Republican 
party.  Mr.  Hill  has  seen  the  whole -of  the 
growth  of  East  Las  Vegas  and  has  contributed 
largely  to  the  substantial  and  creditable  build- 
ings which  adorn  its  streets  and  which  go  to 
make  it  one  of  the  nicest  cities  in  the  Territory 
of  New  Mexico,  and  in  all  the  walks  of  life  he 
has  proved  himself  to  be  one  of  its  best  citizens. 


*V^V     L.    ROSENTHAL  is  entitled  to  dis- 
M    tinction  in  this  connection    as  one  of 
r     the  oldest  and   most   successful  mer- 
chants of  East   Las  Vegas.      Follow- 
ing is  a  resume  of  his  life: 

N.  L.  Rosenthal  was  born  in  Prussia,  Sep- 
tember 13,  1830,  educated  in  his  native  land 
and  there  learned  the  trade  of  tanner  with  his 
father,  who  followed  that  business.  In  1864 
he  came  to  America  and  located  in  New  York, 
was  in  business  there  a  short  time  and  then 
went  to  St.  Louis,  Missouri,  where  he  remained 
six  months.  His  next  move  was  to  Omaha, 
Nebraska,  in  which  city  he  continued  to  reside 
until  1871.  After  this  he  was  successively  in 
Denver,  Elmoro  and  Otero,  Colorado,  and 
from  the  last  named  place  came  in  1879  to 
Las  Vegas,  New  Mexico.  At  that  time  there 
was  no  sign  of  the  new  town,  and  to  him  be- 
longs the  distinction  of  having  built  the  first 
store  in  that  place,  which  is  located  at  No.  109 
Railroad  street,  and  he  is  still  engaged  in  busi- 
ness in  that  building,  but  it  has  been  enlarged. 
He  carries  a  large  stock  of  general  merchan- 
dise and  does  both  a  wholesale  and  retail  busi- 
ness. His  sons,  Charles,  Samuel'and  William, 
were  associated  with  him  in  business  until  1885, 
the  firm  being  known  as  Rosenthal  &  Sons; 
but  since  then  the  sons  have  been  given  a  lib- 
eral capital  by  their  father  and  are  now  running 
a  large  store  in  the  city  on  their  own  account. 
In  1890  Mr.  Rosenthal  associated  with  him  in 
business  his  son-in-law,  Mr.  Leon  Monka,  and 
the  firm  has  since,  as  before,  continued  to 
prosper,  having  an  immense  trade  in  both  the 
city  and  surrounding  country. 

Mr.  Rosenthal  has  been  a  most  successful 
merchant.  He  owes  his  success  to  his  indus- 
try and  to  the  liberal  and  honorable  methods 
with  which  he  has  always  conducted  his  busi- 
ness. In  this  way  he  has  not  only  acquired  a 
handsome  fortune,  but  has  also  secured  the 
good  will  and  high  esteem  of  his  fellow  citi- 
zens. Such  a  record  is  creditable  alike  to  him 
and  to  the  city  in  which  he  has  been  able  to 
achieve  success.  Mr.  Rosenthal  was  one  of 
the  organizers  of  the  San  Miguel  Bank  and  has 


HISTORY  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


433 


been  one  of  its  directors.  He  has  erected  a 
number  of  buildings  in  the  city,  has  in  various 
ways  been  an  important  factor  in  its  growth, 
and  has  always  directed  his  influence  on  the 
side  of  right  and  truth.  To  educational  mat- 
ters especially  has  he  given  attention,  having 
served  for  some  time  as  president  of  the  City 
School  Board.  He  is  a  member  of  the  Grand 
Lodge,  Ancient  Order  United  Workmen,  of 
the  Territory,  and  is  one  of  the  Grand  Trus- 
tees of  the  order.  He  also  belongs  to  the  In- 
dependent Order  of  Odd  Fellows,  has  passed 
all  the  chairs  in  the  order,  and  is  Past  Grand 
Master  of  the  jurisdiction  which  extends  over 
Colorado,  New  Mexico  and  Arizona. 

In  Prussia,  in  1859,  was  consummated  Mr. 
Rosenthal's  marriage  to  Miss  Hulda  Bukofzer, 
a  native  of  Germany,  and  they  have  six  chil- 
dren— three  sons  and  three  daughters.  Their 
daughter  Fannie  is  now  Mrs.  Julius  Abrannsky, 
and  resides  in  East  Las  Vegas.  The  second 
daughter,  Jennie,  married  Mr.  Leon  Monka, 
who  has  already  been  referred  to  as  her  fa- 
ther's partner;  and  the  youngest  daughter,  Miss 
Lucy,  is  at  home  with  her  parents.  Their 
lome  is  one  of  the  delightful  ones  of  East 
Vegas. 


^•T*ULIUS  GRAAF,  the  pioneer  grocer  of 
m  East  Las  Vegas,  was  born  in  Ham- 
A  1  burg,  Germany,  November  26,  1840, 
where  he  received  his  education  and 
learned  the  trade  of  cigar-maker.  He  emi- 
grated to  the  United  States  in  1865,  ignorant 
of  the  language  of  this  country  and  with  only 
$1.50  in  his  possession.  He  obtained  work  at 
his  trade  in  New  York,  where  he  remained  one 
year,  after  which  he  went  to  Independence, 
Missouri,  and  from  there  to  Kansas  City.  In 
1872  Mr.  Graaf  removed  to  Las  Animas,  Colo- 
rado, where  he  opened  a  grocery  store  re- 
maining there  until  1878,  and  then  opened 
store  at  Trinidad,  same  State.  In  the 
following  year  he  came,  to  Las  Vegas,  hav- 
ing been  engaged  in  business  in  the  old  town 
until  1882,  and  trftn  opened  his  store  in  East 

28 


Las  Vegas.  Mr.  Graaf  began  business  on  a 
small  scale,  but  by  close  attention  to  his  af- 
fairs and  liberal  treatment  of  his  customers 
it  has  steadily  increased  until  he  is  now 
the  leading  retail  grocer  of  East  Las  Ve- 
gas. The  firm  is  now  known  as  Graaf  & 
Bowles.  Since  coming  to  this  city  our  sub- 
ject has  been  fully  identified  with  its  best  in- 
terests, and  has  taken  a  leading  part  in  all  its 
public  enterprises.  He  was  a  stockholder  in 
the  first  electric-light  company,  was  a  member 
of  the  Las  Vegas  Building  &  Loan  Association, 
and  in  every  way  in  in  his  power  has  helped  to 
build  and  make  the  city  what  it  now  is.  Mr. 
Graaf  has  also  prospered  with  the  prosperity 
of  his  town,  having  built  and  still  owning  a 
number  of  the  business  buildings  of  the  city, 
carries  a  large  stock  of  groceries  and  pro- 
visions, and  enjoys  the  confidence  and  good 
will  of  the  people  with  whom  he  has  so  long 
been  identified. 

In  Kansas  City,  in  1874,  he  was  united  in 
marriage  with  Miss  Paulina  Veal,  a  native  of 
Hanover,  Germany.  To  this  union  have  been 
added  two  sons,  Jacob  and  Joseph,  the  former 
assisting  his  father  in  the  store  and  the  latter 
attending  school.  In  his  social  relations,  Mr. 
Graaf  is  a  member  of  the  Independent  Order 
of  Odd  Fellows,  and  politically,  affiliates  with 
the  Republican  party.  The  family  reside  in  a 
pleasant  home  of  their  own  in  the  city  which 
they  have  helped  to  build,  and  of  which  they 
are  respected  citizens. 


aLFEGO  BACA,  County  Clerk  of  So- 
corro  county,    New  Mexico,    and  the 
junior  member  of  the  prominent  law 
firm  of  Freeman  &  Baca,  is  a  native  of 
the  city  in  which  he  lives,  Socorro,  born  Feb- 
ruary 27,  1865. 

Mr.  Baca  belongs  to  that  branch  of  the 
Baca  family  which  has  long  been  prominent  in 
New  Mexico.  Francisco  Baca,  his  father,  was 
born  in  Socorro  county,  New  Mexico,  on  the 
Government  grant  owned  by  the  family.  He 


434 


HISTORY  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


married  Miss  Juanita  Baca,  his  second  cousin, 
and  to  them  were  born  six  children,  only  two 
of  whom  are  yet  living,  namely:  A.  B.  Baca, 
at  this  writing  acting  as  chief  Deputy  Sheriff  of 
Socorro  county,  and  Elfego,  the  youngest  of 
the  family  and  the  subject  of  this  article.  Their 
mother  died  at  Topeka,  Kansas,  at  the  age  of 
thirty-five  years.  The  father  is  still  living. 
He  has  for  years  been  engaged  in  stock-raising 
and  farming,  and  has  filled  the  office  of  Justice 
of  the  Peace. 

In  his  native  town  Elfego  Baca  was  reared 
and  educated.  He  read  law  in  the  office  of 
Judge  Hamilton,  a  prominent  lawyer  of  this 
place,  and  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  Decem- 
ber, 1894.  In  February,  1895,  the  law  firm 
of  which  he  is  a  member  was  organized,  his 
partner,  Judge  Freeman,  being  the  late  Asso- 
ciate Justice  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  the  Ter- 
ritory, and  thus  giving  the  firm  a  prestige  which 
insures  its  success.  Mr.  Baca  is  the  owner  of 
considerable  real-estate  both  in  and  adjacent 
to  Socorro,  and  he  has  shown  himself  to  be  of 
a  progressive  and  enterprising  nature  by  the 
erection  of  numerous  buildings  in  the  town  and 
improvements  upon  his  land.  He  has  his  farm- 
ing land  worked  on  shares. 

Politically,  Mr.  Baca  is  a  strong  supporter 
of  the  principles  advocated  by  the  Republican 
party.  In  1883,  when  only  a  boy  in  his  'teens, 
he  was  appointed  Deputy  Sheriff  of  the  county 
under  Peter  A.  Simpson,  and,  although  only  a 
boy  in  years,  proved  himself  to  be  a  man  in 
strength  and  ability.  In  1884  he  was  made 
Deputy  Sheriff  of  Bernalillo  county,  was  re- 
appointed  in  1886,  and  served  as  such  until 
the  winter  of  1887-8,  when  he  was  appointed 
United  States  Deputy  Marshal  for  the  Terri- 
tory of  New  Mexico.  In  1893  he  received 
the  appointment  of  Clerk  of  Socorro  county,  in 
1894  was  nominated  and  elected  to  the  office, 
receiving  a  majority  of  882  votes,  his  majority 
being  larger  than  the  number  of  votes  received 
by  his  opponent,  and  he  is  now  serving  accept- 
ably in  this  office. 

Mr.  Baca  was  married,  in  1884,  to  Miss 
Francisqueta  Pohmer,  a  native  of  New  Mexico 


and  a  descendant  of  German  and  Spanish  an- 
cestors. They  have  three  children,  all  born 
in  Socorro,  namely:  Alfredo  A.,  Josephena 
and  Sofia. 


HOMAS  WALTER  HAYWARD,  pro- 
prietor of  the  leading  meat  market  of 
East  Las  Vegas,  New  Mexico,  opened 
his  business  in  this  town  in  1882,  has 
been  here  ever  since  and  is  consequently  now 
ranked  with  the  oldest  dealers  in  the  city. 

Mr.  Hayward  was  born  in  Dorset,  England, 
June  29,  1846,  a  representative  of  an  old  Eng- 
lish family.  His  father,  Robert  Hayward,  was. 
an  army  contractor,  a  butcher,  farmer  and 
maltster.  He  married  Miss  Charlotte  Eliza 
Dunning,  of  Corne  Abbas,  England,  and  they 
became  the  parents  of  seven  children — two 
daughters  and  five  sons.  Three  of  the  sons  are 
still  living.  The  father  died  at  the  age  of 
seventy-eight  years;  the  mother  at  forty-four. 
They  were  members  of  the  Episcopal  Church, 
and  were  people  of  the  highest  respectability. 
Thomas  Walter  Hayward  is  their  eldest 
son.  He  was  educated  in  his  native  land  and 
there  learned  the  meat  market  business  of  his 
father.  In  1870  he  emigrated  to  the  United 
States,  locating  first  in  Chicago,  subsequently 
went  from  there  to  Chetopa,  Kansas,  and  at 
the  last  named  place  engaged  in  business  for 
himself,  continuing  there  for  ten  years  and 
meeting  with  satisfactory  success.  His  brother, 
George  James  Hayward,  had  preceded  him 
three  years  to  East  Las  Vegas.  This  town  was 
then  only  fairly  started.  Entering  into  part- 
nership, in  1882,  they  continued  together  ten 
months,  since  which  time  Thomas  W.  has  car- 
ried on  business  alone,  and  by  fair  and  honor- 
able dealing  and  prompt  attention  to  the  wants 
of  his  customers  he  has  established  and  main- 
tained an  excellent  trade.  In  addition  to  his 
market  here  he  has  a  branch  shop  in  the  old 
town  of  Las  Vegas,  and  thus  delivers  meat  to 
customers  in  all  parts  of  both  towns.  The 
Las  Vegas  branch  of  the  business  is  now  in 
charge  of  his  son  George. 


HIS  TORT  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


435 


Since  coming  to  East  Las  Vegas  Mr.  Hay- 
ward  has  in  various  ways  become  identified 
with  its  interests,  has  acquired  considerable 
city  property,  and  has  built  one  of  the  fine  res- 
idences of  the  town.  In  politics  he  is  a  Dem- 
ocrat. He  has  interested  himself  in  the  edu- 
cational affairs  of  the  town,  has  served  several 
years  on  the  School  Board,  and  the  last  year 
of  his  service  was  its  president.  He  has  also 
been  elected  and  served  two  years  as  one  of 
the  County  Commissioners  of  San  Miguel 
county,  and  as  such  rendered  his  county  all 
the  valuable  service  in  his  power.  He  is  a 
Master  Mason,  and  has  held  the  office  of  Junior 
Warden  of  his  lodge.  In  short,  in  every  po- 
sition of  life  he  has  conducted  himself  up- 
rightly and  honorably. 

Mr.  Hayward  was  married,  in  1872,  to 
Miss  Samantha  Josephine  Hanson,  a  native  of 
Ohio,  their  marriage  being  consummated  in 
Chetopa,  Kansas,  and  their  union  has  been 
blessed  with  four  sons  and  a  daughter,  namely: 
Robert,  George  Hanson,  Walter  H.,  William 
H.  and  Charlotte  Josephine. 

Mr.  Hayward  and  his  family  are  members 
of  the  Episcopal  Church,  of  which  he  is  one 
of  the  Trustees,  and  they  are  well  known  and 
highly  appreciated  in  both  the  old  and  the  new 
town  of  Las  Vegas. 


HNDREW  A.  WISE,  the  representa- 
tive real-estate  dealer  of  East  Las 
Vegas,  was  born  in  Pennsylvania, 
January  18,  1829,  and  is  of  German 
descent.  His  ancestors  located  in  Pennsyl- 
vania previous  to  the  Revolution.  They  were 
residents  of  Philadelphia,  and  were  Loyalists 
during  that  struggle,  on  account  of  which  they 
were  obliged  to  leave  the  city.  They  afterward 
became  residents  of  Pennsylvania  and  Virginia, 
and  Mr.  Wise  is  a  descendant  of  the  Pennsyl- 
vania side  of  the  family.  His  grandfather, 
Aaron  Wise,  born  in  that  State,  was  the  father 
of  eleven  children,  and  at  his  death,  at  the  age 
of  ninety-five  years,  he  had  ninety-three  grand- 
children. Jacob  Wise,  the  father  of  our  sub- 


ject, was  born  in  Pennsylvania  in  1803,  and 
was  a  blacksmith  and  farmer  by  occupation. 
He  married  Miss  Harriet  Alexander,  and  they 
had  eight  children,  five  sons  and  three  daugh- 
ters, of  whom  only  three  are  now  living.  Four 
of  the  sons  volunteered  in  the  service  of  the 
country  during  the  great  Civil  war,  and  two 
died  from  the  effects  of  wounds  received  in  the 
army.  Cyrus  re-enlisted  and  died  soon  after 
returning  home.  The  father  died  of  typhoid 
fever  in  1845,  at  the  age  of  forty-three  years. 
His  wife  survived  him  fifteen  years,  departing 
this  life  in  her  fiftieth  year.  They  were  Free- 
will Baptists,  and  were  highly  esteemed  by  all 
who  knew  them  as  people  of  integrity  and 
worth. 

Andrew  A.  Wise,  their  eldest  child,  obtain- 
ed his  early  education  in  the  primitive  log 
schoolhouse  in  the  new  State  of  Ohio.  He 
was  sixteen  years  of  age  when  his  father  died, 
and,  being  the  eldest  of  the  family,  the  care 
devolved  upon  him.  He  says  of  himself  that 
he  was  rather  inclined  to  be  a  lazy  boy,  but  the 
struggle  for  life  brought  out  his  energy,  and 
from  that  time  he  became  an  industrious  and 
hard-working  citizen.  They  owned  a  black- 
smith shop,  and  Mr.  Wise  afterward  learned 
carpentering  and  wagon-making.  As  he  grew 
older  he  purchased  a  farm  in  the  woods,  which 
he  cleared  and  sold,  and  then  purchased  an- 
other, which  he  also  cleared  and  sold.  In 
1866  he  went  to  Johnson  county,  Missouri, 
where  he  followed  contracting  and  building 
until  1 88 1.  In  that  year  Mr.  Wise  came  to 
Las  Vegas,  New  Mexico,  having  followed  min- 
ing in  the  White  Oak  district,  and  made  money 
in  that  venture.  Since  that  time  he  has  been 
a  resident  of  East  Las  Vegas,  and  was  engaged 
in  the  real-estate  business  with  his  brother,  J. 
H. ,  doing  business  under  the  firm  name  of 
A.  A.  &  J.  H.  Wise.  When  they  opened  their 
office  there  were  thirty  real-estate  men  in  the 
city.  He  is  now  the  only  one  of  that  number 
in  business. 

In  political  matters,  Mr.  Wise  was  raised  a 
Democrat,  and  his  first  presidential  vote  was 
cast  for  Franklin  Pierce.  During  the  war  his 


436 


HIS  TORT  Of  NEW  MEXICO. 


sympathies  were  with  the  North,  and  he  has 
been  a  stanch  Republican  since  the  organiza- 
tion of  that  party. 

In  1852  Mr.  Wise  was  united  in  marriage 
with  Miss  Julia  Wheaton,  a  native  of  Ohio. 
They  have  had  four  children — Jeanette,  now 
Mrs.  Clinton  Frye;  Hattie,  the  wife  of  Dr.  A. 
B.  Peak;  Clara,  wife  of  Perry  C.  Hoysett,  en- 
gaged in  business  with  our  subject ;  and  Edward 
William,  of  this  city.  Mr.  Wise  has  built  a 
pleasant  and  commodious  home  in  this  city, 
where  he  and  his  family  reside  in  peace  and 
plenty. 


@ROSS,  BLACKWELL  &  COM- 
PANY, wholesale  dealers  in  groceries, 
provisions  and  wool  in  East  Las  Ve- 
gas, is  the  largest  firm  of  its  kind  in 
New  Mexico.  They  also  have  a  large  store 
in  Albuquerque  and  one  of  the  most  extensive 
wool  houses  in  the  country  located  at  St.  Louis, 
Missouri.  The  pioneers  in  the  business  were 
Otero  Sellar  &  Company,  they  having  opened 
their  store  in  1867,  and  sold  goods  along  the 
line  of  the  Kansas  Pacific  and  Santa  Fe  Rail- 
roads. During  the  construction  of  the  railroad 
they  located  the  main  house  at  East  Las  Vegas, 
and  Messrs.  Jacob  Gross  and  H.  W.  Kelly 
then  became  connected  with  the  firm.  A.  M. 
Blackwell  was  connected  with  the  old  firm  of 
Chick,  Browne  &  Company.  In  1881  these 
gentlemen  organized  the  firm  of  Gross,  Black- 
well  &  Company,  and  bought  out  the  business 
of  Otero  Sellar  &  Company.  They  now  have 
the  largest  wholesale  house  of  the  kind  in  the 
Territory,  selling  throughout  New  Mexico, 
Arizona  and  portions  of  Colorado.  They  han- 
dle all  kinds  of  produce,  hides  and  wool.  The 
store  and  warehouse  at  East  Las  Vegas  covers 
acres  of  ground.  Their  wonderful  success  may 
be  attributed  to  their  energy,  business  integrity 
and  the  considerate  and  liberal  treatment  of 
their  customers. 

Mr.  Gross,  the  senior  member  of  the  firm, 
is  a  native  of  Baltimore,  but  his  entire  business 
life  has  been  spent  in  the  West,  where  he  is 


widely  and  favorably  known  throughout  busi- 
ness circles.  He  now  resides  in  St.  Louis.  Mr. 
Blackwell  was  born  in  Carrollton,  Missouri, 
and  he  too  has  spent  his  business  life  in  the 
West,  and  has  attained  an  equally  wide  and 
favorable  acquaintance  throughout  the  country. 
Mr.  Kelly,  who  has  charge  of  the  entire 
business  in  New  Mexico,  is  considered  one  of 
New  Mexico's  representative  business  men.  He 
was  born  in  Leavenworth,  Kansas,  in  1858, 
and  was  only  fifteen  years  of  age  when  he  began 
his  mercantile  career.  In  1879  he  came  to 
East  Las  Vegas,  and  has  since  been  indentified 
with  its  growth  and  development,  aiding  in 
every  enterprise  which  has  for  its  object  the 
advancement  of  the  city.  Mr.  Kelly  takes  a 
deep  interest  in  educational  affairs,  and  is  serv- 
ing as  School  Director.  He  is  also  Vice-Presi- 
dent  of  the  Las  Vegas  Savings  Bank.  In  his 
social  relations  he  is  a  member  of  the  Masonic 
fraternity. 


HDOLPH  HARSCH,  one  of  the  early 
pioneers  of  Albuquerque  and  a  vet- 
eran of  the  great  Civil  war,  was  born 
in  Wurtemberg,  Germany,  October 
30,  1841.  Both  his  great-grandfathers  were 
members  of  Napoleon  Bonaparte's  body  guard, 
and  were  taken  prisoners  at  Moscow.  He  is 
also  a  cousin  of  the  Postmaster  General  of 
Wurtemberg.  The  parents  of  our  subject, 
John  George  and  Elizabeth  (Deshly)  Harsch, 
were  also  natives  of  Germany.  Our  subject 
came  with  his  father  to  America  when  ten 
years  of  age,  locating  at  Peoria,  Illinois, where 
he  continued  to  reside  until  his  father's  death, 
when  he  was  aged  seventy-one  years.  His 
wife  survived  him  many  years,  departing  this 
life  in  her  eighty-second  year.  They  were 
Evangelical  Lutherans,  and  were  people  of 
honesty  and  industry. 

Adolph  Harsch,  the  third  of  their  twelve 
children,  seven  now  living,  began  working  for 
his  own  support  when  thirteen  years  of  age, 
following  the  vocation  of  farming  two  years. 
He  then  obtained  a  situation  as  clerk.  When 


HISTORT  OF  NE  W  MEXICO. 


437 


the  great  Civil  war  burst  upon  the  country, 
Mr.  Harsch  answered  to  President  Lincoln's 
call  for  volunteers,  and  enlisted  in  Company  I, 
Eighth  Illinois  Volunteer  Infantry,  under 
General  Sherman,  participated  in  Grant's  first 
victorious  campaign,  in  the  battles  of  Belmont, 
Fort  Henry  and  Fort  Donelson,  and  while 
making  a  charge  in  the  last  engagement  his 
company  lost  twenty-nine  men!  Mr.  Harsch 
next  participated  in  the  battles  of  Shiloh  and 
Fort  Gibson,  in  which  he  was  wounded  by  a 
piece  of  shell,  but  was  in  the  hospital  only  one 
day,  when  he  rejoined  his  regiment  and  went 
with  them  to  Black  river.  At  the  battle  of 
Champion  Hill  his  regiment  made  a  charge 
which  broke  the  enemy's  line  and  turned  the 
battle  in  favor  of  the  Union  army.  At  the 
siege  of  Vicksburg  Mr.  Harsch  was  a  sharp- 
shooter, and  during  the  thirty  days  in  that 
capacity  he  shot  100  cartridges  each  day,  hav- 
ing made  it  interesting  for  any  enemy  that 
came  in  sight.  From  that  time  he  took  part 
in  all  the  campaigns  which  led  up  to  and  in- 
cluded the  taking  of  Atlanta,  and  from  there 
he  accompanied  Sherman  on  his  triumphant 
march  to  the  sea.  During  that  time  Mr. 
Harsch  also  did  a  great  deal  of  foraging  for  his 
regiment,  and  while  on  an  expedition  of  this 
kind  to  New  Goldsboro,  North  Carolina, 
with  a  few  comrades,  they  were  captured  and 
taken  prisoners,  having  been  held  fifteen  days 
at  Salisbury.  They  were  then  taken  on  a 
freight  train  to  chop  and  load  wood,  and  he 
and  his  comrades  decided  they  would  make  a 
break  for  liberty,  jumping  from  the  top  of  the 
freight  car  while  it  was  in  motion.  Although 
they  were  fired  on  by  the  guards  they  succeed- 
ed in  making  their  escape.  Mr.  Harsch's 
jump  proved  a  severe  one  for  him,  as  his  ankle 
was  put  out  of  joint,  both  sides  were  injured, 
and  he  was  struck  in  the  back  by  a  ball,  which 
he  has  ever  since  carried.  But  such  was  his 
courage  that  he  walked  to  Knoxville,  a  dis- 
tance of  150  miles,  in  that  condition,  remain- 
ing in  the  woods  during  the  day,  and  travel- 
ing by  night!  Before  going  on  the  foraging  ex- 
pedition he  had  drawn  new  clothes,  but  during 


his  imprisonment  most  of  them  were  taken 
from  him,  and  he  was  obliged  to  make  the 
journey  in  his  bare  feet,  which  greatly  added 
to  his  suffering.  After  the  expiration  of  his 
term,  Mr.  Harsch  enlisted  for  three  years,  and 
at  the  close  of  that  term  of  service  he  enlisted 
to  serve  to  the  close  of  the  struggle,  thus  becom- 
ing a  veteran  of  veterans.  Mr.  Harsch  also 
narrates  the  following  little  incident  which  oc- 
curred while  he  was  a  sharpshooter.  A  Con- 
federate crawled  up  behind  a  little  knoll  and 
fired  at  him  and  his  companions,  but  he  and 
a  comrade  instantly  returned  the  fire  and  killed 
the  Confederate.  A  second  crawled  up  to  pull 
him  away,  and  they  wounded  him,  and  an  old 
man  then  came  up  to  pull  the  wounded  man 
back.  As  they  were  about  to  take  aim  at  him 
a  comrade  came  and  asked  them  to  let  the  old 
fellow  go,  and  they  withdrew  their  fire.  A 
book  could  be  filled  with  incidents  of  interest 
in  his  life  as  a  brave  Union  soldier,  but  enough 
has  been  said  to  show  that  he  served  his 
Government  valiantly,  and  is  deserving  of  the 
highest  praise. 

At  the  close  of  the  war  Mr.  Harsch  returned 
to  his  home  in  Illinois,  where  he  was  engaged 
in  the  grocery,  bakery  and  confectionery  busi- 
ness with  his  brother  for  five  years.  In  July, 
1880,  he  arrived  in  New  Mexico.  The  town 
of  Albuquerque  had  then  just  been  started, 
where  he  at  once  opened  a  restaurant  and 
bakery,  but  discontinued  the  former  a  year 
afterward.  He  remained  in  the  bakery  busi- 
ness seven  years,  meeting  with  satisfactory 
success.  Since  1889  he  has  been  engaged  in 
the  manufacture  and  bottling  of  soda  water, 
and  is  the  owner  of  the  Coyote  Canyon 
Springs,  which  yield  a  mineral  water  that  has 
become  noted  for  its  curative  properties.  The 
business  of  marketing  this  water  is  one  of  the 
successful  enterprises  of  the  city.  In  1880 
Mr.  Harsch  erected  the  building  on  First  street 
in  which  they  now  conduct  the  trade. 

November  3,   1868,  he  was  united  in   mar- 

!  riage  with  Miss  Catherine  Staufer,  a  native  of 

Berne,  Switzerland.      They  have  four  children 

— Edwin  B.,    Walter  A.,  Katie  E.    and   Rosa 


438 


HIS TOR T   OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


May  J.  Mr.  Harsch  has  been  a  life-long, 
tried  and  true  Republican,  and  has  represented 
his  ward,  the  Second,  in  the  City  Council.  He 
is  a  Master  Mason,  a  member  of  the  Ancient 
Order  of  United  Workmen,  of  the  National 
Union  and  of  the  Grand  Army  of  the  Republic, 
of  which  he  has  served  in  the  latter  as  Vice 
Commander  and  as  Accountant  of  the  Terri- 
tory. 


@EORGE   K.    NEHER,    one   of    Albu- 
querque's   most    successful     business 
men,  was  born  in  Wisconsin, .October 
12,  1862.    His  father,  Melchias  Neher, 
was  a  native  of  Germany.      Soon  after  marriage 
he  came   to   America,    locating  in  Wisconsin, 
and  engaged  in  the  brewery  business  for  a  num- 
ber of  years.      His  death   occurred   at  the  age 
of  fifty-one  years,  and  his  widow  is  still  living, 
now  a  resident  of  Nebraska. 

George  K. ,  their  eldest  child,  received  his 
education  in  his  native  State,  and  began  work 
for  himself  as  clerk  in  a  store.  He  arrived  in 
Albuquerque,  New  Mexico,  in  1881,  with  just 
$1.60  in  his  possession,  but  he  soon  found  em- 
ployment in  old  Albuquerque,  remaining  there 
for  three  years.  He  then  became  sole  owner 
of  the  business.  In  1884  Mr.  Neher  came  to 
the  new  town  and  became  proprietor  of  the 
St.  Julian,  which  he  conducted,  with  success, 
for  a  year  and  a  half.  After  retiring  from  that 
business  he  was  employed  as  clerk  one  year  for 
Dr.  Faver,  after  which  he  conducted  a  meat 
market  one  year,  for  the  following  seven  months 
was  engaged  in  manufacturing  and  bottling 
soda  water,  then  purchased  a  half  interest  in 
the  Mint,  but  a  year  later  sold  his  interest  to 
his  partner,  and  in  1889  started  the  White  Ele- 
phant, which  rapidly  became  one  of  the  most 
popular  places  in  Albuquerque,  patronized 
largely  by  the  leading  business  men  of  the  city. 
Mr.  Neher  has  been  very  fortunate  in  all  his 
business  ventures.  He  now  owns  valuable  im- 
proved and  unimproved  lots  in  the  city,  is  the 
owner  of  the  St.  Elmo  building,  which  was 
erected  at  a  cost  of  $12,000,  has  one  of  the 


finest  brick  residences  in  the  city,  and  is  one 
of  the  owners  of  the  Cathrine  Liliput  gold 
mine,  one  of  the  most  promising  mines  in  the 
country.  He  is  a  great  lover  of  the  "chase" 
and  marksmanship,  giving  much  attention  to 
pigeon-shooting.  He  is  an  active,  capable, 
liberal  and  enterprising  gentleman,  ever  ready 
to  contribute  his  full  share  toward  the  improve- 
ment and  advancement  of  the  interests  of 
his  city. 

April  5,  1885,  Mr.  Neher  was  united  in 
marriage  with  Miss  Georgia  Zirhut,  a  daughter 
of  Hon.  Matthew  C.  Zirhut,  of  Albuquerque. 
Mrs.  Neher  died  June  i,  1895.  Mr.  Neher 
has  four  children,  all  born  in  this  city — Willie 
G.,  Carrie,  Lola  and  George. 


HRTHUR  EVERITT,  the  leading  jew- 
eler of  Albuquerque,  was  born  in 
England,  December  26,  1853,  was 
educated  in  his  native  country,  served 
an  apprenticeship  there  at  the  jewelry  business, 
and  for  five  years  was  chief  examiner  of  the 
English  Watch  Company's  manufactory  in 
Birmingham.  In  April,  1881,  he  left  his  na- 
tive land  for  America,  landing  in  New  Orleans 
May  ist,  following.  After  residing  in  that 
city  two  years  he  came  to  the  new  town  of  Al- 
buquerque, where,  on  February  i,  1884,  he  em- 
barked in  business.  Mr.  Everitt  has  ever 
since  occupied  the  same  location,  on  Railroad 
avenue,  has  built  up  an  extensive  trade,  and 
enjoys  the  full  confidence  of  the  citizens  of  Al- 
buquerque. His  stock  comprises  many  beau- 
tiful diamonds,  emeralds,  opals  and  other  rare 
jewels,  watches,  silverware  and  art  goods.  In 
addition  he  manufactures  filigree  and  diamond 
mountings,  and  is  a  good  optician.  Mr.  Ever- 
itt is  a  thorough  workman,  giving  close  atten- 
tion to  his  business,  and  by  honorable  methods 
has  succeeded  far  beyond  his  expectations. 
Since  coming  to  this  city  he  has  been  fully 
identified  with  its  interests,  and  has  purchased 
much  real  estate.  In  addition  to  his  other 
occupations,  he  has  planted  a  beautiful  orchard 
near  the  city. 


HISTORY  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


439 


In  1875  our  subject  was  united  in  marriage 
with  Miss  Annie  Reynolds,  a  native  of  Coven- 
try, England.  They  have  four  children,  all 
attending  the  city  schools,  namely:  Edyth 
Lenore,  Olivia,  George  and  Evelyn.  Mr. 
Everitt  was  a  charter  member  and  is  a  stock- 
holder in  the  fine  building  of  the  Commercial 
Club,  and  is  a  prominent  Mason,  a  member  of 
the  blue  lodge,  Royal  Arch,  Temple  and 
Shrine.  He  is  independent  in  political  mat- 
ters. Mr.  Everitt  is  a  man  among  men  in 
everything  that  pertains  to  the  growth  and  well 
being  of  his  city,  and  is  a  worthy  and  highly 
esteemed  citizen  of  Albuquerque. 


aDWIN    S.     CUMMINGS,     Alderman 
of    Albuquerque,     was  born    in    Pine 
Creek,  Ogle  county,  Illinois,  April  7, 
1855.     His  father,  Benjamin  F.  Cum- 
mings,  was  a  native  of  Vermont,  but  when   a 
young  man  he   removed   to  Illinois.      He  was 
there  married    to  Miss    Elizabeth   Yates,  and 
they  had  six  sons  and  four  daughters,  of  whom 
seven    are  still   living.      Mr.  Cummings  was   a 
prominent  farmer  in  Illinois.      He  and  his  wife 
were  members  of  the    Christian    Church,  and 
were  industrious  and  honest  people.      He  died 
in  Missouri   in  1871,  aged   sixty-six  years,  and 
the    mother   still   survives,  now  seventy-seven 
years  of  age. 

Edwin  S.  Cummings,  their  sixth  child  in 
order  of  birth,  was  educated  in  the  public 
schools  of  his  native  town,  and  began  to  earn 
his  own  living  at  the  age  of  twelve  years.  In 
1873  he  came  West,  and  was  engaged  as  a 
"cow-boy"  in  Colfax  county,  New  Mexico, 
for  a  number  of  years,  after  which  he  worked 
at  the  carpenter's  trade,  and  in  1893  he  em- 
barked in  the  mercantile  business,  keeping  a 
second-hand  store  on  First  street.  He  now  oc- 
cupies a  building  25  x  1 10  feet,  also  a  large 
warehouse  50x60,  filled  with  a  large  variety 
of  such  goods  as  a  second-hand  store  demands; 
and  he  also  has  a  large  stock  of  new  goods. 
Mr.  Cummings  has  built  up  a  large  and  re- 
munerative business  in  Albuquerque,  and  has 


the  reputation  of  being  a  fair  and  honorable 
dealer. 

In  political  matters  he  is  a  stanch  Repub- 
lican. In  1895  he  was  elected  by  that  party 
to  represent  his  ward  in  the  City  Council,  and 
is  now  serving  in  that  capacity,  doing  all  in  his 
power  for  the  improvement  and  upbuilding  of 
his  chosen  city. 

Mr.  Cummings  was  married  in  1886  to  Miss 
Nettie  Lott,  a  native  of  Pennsylvania.  To 
this  union  have  been  born  three  children,  all 
in  Albuquerque,  and  two  are  now  living — Grace 
E.  and  Claud  E.  Mr.  Cummings  is  a  man  of 
much  ability,  and  since  residing  in  New  Mex- 
ico he  has  acquired  the  Spanish  language,  and 
is  thus  able  to  transact  business  readily  with 
the  natives  of  the  country,  as  well  as  with  the 
English-speaking  people.  He  is  active,  enter- 
prising and  progressive,  and  has  the  credit  of 
making  his  own  way  in  the  world,  aided  by 
none. 


aESARE  A.  GRANDE,  Alderman  of 
Albuquerque  and  one  of  the  city's 
prominent  business  men,  was  born  in 
Naples,  Italy,  March  15,  1854,  of 
Italian  ancestry.  He  was  educated  in  his  na- 
tive country,  and  learned  the  stone-cutter's 
trade,  as  well  as  that  of  stone-mason.  Mr. 
Grande  came  to  the  United  States  May  i, 
1882,  arriving  in  Albuquerque,  New  Mexico, 
twelve  days  later.  After  coming  to  this  city 
he  immediately  began  work  at  his  trade,  hav- 
ing assisted  in  the  erection  of  a  number  of  the 
principal  buildings  here.  In  1890  he  opened 
a  brick-yard  in  the  city  and  furnished  brick  for 
the  Catholic  Church,  the  San  Felipe  Hotel, 
the  finest  hotel  in  the  city,  and  for  a  number 
of  other  buildings.  In  1887  Mr.  Grande  em- 
barked in  the  saloon  and  grocery'business  in 
Albuquerque,  and  has  met  with  more  than 
ordinary  success  in  this  venture.  In  1888,  at 
305  Broadway,  he  built  for  himself  a  large, 
two-story  building  for  a  store  and  residence, 
in  which  he  now  resides  and  carries  on  his  ex- 
tensive business. 


440 


H1STORT  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


In  1884  our  subject  was  united  in  marriage 
with  Miss  Felicita  Tushan,  and  they  had  one 
daughter,  Rosie.  The  wife  and  mother  de- 
parted this  life  in  March,  1890,  and  two  years 
afterward  Mr.  Grande  married  Macedonia 
Garule,  a  native  daughter  of  New  Mexico.  In 
his  social  relations  Mr.  Grande  is  a  member  of 
the  Christopher  Columbus  Benevolent  Society. 
Politically  he  is  one  of  the  leading  Democrats 
of  his  community,  and  he  has  won  the  confi- 
dence and  esteem  of  the  citizens  of  the  First 
Ward  to  the  extent  that  in  1893  they  elected 
him  to  represent  that  ward  in  the  City  Coun- 
cil, a  position  which  he  is  now  filling  to  the 
best  of  his  ability  and  to  the  entire  satisfac- 
tion of  his  constituents.  He  is  ever  ready  to 
do  all  in  his  power  to  advance  the  interests  of 
the  city  of  his  choice. 


eMIL  E.  STOFFEL,   the  leading  har- 
ness-manufacturer and  dealer  of  Al- 
buquerque,    was    born    in    St.    Clair 
county,  Illinois,  May  21,    1866.      His 
father,  Louis  Stoffel,  was  a  native  of  Germany, 
and  came  to  America  when  young.      He  was 
married  in  this  country   to   Miss  Mary   Frey, 
and  they  had  fourteen  children,  eleven  of  whom 
are  now  living.     The  father  departed  this  life 
in    1880,    at  the   age   of  fifty  years,    and    the 
mother  is  still  living,  in  her  sixty-fourth  year. 
They  were  active  members  in  the  Presbyterian 
Church,  and  were  honorable  and  upright  citi- 
zens. 

Emil  E.  Stoffel,  their  eighth  child,  received 
only  a  limited  education  in  the  public  schools 
of  his  native  town,  and,  as  he  began  making 
his  own  way  in  the  world  at  the  early  age  of 
fifteen  years,  he  can  justly  be  termed  a  self- 
made  man.  After  learning  the  harness-maker's 
trade  he  foflowed  that  occupation  three  years 
in  his  native  place,  and  then  worked  in  Mis- 
souri. August  20,  1885,  he  arrived  in  Albu- 
querque, New  Mexico,  and,  rather  than  be 
idle,  he  obtained  employment  in  a  livery  stable. 
Mr.  Stoffel  subsequently  found  work  at  his 
trade  with  Johnson  &  Prager;  later  worked  for 


J.  H.  Hughes,  and  then  removed  to  Denver, 
following  his  trade  there  for  two  years.  While 
there,  in  1888,  he  was  united  in  marriage  with 
Miss  Barbara  Hornisher,  a  native  of  Germany. 
In  the  following  year  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Stoffel 
came  to  Albuquerque,  where  he  opened  a  shop 
of  his  own,  and  by  close  attention  to  business 
and  honorable  dealings  he  has  met  with  won- 
derful success.  In  1892  he  erected  his  brick 
building,  50  by  50  feet,  on  Copper  avenue,  and 
it  is  filled  with  a  well-selected  stock  of  such 
goods  as  are  to  be  found  in  a  first-class  harness 
and  saddlery  establishment.  His  business 
still  continues  to  prosper,  and  he  has  acquired 
the  reputation  of  being  the  leading  merchant  in 
his  line  in  the  city.  The  family  reside  in  their 
home  on  South  Broadway.  Mr.  and  Mrs. 
Stoffel  have  three  children — Eda,  Clara  and 
Louis. 

Mr.  Stoffel  is  a  member  of  the  Red  Men 
and  of  the  Woodmen  of  the  World,  and  in 
politics  he  is  a  stanch  Republican. 


aHARLES    MAUSARD,   of  Albu- 
querque,   is  one   of  the   active,    pro- 
gressive business  men  of  the  Territory 
of  New  Mexico,  who  by  his  own  efforts 
has  rapidly  attained  prosperity. 

Mr.  Mausard  was  born  at  St.  Mary's,  Ohio, 
March  23,  1854,  and  is  a  descendant  from 
German  and  French  ancestry.  He  was  reared 
and  received  a  public-school  education  in  his 
native  town.  At  the  age  of  fourteen  he  began 
to  learn  the  flouring-mill  business,  and  to  this 
business  he  has  ever  since  given  his  attention, 
meeting  with  merited  success.  He  worked  in 
the  Shellabarger  mills  in  Decatur,  Illinois,  the 
Shawnee  mills  at  Topeka,  Kansas,  and  Star's 
mills  at  Vallejo,  California — all  among  the  best 
mills  in  the  country,  and  in  these  he  early 
acquired  a  thorough  knowledge  of  the  business 
in  its  every  detail. 

It  was  in  1886  that  Mr.  Mausard  came  to 
New  Mexico,  and  that  year,  at  old  Albu- 
querque, in  partnership  with  his  brother  Theo- 
dore and  Mr.  J.  R.  Smith,  he  leased  the  Hun- 


HISTORT  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


ing  mills,  which  they  ran  successfully.  Three 
years  later  he  began  the  erection  of  his  present 
brick,  steam  flouring-mill,  which  is  located  on 
the  railroad,  corner  of  Railroad  street  and 
Fruit  avenue,  in  the  new  town.  This  is  both 
a  merchant  and  custom  mill,  has  a  full  roller 
process  and  a  capacity  of  seventy-five  barrels 
per  day,  and  is  as  conveniently  arranged  and 
well  designed  as  practical  experience  could 
suggest.  It  turns  out  an  excellent  quality  of 
flour,  which  has  given  general  satisfaction 
wherever  sold,  and  from  the  completion  of  the 
mill  up  to  the  present  time  its  owner  has  done 
a  prosperous  and  paying  business.  It  goes 
without  saying  that  this  enterprise  is  one  of 
the  desirable  accessions  to  the  business  of  the 
city. 

Mr.  Mausard  was  happily  married  in  Sep- 
tember, 1889,  to  Miss  Alice  Sanders,  a  native 
of  Lisbon,  Iowa,  and  they  own  and  occupy  one 
of  the  commodious  and  elegant  homes  of  the 
city.  Their  residence,  a  handsome  brick,  is 
situated  on  the  corner  of  Fruit  avenue  and 
Second  street,  and  was  erected  by  him  in 
1892.  And  thus  in  the  erection  of  his  resi- 
dence as  well  as  mill  has  he  added  to  the  ma- 
terial growth  of  the  city. 

In  fraternal  as  well  as  business  circles  Mr. 
Mausard  is  prominent  and  active.  He  belongs 
to  the  Masons,  having  taken  the  degrees  of 
the  Commandery  and  also  those  of  the  Mystic 
Shrine.  In  politics,  he  is  a  firm  adherent  to 
the  principles  of  the  Republican  party,  and  he 
is  a  member  of  the  School  Board  of  Albu- 
querque. 

While  some  people  are  ashamed  to  state 
that  they  began  business  without  any  capital, 
Mr.  Mausard  is  justly  proud  of  the  fact  that 
when  he  and  his  partners  established  them- 
selves at  old  Albuquerque  they  had  just  ten 
dollars  in  money.  A  year  later,  when  the  firm 
dissolved  and  he  bought  out  his  partners,  he 
had  four  dollars  left,  and  by  honest  toil,  care- 
ful economy  and  the  exercise  of  good  judg- 
ment, he  has  made  a  showing  that  is  credit- 
able alike  to  himself  and  the  city  in  which  he 
is  located.  He  takes  a  deep  interest  in  the 


upbuilding  of  Albuquerque,  and,  like  her  other 
progressive  citizens,  opens  his  purse  when  it  is 
needed.  In  his  case  that  saying  proves  true — 
"The  liberal  man  deviseth  liberal  things,  and 
by  liberal  things  shall  he  stand." 


HARLES  W.  LEWIS.— It  is  now 
the  privilege  of  the  biographer  to 
present  a  resume  of  the  life  of  one  of 
New  Mexico's  prominent  native  sons, 
a  man  who  has  descended  from  distinguished 
ancestors,  who  has  spent  his  whole  life  in  this 
Territory  and  who  has  figured  conspicuously 
in  its  affairs. 

Charles  W.  Lewis  was  born  at  Peralta, 
Valencia  county,  New  Mexico,  July  16,  1844. 
His  father,  George  W.  Lewis,  a  native  of 
Kentucky,  descended  from  two  of  the  noted 
families  of  the  South,  the  Lewises  and  Woods. 
When  a  young  man  he  came  with  Kit  Carson 
to  New  Mexico,  and  for  a  number  of  years  was 
engaged  in  trapping  beaver  in  the  Rocky  moun- 
tains. At  one  time  he  was  made  a  prisoner  by 
the  authorities  at  Santa  Fe.  After  his  release 
he  settled  here  and  gave  his  attention  to  pros- 
pecting, mining  and  speculating,  and  at  times 
aided  the  inhabitants  in  fighting  the  Indians, 
who  frequently  made  savage  attacks  upon  the 
settlers.  And  here  he  met  and  married  Miss 
Marcadena,  the  daughter  of  Hon.  Juan  An- 
tonia  Salis,  at  that  time  Quartermaster  of  the 
King's  Command  at  Santa  Fe.  In  1860  Mr. 
Lewis  was  at  Memphis,  where  he  took  part  in 
a  fight  and  was  killed;  aged  sixty-five  years. 
His  widow  still  survives.  She  has  attained  her 
eighty-fifth  year.  Her  mother  was  an  Ortiz, 
the  Ortiz  family  also  being  ranked  with  the 
most  distinguished  early  settlers  of  the  Terri- 
tory. George  W.  Lewis  and  his  wife  had  thir- 
teen children,  Charles  W.  being  the  fifth  born 
and  one  of  the  seven  who  are  still  living,  the 
others  having  died  in  infancy. 

Charles  W.  was  educated  in  the  Christia  n 
Brothers'  school  in  St.  Louis  and  after  com- 
pleting his  studies  gave  his  time  and  attention 
to  mercantile  pursuits,  in  which  he  was  engag- 


442 


HJSTORT  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


ed  for  a  period  of  twenty-nine  years,  nine  years 
at  Peralta  and  twenty  at  Albuquerque,  doing 
both  a  retail  and  wholesale  business.  He  also 
became  largely  interested  in  the  raising  of  cattle 
and  sheep,  and  acquired  a  vast  landed  estate. 
At  one  time  his  sheep  numbered  68,000,  and 
his  broad  acres  stretched  away  for  miles  and 
miles.  He  purchased  the  whole  of  the  M.  Mon- 
tanzo  grant,  consisting  of  45,000  acres  of  land, 
had  18,000  acres  adjoining  it,  and  owned  a 
third  tract  of  4,000  acres.  This  Montanzo 
grant  is  now  in  the  hands  of  a  syndicate,  corn- 
posed  of  seven  gentlemen  and  known  as  the 
Western  Homestead  and  Irrigation  Company, 
of  which  Mr.  Lewis  is  a  large  stockholder,  and 
they  expect  to  improve  and  colonize  it.  Its 
location  is  in  the  Rio  Puerco  valley,  some  eight- 
een miles  west  of  Albuquerque,  and  it  is  well 
supplied  with  timber  and  coal,  and,  what  is 
best  of  all,  an  abundance  of  water.  With  all 
these  natural  advantages  and  with  these  gen- 
tlemen of  enterprise  and  capital  at  its  back, 
the  movement  is  sure  to  meet  with  success. 

Mr.  Lewis  is  also  the  owner  of  a  valuable 
mining  property  located  twenty-one  miles 
southeast  of  Albuquerque,  which  will,  no  doubt, 
bring  a  fortune  to  its  operators.  It  is  Mr. 
Lewis's  intention,  in  the  near  future,  to  form 
a  syndicate  and  develop  the  property.  Besides 
this,  he  is  interested  in  other  mines  in  the  same 
locality. 

He  was  married  in  1869  to  Miss  Jessie 
Evans,  a  native  of  St.  Louis,  and  they  are  the 
parents  of  four  children,  all  born  in  New  Mex- 
ico, namely:  George  E.,  Jesse,  Charles  B.  and 
John  W. 

In  his  political  affiliations,  Mr.  Lewis  has 
all  his  life  been  an  ardent  Republican.  He 
has  served  his  county  both  as  Assessor  and 
Treasurer,  and  could  have  held  various  other 
offices  had  it  not  been  that  his  extensive  busi- 
ness interests  demanded  his  entire  attention. 
In  the  early  days  before  the  advent  of  railroads, 
Mr.  Lewis,  like  other  pioneer  merchants  of  the 
Territory,  did  much  freighting  from  Kansas 
City.  He  had  a  freight  train  of  nine  wagons, 
with  five  yoke  of  oxen  to  a  wagon.  These  long 


journeys  to  and  from  Kansas  City  were  not  in- 
frequently attended  with  great  danger  from  the 
hostile  Indians.  He,  however,  was  seldom 
molested.  In  his  business  life  he  has  been  en- 
terprising and  liberal,  he  has  done  his  full  share 
to  bring  about  a  higher  civilization  here,  and 
he  is  entitled  to  the  respect  and  esteem  which 
is  accorded  him. 


«y— *  ENRY  V.  HARRIS,  late  County  Clerk 
l^\  of  Bernalillo  county,  New  Mexico, 

^F  ably  filled  this  position  for  the  past 
eight  years,  and  for  this  reason,  if  no 
other,  is  entitled  to  honorable  mention  in  the 
history  of  his  county;  but,  more  than  this,  he 
was  a  pioneer  of  the  Territory,  spent  more  than 
thirty-five  years  of  his  life  here,  witnessed  the 
advent  of  the  railroad,  watched  with  interest  the 
advance  of  civilization,  and  in  all  these  years 
he  did  his  part  toward  promoting  the  best  in- 
terests of  the  Territory. 

Mr.  Harris  was  born  in  Potosi,  Washing- 
ton county,  Missouri,  January  8,  1841,  son  of 
Henry  and  Mary  A.  (Hefner)  Harris,  the  former 
born  in  Poland,  of  German  and  Polish  parent- 
age, the  later  a  native  of  Bardstown,  Kentucky, 
her  father  a  German  and  her  mother  an  Amer- 
ican. Henry  Harris,  our  subject's  father,  spent 
his  life  in  the  jewelry  business,  and  died  at  the 
age  of  sixty-five  years.  His  wife  died  of  cholera 
when  their  little  son,  Henry  V.,  was  ten  years 
old,  consequently  our  subject  never  knew  a 
mother's  love  and  care. 

In  his  native  town  and  at  Independence, 
Missouri,  Mr.  Harris  was  sent  to  school  and 
acquired  a  fair  English  education,  graduating 
at  the  Catholic  Brothers'  College,  St.  Louis, 
Missouri.  In  1859  he  was  employed  as  book- 
keeper for  Roberts  &  Porter,  mail  contractors 
who  carried  the  mail  from  Independence,  Mis- 
souri, to  Santa  Fe,  New  Mexico;  and  that  same 
year  young  Harris  made  the  trip  by  stage  to 
Santa  Fe.  The  mail  which  they  carried  was 
the  first  the  people  of  Santa  Fe  had  received 
for  a  period  of  three  months.  On  his  arrival 
in  New  Mexico  he  stayed  five  weeks,  then  re- 


HISTORY  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


443 


turned  to  St.  Louis  and  stayed  one  year,  then 
came  again  to  New  Mexico  and  became  book- 
keeper and  manager  at  the  sutler's  store  at 
Fort  Union,  holding  the  position  fifteen  years, 
after  which  he  was  for  ten  years  agent  for  the 
Government  freight  contractor,  during  that 
time  experiencing  much  of  wild  life.  When  the 
railroad  was  built  he  followed  it  to  Deming. 
The  railroad,  of  course,  killed  the  old  freight- 
ing business,  and  after  that  he  kept  books  for 
T.  Romero  &  Son  at  old  Alburquerque,  and 
later  in  the  new  town.  This  firm  sold  out  to 
Dold  &  Hostetter,  and  he  continued  with  them 
until  they  sold  out.  Still  later  he  was  book- 
keeper for  W.  E.  Talbort,  a  wholesale  liquor 
dealer.  In  1888  Mr.  Harris  was  chosen  by  his 
party  (the  Democratic)  as  candidate  for  County 
Clerk  and  was  duly  elected.  He  proved  him- 
self such  an  efficient  and  reliable  officer  that  he 
was  ever  afterward  County  Clerk,  being  elected 
to  succeed  himself  four  times  in  succession. 
Socially,  Mr.  Harris  was  identified  with  the 
Red  Men.  He  was  a  pleasant  and  obliging 
gentleman,  spoken  of  in  highest  terms  by  his 
many  friends  in  the  Territory.  He  died  June 
16,  1895. 

Mr.  Harris  was  married  in  1868  to  Miss 
Mary  Mclntosh,  a  native  of  Mora,  New  Mex- 
ico, and  of  Scotch  and  Mexican  ancestry.  They 
had  seven  children,  viz. :  Josephine  and  Louise, 
born  at  Fort  Union;  Lucy,  in  Las  Vegas;  and 
Frank,  Lola,  Estelle  and  Barbara  in  old  Albu- 
querque. 


IHE  SOUTHWEST  BREWING  & 
ICE  COMPANY,  of  Albuquerque, 
New  Mexico,  is  an  enterprise  which 
sprang  into  existence  in  this  city  in 
1889,  the  members  of  the  company  being 
Messrs.  Jacob  and  Henry  Loebs  and  Mr.  Don 
J.  Rankin,  the  first  named  gentleman,  its  presi- 
dent and  his  brother,  secretary. 

The  Loebs  brothers,  Jacob  and  Henry, 
were  born  in  Germany  and  when  seventeen 
and  fourteen  years  of  age,  respectively,  came 
to  America  to  better  their  fortunes  in  this  land 


of  the  free,  landing  here  without  money  but 
with  plenty  of  pluck  and  courage  and  with  a 
determination  to  succeed  in  life.  They  lo- 
cated in  St.  Louis,  where  Jacob  obtained  work 
in  a  large  brewery  and  remained  for  a  number 
of  years,  and  by  his  honesty  and  industry  and 
his  skill  in  the  business  he  earned  promotion 
from  time  to  time  until  he  became  superintend- 
ent of  the  establishment.  Henry  also  was  en- 
gaged in  the  same  business  and  had  an  experi- 
ence similar  to  that  of  his  brother  ;  and  Mr. 
Rankin  is  a  civil  engineer  by  profession,  and  a 
practical  ice  manufacturer  and  an  industrious 
worker.  They  started  up  in  business  at  Al- 
buquerque with  no  capital  but  with  a  vast  store 
of  experience,  and  the  choice  quality  of  the 
beer  which  they  produced  soon  gained  for  them 
a  name  and  a  demand  for  all  the  product  which 
they  could  manufacture.  They  manufacture 
the  celebrated  Culmbacher  and  Bavarian  beers 
and  a  superior  article  of  bottled  Lager,  all  of 
which  has  a  sale  throughout  New  Mexico  and 
adjoining  States  and  Territories  and  in  Cali- 
fornia. In  the  ice  business  also  they  have  a 
large  trade,  and  their  bottling  works  is  an  in- 
dustry not  to  be  overlooked.  Their  whole 
plant  covers  a  lot  125  X48o  feet.  Enterpris- 
ing, enthusiastic"  business  men,  they  have  the 
word  success  written  all  over  them,  and  they 
hold  themselves  in  readiness  to  help  along 
every  movement  which  they  believe  will  ad- 
vance the  interests  of  Albuquerque. 

All  three  of  the  above  named  gentlemen 
are  married  and  have  pleasant  homes  in  this 
city.  Mr.  Rankin  has  served  on  the  Board  of 
Aldermen  of  the  city  and  proved  himself  a  val- 
ued and  useful  member  of  that  body. 


^•T*    KORBER,    one  of  the  successful   and 
4      enterprising   citizens    of    Albuquerque, 
/•  J      came  to  this   city  in    1882,    and   estab- 
lished the  leading  pioneer  carriage  man- 
ufactory and  blacksmith  shop  in  the  town.      He 
was  born  in  Germany,  October   17,  1860,   and 
received  his  education  in  his   native  land.      In 
1 88 1  he  came  to  the  United  States,  locating  at 


444 


HISTORY  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


Pueblo,  Colorado,  where  he  worked  at  his  trade 
for  wages  one  year.  Coming  to  Albuquerque, 
he  opened  an  establishment  of  his  own,  and 
has  met  with  satisfactory  success.  In  1884 
he  formed  a  partnership  with  C.  Lamparter, 
under  the  firm  name  of  J.  Korber  &  Company. 
Mr.  Korber  was  first  engaged  in  business  on 
Third  street,  but  after  the  partnership  was 
formed  they  located  on  Copper  avenue,  where 
they  have  erected  a  large  brick  building,  and 
are  enjoying  a  large  and  lucrative  trade.  They 
manufacture  carriages,  wagons,  etc.,  and  do  a 
large  general  blacksrnithing  business.  Since 
coming  to  this  city  Mr.  Korber  has  invested  in 
lots,  and  has  erected  eight  residences.  Their 
carriage  depository  was  built  in  1888,  and  three 
years  afterward  they  erected  their  shops.  Mr. 
Korber  has  not  only  succeeded  in  his  manufac- 
tory, but  has  been  an  important  purchaser  in 
real  estate  in  Albuquerque,  and  has  assisted 
in  many  ways  in  the  improvement  and  up- 
building of  the  city. 

In  1886  he  was  united  in  marriage  with 
Miss  Julia  Spinner,  a  native  of  Germany,  but 
she  was  reared  in  Missouri.  To  this  union  have 
been  added  two  children,  both  born  in  Al- 
buquerque— Albert  and  Annie.  In  his  social 
relations,  Mr.  Korber  affiliates  with  the  Inde- 
pendent Order  of  Odd  Fellows.  He  is  a  stanch 
Democrat  in  his  political  views,  and  has  the 
honor  of  being  the  first  and  only  Democratic 
Alderman  from  the  Second  ward  elected  in  Al- 
buquerque. He  has  made  a  careful  and  con- 
scientious officer,  and  has  acquired  the  reputa- 
tion of  being  a  reliable,  worthy  and  successful 
business  man. 


HLPHONSO    SIMPIER,     the   pioneer 
and  leading  boot  and  shoe  dealer  of 
Alburquerque,   New  Mexico,   belongs 
to  that  progressive  element  which  has 
come  into  this  city  from  the  North  and  contri- 
buted largely  to  its  growth  and  development. 
Mr.  Simpier  is  a  native  of  Canada,  born  in 
Montreal  November  24,    1851,   and  traces  his 
origin  back  to  the  French.      His  great  grand- 


father, Nehemias  Simpier,  when  thirty  years 
of  age,  emigrated  from  France  to  Canada  and 
became  the  head  of  the  family  in  America.  He 
lived  to  be  one  hundred  and  twelve  years  of 
age.  His  son  Amos,  the  grandfather  of  our 
subject,  was  born  in  Assumption,  Canada.  He 
was  a  jeweler  by  occupation,  was  in  business 
at  Pointe  aux  Trembles,  was  a  prominent  man 
in  public  affairs,  and  lived  to  the  age  of  sev- 
enty-two years.  In  his  family  were  three  sons, 
one  of  whom,  Nehemias,  born  in  Assumption, 
Canada,  in  1820,  grew  up  there  and  married 
Miss  Sophia  Brodeur,  a  native  of  that  town 
and  like  him  descended  from  the  French.  They 
became  the  parents  of  fourteen  children,  Al- 
phonso  being  their  fifth  born  and  one  of  the 
nine  who  are  still  living.  The  father  was  a 
shoemaker  by  trade,  which  occupation  he  fol- 
lowed through  life.  He  started  the  first  shoe 
manufactory  at  Pointe  aux  Trembles  and  was 
the  owner  of  the  first  sewing-machine  ever 
taken  to  that  town.  After  an  active  and  use- 
ful life,  he  passed  away,  in  1885.  His  widow 
is  still  living  and  makes  her  home  in  Chicago. 
Alphonso  Simpier  was  educated  at  Pointe 
aux  Trembles,  where  he  graduated  June  12, 
1867,  and  for  some  time  thereafter  he  traveled 
for  his  father,  selling  boots  and  shoes.  In 
1875  we  find  him  engaged  in  the  dry  goods 
business  in  Chicago,  a  member  of  the  firm  of 
Ranson  &  Simpier,  and  there  he  prospered 
financially.  But  while  in  Chicago  he  had  the 
misfortune  to  lose  his  wife  and  child,  and  after 
their  death  he  sold  out  and  went  to  Leadville, 
Colorado,  arriving  there  in  1879.  He  pros- 
pected and  mined  there,  meeting  with  good 
success,  until  i88r,  when  he  returned  to  Chi- 
cago and  opened  out  a  dry  goods  and  clothing 
business.  In  1883  he  again  sold  out,  this  time 
to  his  brother,  and  that  same  year  carne  to 
Albuquerque  and  established  himself  in  the 
shoe  business,  in  which  he  has  since  continued. 
Mr.  Simpier  at  first  opened  up  a  small  stock  of 
goods  in  a  little  room  on  Railroad  street,  and 
for  six  years  he  did  a  constantly  increasing 
business  at  that  stand,  at  the  end  of  that  time 
removing  to  larger  quarters  on  the  same  street. 


HISTORT  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


445 


Recently,  in  1895,  he  removed  to  his  present 
splendid  room,  22  x  90 feet,  in  the  N.  T.  Armijo 
building,  where  he  has  a  large  and  well  as- 
sorted stock,  and  where  he  is  doing  the  leading 
business  in  his  line  in  the  city. 

At  the  time  of  Mr.  Simpier's  arrival  here 
Albuquerque  was  just  beginning  to  grow.  He 
immediately  became  identified  with  its  inter- 
ests in  more  ways  than  one,  and  during  the 
past  dozen  years  has  done  his  part  to  bring 
about  the  prosperity  that  has  attended  it.  He 
bought  property  and  built  and  sold  a  number 
of  residences,  and  is  still  the  owner  of  consid- 
erable real  estate  here.  Politically,  he  has 
always  given  his  support  to  the  Republican 
party.  In  1894  he  was  elected  Alderman  to 
represent  the  Third  ward  in  the  City  Council, 
and  served  most  acceptably  in  his  position. 
His  record  is  that  of  an  enterprising  and  reli- 
able business  man  and  a  worthy  and  esteemed 
citizen. 

Mr.  Simpier  was  married  in  1888  to  Miss 
F.  Ackert,  a  native  of  Germany,  and  they  have 
one  daughter,  Ruth. 


BREDERICK    G.     PRATT.  —  Promi- 
nent among    the   leading   citizens  of 
Albuquerque    is   the    subject   of  this 
sketch,  Mr.    Frederick  G.  Pratt,  who 
has  been  engaged  in  the  grocery  business  here 
since  the  commencement  of  the  new  town. 

He  was  born  in  the  State  of  Vermont  on 
the  28th  of  December,  1851.  The  Pratts 
were  early  settlers  of  the  Green  Mountain 
State,  and  his  father,  Edward  L.  Pratt,  was 
born  there.  Edward  L.  Pratt  is  a  veteran  of 
the  Civil  war  and  for  a  number  of  years  has 
been  a  resident  of  Massachusetts.  He  was  a 
member  of  the  Thirty-fourth  Massachusetts 
Volunteer  Infantry,  served  valiantly  in  eighteen 
hard-fought  battles  and  was  with  his  command 
at  the  surrender  of  General  Lee,  and  came  out 
of  the  struggle  unharmed,  a  veteran  and  a  vic- 
tor. He  has  now  passed  his  three-score  )'ears 
and  ten,  and  his  good  wife  has  attained  the 


age  of  sixty-five.  She,  too,  is  a  native  of  Ver- 
mont. Her  maiden  name  was  Miss  Helen  M. 
Henry,  and  she  is  a  daughter  of  Colonel 
Henry,  one  of  the  prominent  early  settlers  of 
that  State.  Their  family  was  composed  of 
three  children,  two  of  whom  are  living,  Fred- 
erick G.  being  the  first  born.  The  other  son, 
W.  E.  Pratt,  is  engaged  in  the  coal  business. 

Frederick  G.  Pratt  received  his  education 
in  the  public  schools  of  Massachusetts.  He 
began  his  mercantile  career,  as  a  traveling 
man,  selling  hardware,  and  on  account  of  fail- 
ing health  sought  a  change  of  climate  and  oc- 
cupation and  came  to  Albuquerque,  New  Mex- 
ico, arriving  here  in  1882,  when  the  town  had 
just  gotten  under  way.  In  July  of  that  year 
he  opened  his  store  in  partnership  with  M.  D. 
Dobson,  and  they  continued  together  for  two 
years.  At  the  end  of  that  time  Mr.  Pratt  pur- 
chased the  interest  of  Mr.  Dobson,  after  which 
he  became  associated  with  his  uncle,  W.  W. 
Henry,  and  they  have  since  conducted  the 
business  under  the  firm  name  of  F.  G.  Pratt  & 
Company,  Mr.  Henry  being  a  silent  partner 
and  Mr.  Pratt  having  full  charge  of  the  estab- 
lishment. He  began  without  capital  and  the 
success  to  which  he  has  attained  is  due  wholly 
to  his  own  efforts.  By  his  liberal  and  honor- 
able business  methods  he  has  won  the  confi- 
dence of  his  patrons,  and  by  his  genial  and 
courteous  manner  he  has  made  friends  with  all 
with  whom  he  has  had  dealings. 

Septemper  6,  1876,  Mr.  Pratt  was  united 
in  marriage  to  Miss  Elizabeth  A.  Woodard,  a 
native  of  New  York,  and  their  union  has  been 
blessed  with  three  children — Helen  E.,  Will- 
iam H.,  and  Mayme  L.  Their  pleasant  home 
is  located  in  the  highlands  of  the  city. 

In  his  political  views,  Mr.  Pratt  is  in  har- 
mony with  the  principles  advocated  by  the 
Republican  party.  He  has  served  as  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Board  of  Aldermen  of  Albuquerque, 
and  in  every  way  in  his  power  is  ever  ready  to 
advance  the  interests  of  the  city.  Socially,  he 
is  an  Odd  Fellow.  He  has  passed  all  the  offi- 
cial stations  in  the  lodge  and  is  a  member  of 
the  Grand  Lodge  of  the  Territory.  He  is 


446 


HIS  TORT  OF  NE  W  MEXICO. 


chairman  of  the  Board  of  Trustees  of  the 
Methedist  Episcopal  Church,  of  which  his  fam- 
ily also  are  active  members. 


*m  *  ERMAN  BLUEHER,  the  leading 
|f\  market  gardener  and  wholesale  pro- 
r  duce  dealer,  of  Albuquerque,  New 
Mexico,  is  a  gentleman  in  whose 
make-up  is  found  to  a  marked  degree  that 
thrift  and  enterprise  which  characterize  the 
people  from  whom  he  descended — the  Ger- 
mans. Here  in  New  Mexico  he  has  not  only 
attained  a  proud  position  among  the  leading 
business  men  of  the  city  in  which  he  is  located, 
but  he  has  also  shown  in  a  high  degree  the 
ability  of  the  soil  to  produce  vegetables  in  large 
quantities  and  of  the  best  quality.  It  is  there- 
fore fitting  that  some  special  mention  be  made 
of  him  in  this  work,  and  we  have  secured  the 
following  for  publication: 

Herman  Blueher  was  born  in  the  State  of 
Illinois,  January  27,  1862.  His  father,  Franz 
Blueher,  a  native  of  Germany,  was  born  July 
M,  1819,  and  sprang  from  a  family  of  mechan- 
ics. He  attended  the  public  schools  and  learned 
the  trade  of  weaver  in  his  native  land,  and 
then,  in  order  to  better  his  condition  in  the 
world,  came  to  the  United  States,  landing  here 
in  1853  and  locating  in  the  productive  State  of 
Illinois.  There  he  was  subsequently  married  to 
Miss  Katie  Frank,  and  they  became  the  parents 
of  five  children,  of  whom  only  three  are  now  liv- 
ing. His  wife  dying  in  1892,  he  came  to  Al- 
buquerque and  has  since  made  his  home  with 
his  son  Herman.  He  is  an  intelligent  and 
kind-hearted  old  gentleman,  a  devoted  Chris- 
tian and  a  member  of  the  Lutheran  Church. 

Herman  Blueher,  the  fourth  in  the  above 
family,  received  his  early  training  in  the  public 
schools  of  his  native  place  and  when  a  boy  be- 
gan doing  farm  work.  In  March,  1877,  he 
went  to  St.  Louis,  Missouri,  and  entered  the 
employ  of  a  market  gardener  of  that  city,  where 
he  made  himself  generally  useful  and  where  he 
spent  five  years,  in  that  time  learning  all  the 
details  of  producing  and  shipping  vegetables. 


In  January,  1882,  he  came  to  the  old  town  of 
Albuquerque.  Here  for  six  months  he  was  an 
employe  of  a  market  gardener,  and  at  the  end 
of  that  time  he  purchased  his  employer's  inter- 
est and  set  up  in  business  for  himself,  adopting 
improved  methods  and  by  his  skill  and  indus- 
try soon  winning  his  way  to  success.  He  now 
tills  twenty  acres  to  vegetables  exclusively,  has 
25,000  square  feet  in  hot-beds,  and  has  his 
gardens  well  watered,  using  a  system  of  irri- 
gation from  the  Rio  Grande,  and  also  having 
a  number  of  wells  the  water  from  which  is 
drawn  by  force  pumps;  also  has  a  steam  en- 
gine. He  has  two  large  warehouses  at  the 
railroad,  ships  his  own  product  and  the  pro- 
duct of  others,  and  makes  shipments  to  various 
portions  of  eight  different  States  and  Territor- 
ies. He  makes  regular  shipments  to  Califor- 
nia, where  his  produce  meets  a  ready  sale  and 
at  better  prices  than  the  products  of  that  State. 

Mr.  Blueher  was  married  in  1884  to  Miss 
Sophia  Spinner,  a  native  of  Washington 
county,  Missouri,  and  they  have  five  children, 
all  born  in  Albuquerque,  namely:  Emma, 
Clara,  Oscar,  Viola  and  Arno. 

Mr.  Blueher  in  his  political  views  is  a  Re- 
publican. As  an  enterprising  and  upright  and 
reliable  citizen  he  has  the  confidence  and  re- 
spect of  all  who  know  him. 


ICHARD  B.  MYERS,  one  of  the  re- 
putable  pioneer  business  men  of  the 
new  town,  Albuquerque,  dates  his 
identity  with  this  place  from  March 
i,  1 88 1.  In  him  the  biographer  finds  a  de- 
scendant of  sturdy  German  stock — a  man  who 
has  seen  much  of  the  wild  West  and  border 
life,  and  who  has  by  his  intelligence  and  abili- 
ty since  locating  at  Albuquerque  contributed 
to  her  material  growth  and  development. 

Mr.  Myers  is  a  native  of  Effingham  county, 
Illinois.  His  forefathers  emigrated  from  Ger- 
many to  America  at  an  early  period  in  the  his- 
tory of  this  country  and  made  settlement  in 
Pennsylvania.  In  that  State  the  grandfather 
of  Richard  B.  was  born.  Soon  after  his  mar- 


HIS  TORT  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


447 


riage  he  removed  with  his  wife  to  the  then  new 
Territory  of  Illlinois  and  become  one  of  the 
pioneers  of  Wayne  county.  His  son  Joseph, 
the  father  of  our  subject,  was  born  and  reared 
in  that  county,  and  was  married  there  to  Miss 
Nancy  Brazil,  a  native  of  Tennessee,  but  who 
was  reared  in  Illinois.  When  the  war-cloud 
gathered  and  burst  upon  the  country  and  the 
president  called  for  volunteers,  Joseph  Myers 
left  his  farm  work  and  his  wife  and  little  chil- 
dren and  went  to  the  front  of  the  fierce  and 
mighty  contest.  As  a  member  of  the  Seventh 
Illinois  Volunteer  Infantry,  he  fought  gallantly 
in  all  the  battles  in  which  his  command  partici- 
pated up  to  the  second  battle  of,  Corinth, 
where,  in  making  an  attack,  he  received  a  gun- 
shot wound  in  the  breast,  which  incapacitated 
him  for  further  service.  He  was  then  honor- 
ably discharged  and  returned  to  his  family. 
But  he  never  recovered  from  his  wound,  it 
causing  his  death  in  1864.  The  following 
year  his  wife  died,  and  thus  was  a  family  of 
little  children,  six  in  number,  left  orphans  and, 
penniless  and  suffering,  set  adrift  in  the  world. 
Richard  B.  was  at  that  time  thirteen  years 
old,  and  he  and  his  older  brother,  Chester, 
who  has  since  died,  for  a  time  kept  the  family 
together,  caring  for  the  younger  children  as 
best  they  could. 

In  1867  the  subject  of  our  sketch  went  to 
Oswego,  Kansas,  and  during  the  following  five 
years  was  employed  as  type-setter  in  a  print- 
ing office.  After  that  he  drifted  down  to 
Texas.  There  he  was  in  Government  employ, 
serving  under  General  MacKenzie  and  in  the 
detective  department,  his  duty  being  to  dis- 
cover the  plans  of  the  Mexicans  who  frequent- 
ly crossed  the  lines  into  the  United  States  and 
committed  various  depredations.  This  detec- 
tive business  was  a  hazardous  one  and  required 
no  little  nerve  and  courage,  but  Mr.  Myers 
always  proved  himself  equal  to  the  occasion, 
and  by  reporting  to  General  MacKenzie  he 
aided  largely  in  putting  an  end  to  the  lawless- 
ness which  then  abounded. 

As  stated  above,  he  came  to  Albuquerque 
in  1 88 1.  That  year  he  and  a  partner  opened 


a  bakery  and  confectionery  establishment.  In 
1882  he  erected  the  brick  building  on  Gold 
avenue,  where  he  has  since  done  business,  and 
the  following  year  he  also  opened  up  a  stock 
of  groceries,  having  since  then  conducted  busi- 
ness alone.  By  his  genial  manner  and  cour- 
tesy, and  by  his  fair  and  square  dealing,  he 
has  established  a  large  trade  and  made  friends 
without  number.  Mr.  Myers  has  been  a  life- 
long Republican,  has  taken  an  active  and  com- 
mendable interest  in  party  affairs  and  has  been 
the  recipient  of  official  honors.  In  1886  he 
was  elected  Police  Magistrate  of  the  city,  being 
the  second  incumbent  of  this  office,  and  in  this 
position  served  satisfactorily  two  years.  In 
the  fall  of  1 894  he  was  elected  County  Treas- 
urer, which  office  he  now  holds.  He  has  from 
time  to  time  made  investments  in  real  estate 
in  Albuquerque,  among  other  property  being 
his  handsome  residence  on  South  Second 
street,  which  is  one  of  the  attractive  homes  of 
the  city  and  which  was  built  by  him. 

Mr.  Myers  was  married  January  4,  1873, 
to  Miss  Annie  Parsons,  a  native  of  Quincy, 
Illinois.  Their  family  comprises  a  son  and 
daughter — Richard  H.  and  Miss  Cora. 


ENRY  A.  MONTFORT,  the  well- 
known  pioneer  undertaker  of  the  city 
of  Albuquerque,  New  Mexico,  was 
born  at  Poughkeepsie,  New  York, 
August  6,  1835.  He  is  of  French  extraction. 
His  ancestors  settled  in  America  during  Colo- 
nial times  and  were  participants  in  the  Revo- 
lutionary war,  his  great-grandfather,  Henry  A. 
Montfort,  being  a  Colonel,  and  several  of  his 
brothers  officers  of  prominence.  Albert  H. 
Montfort,  our  subject's  father,  was  born  in 
Dutchess  county.  New  York,  near  Poughkeep- 
sie, in  1809.  He  married  Miss  Elsie  Wiltsie, 
a  native  of  that  county,  and,  like  him,  de- 
scended from  the  French.  As  the  years  passed 
by  sons  and  daughters  were  born  to  them  to 
the  number  of  ten,  seven  of  whom  reached  ma- 
turity and  are  still  living.  He  was  a  farmer 
and  stock-dealer,  passed  the  whole  of  his  life 


44S 


HISTORY  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


in  the  Empire  State,  and  died  there  at  the  age 
of  seventy-five  years,  respected  by  all  who 
knew  him.  His  widow  is  now  ranked  with 
the  octogenarians.  She  is  a  lady  of  more  than 
ordinary  intelligence  and  culture,  in  her  youth 
was  a  school-teacher,  and  notwithstanding  her 
advanced  age  is  still  a  beautiful  writer.  One 
of  her  daughters  is  principal  of  a  New  York 
school. 

Henry  A.  Montfort,  the  immediate  subject 
of  this  article,  was  the  first  born  in  his  father's 
family.  He  received  his  education  in  the  acad- 
emy of  his  native  town  and  taught  school  in 
New  York  for  several  years.  From  school- 
teaching  he  turned  his  attention  to  photogra- 
phy, which  he  followed  at  Poughkeepsie  and 
later  in  Milwaukee,  being  in  the  latter  city  dur- 
ing the  financial  panic  of  1857.  That  year  he 
was  employed  as  teacher  in  one  of  the  city 
schools  of  Milwaukee.  Returning  to  New  York, 
he  took  charge  of  a  college  in  Delaware  coun- 
ty, New  York;  later  he  was  a  bookkeeper  and 
teacher  in  Cincinnati  and  in  New  York  city, 
and  resided  in  the  latter  city  until  1880. 
That  year  he  came  west  and  established  him- 
self in  business  at  Santa  Fe,  New  Mexico,  and 
in  January,  1883,  removed  from  there  to  Al- 
buquerque, his  present  location.  Here  since 
1883  he  has  given  his  attention  exclusively  to 
the  undertaking  business.  He  occupies  splen- 
did quarters  in  the  Armijo  building,  fronting 
on  Second  street,  the  best  building  in  the  ter- 
ritory; keeps  constantly  on  hand  a  large  and 
well-assorted  stock,  is  especially  successful  as 
an  embalmer  and  funeral  director,  indeed,  is 
up  with  the  times  in  every  department  of  the 
business. 

Mr.  Montfort  was  married  in  1860  to  Miss 
Orphelia  Hunting,  of  Cincinnati,  Ohio,  and 
they  have  had  four  children,  two  of  whom  are 
living.  Their  daughter,  Elsie,  is  the  wife  of 
Robert  E.  Clark  of  Cincinnati;  and  their  son, 
William  C. ,  is  married  and  lives  at  Albuquer- 
que, where  he  is  associated  in  business  with 
his  father. 

Mr.  Montfort  was  reared  by  Presbyterian 
parents,  and  to  this  church  he  and  his  family 


belong.  For  a  number  of  years  ha  has  been  a 
Mason  and  an  Odd  Fellow.  Such  is  a  brief 
sketch  of  the  life  of  one  of  Albuquerque's  lead- 
ing citizens — a  man  prominent  in  business,  so- 
cial and  religious  circles,  and  in  every  way 
worthy  of  the  high  esteem  in  which  he  is  held 
by  all  who  have  the  pleasure  of  his  acquaint- 
ance. 


>-j"ESSE  M.  WHEELOCK,  who  may  well 
•  be  termed  Albuquerque's  architect,  first 
/•I  came  in  1879  to  the  site  where  this 
beautiful  city  now  stands;  returned  in 
1 88 1  to  make  permanent  settlement  here,  and 
has  since  that  date  been  intimately  connected 
with  the  material  growth  and  development  of 
the  place.  All  of  the  best  buildings  in  the 
city  are  monuments  to  his  architectural  skill. 
Mr.  Wheelock  is  yet  a  young  man  and  is  very 
youthful  in  appearance,  but  he  is  ranked  with 
the  pioneers.  Therefore  as  a  pioneer,  an  en- 
terprising young  man  and  the  architect  of  his 
city,  it  is  eminently  fitting  that  his  name  be 
placed  well  to  the  top  on  the  list  of  her  lead- 
ing citizens,  and  we  here  take  pleasure  in 
making  biographical  mention  of  him. 

Jesse  M.  Wheelock  was  born  in  Boonville, 
Oneida  county,  New  York,  December  13,1859, 
and  is  descended  from  Scotch  ancestors  who 
were  among  the  early  settlers  of  America. 
His  father,  Charles  Wheelock,  was  born  in 
Massachusetts  in  the  year  1820;  was  married 
at  Boonville,  New  York,  to  Miss  Eliza  Ma- 
chester,  a  native  of  that  place,  and  they  are 
the  parents  of  five  children,  four  sons  and  a 
daughter,  all  of  whom  are  living,  Jesse  M.  be- 
ing the  third  born.  Charles  Wheelock  is  by 
profession  an  architect.  He  is  now  a  resident 
of  Birmingham,  Alabama,  where  he  is  well 
known  and  highly  respected.  He  is  Grand 
Master  of  the  Grand  Lodge  of  the  State  of 
Alabama,  Free  and  Accepted  Masons. 

The  subject  of  our  sketch  was  educated  in 
the  State  Normal  School  of  Kansas  and  under 
the  instruction  of  private  tutors.  He  studied 
architecture  in  his  father's  office  and  under  his 


HISTORT  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


449 


directions,  and  he  also  devoted  no  little  time 
to  work  at  the  carpenter's  trade  in  order  that 
he  might  fully  master  the  profession  of  his 
choice.  On  coming  West  his  first  location 
was  at  Pueblo,  Colorado.  He  remained  there, 
however,  only  a  short  time,  and  then  came  to 
Albuquerque,  as  above  stated.  Albuquerque 
was  then  an  embryo  town.  In  the  spring  of 
1882  he  formed  a  partnership  with  M.  J. 
Mack,  a  civil  engineer,  and  they  opened  a 
real-estate  and  insurance  office.  A  year  later 
the  partnership  was  dissolved,  and  Mr.  Whee- 
lock  has  since  conducted  the  business  alone, 
transacting  a  large  amount  of  business  both  in 
real  estate  and  insurance,  and  being  uniformly 
successful  in  his  operations.  In  the  meantime 
he  designed  and  erected  the  Commercial  Club 
building,  the  Armijo  Block,  University  of  New 
Mexico,  the  Grant,  Cromwell  and  Whiting 
blocks,  and,  in  fact,  nearly  all  the  best  build- 
ings in  the  city.  And  while  handling  property 
and  erecting  buildings  for  others  he  has  him- 
self acquired  a  large  amount  of  real  estate. 
He  is  general  agent  for  New  Mexico  for  the 
Northwest  Mutual  Life  Insurance  Company  of 
Milwaukee,  and  also  represents  a  number  of 
other  leading  and  substantial  insurance  com- 
panies. 

Mr.  Wheelock's  political  views  are  those  of 
the  Republican  party,  and  he  has  always  taken 
a  laudable  interest  in  public  affairs.  He  aided 
in  incorporating  the  city  of  Albuquerque,  was 
a  member  of  its  first  Council  and  served  as  its 
first  Recorder.  Public-spirited  and  generous, 
he  can  be  counted  upon  to  support  any  meas- 
ure which  is  intended  to  advance  the  interests 
of  the  city  of  his  adoption. 


HUGUST   H.   HILTON,    the    pioneer 
merchant    of    the  new  town    of    San 
Antonio,  New   Mexico,  is  one  of  the 
representative  business   men    of    So- 
corro  county.      He  is  a  citizen  of  the  United 
States  by  adoption,  being  a  native  of  Scandina- 
via.     He   was    born    in    Norway,  August    21, 
1856,  and  in  his  childhood  was  left  an  orphan. 

29 


At  the  age  of  nine  years  he  said  farwell  to  the 
scenes  of  his  birth,  and  accompanied  by  an 
elder  brother  crossed  the  sea  to  America.  Ar- 
riving in  the  United  States,  he  went  to  Fort 
Dodge,  Iowa,  where  he  was  employed  on  a 
farm,  and  attended  school  during  the  winter 
season.  In  1878  he  went  to  Denver,  Colorado, 
and  there  secured  a  clerkship  in  the  clothing 
house  of  L.  Garson  &  Company.  His  con- 
nection with  this  house  continued  three  years, 
and  at  the  end  of  that  time  he  came  to  San 
Antonio.  For  a  time  he  was  engaged  in  pros- 
pecting and  mining,  but  met  with  unsatisfactory 
results.  He  quarried  the  rock  for  the  stamp 
mill  of  Socorro,  which  was  built  by  the  Tor- 
rence  Mining  Company,  and  was  the  first  con- 
structed in  the  county. 

When  Mr.  Hilton  embarked  in  the  mercan- 
tile trade  in  San  Antonio,  it  was  in  the  old 
town,  but  in  1883  he  moved  to  the  new  town, 
where  he  has  since  established  a  large  and  profit- 
able business.  He  carries  a  general  stock  of 
dry  goods,  and  handles  wool,  hides  and  pelts 
in  large  quantities.  He  is  also  proprietor  of 
an  important  freight  line,  owning  fifty  teams 
that  haul  goods  to  the  interior  towns.  In  1888 
he  organized  the  Hilton  Mercantile  Company, 
of  which  he  was  elected  president,  and  of  which 
he  is  the  principal  stockholder.  In  addition 
to  his  commercial  interests  he  has  heavy  in- 
vestments in  lands,  the  chief  product  of  which 
is  fruit  and  alfalfa. 

He  was  married  at  Fort  Dodge,  Iowa, 
February  u,  1885,  to  Miss  Mary  L.  Laufer- 
sweiler,  a  native  of  Fort  Dodge,  and  a  daugh- 
ter of  Conrad  Laufersweiler,  one  of  the  oldest 
and  most  prominent  settlers  of  that  place.  Mr. 
and  Mrs.  Hilton  have  an  interesting  family  of 
four  children:  Felice,  Conrad,  Eva  and  Carl. 
Our  subject  belongs  to  the  Independent  Order 
of  Odd  Fellows,  and  in  politics  adheres  to 
Democratic  principles.  He  was  first  Post- 
master of  the  new  town  of  San  Antonio,  an 
office  he  held  for  eleven  years.  Honorable 
and  upright  in  all  his  dealings,  he  has  the  con- 
fidence and  respect  of  a  wide  circle  of  ac- 
quaintances. 


450 


HISTORT  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


>y*OSEPH  McQUILLIN,  one  of  the  earli- 

J      est  settlers  of  the  town  of  San  Marcial, 

/•I      is  a  highly-respected  citizen  of  Socorro 

county,   and  is  entitled  to    more  than 

passing  mention  in  this  history. 

He  was  born  in  the  State  of  Rhode  Island, 
May  10,  1842,  a  son  of  Richard  McQuillin,  who 
was  born  among  the  hills  of  bonny  Scotland. 
The  father  emigrated  to  the  United  States  in 
1838,  accompanied  by  his  wife  and  one  child. 
He  settled  at  Pawtucket,  Rhode  Island,  and 
there  held  the  position  of  ticket  agent  for  the 
Providence  &  Worcester  Railroad  for  a  period 
of  thirty-nine  years.  His  wife's  maiden  name 
was  Catherine  Davy,  and  she  was  a  native  of 
Ireland.  They  were  the  parents  of  five  chil- 
dren, three  of  whom  are  still  living.  The  fa- 
ther died  at  the  age  of  seventy-one  years  ;  the 
mother  lived  to  be  sixty-seven  years  old.  They 
were  most  worthy  and  highly-respected  citizens 
of  the  town  with  whose  history  they  were 
closely  identified.  Joseph  McQuillin  is  the 
third-born  of  the  family.  He  received  his  ed- 
ucation in  the  common  schools  of  his  native 
State,  and  at  the  age  of  fourteen  years  went  to 
Fall  River,  Massachusetts,  where  he  was  em- 
ployed in  the  mills. 

When  there  was  a  call  for  troops  to  defend 
the  Nations's  flag  he  left  the  loom,  and  shoul- 
dered his  musket,  and  having  enlisted  in  the 
Seventh  Massachusetts  Militia,  went  into  act- 
ive service.  He  served  through  the  war, 
from  April,  1861.  He  participated  in  the  bat- 
tle of  Manassas,  July  21,  1861,  and  after  the 
engagement  retired  to  Washington,  where  he 
remained  until  March,  1862.  Then,  under  Gen- 
eral McClellan,  he  took  part  in  the  battles  of 
Yorktown,  Williamsburg,  Chickahominy,  Fair 
Oaks,  and  in  the  Seven  Days'  fight.  He  was 
in  camp  at  Harrison  Landing  until  the  fall  of 
1862,  at  which  time  he  went  to  Fortress  Mon- 
roe, and  thence  to  Alexandria.  He  was  in  the 
second  fight  of  Bull  Run,  in  the  engagement  of 
Harper's  Ferry,  Antietam  and  at  Culpeper 
Court  House.  In  the  campaign  with  General 
Grant  he  fought  at  Rappahannock  river,  and 
was  in  the  Seven-Days'  battle  of  the  Wilder- 


ness ;  there  he  received  a  scalp  wound,  a  rebel 
bullet  plowing  its  way  across  the  top  of  his 
head  and  making  an  ugly  scar,  which  he  car- 
ries to  this  day.  He  was  next  in  the  battle  of 
Spottsylvania,  and  was  afterward  at  Cold  Har- 
bor, Harrison's  Landing  and  Petersburg.  June 
29,  1864,  he  received  an  honorable  discharge, 
the  term  of  his  service  having  expired. 

As  a  fighter  of  the  Indians  our  worthy  sub- 
ject has  a  record,  which  should  here  be  noted. 
He  was  invited  to  go  in  search  of  the  Indians  un- 
der Chief  Victorio,  who  was  giving  the  settlers 
much  trouble  in  the  Magdalena  mountains;  after 
stubborn  resistance  the  savages  were  compelled 
to  fall  back,  three  of  their  men  having  been 
killed.  After  this  encounter  Mr.  McQuillin  re- 
turned with  a  number  of  men  to  San  Marcial 
and  guarded  the  town  for  some  time,  the  rail- 
road company  paying  for  the  service. 

After  a  short  stay  at  home  he  went  to  Nash- 
ville and  there  began  his  career  as  a  railroad 
man,  first  as  fireman,  then  brakeman,  and 
finally  as  conductor.  For  ten  years  he  was  a 
resident  of  St.  Louis,  making  his  run  from 
that  city  until  1873,  at  which  time  he  went  to 
California.  From  1874  until  1881  he  was  con- 
ductor on  the  Central  Pacific.  July  12,  1881, 
he  came  to  San  Marcial  and  assisted  in  laying 
out  the  town.  He  has  been  one  of  the  heavi- 
est real-estate  dealers  in  the  place,  and  has 
always  been  loyal  to  its  best  interests.  Since 
the  founding  of  San  Marcial  he  has  been  em- 
ployed as  conductor  in  both  Texas  and  Cali- 
fornia, three  years  on  the  Texas  &  Pacific  Rail- 
road and  three  years  on  the  International  Mex- 
icana  Railroad.  He  has  since  resided  continu- 
ously in  San  Marcial,  and  is  now  Justice  of  the 
Peace,  the  duties  of  which  office  he  discharges 
with  ability  and  promptitude.  He  is  a  zealous 
Republican,  supporting  the  principles  of  that 
body  with  warmest  enthusiasm.  He  is  a  mem- 
ber of  the  United  Order  of  Red  Men,  and  is 
Treasurer  of  the  organization  at  San  Marcial. 

Mr.  McQuillan  was  married  in  San  Fran- 
cisco in  1879,  to  Miss  Maggie  Davy,  a  native 
of  Massachusetts.  They  have  two  children, 
Joseph  and  Richard. 


HISTORY  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


45' 


BRANCIS    WILSON,   one  of    the    old 
reliable  citizens  of  San   Marcial,  New 
Mexico,   was    born    in    Lincolnshire, 
England,  in  the  year  1841,  and  comes 
of  a  good  old  family  of  that  county,  of  Episco- 
pal faith.      He   received   his   education  in    his 
native  land,  where   he   thoroughly  learned  the 
trade  of  a  coachmaker.      When   about  twenty 
years  of  age   he  emigrated  to  America  for  the 
advantages  to  be  derived  in  this  land  of  the 
free,  and  first  worked   at  his  trade  in  Boston, 
after  which  he  was  engaged  with  the  Old  Col- 
ony Railroad. 

Mr.  Wilson's  heart,  however,  was  in  Eng- 
land, to  which  country  he  returned  in  1867, 
and  was  there  united  in  marriage  with  Miss 
Ann  Pilling,  a  native  of  his  own  county.  In 
1869  he  came  again  to  the  United  States, 
bringing  with  him  his  wife  and  their  first-born 
son — Francis  P. — and  for  the  following  eleven 
years  they  resided  in  Massachusetts.  In  1880 
they  came  West  by  way  of  Buffalo,  St.  Louis 
and  Kansas  City  to  Topeka,  Kansas,  where 
Mr.  Wilson  was  employed  for  a  short  time  by 
A.  P.  Roland.  Later  he  was  with  the  Atchi- 
son,  Topeka  &  Santa  Fe  Railroad  Company 
at  Topeka,  Albuquerque  and  at  Deming,  New 
Mexico,  and  on  the  /th  of  November,  1885, 
was  transferred  to  San  Marcial  and  given  charge 
of  the  car  department  of  the  works  at  this 
place,  where  he  has  since  continued  to  render 
valuable  service.  He  has  usually  from  twelve 
to  twenty  men  under  his  supervision,  and  the 
principal  work  at  this  point  is  the  rebuilding 
and  repairing  of  cars. 

In  1886  Mr.  Wilson  purchased  lots  in  the 
town,  on  which  he  has  built  one  of  the  best 
homes  of  the  place,  and  there  the  family  now 
reside.  Since  coming  to  America  the  family 
circle  has  been  increased  by  a  daughter — 
Margaret — born  in  Fall  River,  Massachusetts, 
a  most  excellent  young  lady,  who  is  now  ca- 
pably filling  the  position  of  Assistant  Postmas- 
ter of  San  Marcial.  The  son,  a  machinist 
by  trade,  is  one  of  the  respected  citizens  of 
the  town,  and  by  his  marriage  has  one  daugh- 
ter. In  religious  faith  the  family  are  Episco- 


palians, and  socially  hold  an  enviable  position 
in  the  community.  Mr.  Wilson  is  a  charter 
member  of  the  Ancient  Order  of  United  Work- 
men of  San  Marcial,  of  which  lodge  he  was 
made  the  first  Master  Workman.  Formerly 
his  political  support  was  always  given  to  the 
Republican,  but  he  now  votes  independently  of 
party  ties,  and  has  the  reputation  of  being  one 
of  San  Marcial's  most  highly  respected  citizens. 


'^•j'AMES  M  HILL,  one  of  the  most  pros- 
m  perous  and  reliable  business  men  of  So- 
/•  J  corro,  is  a  native  of  the  State  of  Ten- 
nessee, born  at  Waynesboro,  Decem- 
ber 25,  1838.  His  father,  J.  G.  Hill,  was 
born  in  Tennessee,  and  became  prominent  as 
an  agriculturist  and  railroad  contractor.  He 
removed  from  his  native  State  to  Illinois, 
where  he  continued  contracting  for  railroads 
and  also  engaged  in  farming.  He  was  married 
to  Miss  Susan  Hodges,  of  Alabama,  and  to 
them  were  born  ten  children,  seven  of  whom 
are  living.  Mr.  Hill  died  at  the  age  of  seven- 
ty-nine year^;  his  wife  died  one  year  later,  in 
her  seventieth  year.  James  M.  Hill  is  their 
third  child.  He  was  educated  in  the  common 
schools,  and  at  the  age  of  twenty  years,  left 
the  parental  roof,  and  began  to  make  his  own 
way  in  life.  He  first  went  to  the  Rocky 
mountains,  passing  through  Denver  when 
there  were  only  a  few  houses  there.  He 
worked  at  placer-mining  until  the  breaking  out 
of  the  Civil  war. 

Moved  with  the  zeal  of  the  true  patriot,  he 
returned  to  his  home  and  December  22,  1861, 
he  volunteered  in  the  Union  army,  enlisting  in 
Company  G,  Sixty-second  Illinois  Infantry. 
The  first  active  engagement  in  which  he  par- 
ticipated was  at  Little  Rock,  Arkansas;  he 
aided  in  driving  General  Price  out  of  that 
country,  and  served  under  General  Steele  and 
under  General  Clayton.  He  was  in  many  of 
the  smaller  engagements  and  skirmishes  in  the 
Western  department,  and  after  a  faithful  serv- 
ice of  three  years  four  months  and  eleven  days 
he  was  honorably  discharged  as  First  Sergeant. 


452 


HISTORT  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


He  returned  to  his  native  town  and  embarked 
in  the  wholesale  grain  and  seed  trade,  estab- 
lishing a  large  business. 

It  was  in  1879  that  he  went  to  Logan, 
Kansas,  where  he  remained  in  business  a  year. 
The  promising  reports  of  Socorro,  New  Mex- 
ico, reaching  his  ears,  he  decided  to  try  his 
fortune  in  the  Southwest.  Hither  he  came  in 
1 88 1,  and  at  once  opened  a  meat  market, 
which  proved  a  profitable  venture.  Later  he 
turned  his  attention  to  stock-raising  and  min- 
ing, and  has  acquired  much  valuable  property 
in  the  Magdalena  district.  He  formed  a  part- 
nership in  1890  with  W.  C.  Bruton,  a  well- 
known  stock  dealer;  this  relationship  has 
proved  highly  satisfactory  to  all  parties. 

In  politics  Mr.  Hill  supports  the  issues  of 
the  Democratic  party,  which  he  is  represent- 
ing a  term  in  the  City  Council.  He  is  one  of 
the  charter  members  and  Past  Master  of  the 
Masonic  Lodge  at  Socorro,  and  takes  an  en- 
thusiastic interest  in  the  prosperity  of  the 
order. 

He  was  married,  in  1866,  to  Miss  Malinda 
White,  and  of  this  union  two  children  were 
born,  Homer,  who  is  now  Deputy  United 
States  Marshal,  and  John  W. ,  telegraph  oper- 
ator at  Socorro.  The  mother  of  these  two 
sons  died  in  1876,  deeply  mourned  by  her 
family  and  lamented  bya  wide  circle  of  friends. 
Mr.  Hill  was  married  a  second  time,  July  4, 
1889;  he  was  then  united  to  Miss  Lidia  Lasley, 
a  native  of  Ohio.  They  have  one  son,  born  in 
Socorro — James  M.  Hill,  Jr.  Mr.  Hill  owns  a 
considerable  interest  in  mines,  some  in  ranch 
land  and  other  valuable  property. 


>j*OSEPH  E.  SMITH,  one  of  the  leading 

A      citizens  of  Socorro,  has  had  a  wide  and 

/•  j      varied    business   experience.      He  is  a 

native  of  Massachusetts,  born  at  Abing- 

ton,    September  27,    1858,   and  is  descended 

from    old    New    England   stock.      His   father, 

James  Edward  Smith,  was  born  at  Rochester, 

Massachusetts,    in    1833,  and  was  reared  and 

educated   in   his   native   State.       Arriving   at 


manhood,  he  engaged  in  mercantile  pursuits, 
and  became  proprietor  of  a  wholesale  carpet 
house.  He  married  Miss  Nancy  C.  Jackson, 
also  a  native  of  Massachusetts,  belonging  to 
one  of  the  old  families  of  that  State.  Of  this 
union  one  child  was  born,  Joseph  E.  Smith. 
James  Edward  Smith  died  in  1893,  in  the  six- 
tieth year  of  his  age;  his  widow  survives  him. 
Joseph  E.  Smith  enjoyed  superior  educational 
advantages  in  his  youth,  taking  a  special 
course  in  the  School  of  Technology,  Boston. 
In  1879  he  went  to  Chicago,  and  there  studied 
photography  in  all  its  branches;  he  remained 
in  that  city  until  1881,  at  which  time  he  re- 
moved to  Darlington,  Wisconsin.  He  was  in- 
terested in  the  business  of  photography  in  this 
place  for  some  time,  but  finally  turned  his  at- 
tention to  cattle-raising,  and  became  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Diamond  D  Cattle  Company. 

This  new  association  brought  him  to  So- 
corro, New  Mexico,  in  February,  1882,  where 
he  filled  the  position  of  assistant  manager  of 
the  company.  The  herd  numbered  six  thousand 
head,  and  were  in  his  charge  on  the  St.  Au- 
gustine Plain  when  the  company  went  out  of 
business.  Mr.  Smith  then  turned  his  atten- 
tion to  mining  in  the  Magdalena  district  and 
the  mountains,  having  charge  of  the  men  in  the 
mines.  In  1886  he  disposed  of  his  interests 
there  and  came  to  Socorro. 

He  was  united  in  marriage  September  1 1, 
1886,  to  Miss  Myscia  Driver,  a  native  of  Dar- 
lington, Wisconsin,  and  the  daughter  of 
Josephus  Driver.  They  are  the  parents  of 
three  children:  Marvel  M. ,  James  Avery  and 
Irene  J.  After  coming  to  this  city  Mr.  Smith 
accepted  the  position  of  manager  of  the  lumber 
and  hardware  business  of  J.  C.  Baldridge,  in 
which  he  continued  until  he  purchased  the  in- 
surance business  of  W.  E.  Leonard.  This  is 
work  to  which  he  is  peculiarly  fitted,  and  in 
which  he  has  been  more  than  ordinarily  suc- 
cessful. He  represents  a  large  line  of  the  lead- 
ing companies  of  both  Europe  and  America, 
and  also  handles  life  and  accident  policies.  In 
connection  with  this  business  he  acts  as  Notary 
Public  and  conveyancer. 


HIS  TORT  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


453 


He  is  a  member  of  the  Independent  Order 
of  Odd  Fellows,  having  passed  the  chairs,  and 
is  Past  Grand  and  District  Deputy.  He  is  also 
a  prominent  member  of  the  Knights  of  Pythias. 
In  politics  he  gives  his  allegiance  to  the  Re- 
publican party.  He  was  appointed  by  the 
Board  of  County  Commissioners  to  fill  the  un- 
expired  term  of  W.  E.  Leonard  as  County 
School  Superintendent.  In  all  the  varied  inter- 
ests to  which  he  has  given  his  attention  he  has 
displayed  the  enthusiasm  born  of  aptitude. 
His  integrity  is  unquestioned,  his  success  well- 
deserved. 


>-j*ACOBO  YRISARRI,  one  of  New  Mex- 
fl  ico's  prominent  and  successful  native 
A  J  sons,  now  residing  in  the  city  of  Albu- 
querque, was  born  in  the  year  1865. 
His  grandfather,  Pablo  Yrisarri,  was  a  native 
of  New  Mexico,  and  his  father  was  a  native  of 
Spain,  and  came  thence  to  New  Mexico,  set- 
tling near  the  present  city  of  Albuquerque, 
where  his  son,  Mariano,  father  of  our  subject, 
was  born.  The  latter  became  a  successful 
merchant,  and  was  also  largely  interested  in 
stock-raising.  He  married  Manuela  Armijo,  a 
native  of  New  Mexico,  a  member  of  the  dis- 
tinguished Armijo  family,  so  conspicuously 
identified  with  the  history  of  this  section  of 
the  Union,  she  being  a  relative  of  the  cele- 
brated General  Armijo,  and  the  daughter  of  Juan 
Cristoval  Armijo.  Mariano  Yrisarri  and  wife 
became  the  parents  of  seven  children,  all  of 
whom  are  living  at  the  present  time.  The 
father  died  in  the  sixty-eighth  year,  his  widow 
surviving  him,  and  being  now  (1895)  about 
fifty-four  years  of  age. 

Our  subject  was  accorded  exceptional  edu- 
cational privileges,  receiving  his  discipline  in 
this  line  at  Saint  Louis  and  Philadelphia,  after 
which  he  returned  to  his  native  Territory; 
where  he  engaged  extensively  in  stock-raising, 
also  making  large  investments  in  real  estate  in 
Albuquerque  and  in  ranch  property  in  the  sur- 
rounding country.  In  each  branch  of  enter- 
prise his  efforts  have  been  attended  with  signal 


success,  and  he  is  recognized  as  one  of  the  rep- 
resentative business  men  of  the  section.  His 
operations  have  been  of  no  inconsiderable  ex- 
tent, his  stock  list  having  represented  as 
high  as  3,000  head  of  cattle  and  a  herd  of 
2, 500  head  of  sheep.  On  certain  of  his  ranches 
he  raises  large  quantities  of  alfalfa,  which  he 
utilizes  in  feeding  his  stock.  Mr.  Yrisarri  has 
erected  on  Silver  avenue  a  commodious  and 
attractive  residence,  and  has  made  other  nota- 
ble business  improvements  in  the  city — promi- 
nent among  such  being  the  fine  structure  known 
as  the  Yrisarri  Block,  a  substantial  brick  build- 
ing, 50  x  1 40  feet  in  dimensions,  and  two  stories 
and  basement  in  height.  The  building  is  of 
modern  architectural  design,  the  first  floor  and 
basement  being  utilized  by  one  of  the  most  ex- 
tensive mercantile  concerns  in  the  city,  while 
the  upper  floor  is  conveniently  equipped  for 
the  accommodation  of  those  who  desire  private 
apartments  for  rooming  purposes.  The  block 
is  one  of  the  finest  in  the  city  and  is  a  valuable 
accession  to  the  business  quarter  as  well  as  a 
credit  to  the  enterprising  owner. 

The  marriage  of  our  subject  was  celebrated 
in  1886,  when  he  was  united  to  Miss  Barbara 
Perea,  a  native  of  New  Mexico,  and  the  daugh- 
ter of  Hon.  Jose  L.  Perea,  one  of  the  Terri- 
tory's distinguished  citizens  and  a  member  of 
the  noted  Perea  family,  whose  name  has  been 
intimately  linked  with  New-Mexican  history. 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  Yrisarri  are  the  parents  of  four 
children,  namely:  Eloisa,  Jacobo,  Jr.,  Eduard 
and  Sophia.  The  members  of  the  family  are 
stanch  adherents  to  the  faith  of  their  fathers, 
and  are  zealous  members  of  the  Roman  Catho- 
lic Church.  Our  subject  is  a  man  of  broad 
mental  grasp  and  progressive  spirit,  and  his 
life  has  been  such  as  to  gain  to  him  the  confi- 
dence and  high  esteem  of  all  who  know  him. 


DWARD    L.    HAMBLIN.— The  sub- 
ject of  this  sketch  is  an  Alderman  of 
East    Las  Vegas    and  a   well-known 
and  influential   business   man   of  the 
city.      Some  personal  mention  of  his  life  and 


454 


HISTORT  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


ancestry  is  therefore  appropriate  here,  in  con- 
nection with  those  of  other  representative  citi- 
zens of  his  place. 

Edward  L.  Hamblin  first  saw  the  light  of 
day  in  the  city  of  Portland,  Maine,  September 
!3.  1853.  His  grandfather  Hamblin  was  a 
native  of  England,  was  one  of  the  early  set- 
tlers of  Farmington,  Maine,  and  was  a  farmer 
by  occupation.  His  son  Edward  (our  subject's 
father)  was  born  in  Farmington,  was  reared  in 
his  native  State  and  was  married  to  Miss  Mary 
J.  Daniels,  daughter  of  Ebenezer  Daniels,  a 
prominent  merchant  of  Portland.  Edward 
Hamblin  was  for  many  years  engaged  in  the 
wholesale  grocery  business  in  Portland  and  at 
the  same  time  was  large  interested  in  the  West 
India  sugar  and  molasses  trade.  In  politics, 
an  ardent  Republican,  and  at  one  time  a  mem- 
ber of  the  State  Legislature  of  Maine,  he  was 
well  and  favorably  known  throughout  the 
State.  He  died  at  the  age  of  sixty-seven 
years.  His  widow,  still  surviving,  has  recent- 
ly entered  the  octogenarian  ranks.  They  had 
a  family  of  four  children,  Edward  L.  being 
the  only  son. 

He  was  reared  in  the  Pine  Tree  State,  was 
a  student  at  Topsham  and  for  three  years  at- 
tended Franklin  University.  On  leaving  col- 
lege, he  went,  in  1869,  to  Chicago,  where  he 
accepted  a  position  as  salesman  for  Sprague, 
Warner  &  Company,  with  whom  he  remained 
three  years,  after  which  he  was  with  Franklin 
McVeagh  &  Company  up  to  1876.  That  year 
he  came  West  and  located  at  Denver,  Colora- 
do. At  Denver  he  was  for  seven  years  resident 
agent  for  Franklin  McVeagh  &  Company,  of 
Chicago,  selling  large  quantities  of  goods  at 
wholesale.  Afterward  he  was  engaged  in  the 
brokerage  business  at  Denver,  as  a  member  of 
the  firm  of  Hamblin  &  Savagan.  His  next 
venture  was  in  the  sheep  industry  in  Colorado. 
In  this  latter  business  he  met  with  heavy 
losses,  after  which  he  returned  to  his  former 
employers,  Franklin  McVeagh  &  Company, 
and  continued  with  them  until  1887.  In  1887 
he  became  identified  with  East  Las  Vegas. 
On  his  arrival  here  he  opened  up  his  present 


brokerage  business,  and  has  been  engaged  in  it 
successfully  ever  since.  He  now  represents 
many  of  the  largest  wholesale  houses  in  the 
country.  He  sells  sugar  for  the  Western  Su- 
gar Refining  Company  of  San  Francisco; 
coffee  for  Arbuckle  Brothers  of  New  York; 
canned  and  dried  fruits  for  J.  K.  Annsby  & 
Company,  San  Francisco,  and  also  green 
coffees  for  J.  W.  Doane  &  Company,  Chicago; 
and  repsesents  the  Cudahy  Packing  Company, 
of  South  Omaha,  Nebraska,  besides  various 
other  equally  large  companies.  He  has  a  large 
trade  with  the  leading  merchants  all  over  New  ' 
Mexico  and  Arizona,  and  more  than  this — the 
confidence  and  good  will  of  all  with  whom  he 
has  dealings. 

Mr.  Hamblin  is  a  man  who  keeps  posted 
on  the  general  topics  of  the  day  and  takes  an 
active  interest  in  political  affairs.  He  is  an 
Independent.  As  such  he  was  in  1895  elected 
one  of  the  Aldermen  of  East  Las  Vegas. 
Fraternally,  his  associations  are  with  the 
Knights  of  Pythias  and  the  Royal  Arcanum. 

In  1885  Mr.  Hamblin  was  united  in  mar- 
riage with  Miss  Irene  Tenney,  a  native  of 
Sacramento,  California,  and  they  have  an  in- 
teresting family  of  two  children,  Irene  and 
Ruth  T.  They  own  and  occupy  one  of  the 
pleasant  and  attractive  homes  of  East  Las 
Vegas. 


HNECITO    C.   ABEYTIA.— This  gen- 
tleman is  well  known  as   the  popular 
jeweler  of  Las  Vegas.      He  is  a  native 
of  New  Mexico  and  is  descended  from 
ancestors  who  have  for  years   figured  promi- 
nently in  the  history  of  the  Territory,  their  or- 
igin being  traced   back    to  Spain.      His  great- 
grandfather, .Jose    Antonia    Abeytia,    was    an 
officer  in  the  Spanish  army,  and  as  such  came 
to  Mexico  in  the   time   of  the   conquest.      His 
wife  was  a  daughter  of  Nicolas  Ortiz,  the  Ortiz 
family   likewise  being  of  Spanish    origin    and 
subsequently  becoming  noted  in  New  Mexico. 
Grandfather  Abeytia  was  a  Lieutenant  in  the 
Mexican  army  and  was  promoted  to  Captain. 


HISTORY  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


455 


In  New  Mexico  he  became  a  prominent  ran- 
chero  and  had  his  residence  in  Santa  Fe,  of 
which  he  was  Alcalde,  and  later  in  the  history 
of  the  city  its  Mayor.  He  married  Josefa  Ar- 
mijo,  a  representative  of  one  of  the  leading 
Spanish  families  here  and  a  niece  of  General 
Armijo.  Their  son,  Anecito,  was  our  subject's 
father.  He  was  born  in  Santa  Fe,  April  17, 
1830;  was  educated  there  and  in  old  Mexico; 
and  after  his  father's  death  continued  the  mer- 
cantile business  which  his  father  had  estab- 
lished in  Santa  Fe,  and  also  at  this  time  be- 
came heir  to  his  portion  of  the  62,000  acres  of 
land  which  his  ancestor,  Nicolas  Abeytia,  had 
received  from  the  Mexican  Government.  Later 
in  life  Anecito  Abeytia  drifted  into  politics  and 
became  prominent  therein,  holding  numerous 
important  official  positions.  In  1861  he  en- 
listed in  the  Union  volunteer  service,  was  com- 
missioned a  First  Lieutenant,  and  participated 
in  the  battles  which  drove  the  Confederates 
from  the  Territory.  He  was  a  Justice  of  the 
Peace  for  a  number  of  years,  was  a  member  of 
the  Territorial  Constitutional  Convention, 
served  in  the  Territorial  Legislature,  and  is 
now  engaged  in  the  practice  of  law  and  is  a 
notary  public  in  his  native  city.  He  has  been 
identified  with  the  Republican  party  ever  since 
its  organization.  In  1849  he  wedded  Miss 
Clara  Nieto,  a  native  of  Chihuahua,  Mexico. 
Eight  children  have  been  born  to  them,  and 
thus  far  death  has  not  entered  their  family 
circle. 

Their  son,  Anecito  C.  Abeytia,  was  born  in 
Santa  Fe,  April  20,  1856.  He  was  educated 
at  St.  Michael's  College  in  that  city,  and  after 
completing  his  college  course  spent  five  years 
in  learning  the  jewelry  business.  For  eight 
years  he  was  in  partnership  with  his  brother  at 
Santa  Fe,  under  the  firm- name  of  F.  Abeytia 
&  Company,  manufacturers  of  filigree  jewelry, 
having  a  number  of  men  in  their  employ  and 
doing  a  large  wholesale  business.  Since  1885 
Mr.  Abeytia  has  been  identified  with  Las  Ve- 
gas. That  year  he  opened  up  his  jewelry  busi- 
ness here,  was  subsequently  for  about  a  year 
in  partnership  with  a  Mr.  Mares,  then  bought 


out  his  partner  and  continued  alone  until  1895, 
when  he  incorporated  the  Mexican  Filigree 
Jewelry  Company.  This  company  manufac- 
tures its  own  filigree  work  and  carries  on  both 
a  large  wholesale  and  retail  business. 

Like  his  father,  Mr.  Abeytia  is  a  stanch  Re- 
publican, and  he,  too,  has  been  honored  by 
official  preferment.  He  was  elected  to  and 
served  most  acceptably  as  Superintendent  of 
Schools  of  San  Miguel  county,  and  as  School 
Director;  was  elected  a  member  of  the  Board 
of  County  Commissioners  and  by  his  fellow 
officers  was  chosen  its  president.  The  only 
fraternal  organization  with  which  he  is  con- 
nected isthat  of  the  Catholic  Knights  of  America. 

Mr.  Abeytia  was  married  in  1880  to  Miss 
Fidelia  Ortiz,  and  they  became  the  parents  of 
three  children,  of  whom  only  one  survives — 
Justiniano.  Mrs.  Abeytia  departed  this  life 
July  4,  1894.  Hers  was  a  beautiful  character, 
devoted  and  loving  to  her  husband  and  chil- 
dren, amiable  at  all  times,  entertaining  and 
charming  in  her  own  home  and  warmly  wel- 
comed wherever  she  went. 


>-j»OSEPH  MONTGOMERY  is  one  of  San 
6  Marcial's  worthy  citizens  and  represen- 
A  J  tative  business  men.  He  arrived  in 
this  place  in  April,  1885,  since  which 
time  he  has  been  identified  with  her  interests 
and  growth.  His  birth  occurred  in  Cass  county, 
Indiana,  on  the  1 8th  of  December,  1848.  His 
grandparents  were  natives  of  the  Emerald  Isle, 
from  which  country  they  emigrated  to  the 
New  World,  locating  in  Pennsylvania  while 
they  were  still  young.  Their  son,  Robert 
Montgomery,  the  father  of  our  subject,  was 
born  in  the  Keystone  State  in  1814.  On  at- 
taining manhood  he  was  united  in  marriage 
with  Miss  Margaret  Stewart,  a  native  of  the 
same  State,  and  he  and  his  father,  accompa- 
nied by  their  families,  removed  to  Cass  county, 
Indiana,  becoming  honored  pioneer  settlers  of 
that  locality.  From  that  county  the  father 
went  to  Carroll  county,  Indiana,  where  he  con- 
tinued to  reside  up  to  the  time  of  his  death, 


456 


H1STORT   OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


which  occurred  in  1881.  His  wife,  who  sur- 
vived him  for  three  years,  departed  this  life  in 
1884.  They  were  Presbyterians  in  religious 
faith  and  were  people  of  the  highest  respecta- 
bility. They  had  a  family  of  nine  children, 
six  sons  and  three  daughters,  of  whom  only 
five  of  the  sons  now  survive.  i 

Joseph  Montgomery  was  the  seventh  child 
in  the  family,  and  his  childhood  and  youth  were 
passed  on  the  home  farm,  aiding  in  the  labors 
of  the  field  during  the  summer  months,  while 
during  the  winter  season  he  attended  the  dis- 
trict schools.  His  primary  education,  how- 
ever, was  supplemented  by  a  course  in  an 
academy  of  Logansport,  Indiana.  He  began 
life  on  his  own  account  as  a  farmer,  which  vo- 
cation he  continued  to  follow  until  1885,  at 
which  time  he  sold  out  and  came  to  San  Mar- 
cial,  where  for  the  first  two  years  he  was  en- 
gaged in  ranching.  He  then  opened  his  meat- 
market  business  in  the  town,  where  he  has 
since  conducted  an  honorable  and  successful 
business. 

In  1871  Mr.  Montgomery  was  united  in 
marriage  with  Miss  Martha  Jane  Martin,  a  na- 
tive of  Indiana,  her  father's  farm  being  near 
their  own.  Four  children  were  born  to  them, 
one  passed  away.  Those  living  are:  Willard 
M.,  Edmund  Garfield  and  Roscoe  Conkling. 
The  daughter,  Effa  Pearl,  a  beautiful  child, 
died  when  only  fifteen  months  old.  Mr.  Mont- 
gomery has  built  for  himself  and  family  one  of 
the  most  pleasant  residences  in  the  town,  where 
he  is  also  interested  in  other  property.  In 
politics  he  is  a  supporter  of  the  men  and  meas- 
ures of  the  Republican  party.  He  is  spoken 
of  as  being  one  of  San  Marcial's  very  best  citi- 
zens, and  by  all  who  know  him  is  held  in  the 
highest  confidence  and  esteem. 


HLFRED   M.    BERGERE.— One  who 
has  been  eminently  concerned  in  the 
industrial  enterprises  which  have  fur- 
thered the  normal   development  and 
progress  of  the  Territory  of  New  Mexico,  and 
one  whose  ancestral  lineage  is  of  distinguished 


and  interesting  order,  there  is  a  particular  de- 
gree of  satisfaction  in  turning  specific  atten- 
tion to  the  life  history  of  the  honored  subject 
of  this  review,  who  stands  as  one  of  the  most 
prominent  and  influential  citizens  of  ,Las  Lu- 
nas,  Valencia  county. 

Mr.  Bergere  is  a  native  of  Liverpool,  Eng- 
land, where  he  was  born  on  the  loth  of  Oc- 
tober, 1857.  Though  thus  by  birth  a  subject 
of  Great  Britain,  his  ancestry  is  of  Italian  ex- 
traction and  of  most  patrician  order.  His 
father,  Joseph  Charles  Bergere,  was  born  in 
fair  Italy  in  the  year  1804,  and  was  reared 
and  educated  in  his  native  land,  where  was 
consummated  his  marriage.  He  soon  after 
removed  to  Liverpool,  England,  and  eventu- 
ally he  became  one  of  the  prominent  and  influ- 
ential business  men  of  that  great  seaport,  deal- 
ing largely  in  iron  and  steel.  Ultimately  he 
engaged  in  steamship  building,  and  was  one  of 
the  first  owners  of  the  line  of  steamers  plying 
between  Liverpool  and  the  Mediterranean 
ports,  being  thus  concerned  from  1849  until 
1872,  when  he  retired  from  active  business 
life  and  took  up  his  residence  in  London,  where 
his  death  occurred  in  1892.  His  wife  had  pre- 
ceded him  into  eternal  rest,  her  demise  having 
occurred  in  1865.  They  were  people  of  edu- 
cation and  refinement,  and  were  devoted  ad- 
herents of  the  Roman  Catholic  Church.  The 
father  attained  high  precedence  in  the  busi- 
ness world  and  was  known  as  an  able  and 
honorable  man.  He  became  the  father  of 
three  sons  and  two  daughters,  all  of  whom  are 
residents  of  London,  England,  except  Alfred, 
who  is  the  immediate  subject  of  this  sketch. 

Alfred  M.  Bergere  received  his  preliminary 
education  in  Liverpool,  and  completed  his  lit- 
erary discipline  in  Queen's  College,  London. 
In  the  year  1873  he  came  to  America,  locating' 
first  in  New  York  city,  where  he  remained  for 
a  time,  after  which  he  came  to  the  Southwest 
and  was  engaged  in  the  mercantile  business 
along  the  line  of  the  Atlantic  &  Pacific  Rail- 
road during  the  period  of  its  construction.  In 
the  latter  year  he  was  compelled  to  go  to  the 
East  by  reason  of  impaired  health,  but  in  1884 


HISTORT  Of  NE  W  MEXICO. 


457 


he  again  returned  to  New  Mexico,  and  locating 
in  Los  Lunas  here  engaged  in  merchandising 
and  in  quite  extensive  operations  in  the  line  of 
stock-raising.  In  1888  he  closed  his  mercan- 
tile business,  and  has  since  devoted  his  atten- 
tion almost  exclusively  to  the  stock  industry, 
which  represents  one  of  the  most  important 
branches  of  enterprise  in  the  Territory.  He 
has  also  become  largely  interested  in  New 
Mexico  real  estate,  being  associated  with  others 
in  the  ownership  of  2,000,000  acres  of  land. 
He  has  a  herd  of  fully  30,000  head  of  sheep, 
and  is  an  extensive  operator  in  this  line,  being 
successful  in  his  efforts,  which  have  been  di- 
rected with  signal  ability. 

Thoroughly  in  touch  with  the  progressive 
American  spirit,  and  in  every  way  fully  in  sym- 
pathy with  the  interests  of  his  adopted  coun- 
try, Mr.  Bergere  has  taken  an  active  part  in 
local  political  affairs,  being  a  stalwart  supporter 
of  the  Republican  party.  He  has  been  a  dele- 
gate to  party  conventions,  has  been  a  leading 
spirit  in  the  same  and  has  used  his  influence  to 
further  the  advancement  of  the  cause  which  he 
has  espoused.  He  has  been  called  upon  to 
serve  as  County  Commissioner  of  Valencia 
county,  and  proved  a  most  capable  executive. 
Further  official  preferment  was  accorded  him 
in  his  election  to  the  responsible  office  as  County 
Treasurer,  in  which  position  he  is  serving  at 
the  present  time.  His  ability  is  recognized,  as 
is  also  his  unflagging  interest  in  the  welfare  of 
the  county,  while  his  fidelity  to  every  detail  of 
the  official  duties  devolving  upon  him  has 
gained  him  the  confidence  and  good  will  of  all 
classes,  regardless  of  political  affiliations. 

On  the  1 5th  of  August,  1886,  occurred  the  i 
happy  ceremonial  which  united  the  destinies  of 
our  subject  and  Miss  Eloisa  Luna,  daughter  of 
Judge  Antonio  Jose  Luna,  concerning  whom 
individual  mention  is  made  elsewhere  in  this 
volume.  She  was  born  in  Los  Lunas  and  com- 
pleted her  education  in  New  York  city,  being 
afforded  the  best  of  advantages  and  being  a 
woman  of  culture  and  refinement.  Mr.  and 
Mrs.  Bergere  are  the  parents  of  seven  chil- 
dren, all  of  whom  were  born  in  Los  Lunas, 


their  names,  in  order  of  birth,  being  as  follows: 
Edward  Manuel,  Manuel  Basil,  Adelina  Amelia, 
Anita  Eloisa,  Elvira  Estella,  May  Bernedetta 
and  Antonio  Jose.  Our  subject  and  his  wife 
cling  to  the  religious  faith  of  their  fathers  and 
are  devoted  members  and  communicants  of  the 
Roman  Catholic  Church.  The  family  home  is 
one  in  which  are  observed  all  the  courtesies 
and  amenities  of  refined  elegance.  Mr.  Ber- 
gere is  a  man  of  marked  influence  and  exten- 
sive capitalistic  interests  and  is  most  favorably 
known  throughout  the  Territory. 


BREDERICK  C.  FOX,  the  trainmaster 
of  the  Rio  Grande  division  of  the  At- 
chison,  Topeka  &  Santa  Fe  Railroad, 
residing  at  San  Marcial,  New  Mexico, 
is  a  native  of  Ohio,  born  in  Marysville,  October 
9,  1883.      His  parents,  George  A.    and  Susan 
M.  (Kuhlman)  Fox,  were  both  natives  of  Ger- 
many.    The  father  came  to  America   in  1835, 
and  at  Columbus,  Ohio,  was  married,  in  1845. 
They    still   make    their    home    in    Marysville, 
where  they  have  the  respect  of  all   who  know 
them,     and     are    members    of    the    Lutheran 
Church.       The    father    follows  the  trade   of 
bricklaying  and  is  a  contractor  and  builder. 

In  the  family  of  four  sons  and  one  daughter, 
Fred  C.  Fox  is  the  youngest.  He  was  educated 
in  the  public  schools  of  his  native  town  and  as 
a  boy  worked  on  a  farm.  Later  he  learned 
telegraphy,  and  on  the  9th  of  July,  1881,  be- 
gan his  railroad  career  by  entering  the  employ 
of  the  Cleveland,  Columbus,  Cincinnati  &  In- 
dianapolis Railroad  Company  as  night  opera- 
tor, being  for  the  first  year  stationed  in  his 
hometown.  On  the  igth  of  August,  1882,  he 
went  to  work  at  Wagon  Mound,  New  Mexico, 
being  employed  by  the  company  with  which  he 
is  still  connected.  He  was  soon  afterward 
made  day  operator  at  Wallace,  where  he  re- 
mained until  the  ist  of  January,  1884,  and 
was  then  transferred  to  Rincon,  where  he  was 
employed  as  day  operator  until  the  i$th  of 
June  of  the  same  year.  At  that  time  he  was 
sent  to  Lake  Valley  to  open  a  telegraph  office 


458 


HISTORT  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


and  station.  On  the  15th  of  July,  1885,  he 
was  appointed  relief  agent  for  the  Rio  Grande 
division,  and  December  27,  1886,  was  made 
ticket  and  freight  agent  at  Carthage,  New 
Mexico,  where  he  remained  until  the  ist  of 
August,  1887,  when  he  was  appointed  freight 
and  ticket  agent  at  Rincon.  On  the  I7th  of 
September,  1 890,  he  received  the  appointment 
of  chief  train  dispatcher  of  the  Rio  Grande 
division  of  the  road,  and  on  the  ist  of  May, 
1893,  was  promoted  to  his  present  position, 
now  having  charge  of  the  station  and  train 
service.  Thus  it  can  be  seen  that  he  has  given 
the  company  |he  fullest  satisfaction  while  in 
their  employ.  He  has  mastered  every  depart- 
ment of  railroading,  and  is  now  considered  one 
of  the  most  competent  railroad  men  in  New 
Mexico. 

Mr.  Fox  was  married  on  the  22d  of  Sep- 
tember, 1892,  his  union  being.with  Miss  Mary 
A.  Ryan,  a  native  of  Buffalo,  New  York.  Po- 
litically he  adheres  to  the  principles  of  the 
Democratic  party,  and  keeps  himself  well  in- 
formed on  the  public  affairs  of  the  country,  but 
devotes  his  whole  time  and  undivided  attention 
to  railroading  and  the  duties  of  his  office. 


\MUEL  G.  HANNA,  the  senior  mem- 
her  of  the  popular  grocery  firm  of  S. 
G.  Hanna  &  Company,  of  San  Mar- 
cial,  New  Mexico,  is  a  native  of  Pen- 
nsylvania, born  at  Darlington,  on  the  ist  of 
April,  1856.  His  grandfather,  S.  G.  Hanna, 
became  one  of  the  early  settlers  of  that  region, 
where  Joseph  Hanna,  the  father  of  our  sub- 
ject, was  born  and  reared  to  manhood  on  the 
old  home  farm.  There  the  latter  married  Miss 
Sarah  Johnson,  a  native  of  Fayette  county, 
the  same  State.  Besides  his  agricultural  pur- 
suits, he  also  engaged  in  carpentering.  His 
death  occurred  at  the  age  of  sixty,  but  his  wife, 
who  still  survives  him,  has  reached  the  age  of 
sixty-eight.  They  were  worthy,  respected  peo- 
ple and  faithful  members  of  the  United  Pres- 
byterian Church.  They  became  the  parents  of 
seven  children,  of  whom  one  is  now  deceased. 


Samuel  G.  Hanna  is  the  fourth  in  order  of 
birth.  He  was  given  good  educational  privi- 
leges, being  able  to  attend  the  academy  of  his 
native  town,  and  for  a  time  engaged  in  farm- 
ing in  Illinois.  In  1878  he  began  work  for  the 
Atchison,  Topeka  &  Santa 'Fe  Railroad  Com- 
pany in  the  water-service  department,  and  in 
the  spring  of  1881  came  to  San  Marcial,  New 
Mexico,  when  the  town  was  just  starting.  He 
remained  in  the  employ  of  that  railroad,  how- 
ever, until  1891,  at  which  time  he  opened  his 
grocery  store  in  connection  with  his  brother, 
W.  J.  Hanna.  By  close  attention  to  business 
and  upright,  honorable  dealing,  they  have  ac- 
quired the  good  will  of  their  customers,  and 
have  built  up  a  deservedly  prosperous  business. 

In  1889  was  celebrated  the  marriage  of 
Samuel  G.  Hanna  and  Miss  Minerva  Beedle, 
a  native  of  Kansas,  and  the  daughter  of  W.  D. 
Beedle,  of  that  State.  Three  children  grace 
this  union — Samuel  G.  Jr.,  Sarah  Alice  and 
Walter  Clark. 

With  the  order  of  Knights  of  Pythias,  Mr. 
Hanna  holds  membership,  in  which  lodge  he  is 
now  serving  as  master  of  finance,  and  his  poli- 
tical support  is  given  to  the  Republican  party. 
He  has  built  one  of  the  best  residences  in  the 
city,  where  with  his  family  he  makes  his  home. 
He  gives  his  entire  attention  to  his  business  in- 
terests, and  has  acquired  the  reputation  of 
being  one  of  San  Manual's  best  citizens  and 
most  honorable  business  men. 


F.  MATHESON  is  connected  with  va- 
rious business  enterprises  in  Eddy,  and 
has  therefore  been  a  promoter  of  the 
material  welfare  of  the  city.  His  oper- 
ations have  been  extensive  and  varied  and  have 
not  only  advanced  his  individual  prosperity, 
but  have  been  of  benefit  to  the  community  by 
accelerating  commercial  activity  and  furnishing 
employment  to  many. 

Mr.  Matheson  is  yet  a  young  man.  He 
was  born  in  Taylorsville,  North  Carolina,  in 
1 86 1,  but  was  reared  in  East  Tennessee,  the 
home  of  the  family  being  at  Mossy  Creek,  Jef- 


HIS  TORT  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


ferson  county.  He  was  educated  in  the  semi- 
nary two  miles  from  the  town  of  Black  Oak 
Grove,  and  on  leaving  school  engaged  in  farm- 
ing, which  pursuit  he  successfully  followed  in 
Tennessee  until  1883.  In  that  year  he  re- 
moved to  Abilene,  Texas,  where  he  carried  on 
farming,  and  also  run  a  water  wagon  for  a  year. 
He  then  engaged  with  Pratt  Brothers,  dealers 
in  wool  and  hides  in  Abilene  for  several  years, 
and  in  1889  went  to  Pecos,  Texas,  to  represent 
the  business  of  the  firm  at  that  place,  where  he 
continued  until  1891. 

Mr.  Matheson  then  came  to  Eddy,  as  a 
representative  of  the  same  firm,  and  in  1 894 
bought  out  their  business,  now  dealing  in  grain, 
wool  and  hides.  His  grain  warehouse  is  a  very 
large  structure,  and  in  1894  he  did  an  immense 
business,  handling  nearly  all  the  grain  sold 
to  freighters  for  the  upper  Pecos  country.  In 
1892  he  purchased  an  ice-house  and  has  since 
dealt  in  that  commodity,  receiving  a  liberal 
patronage.  He  is  a  wholesale  dealer  in  beer, 
carries  on  a  coal  business,  is  agent  for  the  Con- 
tinental Oil  Company,  and  has  a  large  trade  in 
wool  and  hides.  He  is  one  of  the  most  enter- 
prising and  successful  merchants  of  Eddy,  and 
carries  forward  to  prosperity,  whatever  he  un- 
dertakes. He  is  also  engaged  with  the  finan- 
cial affairs  of  the  city  as  director  of  the  bank. 

On  the  28th  of  November.  1883,  Mr.  Ma- 
theson was  united  in  marriage  with  Miss  Coride 
Hayworth,  a  native  of  Tennessee,  and  they 
now  have  one  son,  William  Walter.  Our  sub- 
ject is  a  member  of  the  Masonic  Lodge  of 
Eddy,  and  is  a  gentleman  of  sterling  worth,  who 
has  already  achieved  success  that  might  well 
be  regarded  as  the  fitting  reward  of  a  life-time 
of  earnest  toil.  There  is  every  reason  to  believe 
that  more  brilliant  successes  yet  await  him  in 
the  future. 


BRED  O.  BLOOD,   one  of  San  Mar- 
cial's  most  enterprising  and  influen- 
tial citizens,  is  a  division  storekeeper 
for  the  Atchison,  Topeka  &  Santa  Fe 
Railroad  Company.     He  is  a  native  of  New. 


York,  born  at  Westport,  Essex  county,  on  the 
2d  of  January,  1859,  of  English  ancestry,  who 
first  settled  in  Vermont.  In  that  State  the 
paternal  grandfather  was  born,  and  with  his 
father  removed  to  Essex  county,  New  York. 
They  were  farming  people  of  the  highest  re- 
spectability, and  in  religious  belief  were  Meth- 
odists. The  father  of  our  subject,  Leander  A. 
Blood,  was  born  on  the  old  homestead  in  Es- 
sex county,  in  1828,  and  married  Miss  Minerva 
Miller,  who  was  born  in  the  same  county.  In 
1 869  they  left  the  East,  going  to  Kansas,  where 
the  father  purchased  land  twelve  miles  from 
Topeka,  which  he  has  now  placed  under  a  high 
state  of  cultivation.  His  wife  passed  away  at 
the  age  of  sixty-three  years.  By  her  marriage 
she  became  the  mother  of  eight  sons  and  one 
daughter,  only  four  of  whom  are  now  living. 

Fred  O.  Blood  is  the  fifth  child  in  order  of 
birth  in  the  family,  and  at  the  age  of  nine 
years  was  brought  by  his  parents  to  Kansas, 
where  he  was  reared  on  the  farm,  while  his 
education  was  obtained  in  the  common  schools, 
which  he  attended  until  twenty  years  of  age. 
In  1877  ne  became  connected  with  the  Atchi- 
son, Topeka  &  Santa  Fe  Railroad  Company, 
with  which  he  remained  for  four  years,  when 
he  went  to  White  Oaks,  where  he  engaged  in 
mining,  meeting  with  fair  success.  After  three 
years  of  this  work  he  sold  out  his  mining  in- 
terests, and  in  1885  went  to  Topeka.  In  1 886 
he  became  storekeeper  for  the  Atchison,  To- 
peka &  Santa  Fe  Railroad  Company  at  San 
Marcial,  which  position  he  has  since  filled  in  a 
most  satisfactory  manner,  and  has  become  one 
of  the  leading  citizens  of  the  place.  Mr.  Blood 
has  invested  in  land,  and  within  the  corpora- 
tion limits  has  erected  a  good  home,  which  he 
has  surrounded  with  beautiful  shade-trees  and 
other  shrubbery.  His  home  place  comprises 
fourteen  acres,  which  must  ultimately  become 
of  great  value,  and  he  is  also  greatly  improving 
his  land  outside  of  the  city  limits,  which  will 
some  day  become  the  most  valuable  and  pro- 
ductive in  this  part  of  the  Rio  Grande  valley. 
He  is  also  about  to  test  this  locality  for  an  ar- 
tesian well  with  a  fair  prospect  of  success,  and 


460 


HISTORY  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


if  successful  will  be  entitled  to  great  credit  for 
his  enterprise  in  this  direction,  as  it  will  be  a 
discovery  of  universal  value  to  his  vicinity. 
Mr.  Blood  is  an  ardent  lover  of  horses,  and 
now  owns  Andy  B. ,  a  two-year-old  colt  of  the 
Hambletonian  stock,  which  is  a  son  of  Dandy 
O. ,  a  trotter  with  a  record  of  2:11.  His  grand  - 
sire  was  Dalbrino,  and  his  dam,  Mary  Phelps, 
by  Coriander,  by  Iron  Drake,  by  Hambleton- 
ian 10.  The  horse  is  a  splendid  one  and  our 
subject  is  to  be  congratulated  on  the  owner- 
ship of  so  fine  an  animal. 

On  the  5th  of  August,  1886,  Mr.  Blood  led 
to  the  marriage  altar  Miss  Laura  La  Master,  a 
native  of  Kokomo,  Indiana,  and  a  daughter  of 
Isaac  La  Master,  of  that  State,  though  her  par- 
ents are  now  residents  of  San  Marcial.  Two 
sons  have  come  to  grace  this  union — Ernest  R. 
and  Elmer  Orrin.  Socially,  Mr.  Blood  is 
connected  with  the  Masonic  fraternity,  while 
politically  he  is  a  Republican,  and  a  man  of 
much  ability  who  takes  a  very  active  interest  in 
the  welfare  and  upbuilding  of  the  Territory. 


O.  BURSUM,  the  Sheriff  of  Socorro 
county,  is  a  native  of  the  State  of 
Iowa,  born  at  Fort  Dodge,  February 
10,  1867.  His  parents,  Frank  O. 
and  Maria  (Hilton)  Bursum,  were  natives  of 
Norway.  They  bade  farewell  to  the  pine-clad 
hills  in  1865,  crossed  the  sea  and  after  landing 
in  the  United  States  went  to  Iowa  and  set- 
tled at  Prairie  du  Chien.  Later  they  removed 
to  Fort  Dodge,  Iowa,  near  which  place  Mr. 
Bursum  owned  a  farm.  Here  he  died,  at  the 
age  of  twenty-three  years. 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Bursum  had  two  children,  a 
daughter,  Louisa,  who  married  George  J.  Wool- 
finger,  and  now  resides  at  San  Antonio,  New 
Mexico,  and  H.  O.  Bursum,  whose  history  is 
as  follows : 

His  boyhood,  until  he  was  nine  years  of 
age,  was  passed  upon  a  frontier  farm  ;  for  two 
years  he  was  a  pupil  in  the  Fort  Dodge  school, 
and  then,  at  the  age  of  eleven  years,  began  to 
earn  his  own  living.  The  failure  of  his  moth- 


er's health  necessitated  a  change  of  climate, 
and  she  went  to  Boulder,  Colorado,  accom- 
panied by  her  husband  and  family.  She  failed 
to  regain  the  much-coveted  strength,  and  finally 
died,  in  1879,  aged  thirty-six  years.  Relying 
upon  his  own  resources,  Mr.  Bursum  secured 
work  as  a  chore  boy  in  the  store  of  Bradley  & 
McClure,  where  he  remained  until  after  the 
death  of  his  mother.  He  then  went  to  Den- 
ver and  was  in  the  employ  of  Mr.  Durbin  for 
a  year.  In  1880  he  came  to  Raton,  New 
Mexico,  and  took  a  position  in  the  drug  store 
of  Mr.  Norwood.  At  the  end  of  two  months 
he  returned  to  Denver  and  worked  for  the 
Colorado  Telegraph  Company.  Having  lost 
this  position,  and  failing  to  secure  anything 
more  to  his  taste,  he  served  as  dish-washer  in 
a  restaurant,  and  made  himself  generally  use- 
ful until  opportunity  offered  for  something  else. 

In  1882  he  came  to  San  Antonio,  New 
Mexico,  and  for  eight  years  was  in  the  general 
mercantile  establishment  of  his  uncle,  A.  H. 
Hilton.  In  1890  he  went  to  Fort  Wingate  and 
was  there  engaged  in  contract  freighting  for 
the  United  States  Government,  hauling  the 
supplies  for  the  fort.  At  the  end  of  two  years 
he  became  interested  in  railway  construction, 
and  was  employed  by  Mitchell  Brothers,  who 
built  a  branch  of  the  Atlantic  &  Pacific  railroad 
to  a  lumber  camp.  After  the  completion  of 
this  enterprise  he  returned  to  San  Antonio  with 
his  freighting  outfit,  which  consisted  of  twenty- 
eight  mules  and  a  number  of  wagons.  These 
he  traded  for  twelve  hundred  sheep,  but  at  the 
end  of  six  months  disposed  of  the  sheep  and 
turned  his  attention  to  farming.  He  is  still  in- 
terested in  agriculture,  and  now  owns  two 
ranches  east  of  San  Antonio,  comprising  three 
hundred  and  eighty  acres.  He  makes  a  speci- 
alty of  fruit-raising,  producing  fine  crops  of  ap- 
ples, peaches  and  pears. 

Mr.  Bursum  has  always  given  zealous  sup- 
port to  the  Republican  party,  and  October  17, 
1894,  he  was  nominated  Sheriff  of  Socorro 
county.  He  made  a  good  race  and  was  elected 
to  the  office  by  a  majority  of  three  hundred 
and  eighty-four  votes.  He  entered  upon  his 


HIS  TORT  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


461 


official  duties  January  I,  1895,  and  since  that 
time  has  made  several  important  arrests.  In 
the  apprehension  of  criminals  he  has  displayed 
a  skill  little  short  of  genius.  One  of  the  cul- 
prits arrested  by  him  has  been  sentenced  to 
serve  a  term  of  twenty-five  years,  and  another 
one  is  to  be  hanged.  The  business  of  this 
office  absorbs  the  entire  time  and  attention  of 
Mr.  Bursum.  He  belongs  to  no  societies,  and 
is  unmarried. 


,y^V  ESTOR  P.  EATON,  Assessor  of  So- 
•  corro  county,  New  Mexico,  is  a  na- 
r  tive  son  of  this  Territory,  born  at 
Santa  Fe,  March  18,  1872.  His 
forefathers  came  to  this  country  from  England 
and  were  among  the  early  settlers  of  New  York 
State.  Ethan  W.  Eaton,  his  father,  came  out 
west  to  New  Mexico  when  a  young  man  and 
was  subsequently  married  in  Santa  Fe  to  Miss 
Marcelina  Chavez,  a  native  of  the  Territory 
and  a  representative  of  one  of  its  noted  Span- 
ish families.  Here  he  settled  down  to  ranch- 
ing and  mining  and  has  acquired  a  large 
amount  of  valuable  property,  including  rich 
silver  mines.  During  the  Civil  war  he  joined 
the  Union  forces,  was  commissioned  Colonel 
and  participated  in  a  number  of  engagements, 
thus  playing  an  active  part  in  helping  to  drive 
the  Confederates  from  this  Territory.  In  his 
family  are  eight  children,  Nestor  R.  being  the 
fifth  born. 

Nestor  P.  Eaton  was  educated  in  Santa  Fe, 
New  Mexico,  and  in  Arizona  learned  the  drug 
business,  at  which  he  was  employed  for  some 
time  both  in  New  Mexico  and  in  Arizona. 
Since  1880  he  has  been  a  resident  of  Socorro 
and  has  been  largely  interested  in  mining  enter- 
prises, associated  in  this  business  with  his 
father  and  brothers.  They  have  both  silver 
and  lead  mines  at  Magdalena,  this  county, 
which  they  are  operating  on  a  paying  basis. 

In  his  political  views  Mr.  Eaton  harmo- 
nizes with  the  Republican  party.  By  this 
party  he  was  in  1892  elected  Assessor  of  So- 
corro county  for  a  term  of  two  years,  was  re- 


elected  at  the  expiration  of  that  time,  and  is 
now  serving  his  second  term,  his  duties  being 
performed  in  a  manner  which  reflects  credit 
both  upon  himself  and  his  constituents.  He 
is  an  active  member  and  an  officer  in  the  organ- 
ization known  as  Catholic  Knights  of  San 
Miguel,  of  Socorro. 

In  1883  Mr.  Eaton  was  united  in  marriage 
to  Miss  Delfina  Padilla,  a  native  of  New  Mex- 
ico and  a  member  of  one  of  the  old  Spanish 
families  of  the  Territory.  She  is  also  related 
to  the  Bacas,  another  Spanish  family  long  res- 
ident here.  Their  home,  which  Mr.  Eaton 
built,  is  one  of  the  pretty  residences  of  Socorro. 
Both  Mr.  Eaton  and  his  wife  are  popular  in 
the  social  circles  of  their  town  and  at  their 
pleasant  home  entertain  in  a  charming  manner 
their  many  friends. 


(D 


ELQUIADES  ARMIJO,  a  promi- 
nent citizen  of  Socorro  and  a  stock- 
man well  known  throughout  the 
West,  is  a  native  son  of  New  Mex- 
ico, born  at  Sabinal,  Socorro  county,  Decem- 
ber 20,  1846,  and  descends  from  a  distinguished 
Spanish  officer  who  came  to  New  Mexico  at 
the  time  of  the  conquest,  and  for  his  services 
here  was  rewarded  by  the  government  with  a 
land  grant,  twelve  leagues  square,  called  the 
Belen  land  grant.  A  considerable  portion  of 
this  property  is  still  owned  by  his  heirs,  and 
several  generations  of  the  family  have  been 
born  there.  Grandfather  Jose  Armijo  was  an 
officer  in  the  Mexican  army.  He  secured  the 
patent  for  the  property  from  the  United  States. 
His  wife  was  before  her  marriage  Miss  Juanita 
Silva,  she  being  a  native  of  New  Mexico  and 
of  Spanish  origin.  He  lived  to  the  ripe  old 
age  of  seventy-five  years.  Their  son  Martin 
was  the  father  of  the  gentleman  whose  name 
introduces  this  sketch,  was  born  in  the  year 
1825,  was  educated  at  Santa  Fe,  and  has  been 
a  prominent  citizen  of  the  Territory  all  his  life. 
During  the  Civil  war  he  was  loyal  to  the  Union, 
and  enlisted  in  the  volunteer  militia,  where  he 
served  as  First  Lieutenant,  and  his  cousin,  Juan 


462 


HIS  TORT  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


Armijo,  as  Captain.  He  continued  on  active 
duty  until  the  Confederates  were  driven  from 
the  Territory,  after  which  he  was  honorably 
discharged.  Martin  Armijo  was  twice  married 
— first  to  Miss  Altagracia  Esquibel,  and  after 
her  death  to  Miss  Victoriana  Ortego,  his  pres- 
ent companion.  His  first  wife  bore  him  seven 
children,  of  whom  five  are  now  living,  and  of 
the  eight  children  by  his  second  wife  all  are 
living  except  one.  He  is  a  devout  Catholic, 
and  a  man  whose  life  has  been  such  that  it  en- 
titles him  to  the  high  esteem  in  which  he  is 
held  by  all  who  know  him. 

Melquiades  Armijo,  the  immediate  subject 
of  this  article,  was  the  first  born  in  his  father's 
large .  family.  He  received  a  Spanish  educa- 
tion in  New  Mexico,  and  is  a  self-taught  Eng- 
lish scholar.  On  attaining  manhood,  he  chose 
the  stock  business  for  his  vocation,  has  given 
it  his  close  attention,  and  has  been  fairly  pros- 
pered. In  1876  he  went  to  the  Black  Hills, 
and  spent  some  time  in  mining  and  prospect- 
ing. There  he  had  a  streak  of  luck,  and  it 
was  in  this  way  that  he  got  his  first  start  in  the 
way  of  capital.  He  now  keeps  some  five  or 
six  hundred  head  of  cattle  and  about  two  hun- 
dred head  of  horses,  the  latter  being  a  cross  of 
Morgan  and  Norman-Percheron,  and  consider- 
ed a  good  breed. 

Mr.  Armijo  was  married  December  22, 
1876,  to  Miss  Mary  Armijo,  who  departed  this 
life  in  1886,  leaving  an  only  child,  Roman, 
who  is  now  in  school.  In  1892  Mr.  Armijo 
wedded  Mrs.  Rufina  V.  de  Abeytia,  widow  of 
Antonio  Abeytia.  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Armijo  have 
one  of  the  finest  residences  in  Socorro,  a. hand- 
some brick  structure,  surrounded  with  spacious 
and  attractive  grounds,  and  giving  every  evi- 
dence of  taste  *and  refinement.  They  also  have 
other  valuable  city  property,  and  he  is  the 
owner  of  some  farming  lands. 

In  politics,  Mr.  Armijo  takes  an  intelligent 
and  commendable  interest,  affiliating  with  the 
Democratic  party.  Also  he  takes  a  deep  in- 
terest in  educational  matters.  At  this  writing 
he  is  a  member  of  the  School  Board.  Frater- 
nally, he  is  identified  with  the  Knights  of 


Pythias.  Mr.  Armijo  has  a  wide  acquaintance, 
and  is  favorably  known  not  only  throughout 
New  Mexico  but  also  in  various  portions  of  the 
West. 


BREDERICK  A.  BECKER,  a  success- 
ful   fruit-grower  and  practical  wine- 
maker,    has   for   twenty    years   been 
identified  with  the  various  interests  of 
Belen,  New  Mexico,  and  needs  no  introduction 
to  the  people  of  this  place.     A  sketch  of  his 
life  is  appropriate  in  this  connection,  and  is  as 
follows: 

Frederick  A.  Becker  was  born  in  Germany, 
March  17,  1854.  In  his  native  land  he  was 
educated  and  learned  the  mercantile  business, 
and  in  1871,  at  the  age  of  seventeen,  he  emi- 
grated to  America,  his  first  location  in  this 
country  being  in  Illinois,  where  he  was  engaged 
in  farm  work.  From  Illinois  he  went  to  Mel- 
rose,  Missouri,  and  learned  the  business  of 
wine  culture,  and  in  1875  came  to  Belen,  New 
Mexico,  where  he  has  since  resided.  Here  for 
five  years  he  clerked  for  his  brother,  John 
Becker.  When  the  railroad  was  built  to  the 
town,  railroading  seemed  to  offer  special  at- 
tractions to  him,  and  he  accepted  the  position 
of  station  agent.  For  thirteen  years  he  served 
as  station  agent  and  telegraph  operator,  much 
of  the  time  working  both  night  and  day,  and 
after  this  long  experience  and  close  confine- 
ment he  sought  a  change  of  occupation.  From 
railroading  he  turned  his  attention  to  the  busi- 
ness he  had  learned  in  Missouri,  that  of  fruit- 
growing and  wine-making,  in  which  he  is  meet- 
ing with  satisfactory  success.  He  owns  100 
acres  of  land,  on  which,  in  addition  to  his 
grapes  and  other  fruits,  he  raises  alfalfa  and  is 
to  some  extent  interested  in  feeding  hogs  and 
cattle;  and  besides  taking  care  of  his-  own 
place,  he  has  charge  of  his  brother's  wine 
cellar. 

Mr.  Becker  has  a  wife  and  six  children. 
He  was  married  in  1880  to  Miss  Johana  Viel- 
stich,  a  sister  of  Mrs.  John  Becker  and,  like 
himself,  a  native  of  Germany.  Their  children 


HISTORY  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


463 


are  Adolph,  Helen,  Louie,  Carl,  Freda  and 
Willie,  all  born  in  Belen.  He  and  his  wife  are 
members  of  the  Lutheran  Church. 


BREDERICK  SCHOLLE.  --  Among 
the  prominent  and  representative 
business  men  of  the  thriving  city  of 
Belen,  Valencia  county,  New  Mexico, 
the  subject  of  this  sketch  demands  particular 
recognition,  and  it  is  practically  imperative 
that  in  this  connection  there  should  be  incor- 
porated a  specific  record  of  his  life  and  accom- 
plishments. It  is  a  recognized  fact  that  in 
making  up  the  complex  fabric  of  our  national^ 
commonwealth  there  has  entered  no  element 
of  more  value  and  more  sterling  reliability 
than  that  furnished  by  the  great  Empire  of 
Germany.  From  that  country  have  come  men 
of  the  stanchest  integrity,  sturdy  honor  and  in- 
defatigable industry,  and  these  attributes  have 
been  signally  fruitful  in  insuring  a  stable  pros- 
perity and  furthering  a  normal  progress  in  our 
marvelous  Western  Republic.  The  subject  of 
this  review  has  been  a  resident  of  New  Mexico 
since  1873,  but  he  may  well  take  pride  in 
the  fact  that  he  is  a  native  of  Germany,  where 
he  was  born  on  the  7th  of  December.  1852. 
His  educational  discipline  was  secured  in  the 
excellent  schools  of  his  fatherland,  and  he 
there  passed  four  years  most  profitably  in  ac- 
quiring a  subsequent  knowledge  of  the  mercan- 
tile business.  Attaining  his  majority,  the  young 
man  became  desirous  of  trying  his  fortunes  in 
the  New  World,  believing  that  here  were  af- 
forded greater  opportunities  for  advancement 
and  for  the  attainment  of  a  fuller  measure  of 
success  in  temporal  affairs.  Arriving  in  New 
York,  he  soon  made  his  way  to  St.  Charles, 
Missouri,  where  he  was  for  a  year  employed  in 
a  clerical  capacity  in  one  of  the  leading  mer- 
cantile establishments  of  the  place.  From 
there  he  went  to  St.  Louis,  in  the  same  State, 
and  secured  employment  in  the  wholesale 
house  of  Dodd,  Brown  &  Company,  one  of  the 
leading  dry-goods  concerns  of  the  central  West. 
This  incumbency  enabled  him  to  acquire  a  full 


and  comprehensive  knowledge  of  that  line  of 
industry,  and  this  has  proved  of  inestimable 
value  in  his  individual  operations  since  that 
time.  After  remaining  with  this  house  for  a 
period  of  one  and  one-half  years,  he  became 
impressed  with  the  idea  that  in  New  Mexico 
was  offered  a  desirable  field  for  a  properly  con- 
ducted mercantile  enterprise,  and  he  accord- 
ingly came  hither  and  eventually  formed  a 
partnership  with  Franz  Huning,  of  Albuquer- 
que, and  opened  a  small  store  at  Belen  in  the 
year  1876.  The  undertaking  proved  success- 
ful, and  after  retaining  his  association  with 
Mr.  Huning  for  a  period  of  four  years  he  ef- 
fected the  purchase  of  his  partner's  interest  and 
has  since  conducted  the  business  upon  his  own 
responsibility.  His  methods  have  been  scru- 
pulously fair  and  honorable,  and  this  fact,  as 
taken  in  connection  with  his  animating  spirit 
of  enterprise,  has  gained  him  the  confidence  of 
the  people  of  the  community  and  insured  him 
a  distinctively  representative  patronage.  It  is 
needless  to  say  that  his  business  has  shown 
a  gratifying  and  consecutive  expansion,  and 
that  he  has  kept  pace  with  the  demands  by 
providing  a  finely  equipped  establishment  in 
which  is  ever  to  be  found  a  select  and  compre- 
hensive line  of  goods.  The  attractive  building 
which  he  now  utilizes  is  90x110  feet  in  di- 
mensions and  is  of  unique  architectural  design, 
being  constructed  after  the  picturesque  Swiss 
mode.  Within  this  spacious  building  is  dis- 
played a  very  extensive  line  of  general  merchan- 
dise, every  department  being  under  the  imme- 
diate supervision  of  the  able  proprietor.  In 
addition  to  general  lines,  Mr.  Scholle  also  han- 
dles all  kinds  of  produce. 

Our  subject  has  not  confined  his  operations 
to  this  one  line  of  enterprise,  but  has  become 
prominently  concerned  in  an  industry  which 
promises  much  as  taken  into  connection  with 
the  commercial  activities  of  the  Territory.  He 
has  engaged  quite  extensively  in  the  manufac- 
ture of  wines  and  has  a  large  wine  cellar,  50 x  150 
feet  in  dimensions,  in  which  he  has  stored 
large  quantities  of  choice  products  in  this  line. 
He  is  also  prominently  identified  with  the  sheep 


464 


HISTORT  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


and  cattle  business,  having  at  the  present  time 
a  herd  of  15,000  sheep,  besides  2,000  head  of 
cattle. 

Mr.  Scholle  has  given  distinctive  evidence 
of  his  faith  and  confidence  in  the  growth  and 
development  of  this  favored  section  by  invest- 
ing quite  extensively  in  town  and  county  realty. 
He  owns  about  2,000  acres  of  ranch  land  in 
five  different  ranches,  and  he  operates  a  steam 
thresher  with  which  he  has  for  a  number  of 

•\ 

years  threshed  grain  produced  upon  other 
ranches  in  the  vicinity. 

In  his  political  proclivities  our  subject  ren- 
ders allegiance  to  the  Republican  party,  in 
whose  interests  he  uses  his  right  of  suffrage, 
though  in  no  sense  a  seeker  for  political  prefer- 
ment. His  religious  views  are  those  of  the 
German  Lutheran  Church. 

So  marked  an  acquisition  to  the  business 
portion  of  the  town  and  so  ornamental  in  its 
appearance  is  his  attractive  place  of  business 
that  it  will  not  be  inappropriate  to  refer  to  it 
in  this  connection.  Built  in  somewhat  the 
style  of  the  Swiss  chalet,  the  building  is  sur- 
rounded with  wide  verandas  or  galleries,  and 
is  surmounted  with  a  large  cupola,  the  whole 
structure  being  painted  in  tasteful  colors  of 
light  hue.  Its  sight  is  a  most  eligible  one  and 
the  building  may  be  seen  from  a  great  distance 
up  and  down  the  valley,  thus  proving  not  only 
an  ornament  to  the  village,  but  an  effective 
advertising  medium. 

Mr.  Scholle  has  attained  to  a  marked  de- 
gree of  success  in  life  entirely  by  his  own 
efforts,  and  he  may  be  considered  distinctively 
as  a  self-made  man,  being  well  worthy  of  the 
respect  and  esteem  in  which  he  is  held  in  the 
community  to  whose  development  and  progress 
he  has  contributed  in  so  signal  a  measure. 


OSCAR   GOEBEL,  who  is  one  of  the 
representative  business  men  and  most 
popular   citizens   of    Belen,  Valencia 
county,  is  one  of  the  sturdy  sons  of 
the  German  empire  who  in  his  youth  came  to 
America  in  order  to  avail  himself  of  the  supe- 


rior advantages  here  afforded  for  a  young  man 
of  honor,  integrity,  intelligence  and  ambition 
to  better  his  condition  in  life  and  to  win  for 
himself  a  place  in  the  world.  His  career  has 
been  an  interesting  one  in  many  particulars, 
and  in  its  success  may  well  be  held  worthy  of 
emulation.  Mr.  Goebel  is  a  native  of  Han- 
over, Germany,  where  he  was  born  on  the  3d 
day  of  March,  1850,  his  parents  being  intelli- 
gent and  well-to-do  people  of  that  country. 
He  received  his  educational  discipline  in  the 
excellent  schools  of  his  native  land,  and  there 
subsequently  became  associated  with  mercan- 
tile enterprises,  acquiring  a  valuable  prelimi- 
nary knowledge  of  business  methods.  Like 
other  young  men  in  Germany  he  was  subject 
to  military  discipline,  and  in  this  way  he .  was 
one  of  those  who  valiantly  participated  in  the 
Franco-Prussian  war,  having  volunteered  for 
one  year's  service.  After  the  close  of  this 
memorable  conflict  he  went  to  Chili  and  other 
South  American  republics,  and  was  there  en- 
gaged in  selling  merchandise  as  the  representa- 
tive of  a  wholesale  house.  This  experience  is 
one  that  also  added  to  his  discriminating 
knowledge  of  the  line  of  enterprise  with  which 
he  subsequently  became  individually  con- 
cerned. 

From  South  America  Mr.  Goebel  returned 
to  Germany  and  made  quite  an  extended  visit 
to  his  relatives  and  other  friends.  In  1877  he 
came  to  the  United  States,  and  in  seeking  for 
a  mild  climate  finally  determined  to  locate 
permanently  in  New  Mexico,  whither  he  came 
in  the  year  mentioned.  His  first  occupation 
after  arriving  in  Los  Lunas  was  that  as  a  sales- 
man in  the  mercantile  establishment  of  Louis 
Huning,  for  which  service  he  received  a  salary 
of  forty  dollars  per  month.  From  Los  Lunas 
he  came  to  Belen  as  a  manager  of  Mr.  Hun- 
ing's  branch  store  in  this  place,  and  after  re- 
taining the  position  for  a  year  he  effected  the 
purchase  of  the  branch  store  and  has  since 
continued  the  enterprise,  his  correct  methods 
and  fair  and  honorable  dealings  having  gained 
him  the  confidence  of  the  people  of  the  com- 
munity, who  have  shown  their  regard  by  ac- 


THE  HOME  OF  PEDKO  SANCHEX,  TAOS  VAI.I.EV. 


HISTORT  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


465 


cording  him  a  patronage  of  distinctively  repre- 
sentative character.  The  business  has  shown 
a  gratifying  increase  in  proportions  each  year, 
and  Mr.  Goebel  now  controls  a  representative 
trade  extending  for  a  radius  of  thirty  miles  in 
each  direction.  The  stock  carried  is  one  of 
select  and  comprehensive  order  and  includes 
full  lines  of  general  merchandise,  while  pro- 
duce of  all  kinds  is  also  handled.  In  addition 
to  conducting  this  important  enterprise  our 
subject  has  devoted  no  little  attention  to  stock- 
raising,  and  has  owned  at  one  time  as  many  as 
2,000  head  of  cattle,  having  been  very  suc- 
cessful in  his  operations  in  this  line.  Confi- 
dent of  the  continuous  growth  and  develop- 
ment of  the  Territory  he  has  invested  quite 
largely  in  town  and  county  real  estate,  and  is 
thus  the  owner  of  large  tracts  of  very  fine 
land,  which  he  devotes  to  grazing,  fruit  propa- 
gation, vineyards  and  the  raising  of  various 
cereals  and  alfalfa.  He  raises  excellent  crops 
of  wheat  and  oats,  this  section  of  the  Terri- 
tory being  rich  and  productive,  as  a  most 
effective  and  reliable  water  supply  is  obtained 
by  irrigation  from  the  Rio  Grande,  which  runs 
through  the  valley.  His  vineyards  render  him 
excellent  returns,  as  he  manufactures  choice 
brands  of  wine,  which  he  has  facilities  for 
thoroughly  maturing. 

The  marriage  of  our  subject  was  solem- 
nized in  1879,  when  he  was  united  to  Miss 
Hedwig  Grabau,  a  native  of  Germany  and  a 
friend  of  his  youth.  She  came  to  America  in 
the  year  of  her  marriage  and  was  met  in  New 
York  city  by  her  future  husband,  and  in  that 
city  the  wedding  ceremony  was  forthwith  per- 
formed, after  which  they  came  to  their  home 
in  New  Mexico,  where  in  mutual  affection  and 
solicitude  they  have  been  the  truest  of  com- 
panions and  helpmeets,  Mrs.  Goebel  having 
encouraged  her  husband  in  all  his  efforts  and 
contributed  in  no  slight  degree  to  his  success 
in  life.  They  became  the  parents  of  seven 
children,  of  whom  two  are  deceased,  namely: 
Rainer  and  Erna,  the  former  of  whom  died  at 
the  age  of  thirteen  months  and  the  latter  at 
the  age  of  three  years.  The  two  little  graves 

30 


have  been  watered  with  the  tears  of  a  tender 
mother,  and  her  loving  remembrance  is  shown 
in  the  roses  which  cluster  over  the  sacred 
earth.  The  surviving  children  are:  Oscar, 
aged  thirteen  years  (1895);  Walter,  twelve 
years;  Edgar,  eleven  years;  Curt.,  aged  seven, 
and  Herbert,  five.  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Goebel  are 
zealous  members  of  the  Lutheran  Church. 
They  are  both  musicians  and  thoroughly  ap- 
preciative of  the  refining  influence  of  this  art, 
Mrs.  Goebel  having  excellent  accomplishments 
as  a  vocalist.  Their  home  is  one  in  which 
their  acquaintances  are  ever  certain  of  a  hearty 
welcome,  and  is  one  which  it  is  a  pleasure  to 
visit.  Our  subject  is  of  genial  and  jovial  na- 
ture and  has  a  pleasant  word  for  each  one  he 
meets — a  fact  which  has  given  him  a  great 
popularity  in  the  community,  where  he  is  hon- 
ored as  a  capable  and  reliable  business  man 
and  one  whose  integrity  is  shown  in  his  every 
action. 

In  his  political  views  Mr.  Goebel  renders  a 
support  to  the  Republican  party  and  its  prin- 
ciples, and  he  has  been  an  active  worker  for 
the  cause.  Although  in  no  sense  an  office 
seeker,  he  was  called  upon  by  his  fellow  citi- 
zens to  serve  in  the  capacity  of  County  Com- 
missioner, and  proved  a  most  faithful  and 
capable  executive. 


*•  "*  ON.  PEDRO  SANCHEZ  is  one  of 
I^^V  the  most  prosperous  and  respected  cit- 

^r  izens  of  the  Taos  valley,  and  when 
his  life's  labors  are  ended  it  will  be 
said  of  him  that  the  world  is  better  for  his  hav- 
ing lived.  He  is  prominent  as  a  business  man, 
takes  rank  among  the  most  progressive  citizens 
of  the  community  and  has  been  an  important 
factor  in  the  work  of  public* improvement;  but 
that  which  has  won  him  the  never  ending  grat- 
itude of  many  is  his  kindness  to  the  poor,  the 
needy  and  the  friendless.  Without  ostenta- 
tion of  display  he  has  proved  himself  a  bene- 
factor to  many. 

Mr.  Sanchez  was  born  in  Valencia  county, 
New  Mexico,  February  22,  1831,  and  is  a  son 


466 


HISTORY  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


of  Christabel  Sanchez,  who  died  in  Mora 
county  in  1 88 1.  In  1837  the  family  removed 
to  Taos  county,  locating  at  Cordova,  near  the 
present  city  of  Taos.  There  our  subject  was 
reared  to  manhood.  His  father  was  very  poor 
and  during  his  early  boyhood  he  herded  sheep 
in  order  to  assist  in  the  support  of  the  family, 
and  by  the  aid  of  himself  and  brother  his  father 
became  well  off.  At  the  age  of  sixteen  Pedro 
was  thrown  entirely  upon  his  own  resources 
and  after  a  time  engaged  in  merchandising  in 
Taos.  In  1862  he  located  upon  a  farm,  which 
has  since  been  his  home. 

He  has  a  model  farm,  his  place  comprising 
300  acres  of  choice  land,  nearly  all  of  which  is 
under  a  high  state  of  cultivation.  The  place 
is  modern  in  all  its  appointments  and  supplied 
with  all  the  latest  improvements. 

At  the  breaking  out  of  the  Civil  war  he  en- 
listed in  the  Third  Regiment  of  Mounted  Vol- 
unteers, serving  under  General  Canby  for  eight 
months.  He  held  the  rank  of  Major  and  was 
a  favorite  officer  of  'General  Canby.  At  the 
battle  of  Valverde,  February  21,  1862,  his  com- 
pany was  the  first  to  enter  the  engagement, 
and  therein  lost  fifteen  horses,  but  no  men. 
He  received  an  honorable  discharge  at  Fort 
Union,  and  then  returned  to  Taos. 

The  ability  and  worth  of  Mr.  Sanchez  have 
frequently  called  him  to  public  office.  In  1863 
he  was  elected  to  represent  his  district  in  the 
Territorial  Legislature.  For  six  years  he  served 
as  Probate  Judge,  and  was  then  elected  to  the 
Legislative  Council,  serving  for  four  years,  dur- 
ing which  time  he  served  as  its  president.  He 
was  then  again  elected  Representative,  and 
was  a  prominent  member  of  the  House,  mak- 
ing a  number  of  speeches  during  the  session, 
which  reflected  credit  upon  himself  and  his 
constituents.  In  1883  he  was  appointed  by 
President  Arthur  as  United  States  Indian  Agent 
for  the  Pueblo  tribe,  filling  that  office  until  the 
election  of  Cleveland,  when  he  resigned.  The 
arduous  duties  of  this  position  were  discharged 
in  a  most  satisfactory  and  acceptable  manner, 
and  he  received  the  praise  of  the  press  and  the 
public.  The  Deming  Tribune,  writing  of  him, 


says:  "It  will  be  a  long  time  before  the  Pue- 
blo Indians  will  have  an  agent  who  will  take 
a  more  intelligent  interest  in  their  improve- 
ment, or  one  who  will  manage  their  affairs 
with  greater  fidelity  or  more  scrupulous  hon- 
esty. He  has  taken  a  very  active  interest  in 
the  matter  of  educating  the  Indian  children, 
and  has  devoted  a  great  deal  of  time  to  secur- 
ing the  attendance  at  the  schools  and  promot- 
ing the  educational  work." 

A  copy  of  the  Morning  Star,  printed  by  the 
pupils  of  the  Carlisle  (Pennsylvania)  Indian 
Industrial  School,  contains  Dr.  Given's  report 
of  his  trip  to  New  Mexico,  and  includes  the 
following:  "I  called  on  the  agent,  Pedro 
Sanchez,  whom  I  found  greatly  interested  in 
the  education  of  the  Pueblos.  He  was  born  in 
their  country  and  communicates  with  them 
through  the  Spanish  language,  which  is  his  na- 
tive tongue,  and  is  using  all  his  influence  to 
break  up  their  old  customs  and  to  have  them 
send  their  children  to  school.  He  is  in  favor 
of  compulsory  education,  for  there  are  between 
seven  and  eight  thousand  of  these  people  scat- 
tered throughout  that  country,  in  ten  or  twelve 
villages,  their  children  growing  up  in  ignorance 
and  superstition." 

Another  paper  says:  "Major  Sanchez 
makes  a  good  Indian  Agent.  He  is  a  man  of 
inflexible  energy,  firm  yet  kind  in  his  manage- 
ment of  the  Indians,  and  competent  to  ably 
administer  every  detail  pertaining  to  his  office. 
The  Major  is  strongly  interested  in  the  im- 
provement of  the  Indian  race,  and  labors  very 
earnestly  in  endeavoring  to  promote  their  well- 
being  in  every  particular.  He  is  striving  to 
educate  them,  also  to  make  them  industrious, 
and  as  far  as  possible  self-dependent.  Matters 
are  in  very  good  shape,  and  Agent  Sanchez  is 
the  right  man  in  the  right  place." 

The  question  of  education  has  always  been 
one  of  deep  interest  to  Mr.  Sanchez,  who  real- 
izes its  great  importance,  both  to  the  white 
and  the  red  races.  While  in  the  Legislature, 
in  explaining  his  vote  on  the  educational  bill, 
among  other  things  he  said:  "Politically,  I  am 
a  Republican;  my  principle  is  reason.  I  am  a 


HISTORT  OF  NE  W  MEXICO. 


467 


friend  of  full  education.  I  believe  in  "complete 
separation  between  the  church  and  the  state, 
and  in  such  cases  I  believe  that  the  state 
should  teach  the  art  of  living  in  this  world  and 
let  the  church  teach  the  art  of  living  in  the 
other.  I  vote  Aye." 

He  has  ever  been  noted  for  his  loyalty  and 
patriotism,  his  devotion  to  all  that  tends  to 
produce  good  government  and  benefit  humanity. 
At  the  instance  of  Senators  Taylor  and  Ingalls 
he  was  appointed  Census  Supervisor  of  New 
Mexico,  and  the  census  of  1890  was  taken 
under  his  management. 

In  1856  Mr.  Sanchez  was  united  in  mar- 
riage with  Miss  Refugio  Martinez,  a  most  es- 
timable lady.  They  have  no  children  of  their 
own,  but  probably  no  private  residence  in  all 
the  United  States  has  been  the  home  of  so 
many  orphan  children  as  that  of  Mr.  Sanchez. 
With  a  heart  large  enough  to  take  in  the  whole 
world,  a  sympathy  that  always  responds  to  a 
tale  of  sorrow  or  distress,  his  benefactions  are 
innumerable.  His  charities  are  unassuming, 
his  kindliness  entirely  free  from  ostentation, 
for  it  springs  from  a  deep  and  sincere  interest 
in  the  welfare  of  his  fellow  men.  Twenty 
orphan  children  have  found  loving  care  and 
attention  in  his  home,  including  twelve  Navajo 
Indians,  who  as  they  have  reached  a  sufficient 
age  have  been  given  land,  sheep,  cattle  and 
horses  to  enable  them  to  begin  life  on  their 
on  account.  A  loved  daughter  in  his  house  is 
a  niece  of  Mrs.  Sanchez,  who  came  to  live 
with  them  during  her  infancy.  She  was  edu- 
cated in  the  Sisters'  school  in  Taos,  and  is 
cherished  with  all  the  tenderness  that  might  be 
bestowed  on  an  own  daughter,  and  her  love  for 
her  foster  parents  repays  them  in  part. 
Christoval  Sanchez,  now  County  Superintend- 
ent of  Schools  of  Mora  county  and  a  nephew 
of  our  subject,  was  also  reared  to  manhood  in 
the  home  of  this  benefactor.  His  education 
was  acquired  in  the  Christian  Brothers'  College, 
after  which  he  taught  school  in  Colorado  and 
New  Mexico.  He  married  Miss  Placida  Chavez, 
and  they  have  one  child,  Pedro  Sanchez,  named 
in  honor  of  our  subject, 


It  would  be  difficult  in  a  work  of  this  kind 
to  give  a  complete  analysis  of  the  character  of 
such  a  man  as  Mr.  Sanchez,  but  much  may  be 
read  between  the  lines,  and  the  lessons  which 
his  record  contains  are  valuable.  He  has 
gained  considerable  property,  and  in  addition 
to  the  beautiful  farm  on  which  he  resides  has 
a  large  tract  of  land  in  Colfax  county,  over 
which  roam  some  15,000  sheep,  besides  large 
numbers  of  cattle.  He  holds  to  the  religious 
faith  advanced  by  Father  Martinez,  who  was 
one  of  the  most  aggressive  men  that  ever  lived 
in  New  Mexico,  a  pioneer  to  whom  the  Terri- 
tory owes  an  unbounded  debt  of  gratitude.  He 
was  the  first  to  found  an  educational  institute 
and  publish  papers  west  of  the  Mississippi 
river.  His  life  has  ever  been  an  honorable  and 
upright  one.  Mr.  Sanchez  has  had  many 
friends  among  prominent  men,  including  Gen- 
eral Logan.  His  genuine  worth  and  many 
manly  virtues  have  always  commanded  the 
respect  and  admiration  of  those  with  whom  he 
has  come  in  contact,  and  this  volume  would  be 
incomplete  without  his  history. 


*w    "*     M.' DOUGHERTY,   Prosecuting  At- 

IrV    torney  of  Socorro  county,  is  a  promis- 

1  fP    ing  young  lawyer  of  New  Mexico  and 

has  but  recently  started  out   upon  a 

career  which    bids  fair    to  be    attended   with 

marked  success. 

Mr.  Dougherty  was  born  in  North  Platte, 
Nebraska,  April  7,  1868,  and  descends  from 
Irish  and  English  ancestors  who  were  promi- 
nent in  the  early  settlement  of  Virginia.  Some 
of  his  maternal  ancestors  were  participants  in 
the  Revolutionary  war.  Mr.  Dougherty's  par- 
ents, Ralph  C.  and  Mary  E.  (Sims)  Dougherty, 
were  born  in  Kentucky  and  are  still  living. 
In  their  family  were  eight  children,  Harry  M., 
subject  of  our  sketch,  being  the  youngest  and 
one  of  the  three  of  this  number  that  survive. 

H.  M.  Dougherty  was  educated  in  Nebraska 
and  at  Fort  Worth,  Texas,  after  which  he  en- 
tered the  St.  Louis  Law  School,  where  he  at- 
tained a  high  standing  in  his  class  and  where 


468 


HISTORT  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


he  graduated  in  1890.  He  first  came  to  New 
Mexico  in  1881,  and  since  his  graduation  in  the 
law  school  he  has  maintained  his  residence  in 
this  Territory.  For  a  time  he  was  engaged  in 
the  practice  of  law  in  partnership  with  the 
Hon.  Estanislao  V.  Chavez  in  Socorro,  but  on 
account  of  ill  health  he  retired  from  the  firm 
and  for  some  months  was  out  of  practice.  On 
recovering  his  health,  he  was  appointed  by 
Governor  Thornton  to  the  position  of  Prosecu- 
ting Attorney  of  Socorro  county,  an  office  which 
he  is  now  ably  filling.  He  has  a  nice  office 
room,  a  choice  collection  of  law  books  and 
standard  works,  gives  his  whole  time  and  at- 
tention to  his  profession,  and  his  success  is 
assured.  Politically,  he  is  a  Democrat. 


NEUSTADT— This  gentleman 
is  another  one  the  many  enterprising 
Germans  who  are  playing  an  impor- 
tant part  in  the  business  circles  of  our 
Western  towns  and  cities.  He  has  been  a 
resident  of  New  Mexico  since  1878,  and  during 
these  years  has  become  thoroughly  identified 
with  America  and  American  interests. 

Mr./Neustadt  was  born  in  Germany,  June 
ii,  1859,  a  son  of  German  parents,  and  was 
reared  and  educated  in  his  native  land  and 
there  learned  the  mercantile  business.  In 
1878  he  came  to  this  country  and  direct  to 
Los  Lunas,  New  Mexico,  to  clerk  for  his 
brothers,  who  had  preceded  him  to  the  United 
States,  and  he  was  employed  by  them  as  clerk 
for  three  years.  At  the  end  of  the  three  years 
they  sold  their  Los  Lunas  business  to  him  and 
embarked  in  a  mercantile  enterprise  at  Albu- 
querque. Soon  after  this  the  subject  of  our 
sketch  formed  the  Los  Lunas  Mercantile  Com- 
pany, comprised  of  Messrs.  Mike  Mandel,  Leon 
Hertzog  and  himself,  and  they  have  since  done 
an  extensive  and  prosperous  business.  Their 
store  is  75  x  100  feet  in  dimensions.  They 
have  one  wareroom  25x100  feet,  and  two 
other  warerooms,  each  50x75  feet.  All  are 
filled  to  their  utmost  capacity  with  the  im- 
mense stock  of  general  merchandise  belonging 


to  this  company.  Besides  dealing  in  general 
merchandise,  they  handle  wagons  and  farm 
implements  of  all  kinds  and  a  large  amount  of 
hay  and  grain,  their  chief  market  for  hay  and 
grain  being  Fort  Wingate.  All  the  members 
of  the  firm  are  men  of  marked  business  ability 
and  experience,  are  liberal,  honorable  and  up- 
right in  their  dealings,  and  are  justly  entitled 
to  the  enviable  reputation  which  they  have 
built  up. 

Mr.  Neustadt  on  coming  to  this  country 
identified  himself  with  the  Republican  party 
and  has  remained  a  stanch  and  active  member 
of  the  same.  He  has  twice  been  honored  with 
election  to  the  office  of  County  Clerk  of  Valen- 
cia county,  in  which  position  he  has  served 
most  acceptably.  Fraternally,  he  is  a  Knight 
of  Pythias. 


>-j»AMES  CORY.— The  Emerald  Isle  has 

m      contributed    an    important   element  to 

/•  1      the  composite   fabric  which   makes  up 

the    national    commonwealth    of    the 

United  States,  one  whose  alert  characteristics 

and  quick  intelligence  has  greatly  subserved  the 

progress  which  has  marked  the  history  of  the 

republic. 

In  the  case  at  hand  we  have  one  who,  born 
on  Irish  soil,  has  made  his  way  to  a  position 
of  honor  in  the  New  World,  and  who  has  gain- 
ed to  himself  the  respect  and  confidence  of 
men,  the  while  proving  his  capacity  for  well- 
directed  and  successful  endeavor  in  the  line  of 
industrial  enterprise.  Mr.  Cory  holds  the  re- 
sponsible preferment  as  Treasurer  of  the  county 
of  Colfax,  New  Mexico,  and  retains  his  resi- 
dence in  the  thriving  village  of  Springer,  whither 
he  came  in  1884,  since  which  time  he  has 
been  closely  identified  with  the  interests  of  the 
place,  being  recognized  as  one  of  her  most  pro- 
gressive and  honorable  business  men. 

Our  subject  was  born  in  county  Down,  Ire- 
land, on  the  5th  of  November,  1845,  the  place 
of  his  nativity  having  been  in  the  immediate 
vicinity  of  the  famous  old  city  of  Belfast.  He 
was  educated  in  his  native  land,  and  there 


HISTORY  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


469 


learned  the  carpenter's  trade,  becoming  a  skill- 
ful and  expert  workman.  For  several  years  he 
was  employed  at  his  trade  in  Belfast,  but  in 
1867  he  followed  out  the  plans  which  he  had 
long  been  considering,  and  emigrated  to  the 
United  States,  believing  that  here  were  offered 
better  opportunities  for  a  man  to  make  his  way 
in  the  world  and  to  attain  that  measure  of  suc- 
cess to  which  his  capabilities  entitled  him.  Ar- 
riving in  New  York  city,  he  there  remained  for 
several  years,  being  engaged  in  contracting  and 
building,  and  being  very  successful  in  his  en- 
deavors. In  1873  he  determined  to  push  his 
way  Westward,  and  reaching  Chicago  he  was 
for  some  time  engaged  there  in  working  at  his 
trade,  after  which  he  continued  in  the  same 
line  at  various  other  points,  including  Daven- 
port, Audubon  and  Sioux  City,  Iowa.  Finally, 
in  1884,  he  made  his  way  to  New  Mexico,  lo- 
cating at  Springer,  and  there  devoting  his  at- 
tention to  operations  in  the  line  of  his  trade 
until  1892.  In  the  progress  and  substantial 
upbuilding  of  the  town  he  has  contributed 
largely,  and  to  his  efforts  may  be  ascribed  much 
of  the  attraction  which  the  town  now  claims 
as  a  place  of  residence. 

In  the  year  1892,  Mr.  Cory  opened  a  furni- 
ture establishment  in  the  village,  and  this  en- 
terprise he  has  since  continued  with  much  suc- 
cess, this  being  the  only  establishment  of  the 
sort  in  the  town.  He  keeps  a  select  and  com- 
prehensive stock  and  has  gained  the  good-will 
and  confidence  of  the  local  public  by  his  fair 
and  honorable  business  methods. 

In  politics  our  subject  has  lent  an  active 
support  to  the  Republican  party  and  its  prin- 
ciples, having  identified  himself  with  that  or- 
ganization immediately  upon  gaining  citizen- 
ship in  the  United  States.  The  popular  confi- 
dence in  his  ability  has  been  manifested  in  the 
official  incumbencies  which  he  has  been  called 
upon  to  fill.  For  several  years  he  served  as 
Justice  of  the  Peace,  and  in  1894  he  became 
the  Republican  candidate  for  the  office  of 
Treasurer  of  the  county.  His  opponent  was  a 
strong  one,  but  Mr.  Cory  ran  ahead  of  his 
ticket  at  the  ensuing  election,  securing  a  very 


flattering  majority  in  his  own  precinct  and 
gaining  a  decisive  victory  at  the  polls.  His 
administration  of  the  affairs  of  this  important 
office  is  being  shown  to  be  all  that  could  be 
desired,  thus  clearly  justifying  the  confidence 
placed  in  our  subject  by  the  people  of  the 
county.  Since  coming  to  Springer  he  has 
made  an  enviable  record  as  a  capable  business 
man  and  as  one  of  marked  intelligence  and  un- 
swerving honor.  His  place  in  the  respect  and 
confidence  of  the  community  is  clearly  assured. 
Mr.  Cory  owns  a  fine  farm  of  160  acres, 
located  near  Springer,  and  upon  this  place  he 
has  made  excellent  improvements,  including  an 
attractive  dwelling-house.  Among  the  repre- 
sentative citizens  of  the  county  he  holds  un- 
mistakable place  and  is  clearly  entitled  to  the 
consideration  that  has  been  accorded  him  in 
this  history  of  the  Territory  with  whose  inter- 
ests he  is  so  closely  identified. 


>y'OHN  W.  KINSINGER,  M.  D.,  devotes 
A  his  .time  and  energies  to  the  practice  of 
/•  1  medicine,  and  his  close  application, 
combined  with  his  abilities,  both  nat- 
ural and  acquired,  has  given  him  a  prominence 
in  the  profession  which  might  well  be  envied 
by-  many  an  older  practitioner. 

He  was  born  in  Pulaski,  Davis  county, 
Iowa,  on  the  i6th  of  May,  1863,  and  acquired 
his  education  in  Bloomfield,  same  State,  where 
he  pursued  a  classical  course  and  was  gradu- 
ated in  1883.  The  following  year  he  entered 
the  College  of  Medicine  and  Surgery  at  Cin- 
cinnati, and  on  completing  the  curriculum  of 
the  three-years  course  was  granted  a  diploma 
and  the  degree  of  Doctor  of  Medicine.  He 
first  opened  an  office  in  Utica,  Iowa,  where  he 
remained  for  two  years,  when  he  returned  to 
Pulaski,  serving  on  the  staff  in  the  hospital  in 
Bloomfield  until  the  fall  of  1891. 

At  that  date  the  Doctor  left  the  State  of 
his  nativity  and  came  to  New  Mexico,  taking 
up  his  abode  in  Eddy.  Here  he  opened  an 
office,  and  not  long  after  his  arrival  he  received 
an  appointment  as  City  Physician,  still  serving 


HISTORT  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


in  that  capacity.  The  following  year  he  was 
made  County  Physician,  which  position  he  still 
holds.  He  has  built  up  a  large  general  prac- 
tice and  his  patronage  is  constantly  increasing 
as  his  skill  is  demonstrated.  He  is  a  young 
man  devoted  to  his  profession,  and  does  all  in 
his  power  to  perfect  himself  in  his  chosen  call- 
ing, keeping  thoroughly  abreast  of  the  times 
by  his  review  of  the  leading  medical  magazines 
and  periodicals.  He  is  now  serving  as  chief 
surgeon  of  the  Pecos  Valley  railroad,  having 
held  that  office  since  the  establishment  of  the 
road  to  this  point. 

In  1887  the  Doctor  was  united  in  marriage 
with  Miss  Florence  Richards,  a  native  of  Ken- 
tucky, where  the  wedding  was  celebrated.  The 
lady  died  in  1889,  leaving  one  child,  Hollie. 
The  Doctor  afterward  married  Miss  Leonora 
Richards,  a  sister  of  his  first  wife,  and  they 
have  two  children — Hugh  and  Marie.  The 
Doctor  is  a  Royal  Arch  Mason,  and  one  of  the 
highly  esteemed  citizens  of  Eddy. 


>^r*  ACOBO  CHAVEZ,  a  native  son  of  Va- 
J  lencia  county,  New  Mexico,  and  a 
A  j  prominent  factor  in  the  business  circles 
of  Los  Lunas,  was  born  July  15,  1860. 
Francisco  Antonio  Chavez,  his  father,  also 
a  native  of  Valencia  county,  was  born  Septem- 
ber 1 6,  1817,  and  was  descended  from  one  of 
the  oldest  and  most  prominent  Spanish  fami- 
lies of  the  Territory.  He  was  one  of  the 
wealthy  stock-raisers  of  New  Mexico,  having 
large  bands  of  both  cattle  and  sheep,  and,  like 
most  of  the  early  stock-raisers  here,  suffered 
heavy  loss  from  depredations  committed  by  the 
Indians.  At  one  time  all  of  his  cattle  and 
sheep  were  driven  off  by  the  Red  men,  and  for 
the  loss  then  sustained  the  subject  of  our 
sketch  now  has  a  claim  pending  against  the 
United  States  Government.  The  senior  Mr. 
Chavez  joined  in  many  of  the  campaigns  to 
chastise  the  Indians  for  their  hostilities,  and 
in  these  campaigns  had  many  narrow  escapes. 
His  wife,  nee  Juana  Chavez,  was  a  distant  rela- 
tive of  his,  and  they  were  the  parents  of  seven 


children,  four  daughters  and  five  sons,  of 
whom  five  are  living.  He  departed  this  life 
August  23,  1892,  in  the  seventy-fifth  year  of  his 
age.  His  widow  still  survives  and  maintains 
her  residence  in  Valencia. 

Jacobo  Chavez  was  reared  in  his  native 
county  and  was  educated  at  the  St.  Louis 
University,  and  the  Christian  Brothers'  College 
at  Santa  Fe.  On  his  return  from  college  he 
accepted  a  position  as  clerk  in  the  store  of 
William  W.  Lewis,  of  Peralta,  and  afterward 
clerked  for  Louis  Huning,  remaining  in  the  em- 
ploy of  the  latter  gentleman  eight  years.  In 
1893  he  opened  his  present  business  at  Los 
Lunas.  Here  he  has  established  a  large  trade, 
and  in  other  enterprises  also  is  meeting  with 
success.  Adjacent  to  the  town  he  owns  a  nice 
fruit  farm,  comprising  twenty-five  acres  and 
devoted  to  a  variety  of  choice  fruits,  including 
wine  grapes.  Mr.  Chavez  is  to  some  extent 
engaged  in  the  manufacture  of  wine,  making  a 
superior  quality,  and  has  a  ready  sale  for  all 
his  product.  His  land  is  especially  adapted  to 
fruit  culture,  his  apples,  peaches  and  pears  are 
among  the  finest  raised  in  the  Territory,  and 
among  his  peaches  are  found  specimens  which 
weigh  no  less  than  a  pound. 

In  1882  Mr.  Chavez  was  married  to  Miss 
Rafaela  Romero,  a  native  of  Peralta  and  a 
daughter  of  Andres  Romero,  who,  like  Mr. 
Chavez,  is  descended  from  a  distinguished 
Spanish  family  long  resident  of  New  Mexico. 
Two  children  were  born  to  this  union  and  at 
the  birth  of  the  last  the  young  mother  died, 
that  sad  event  occurring  June  6,  1888.  April 
18,  1889,  Mr.  Chavez  married  her  sister,  Miss 
Emilia  Romero.  They  occupy  one  of  the 
commodious  and  attractive  residences  of  Los 
Lunas,  which  Mr.  Chavez  built  in  1885. 

He  is  in  politics  a  Republican,  active  and 
ever  ready  to  aid  his  party,  and  in  1886  was 
honored  by  it  with  election  to  the  office  of 
County  Treasurer.  This  office  he  filled  most 
acceptably  for  a  term  of  two  years.  He  is  a 
progressive  and  intelligent  citizen  and  has  the 
good  will  of  the  people  of  this  county  where  he 
was  born  and  where  he  has  always  resided. 


HISTORT  OF  NE  W  MEXICO. 


47' 


BRANZ  HUNING.— The  thrilling  tales 
of  adventure  and  the  narrations 
which  relate  the  hardships  and  vi- 
cissitudes incidental  to  the  initial 
march  of  civilization  into  the  Southwest  read 
like  a  romance,  and  there  are  now  few  living 
representatives  of  the  intrepid  and  stalwart 
bands  of  men  who  braved  all  dangers  and  en- 
dured all  privations  in  thus  traversing  the  plains 
and  scaling  the  mountain  heights,  dauntless  in 
the  face  of  the  relentless  foe,  the  Indian,  and 
steadily  pushing  forward  to  win  fortune's  smiles 
and  to  open  the  way  for  the  magnificent  pe- 
riod of  progress  and  development  which  has 
given  to  this  section  of  the  Union  populous 
cities  with  all  modern  accessories,  a  network  of 
railway  lines,  and  productive  of  industry  on 
every  hand.  All  honor  to  the  brave  men,  and 
well  may  be  their  utterances  treasured  by 
those  who  now  profit  by  their  labors. 

In  the  subject  of  this  sketch  we  find  one 
who  recalls  from  personal  experience  of  an  in- 
timate sort  the  stirring  events  of  the  early  days 
in  New  Mexico  and  the  Southwest,  and  who 
has  undoubtedly  done  as  much  as  any  other 
one  man  to  bring  about  the  prosperity  and 
growth  of  the  city  of  his  home,  Albuquerque, 
at  whose  christening  he  was  present  and  in 
whose  projection  he  was  largely  instrumental. 
In  noting  the  life  records  of  such  pioneer  citi- 
zens this  work  exercises  its  most  important 
functions. 

Mr.  Huning  is  a  native  of  Germany,  hav- 
ing been  born  in  Hanover,  on  the  28th  of  Oc- 
tober, 1827.  He  received  his  educational  dis- 
cipline in  the  Fatherland  and  later  gained  a 
valuable  experience  in  merchandising.  Upon 
attaining  his  majority  he  determined  to  seek 
his  fortune  in  the  New  World,  and  bidding  fare- 
well to  home  and  friends  the  young  man 
started  courageously  forth  as  an  emigrant  to 
America.  Arriving  here  he  forthwith  made  his 
way  to  the  city  of  St.  Louis,  Missouri,  where 
he  secured  a  clerical  position  in  a  mercantile 
establishment,  remaining  thus  employed  for  a 
period  of  seven  months.  This  was  in  the  year 
1849,  which  marked  the  period  of  the  great 


gold  excitement  in  California,  and  contracting 
the  "  fever, "  he  started  out  with  a  company 
to  cross  the  weary  stretches  of  plains  and  find 
destination  in  the  Golden  State.  Mr.  Huning 
drove  six  yoke  of  oxen  and  was  compelled  to 
walk  the  greater  portion  of  the  distance  trav- 
ersed. When  the  party  reached  New  Mexico, 
winter  had  set  in,  and  they  could  not  with  safety 
proceed  farther.  After  spending  a  few  months 
in  Santa  Fe  our  subject  secured  a  clerkship  in 
the  country,  in  the  employ  of  a  Mr.  Latz,  a 
Pole,  with  whom  he  remained  a  few  months, 
after  which  he  returned  to  Santa  Fe.  Here 
he  remained  about  a  year  and  then  came  to 
the  old  town  of  Albuquerque,  held  a  position 
in  a  mercantile  establishment  for  another  year, 
and  then  accompanied  a  military  expedition  to 
Gran  Quivira  in  search  of  $40, 000,000  in  gold, 
said  to  have  been  buried  several  centuries  be- 
fore by  the  Jesuit  Fathers.  This  quest  for 
the  hidden  treasure  was  fruitless,  but  Major 
Carleton,  in  command  of  the  party,  in  order  to 
preserve  specimens  of  the  decorative  art  found 
in  one  of  the  old  churches,  had  cut  out  of  the 
building  a  beautifully  carved  beam,  which  was 
afterward  sent  to  the  Smithsonian  Institution 
in  Washington. 

In  1855  Mr.  Huning  opened  a  general  mer- 
chandise store  in  old  Albuquerque,  and  con- 
tinued the  enterprise  successfully  for  the  long 
period  of  thirty-four  years,  disposing  of  'his  in- 
terests in  the  same  in  1889.  After  the  found- 
ing of  the  new  town  he  also  conducted  a  mer- 
cantile establishment  here.  In  connection 
with  the  inception  of  the  city  our  subject 
played  a  most  important  part,  purchasing  all 
of  the  land  for  the  town  site,  together  with 
Messrs.  Stover  and  Hazeltine  and  the  New 
Mexico  Town  Company.  Mr.  Huning  himself 
became  the  owner  of  much  valuable  realty  in 
the  incipient  city,  and  his  liberality  and  ear- 
nest desire  to  further  the  development  of  the 
town  are  shown  in  the  generous  bequests 
which  he  made  for  public  and  semi-public  pur- 
poses. He  and  Messrs.  Stover  and  Hazeltine 
gave  to  the  railroad  the  grounds  for  their 
depot,  he  contributed  land  for  schoolhouse 


HISTORT  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


sites  and  other  public  purposes,  and  sold  many 
of  the  lots  on  which  the  city  now  stands.  His 
public  spirit  was  still  further  shown  in  an  im- 
portant acquisition  which  he  gave  the  city  in 
the  erection,  in  1864,  of  the  flouring-mill, 
which  proved  of  inestimable  benefit  to  the  en- 
tire section.  This  has  since  been  finely 
equipped  with  the  roller-process  system  and 
the  mill  still  controls  an  excellent  custom  busi- 
ness. 

The  marriage  of  Mr.  Huning  was  celebrated 
in  1863,  when  he  was  united  to  Miss  Ernestine 
Franke,  a  native  of  the  province  of  Saxony, 
Germany.  They  became  the  parents  of  four 
children,  of  whom  two  are  living  at  the  pres- 
ent time,  namely  :  Clara,  the  wife  of  H.  B. 
Fergusson,  a  prominent  attorney  of  Albuquer- 
que ;  and  Arno,  who  is  an  accomplished  me- 
chanical and  electrical  engineer.  In  1883  Mr. 
Huning  erected  a  palatial  residence,  which  is 
located  on  the  line  of  street  cars  between  the 
old  and  new  towns.  Here  he  has  1 30  acres  of 
land,  the  grounds  about  the  home  being  im- 
proved according  to  the  most  approved  methods 
of  landscape  gardening  and  constituting  one  of 
the  most  beautiful  demesnes  in  the  entire  Ter- 
ritory. On  the  place  our  subject  raises  large 
quantities  of  fruit  of  different  varieties. 

People  who  come  into  New  Mexico  in  the 
palace  cars  of  these  latter  days  have  little  idea 
of  what  the  brave  pioneers  endured  in  pav- 
ing the  way  for  the  present  civilization.  Mr. 
Huning  relates  that  in  1851  he  started  on 
a  trading  expedition  among  the  Apache  In- 
dians at  Rio  Gila.  In  the  company  were  twen- 
ty-eight Mexicans  and  two  Americans.  On  th<5 
return  trip  they  missed  their  way  and  were  lost 
for  twenty  days  in  the  White  mountains,  where 
the  snow  was  very  deep.  They  had  exhausted 
their  provisions  and  were  compelled  to  subsist 
upon  the  flesh  of  the  horses  and  rnules  and 
finally  to  make  their  way  out  on  foot  as  best 
they  could.  Much  of  the  time  they  suffered  in- 
tensely from  hunger  and  cold,  but  they  were  at 
last  enabled  to  reach  the  pueblo  Yuni,  where 
the  Indians  fed  and  cared  for  them  until  they 
were  able  to  recruit  their  vitality  sufficiently  to 


reach  their  destination.  From  1860  until  1872 
Mr.  Huning  spent  most  of  his  time  on  the 
plains,  engaged  in  freighting  between  Albu- 
querque, Leavenworth  and  Kansas  City,  dur- 
ing which  decade  his  brother  had  charge  of  the 
mercantile  business  in  Albuquerque.  The 
freighting  outfit  comprised  ten  wagons,  with 
ten  or  twelve  oxen  or  six  or  eight  mules  to 
each,  and  they  were  from  April  to  June  in 
reaching  Kansas  City,  He  made  some  thirty 
of  these  trips,  from  Kansas  City,  Leavenworth 
and  points  on  the  Kansas  Pacific  Railroad.  In 
1 867,  when  Mr.  Huning  was  accompanied  by  his 
mother  and  brother-in-law,  and  while  the  party 
were  in  the  vicinity  of  the  great  bend  of  the 
Arkansas  river,  a  band  of  Cheyenne  and  other 
Indians  swept  down  upon  them,  cut  out  four 
of  the  wagons  and  forty  of  the  mules,  killed 
Mrs.  Huning's  mother  and  brother  and  made 
way  with  the  mules  and  the  wagons  which  they 
had  captured.  Nothing  but  the  intrepid  brav- 
ery of  our  subject  and  his  men  and  the  coward- 
ice of  the  savages  saved  the  lives  of  the  re- 
mainder of  the  company. 

Such  brief  recitals  afford  but  a  slight  idea 
of  the  dangers,  sorrow  and  suffering  which  the 
pioneers  endured  with  that  fortitude  which  hap- 
pily few  are  called  upon  to  display.  The  pe- 
cuniary loss  to  our  subject  just  mentioned 
amounted  to  $18,000,  for  which  he  has  never 
been  reimbursed  to  the  slightest  extent  by  his 
Government.  In  the  spring  following  the  un- 
fortunate trip  just  alluded  to,  he  sent  a  train  to 
Pinos  Altos,  and  the  Navajo  Indians  stole 
forty-eight  mules.  For  this  loss  our  subject 
has  at  last  succeeded  in  securing  from  the  Gov- 
ernment the  sum  of  $7,000. 

Mr.  Huning  has  always  given  close  atten- 
tion to  his  business  enterprises,  has  labored 
without  ceasing  and  has  been  economical  in  his 
habits  and  methods.  He  has  been  a  leading 
factor  in  all  the  public  enterprises  of  the  city 
of  Albuquerque,  has  ever  held  her  welfare 
closely  at  heart  and  is  known  and  honored  as 
one  of  her  sterling  and  representative  men.  A 
fact  worthy  of  incidental  note  is  that  he  as  a 
member  of  a  company  aided  in  building  the  first 


HISTORT  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


473 


bridge  across  the  Rio  Grande  river  at  this 
point.  He  aided  in  the  building  of  the  Albu- 
querque street  railway  system  and  in  the  secur- 
ing of  the  gas-works.  He  enjoys  the  confidence 
and  good  will  of  his  fellow  citizens  and  is  reap- 
ing the  just  reward  of  an  honorable  and  useful 
life. 


P.  ASCARATE,  a  prominent  native 
son  of  New  Mexico,  residing  at  Las 
Cruces,  is  now  (in  1895)  Receiver  of 
the  United  States  Land  Office  for  the 
department  embracing  the  counties  of  Donna 
Ana,  Grant,  Sierra  and  a  portion  of  Socorro 
and  Lincoln  counties. 

His  birth  occurred  in  Las  Cruces  on  the 
22d  of  June,  1861,  and  he  descends  from 
Spanish  ancestry.  His  grandfather,  Anecious 
Ascarate,  was  born  in  Spain,  and  as  a  General 
of  the  Spanish  army,  crossed  the  Atlantic  and 
located  in  New  Mexico.  He  brought  with  him 
his  wife  and  family,  and  they  settled  in  Chi- 
huahua, where  he  had  received  a  forty-acre 
land  grant  from  his  Government  for  his  serv- 
ices in  the  army.  He  continued  to  reside  on 
this  grant  throughout  the  remainder  of  his  life, 
and  became  a  prominent  stock-raiser  and  a 
wealthy  and  influential  citizen.  He  was  called 
•to  the  home  beyond  this  world  in  the  seventy- 
fifth  year  of  his  age,  while  his  wife  passed  away 
in  her  sixtieth  year.  They  had  a  family  of 
five  sons  and  one  daughter.  The  son,  Anesta- 
cio  Ascarate,  became  the  father  of  our  subject. 
He  was  born  in  Spain,  and  during  his  boy- 
hood was  brought  by  his  father  to  America. 
He  inherited  a  part  of  the  family  estate,  and 
also  became  prominent  as  a  stock-raiser,  con- 
tinuing in  that  business  until  the  breaking  out 
of  the  Civil  war,  when  he  espoused  the  Union 
cause  and  joined  the  New  Mexico  militia.  He 
was  commissioned  as  Captain,  and  was  actively 
engaged  in  service  in  New  Mexico  until  the 
Confederates  were  compelled  to  retreat  from 
the  Territory.  A  valiant  soldier,  he  rendered 
the  Government  in  its  time  of  need  very  valu- 
able service,  and  made  for  himself  an  honored 


military  record.  He  married  Miss  Nemecia 
Asozasalla,  a  native  of  Spain,  and  they  had 
seven  children — five  sons  and  two  daughters. 
The  father  died  in  1877,  at  the  age  of  sixty- 
seven  years,  and  his  wife,  surviving  until  1890, 
passed  away  at  the  age  of  sixty.  They  and 
their  family  were  members  of  the  Catholic 
Church,  and  were  people  of  the  highest  respect- 
ability, esteemed  by  all  who  knew  them. 

The  gentleman  whose  name  heads  this  re- 
view is  the  youngest  of  the  family.  He  was 
educated  in  the  Christian  Brothers'  College  at 
Santa  Fe,  graduated  with  the  class  of  1877, 
and  for  some  years  was  with  his  father  in  the 
stock  business  on  the  ranch.  In  1882  he  re- 
ceived the  appointment  of  Deputy  Sheriff  of 
Donna  Ana  county,  and  served  in  that  capacity 
until  1886.  The  following  year  he  was  nomi- 
nated by  his  party  for  the  position  of  Sheriff, 
and  was  elected  by  a  majority  of  166.  He 
most  creditably  served  for  a  term  of  two  years, 
and  was  then  re-elected  for  a  second  term, 
continuing  in  the  office  for  four  years,  and  win- 
ning the  commendation  of  all  concerned  by  his 
faithful  discharge  of  the  duties  devolving  upon 
him.  His  administration  was  notable  for 
several  arrests,  as  for  instance  the  Woods  and 
Cooper  gang,  composed  of  a  number  of  dan- 
gerous desperadoes  that  had  committed  several 
murders  in  this  locality.  Mr.  Ascarate,  with 
the  assistance  of  one  deputy,  arrested  twenty- 
two  of  them,  and  in  this  very  efficient  way  put 
a  check  upon  the  lawless  element  which  at 
that  time  infested  the  county.  On  the  i6th  of 
February,  1892,  he  was  appointed  by  Presi- 
dent Cleveland  as  Receiver  of  the  United 
States  Land  Office  at  Las  Cruces,  a  position 
he  is  now  filling  in  the  most  satisfactory 
manner. 

In  1884  Mr.  Ascarate  was  united  in  mar- 
riage with  Miss  Amelia  Van  Patten,  daughter 
of  Major  Van  Patten,  a  prominent  citizen  and 
ex-Sheriff  of  Donna  Ana  county.  The  lady  is 
a  native  of  Mexico,  and  by  her  marriage  has 
become  the  mother  of  one  child,  Nenecia,  born 
in  Las  Cruces,  where  Mr.  Ascarate  has  erected 
a  nice  brick  residence,  which  is  the  abode  of 


474 


HISTORT   OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


hospitality.  He  is  still  engaged  in  the  stock- 
raising  business  on  the  old  estate  in  Chihuahua. 
The  family  still  own  their  large  land  grant 
there  and  are  keeping  it  undivided,  and  the 
father's  and  grandfather's  homes  still  stand 
upon  the  place.  In  the  Catholic  Church  they 
hold  their  membership,  and  the  family  is  one 
held  in  the  highest  regard  wherever  known. 
Our  subject  is  a  gentleman  of  ability,  and  has 
a  wide  and  favorable  acquaintance  throughout 
the  Territory,  of  which  he  is  a  creditable  son. 


HLBERT  GRUNSFELD,  deceased.  - 
The  measure  of  success  to  which  any 
man  may  attain  in  life  is  often  in- 
fluenced by  environment  and  the  op- 
portunity presented,  but  the  individuality  will 
ever  impress  itself  and  ability  and  honest  en- 
deavor render  results,  even  though  the  range 
for  operations  be  of  narrow  radius.  In  the 
case  at  hand  we  have  the  privilege  of  touching 
briefly  upon  the  life  history  of  one  to  whom 
was  granted  a  high  degree  of  success  in  the 
temporal  affairs  of  the  world,  who  had  that 
mature  judgment  and  that  discriminating  know- 
ledge of  cause  and  effect  that  enabled  him  to 
seize  upon  and  make  the  best  use  of  oppor- 
tunity as  presented,  and  whose  integrity  and 
honor  were  proof  against  all  temptation.  The 
late  Albert  Grunsfeld  held  distinction  as  one  of 
New  Mexico's  most  capable  and  successful 
merchants,  having  been  the  founder  of  the  ex- 
tensive wholesale  and  retail  dry-goods  house 
at  Albuquerque,  which  is  now  owned  and  con- 
ducted by  his  sons,  under  the  firm  name  of 
Grunsfeld  Brothers,  and  which  stands  at  the 
very  head  of  all  mercantile  enterprises  in  the 
Territory. 

Albert  Grunsfeld  was  born  in  Germany,  on 
the  i  5th  of  October,  1836,  receiving  his  educa- 
tional discipline  in  the  city  of  Hamburg,  after 
which  he  became  concerned  in  the  mercantile 
business,  with  whose  details  he  thoroughly 
familiarized  himself  while  still  a  young  man. 
He  continued  his  connection  with  the  mercan- 
tile trade  in  his  native  land  until  1871,  at 


which  time  he  emigrated  to  America.,  having 
come  to  a  realization  of  the  superior  advantages 
here  offered  for  the  accumulation  of  a  compe- 
tency through  legitimate  and  well-directed  in- 
dustry. Arriving  in  New  York,  he  forthwith 
made  his  way  to  New  Mexico,  and  at  Santa 
Fe  accepted  a  position  as  traveling  salesman 
for  Spiegelberg  Brothers,  who  at  that  time  con- 
ducted one  of  the  most  extensive  wholesale 
houses  in  this  section  of  the  Union.  His  edu- 
cational privileges  had  been  of  very  superior 
order,  and  he  was  able  to  converse  fluently  in 
the  Spanish  language — a  fact  which  gave  him 
particular  prestige  in  the  section  which  he 
traversed  in  the  interests  of  his  firm.  For 
several  years  he  was  retained  in  the  position 
noted  and  traveled  far  and  wide  over  a  country 
which  had  not  as  yet  been  provided  with  the 
modern  facilities  for  traveling  and  for  the  ac- 
commodation of  those  engaged  in  his  line  of 
business.  He  had  to  cover  the  major  portion 
of  his  territory  by  other  means  of  transporta- 
tion than  that  afforded  by  the  railroads,  whose 
lines  were  then  very  limited  in  mileage,  and  he 
made  periodical  visits  to  portions  of  old  Mex- 
ico and  also  touched  the  important,  but  more 
or  less  isolated,  points  throughout  New  Mexico 
and  Arizona.  Only  those  familiar  with  the 
character  of  the  section  at  that  time  can  real- 
ize the  hardships  and  dangers  which  our  sub- 
ject had  to  encounter,  but  he  was  indefatigable 
in  his  efforts  and  practically  without  physical 
fear,  and  thus  worked  up  a  large  and  profitable 
business  for  his  house.  Eventually  he  dis- 
cerned the  imperative  need  for  a  branch  estab- 
lishment at  old-town  Albuquerque,  and  he  pre- 
vailed upon  his  firm  to  locate  a  branch  there. 
Over  this  he  was  placed  in  charge  and  when, 
after  a  few  years,  the  proprietors  manifested  a 
desire  to  dispose  of  their  interests,  he  effected 
a  purchase  of  the  business  at  this  point,  where 
he  continued  to  conduct  a  prosperous  trade  for 
several  years — up  to  1881.  At  this  time  the 
new  town  of  Albuquerque  began  to  show  signs 
of  outdistancing  its  old  Spanish  rival  of  the 
same  name,  and  Mr.  Grunsfeld  deemed  it  ex- 
pedient to  link  his'  fortunes  with  the  new  and 


HIS  TORT  OF  NE  W  MEXICO. 


475 


progressive  American  town,  whose  substantial 
upbuilding  was  rapidly  advancing.  He  accord- 
ingly transferred  his  base  of  operations  to  the 
new  town,  erecting  a  large  and  substantial  busi- 
ness block  on  Railroad  street.  From  this 
headquarters  the  enterprise  has  ever  since  been 
conducted,  and  its  growth  from  a  point  of 
merely  local  operations  to  that  as  the  leading 
commercial  enterprise  of  the  city  has  been  of 
consecutive  order.  It  is  not  necessary  to  state 
that  our  subject  was  a  man  of  marked  business 
sagacity,  for  the  results  of  his  efforts  make  this 
plainly  manifest,  but  it  is  incumbent  that  we 
call  attention  to  the  more  intrinsic  elements  in 
his  character, — his  generosity,  public  spirit  and 
specific  interest  in  every  undertaking  which 
had  as  its  object  the  furthering  of  the  higher 
interests  of  the  city.  Of  broad  intellectuality 
and  discernment,  it  was  but  natural  that  he 
should  assume  a  position  as  a  leader  in  all  that 
marked  the  advancement  of  the  city,  and  it  is 
known  that  he  was  at  all  times  actively  con- 
cerned in  all  enterprises  looking  to  the  bene- 
fiting of  the  city,  and  that  the  successful  for- 
warding of  the  same  in  many  an  instance 
showed  the  effect  of  his  discriminating  direc- 
tion. When  the  Albuquerque  Commercial 
Club  was  organized  he  was  deeply  interested 
in  its  work,  becoming  one  of  the  large  stock- 
holders and  thus  contributing  in  a  large  meas- 
ure toward  the  erection  of  the  fine  club  build- 
ing, one  of  the  most  elaborate  business  blocks 
in  the  city. 

Mr.  Grunsfeld  did  not  confine  his  attention 
alone  to  the  development  of  the  city,  but  was 
signally  alive  to  the  great  resources  of  the  Ter- 
ritory, and  he  acquired  valuable  interests  in  the 
mines  of  the  county  and  became  a  large  land 
owner  in  the  Territory.  His  reputation  as  a 
capable  business  man  and  as  one  of  unim- 
peachable integrity  and  honor  insured  to  him 
the  confidence  and  esteem  of  all  classes,  and 
thus  his  credit  and  influence  became  far-reach- 
ing and  valuable  not  only  to  himself  but  also 
to  the  city  in  which  he  retained  his  residence. 

The  marriage  of  our  honored  subject  was 
celebrated  on  the  2/th  day  of  March,  1861, 


when  he  was  united  to  Miss  Hildeget  David, 
a  native  of  his  own  county  in  the  Fatherland, 
where  the  nuptial  ceremony  was  performed. 
They  became  the  parents  of  six  children,  all 
of  whom  are  living,  their  names,  in  order  of 
birth,  being  as  follows:  Alfred,  Sallie,  Helen, 
James,  Ivan  and  Eddie. 

After  a  long  and  useful  life  Mr.  Grunsfeld 
was  summoned  into  eternal  rest  on  the  3Oth 
day  of  November,  1893,  his  loss  being  deeply 
lamented  by  the  entire  community  and  prov- 
ing the  greatest  possible  bereavement  to  the 
members  of  his  family,  to  whom  he  had  ever 
been  particularly  devoted.  He  left  a  large 
and  valuable  property  and  estate  to  his  widow 
and  children,  the  eldest  son,  Alfred,  being 
made  executor  of  the  estate. 

To  the  trust  imposed  Alfred  Grunsfeld  has 
been  faithful  in  every  detail,  and  the  manage- 
ment of  the  estate  could  not  have  been  given 
into  better  keeping.  He  was  but  thirteen  years 
of  age  when  the  family  took  up  their  abode  in 
Albuquerque,  and  he  and  his  brothers  may  be 
said  to  have  grown  up  with  the  city,  so  closely 
are  they  identified  with  all  its  interests.  They 
all  received  exceptional  educational  advan- 
tages, completing  their  studies  at  Notre  Dame 
College  and  then  becoming  associated  in  turn 
with  their  able  father  in  the  mercantile  busi- 
ness. They  have  since  continued  to  be  asso- 
ciated together,  and  their  correct  methods, 
high  honor  and  liberality  stand  not  only  in  evi- 
dence of  their  adherence  to  the  principles  in- 
stilled by  their  worthy  father,  but  stand  to 
their  personal  credit  and  to  that  of  the  city 
where  they  have  grown  from  boyhood  to  posi- 
tions as  representative  business  men  of  the 
place.  In  the  wholesale  branch  of  the  enter- 
prise the  firm  transact  a  more  extensive  busi- 
ness than  any  other  concern  in  the  Territory, 
while  in  the  retail  line  they  secure  a  thor- 
oughly representative  patronage.  The  build- 
ing occupied  is  50  x  140  feet  in  dimensions,  one 
store  being  utilized  by  the  wholesale  depart- 
ment and  the  other  for  the  accommodation  of 
their  fine  retail  emporium, — the  stock  carried 
in  each  being  extensive  and  comprehensive. 


HIS  TORT  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


The  firm  keep  two  traveling  representatives 
constantly  employed  throughout  their  very  con- 
siderable trade  territory,  and  the  business  is 
constantly  increasing  in  extent  and  importance, 
—building  strong  and  sure  upon  the  solid  foun- 
dations of  commercial  honor  and  integrity  laid 
by  the  projector  of  the  undertaking. 

Alfred  Grunsfeld,  the  senior  member  of  the 
firm,  is  happily  married  and  maintains  a  beau- 
tiful home  of  his  own  in  the  finest  residence 
portion  of  the  city,  enjoying  a  marked  popu- 
larity in  both  business  and  social  circles.  Ed- 
die, the  youngest  of  the  family,  is  now  in  Bos- 
ton, completing  his  education  in  law  and  music. 
The  honored  father  not  only  left  to  his  sons 
wealth,  but  that  greater  heritage,  a  good  name, 
and  they  have  ever  shown  that  determination 
to  so  follow  in  his  footsteps  as  to  never  bring 
reproach  on  the  name  of  Albert  Grunsfeld,  the 
kind  and  indulgent  father,  the  good  and  worthy 
citizen  and  the  successful  and  progressive  busi- 
ness man. 


AMUEL  c.  MEEK,  a  most  worthy 

citizen  of  Socorro,  has  been  a  resident 
of  the  Territory  of  New  Mexico  since 
1862.  He  has  had  a  wide  and  varied 
experience  on  the  Western  frontier,  and  is  justly 
entitled  to  the  space  that  has  been  accorded 
him  in  this  history. 

He  is  a  native  of  the  State  of  Indiana,  born 
at  Newcastle,  Henry  county,  February  19, 
1837,  and  is  a  son  of  Lorenzo  Dow  Meek.  He 
traces  his  ancestry  to  the  English  and  Irish 
Colonial  settlers  of  Virginia.  His  paternal 
grandfather,  John  Meek,  was  a  soldier  in  the 
war  of  the  Revolution.  After  that  struggle 
was  ended  he  removed  to  Kentucky  and  was  a 
pioneer  of  the  Bluegrass  State,  going  later  to 
Indiana  when  that  State  was  still  on  the  fron- 
tier. He  married  Miss  Peggy  McGregor,  a 
native  of  Ireland,  and  to  them  were  born  six 
sons:  John,  Joseph,  William,  Jephthah,  Jesse 
and  Lorenzo  Dow.  The  father  of  these  sons 
died  in  1849,  in  the  ninety-sixth  year  of  his  age. 

Lorenzo  Dow  Meek  was  born   at  Centre- 


ville,  Wayne  county,  Indiana,  1812,  and  was 
reared  and  educated  there.  He  was  united  in 
marriage  to  Miss  Martha  Gary,  who  was  born 
at  Mill  Creek,  Ohio,  in  October,  i8'i2.  They 
were  the  parents  of  eight  children:  Hampton, 
Isophene,  John  D. ,  Samuel  C.,  James  A., 
Irvin  R. ,  Sarah  J.,  and  Cristabell  I.  When 
the  gold  fever  of  1849  swept  the  country,  the 
father  joined  the  train  of  prospectors,  crossing 
the  plains,  and  went  to  California.  There  he 
met  with  fair  success  in  the  mines,  but  after 
two  years  returned  to  his  home  on  account  of 
ill  health.  He  died  in  1855.  His  wife  sur- 
vives him,  at  the  ripe  old  age  of  eighty-three 
years. 

Samuel  C.  Meek,  the  fourth  born  of  the 
family,  received  his  elementary  education  in 
the  common  schools  of  his  native  town,  and 
afterward  served  an  apprenticeship  at  the  sad- 
dle and  harness  maker's  trade.  In  1856  he 
went  to  California  and  settled  at  Grass  Valley, 
Nevada  county,  where  he  resided  until  the 
breaking  out  of  the  Civil  war.  The  blood  of 
the  patriot  flowed  in  his  veins,  and,  impelled 
by  the  zeal  that  had  moved  his  grandfather  in 
the  Revolutionary  days,  he  promptly  took  up 
arms  in  defense  of  his  country.  He  enlisted 
August  i,  1 86 1,  in  Company  G,  First  Volun- 
teer Infantry  of  California.  He  was  at  once 
sent  to  New  Mexico  to  assist  in  the  capture  of 
the  Navajo  Indians  who  had  left  their  reserva- 
tion bent  upon  doing  all  possible  damage  while 
the  country  was  engaged  in  the  war  in  the 
South.  After  numerous  fights  with  the  savages, 
the  troops  succeeded  in  putting  them  back 
upon  their  reservation.  Once  Mr.  Meek,  with 
sixteen  comrades,  was  attacked  by  forty  In- 
dians; a  desperate  battle  ensued,  in  which 
fifteen  Indians  and  several  of  "boys  in  blue" 
were  severely  wounded.  Mr.  Meek  received 
three  wounds  in  this  fight.  One  arrowhead 
pierced  his  left  forearm,  and  he  went  to  Fort 
Craig  where  he  had  it  removed  after  much 
suffering.  With  this  arrowhead  buried  in  his 
flesh  there  was  also  planted  in  his  blood  an 
everlasting  grudge  against  the  red  man, — -a 
grudge  which  to  this  day  remains  unsatisfied. 


HISTORT  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


477 


After  the  war  was  ended  and  peace  re- 
stored Mr.  Meek  settled  in  New  Mexico,  and 
for  several  years  was  engaged  in  prospecting 
and  mining.  In  1875  he  went  to  Magdalene 
City,  then  a  very  flourishing  mining  camp,  and 
opened  a  general  store,  where  he  did  a  pros- 
perous business.  Always  a  crack  shot,  from 
this  point  he  often  took  hunting  excursions  in 
the  mountains,  many  times  unaccompanied 
save  by  his  trusty  rifle.  He  has  brought  down 
much  of  the  finest  game  of  the  mountains,  and 
has  made  an  enviable  record  as  a  sportsman. 
One  Christmas  day,  when  it  devolved  upon  him 
to  provide  the  feast,  he  went  out  with  his  gun, 
killed  a  number  of  fine  turkeys  and  a  large 
bear,  which  were  served  at  the  delicious  repast. 
Upon  another  occasion,  when  he  was  out  hunt- 
ing alone,  from  his  quiet  hiding  place  he  spied 
three  Apache  Indians  in  the  distance.  He  dis- 
covered from  their  movements  that  they  were 
stealing  upon  an  old  man  and  his  son  near  by 
who  were  yoking  up  their  oxen,  entirely  una- 
ware of  the  danger  threatening  them.  Mr. 
Meek  considered  three  against  two  an  uneven 
balance,  and  determined  to  take  a  hand  in  the 
encounter.  Just  as  one  of  the  Indians  was 
about  to  spring  upon  the  unsuspecting  settler, 
Mr.  Meek's  gun  spoke  out  in  a  clear,  unmistak- 
able tone,  to  which  the  Indians  gave  unwilling 
response;  the  second  Indian  was  treated  in 
like  manner,  and  the  third  took  refuge  in  flight; 
his  retreat,  however,  only  gave  Mr.  Meek  a 
clear  range,  and  he  shot  him  in  the  back,  not 
one  of  the  three  escaping  ! 

Our  worthy  subject  dates  his  arrival  in  So- 
corro  January  6,  1867,  and  since  that  time  he 
has  been  numbered  among  her  most  enterpris- 
ing and  energetic  citizens.  He  served  as  Jus- 
tice of  the  Peace,  as  Deputy  County  Clerk,  as 
Deputy  Sheriff,  and  he  is  now  Deputy  County 
Assessor.  He  is  a  fine  penman  and  is  thor- 
oughly well  qualified  for  the  keeping  of  all  of- 
ficial records.  He  is  a  member  of  the  Knights 
of  Pythias,  and  during  twenty-four  terms  has 
kept  the  records  of  that  order.  He  has  served 
as  Quartermaster  General  of  the  Grand  Army 
of  the  Republic  of  New  Mexico,  and  assisted 


in  the  organization  of  the  post  at  Socorro,— 
Slough  Post  No.  6,  named  in  honor  of  General 
Slough,   who  fought  against  the  Apaches  near 
Santa  Fe. 

Mr.  Meek  was  married  at  Socorro  on  the 
day  of  his  arrival  there,  June  24,  1876,  his 
bride  being  Miss  Manelita  Padella,  the  daugh- 
ter of  Philip  Padella,  a  descendant  of  one  of 
the  early  Spanish  families  of  the  county.  One 
daughter  has  been  born  of  this  marriage,  Em- 
ily Gary.  The  family  have  a  pleasant  home, 
a  fine  orchard  of  their  own  planting,  and  are 
surrounded  by  all  the  comforts  and  conven- 
iences that  are  the  reward  of  industry  and 
thrift.  Mr.  Meek  is  an  accomplished  Spanish 
scholar,  and  has  translated  the  records  and  ab- 
stracts of  the  county  from  that  language  into 
English.  He  has  wide  acquaintance  in  the 
Territory  and  enjoys  the  friendship  of  all  who 
know  him. 


aONY  T.  BROWN,  one  of  the  most 
enterprising  and  influential  citizens  of 
Socorro,  came  to  the  city  in  1880, 
and  for  the  past  fifteen  years  has  been 
closely  identified  with  her  leading  business  in- 
terests. Born  in  the  State  of  Maine,  Novem- 
ber 30,  1856,  he  descended  from  the  best  New 
England  stock.  His  ancestors  were  among 
the  Mayflower  passengers,  and  the  name  also 
appears  in  the  history  of  the  war  of  the  Revo- 
lution. Thomas  Brown,  his  grandfather,  set- 
tled at  Corinna,  Penobscot  county,  Maine, 
where  he  became  extensively  interested  in  agri- 
culture and  lumbering,  was  a  prominent  citi- 
zen and  held  offices  of  honor  and  trust,  and 
died  at  the  age  of  sixty-six  years.  His  only 
son,  Cephas  Brown,  was  born  on  the  home- 
stead farm  in  Maine,  and  there  passed  his  boy- 
hood and  youth.  He  was  united  in  marriage 
to  Miss  Eunice  Spalding,  who  was  also  a  na- 
tive of  Maine,  born  on  the  Kennebec  river. 
They  were  the  parents  of  two  sons,  one  of 
whom  is  deceased.  The  other  son,  Cony  T. 
Brown,  is  the  subject  of  this  sketch.  He  was 
an  infant  of  nine  months  when  his  father  died. 


478 


HISTORY  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


His  mother  then  took  him  to  Somerset  county, 
Maine,  where  her  relatives  resided.  He  re- 
ceived his  education  in  the  North  Anson  Acad- 
emy, and  at  the  age  of  sixteen  years  left  school 
to  learn  the  trade  of  tinner.  He  served  an 
apprenticeship  of  three  years,  and  at  the  end 
of  that  time  went  to  Ellis,  Kansas;  there  he 
resided  four  years,  and  this  brings  us  to  the 
year  1880,  when  he  came  to  Socorro.  During 
the  early  years  of  his  business  career  fortune 
had  not  especially  favored  him,  and  he  had 
accumulated  no  capital.  When  he  came 
to  New  Mexico  he  began  prospecting  in  the 
Magdalene  district,  and  succeeded  in  taking  out 
a  good  deal  of  valuable  ore.  Since  1893  he 
has  been  extensively  interested  in  gold-mining, 
being  one  of  the  organizers  of  the  company 
which  owns  and  operates  the  Oro  Fino  gold 
mine.  He  is  president  of  the  corporation  and 
owns  one-third  of  the  stock.  He  was  one  of 
the  first  settlers  in  the  Copper  Canyon  district, 
in  which  the  Oro  Fino  is  situated;  the  pros- 
pects of  this  mine  are  very  fine,  the  assays 
running  frequently  as  highas$i,oooto  the  ton. 
In  1889  he  established  a  livery  business  in  So- 
corro, and  for  the  past  six  years  has  supplied 
the  city  with  everything  needed  in  this  line. 
He  has  a  bus  line  to  the  railroads,  and  has  sev- 
eral Government  mail  contracts.  Thoroughly 
reliable  and  trustworthy,  he  is  rated  as  one  of 
Socorro's  most  valued  citizens.  In  addition 
to  his  mining  and  others  interests  mentioned, 
he  gives  some  attention  to  agriculture,  own- 
ing a  ranch  of  one  hundred  and  sixty  acres, 
from  which  are  produced  large  crops  of  alfalfa, 
apples,  pears,  prunes,  peaches  and  grapes. 

Politically,  he  is  a  stanch  adherent  to  Re- 
publican principles,  and  has  been  twice  elected 
a  member  of  the  Board  of  County  Commis- 
sioners. The  county  of  Socorro  is  the  largest 
in  the  Territory,  and  the  work  of  the  board  is 
therefore  of  considerable  importance. 

Mr.  Brown  was  united  in  marriage,  in  1890, 
to  Miss  Annie  Kornitzer,  a  native  of  the  State 
of  New  York,  a  daughter  of  Dr.  Kornitzer,  a 
retired  physician  formerly  of  New  York  State, 
but  now  a  resident  of  Socorro.  Mr.  and  Mrs. 


Brown  have  had  born  to  them  two  children, 
Cony  C.  and  Thomas  Coburn.  They  have  a 
pleasant  home  in  this  city,  and  are  among  the 
most  highly  esteemed  members  of  the  leading 
circles  of  society.  Mr.  Brown  is  a  member  of 
Socorro  Lodge,  No.  9,  A.  F.  and  A.  M. ;  Rio 
Grande  Chapter,  No.  4,  R.  A.  M. ;  Albuquer- 
que Hiram  Council,  U.  D.  R.  &  S.  M. ;  Pil- 
grim Commandery,  No.  3,  K.  T. ,  and  Ballut 
Abyad  Temple,  A.  A.  O.  N.  M.  S. 


^*  V*  J.  LEESQN,  whose  name  is  promi- 
U  nently  connected  with  the  history  of  the 
/•  J  development  of  the  mining  interests  of 
the  Territory  of  New  Mexico,  was  born 
in  the  State  of  Louisiana,  in  the  parish  of  Or- 
leans, September  2,  1845.  His  paternal  grand- 
father, James  Leeson,  emigrated  from  Dublin, 
Ireland,  to  America  and  settled  in  Louisiana, 
where  he  became  a  prominent  planter,  as  well 
as  a  politician  of  some  note.  He  lived  to  the 
advanced  age  of  ninety-six  years.  His  son, 
Thomas  Leeson,  the  father  of  J.  J. ,  was  born 
in  New  York  city,  where  his  parents  were  tem- 
porarily residing  there,  but  he  was  reared  and 
educated  in  New  Orleans.  In  1852  he  crossed 
the  plains  to  California,  and  there  mined  with 
success  on  the  American  river.  In  an  at- 
tempt to  dam  and  turn  its  course  he  lost  the 
money  he  had  made  in  mining.  He  remained 
in  California  until  1858.  His  wife  died  in 
New  Orleans  in  1856.  There  were  born  to 
them  six  children,  three  of  whom  are  now  liv- 
ing. In  1880  Mr.  Leeson  came  to  Socorro, 
where  he  lived  until  his  death,  in  1889. 

J.  J.  Leeson,  the  second-born  of  the  fam- 
ily, was  educated  in  his  native  State,  and  was 
attending  the  State  Military  School  at  the 
breaking  out  of  the  late  Civil  war.  Fired  with 
the  zeal  of  patriotism,  he  volunteered  in  Com- 
pany C,  Eleventh  Louisiana  Infantry,  and 
fought  to  the  close  of  the  conflict.  He  was  in 
the  battles  of  Belmont  and  Shiloh,  and  sur- 
rendered at  McDowell's  Landing  after  the  sur- 
render of  General  Robert  E.  Lee.  Although 
he  was  only  sixteen  years  of  age  at  the  time  of 


HISTORT  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


479 


his  enlistment,  on  account  of  the  training  he 
had  received  in  the  military  school  he  was 
commissioned  Second  Lieutenant,  and  in  that 
capacity  fought  bravely  in  the  cause  he  had  es- 
poused. After  the  close  of  the  war,  he  moved 
to  Hot  Springs,  Arkansas,  and  there,  in  1869, 
he  was  married  to  Miss  Rose  E.  Neal,  a  native 
of  Mississippi.  They  are  the  parents  of  one 
daughter,  Lulu  B.,  the  wife  of  William  Ogara. 

In  1852,  Mr.  Leeson  crossed  the  plains 
with  his  father,  and  was  at  one  time  a  pupil  in 
the  Sacramento  schools.  In  1858  he  returned 
to  his  native  State,  and  entered  the  State  Mili- 
tary School,  from  which  he  joined  the  Confed- 
erate service.  After  his  marriage  in  1869,  he 
resided  in  Arkansas  until  1878,  and  in  that  year 
removed  to  California,  settling  at  Alameda. 
Here  for  a  number  of  years  he  was  engaged  in 
mercantile  pursuits,  and  removed  thence  to 
Colorado,  where  he  became  extensively  inter- 
ested in  mining,  A  severe  accident,  which  he 
met  in  a  snow-slide,  impaired  his  health,  and 
compelled  him  to  seek  a  milder  clime.  He 
came  to  Socorro  in  1880,  and  in  addition  to 
his  mining  interests  he  engaged  in  the  real-es- 
tate business  ;  he  platted  several  additions  to 
the  town,  and  became  one  of  the  most  enthu- 
siastic supporters  of  the  various  public  enter- 
prises. He  still  owns  a  large  number  of  city  lots. 
He  also  owns  the  St.  Vincent  Gold  and  Silver 
mine,  at  Magdalene,  which  assays  forty  ounces 
of  silver  and  five-tenths  of  an  ounce  of  gold  to 
the  ton.  In  1883  he  established,  at  Socorro, 
a  second-hand  furniture  and  auction  house,  of  • 
which  he  is  still  proprietor. 

With  the  taste  of  a  connoisseur  Mr.  Leeson 
has  made  a  fine  collection  of  curios,  among  the 
most  valuable  of  which  is  a  three-hundred- 
pound  bell,  the  first  cast  in  the  Territory,  about 
three  hundred  years  ago  :  his  specimens  of  ore, 
about  fifteen  tons  in  all,  are  rare  and  valuable, 
and  furnish  an  accurate  exhibit  of  the  mining 
resources  of  New  Mexico. 

For  eight  years  Mr.  Leeson  has  been  a 
member  of  the  City  Council,  the  election  tak- 
ing place  annually.  He  is  first  Lieutenant  of 
the  New  Mexico  Militia,  and  has  recently  been 


appointed  by  Governor  Thornton  a  member  of 
the  Board  of  Immigration  for  the  Territory. 
He  was  a  prominent  factor  in  bringing  the  wa- 
ter from  the  springs  in  the  mountains  to  the 
city,  and  for  years  has  been  chairman  of  the 
Water  Committee,  and  no  city  in  New  Mexico 
can  boast  a  purer  water  supply.  A  man  of 
broad  intelligence  and  excellent  executive  abil- 
ity, Mr.  Leeson  is  a  citizen  of  superior  worth. 
Loyal  to  all  the  interests  of  the  Territory,  he 
never  loses  an  opportunity  of  aiding  in  the  de- 
velopment of  her  resources. 


AVID  CHEVALIER  WINTERS.- 
Every  city  is  judged  largely  by  the 
good  character,  push  and  enterprise 
of  its  business  men,  and  one  of  the 
foremost  of  Las  Vegas'  citizens  who  possesses 
the  above  qualifications  in  a  marked  degree  is 
the  gentleman  whose  name  heads  this  sketch. 
He  came  to  this  place  in  1880,  and  has  resided 
continuously  here  ever  since. 

Mr.  Winters  is  a  native  of  West  Virginia, 
having  been  born  in  Parkersburg,  that  State, 
December  13,  1854.  On  the  paternal  side  he 
traces  his  lineage  back  to  Scotch-Irish  ances- 
tors, who  were  early  settlers  of  Washington 
county,  Pennsylvania.  His  father,  J.  R.  Win- 
ters, was  born  there,  and  when  a  young  man 
removed  to  West  Virginia,  and  was  married  at 
Parkersburg  to  Miss  Olivia  Rebecca  Chevalier, 
the  daughter  of  Mr.  David  Chevalier,  of  Vir- 
ginia and  of  French  ancestry.  The  lady's 
mother  was  Susan  Jackson,  a  member  of  the 
noted  Jackson  family  of  the  South,  General 
Stonewall  Jackson  being  one  of  her  cousins. 
Our  subject's  father  had  been  educated  and 
ordained  a  Presbyterian  minister.  Later  in 
his  life  he  was  elected  a  member  of  the  Mis- 
souri Senate,  and  was  also  for  a  number  of 
years  editor  and  part  owner  of  the  Hannibal 
Courier.  In  1873  he  removed  with  his  family 
to  Trinidad,  Colorado,  where  he  revived  the 
Trinidad  Enterprise  and  soon  had  the  paper 
under  way.  Within  four  months  after  engag- 
ing in  this  enterprise,  however,  he  died,  and 


480 


HISTORY  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


upon  the  shoulders  of  his  son,  David  C.,  then 
a  lad  of  only  nineteen  years,  devolved  the 
task  of  completing  the  lease  which  had  been 
effected  by  his  father.  It  was  a  great  under- 
taking for  a  young  man  of  his  years,  but  his 
early  and  constant  training  in  newspaper  work, 
coupled  with  his  innate  pluck,  carried  him 
through  the  ordeal,  and  his  success  in  this  line 
is  still  remembered  in  that  locality. 

His  education  had  been  received  in  private 
schools  and  at  St.  Paul's  College,  Palmyra, 
Missouri;  but  in  this  line  he  has  been  largely 
his  own  architect.  In  Hannibal,  Missouri,  he 
did  his  first  work  in  a  drug  store,  and  after  this 
he  clerked  three  years  for  Dr.  Beshvar,  of 
Trinidad,  Colorado.  He  was  also  for  a  time 
local  editor  of  the  Trinidad  News,  and  after- 
ward came  to  Las  Vegas  and  clerked  in  the 
drug  store  of  F.  E.  Herbert  &  Company. 
After  spending  three  years  with  them  he 
clerked  for  M.  R.  Griswold  a  year  and  then 
became  a  member  of  the  firm  of  William 
Frank  &  Company.  Mr.  Frank  sold  out,  and 
the  firm  became  known  as  E.  G.  Murphey  & 
Company.  This  firm  continued  doing  a  large 
and  paying  business  for  seven  years,  when  Mr. 
Murphey  retired  from  the  business,  and  Mr. 
Winters,  in  July,  1894,  organized  the  Winters 
Drug  Company,  of  which  he  is  the  business 
manager.  Under  his  efficient  direction  the 
enterprise  continues  to  be  most  successful,  the 
stock  carried  being  the  most  extensive  in  New 
Mexico,  and  the  business  is  conducted  in  both 
wholesale  and  retail  lines. 

Mr.  Winters  is  a  gentleman  who  is  well  in- 
formed on  the  general  topics  of  the  day,  and 
he  takes  an  active  part  in  politics,  being  an 
ardent  Republican.  Although  he  has  been 
often  urged  to  accept  from  his  party  the  nom- 
ination for  Territorial  Senator  and  other  im- 
portant offices,  he  has  always  declined  because 
of  his  desire  to  give  close  attention  to  his  con- 
stantly growing  business.  However,  he  was 
prevailed  upon  to  accept  from  the  Governor  of 
New  Mexico  the  commission  of  Major,  but  he 
prefers  his  position  in  the  world  as  a  plain, 
active  business  man,  asking  neither  public 


office  nor  honors.      In  1889  he  was  elected  a 
member  of  the  Constitutional  Convention. 

Mr.  Winters  was  happily  married  in  July, 
1880,  to  Miss  Marion  A.  Bloom,  of  Trinidad, 
Colorado,  who  is  a  native  of  Pennsylvania. 
They  have  three  children,  all  born  in  Las  Ve- 
gas, their  names  being  Mamie,  Frank  and 
Ruth.  Mr.  Winters  has  made  a  most  envi- 
able record  as  a  successful  business  man,  and 
his  family  are  among  Las  Vegas'  most  highly 
esteemed  residents. 


@REGORIO  VARELA.— One  who  fig- 
ures as  a  native  son  of  New  Mexico, 
and  who  has  lived  to  attain   marked 
distinction    and  to   do   honor  to  the 
place  of  his  nativity  is  he  whose  name  initiates 
this  review.      Mr.  Varela  holds  the  important 
preferment  as  Judge  of  Probate  for  San  Miguel 
county,  in  which  county, — in  the  town  of  Pecos, 
— he  first  saw  the  light  of  day  on   the   I2th  of 
March,  1849. 

As  the  name  implies,  he  is  of  Spanish  de- 
scent, his  ancestors  having  been  prominent  in 
the  old  regime  which  opened  up  the  way  for 
the  magnificent  development  which  has  come 
to  the  new  Southwest.  Representatives  of  the 
Varela  family  were  among  the  earliest  settlers 
in  the  Territory  of  New  Mexico,  in  which  both 
the  grandfather  and  father  of  our  subject  were 
born,  the  former  having  been  Jose  by  name 
and  the  latter  Manuel.  Manuel  Varela  was 
a  man  of  much  prominence  and  of  conspicuous 
ability.  He  was  a  member  of  the  Territorial 
militia,  served  for  many  years  as  Justice  of  the 
Peace,  and  was  several  times  a  member  of  the 
Territorial  Legislature,  one  time  a  member  of 
the  Senate,  and  was  the  Republican  nominee 
at  the  time  of  his  death.  He  also  held  the 
preferment  as  County  School  Commissioner 
and  was  a  man  whose  maturity  of  judgment 
and  high  principles  of  honor  brought  him  into 
marked  favor  with  the  public,  who  appreciated 
his  endeavors  and  character  both  as  a  citizen 
and  official.  He  married  'Miss  Ann  Maria 
Quintana,  a  native  of  New  Mexico  and  a  de- 


Ca 


HISTORT  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


481 


scendant  of  one  of  the  pioneer  families  of  San 
Miguel  county.  They  became  the  parents  of 
twelve  children,  of  whom  eight  are  vet  living. 
Manuel  Varela  died  in  1886,  at  the  age  of 
sixty-nine  years,  his  widow  surviving  him  and 
being  now  (1895)  sixty  years  of  age.  The  mem- 
bers of  the  family  have  ever  been  devoted  ad- 
herents of  the  Catholic  Church.  The  eldest 
son,  Antonio  Varela,  was  County  Treasurer 
for  four  years. 

Gregorio  Varela,  the  immediate  subject  of 
this  review,  was  the  third  in  order  of  birth  of 
the  children.  He  received  his  educational  dis- 
cipline in  the  Christian  Brothers'  College  at 
Santa  Fe,  and  after  completing  his  studies  he 
engaged  in  ranching  and  merchandising,  con- 
ducting operations  in  either  line  upon  an  ex- 
tended scale.  He  is  associated  with  Mr.  Es- 
quivel,  under  the  firm  name  of  Varela  & 
Esquivel,  in  conducting  a  general  store  at  San 
Geronimo.  Upon  his  fine  ranch  of  320  acres 
he  raises  extensive  crops  of  corn,  oats  and 
wheat,  and  he  maintains  his  residence  there 
save  during  the  time  when  his  official  duties 
demand  his  presence  in  Las  Vegas,  the  county 
seat. 

In  politics  our  subject  is  a  Republican,  ren- 
dering a  hearty  support  to  the  cause  of  his 
party.  In  November,  1894,  he  was  elected 
Judge  of  Probate  for  the  county,  running  on  a 
Union  ticket  and  securing  a  flattering  majority 
at  the  polls.  He  has  now  been  in  the  dis- 
charge of  the  important  function  of  his  office 
for  some  time,  and  his  administration  of  af- 
fairs has  been  such  as  to  gain  him  the  appro- 
bation and  good  will  of  the  public  whom  he 
thus  serves.  Judge  Varela  is  a  man  of  broad 
general  information,  incisive  judgment  and  lib- 
eral views,  and  he  is  held  in  highest  estimation 
in  the  county  in  which  he  was  born  and  in 
which  he  has  passed  his  entire  life. 

The  marriage  of  our  subject  was  celebrated 
in  1870,  when  he  was  united  to  Miss  Paulita 
Rivera,  a  native  of  the  Territory  and  of  Span- 
ish lineage.  They  have  had  eleven  children, 
all  of  whom  were  born  in  San  Miguel  county, 
and  all  but  three  of  whom  are  still  living. 

31 


Those  deceased  are  Pedro,  Ramon  and  Ser- 
apio,  and  the  living  children  are  Bernarda, 
Efren,  Petronila,  Catarino,  Porfirio,  Jose,  Vic- 
toriana  and  Gregoria.  The  members  of  the 
family  all  cling  to  the  faith  of  their  fathers  and 
are  intimately  identified  with  the  Catholic 
Church. 


^^r*OHN  W.  POE  is  prominently  connected 
A  with  the  history  of  New  Mexico,  and 
/•  j  to-day  is  one  of  the  most  highly  es- 
teemed citizens  of  Roswell.  The  rec- 
ord of  his  life  indicates  in  a  great  measure  the 
state  of  affairs  in  the  Territory  and  the  prog- 
ress and  development  which  is  now  rapidly 
working  a  transformation.  He  was  born  three 
miles  from  Murphysville,  Mason  county,  Ken- 
tucky, October  17,  1850,  and  his  parents, 
Nathan  and  Louisa  (Harber)  Poe,  were  also 
natives  of  Mason  county.  His  education  was 
acquired  in  the  public  schools  of  Mason  county, 
pursuing  his  studies  through  the  winter  season, 
while  in  the  summer  months  he  aided  in  the 
labors  of  the  home  farm. 

Ambitious  to  make  his  own  living,  Mr. 
Poe  left  home  without  the  consent  of  his  par- 
ents and  went  to  Kansas  City,  where  he  worked 
for  a  maternal  uncle,  assisting  in  the  care  of 
his  farm  for  a  year  and  a  half.  In  the  win- 
ter of  1870-1  he  went  on  a  visit  to  his  old  home, 
and  after  spending  one  month  with  his  parents 
removed  to  Cottonwood  Falls,  Kansas,  eighteen 
miles  west  from  Emporia,  at  that  time  the 
terminus  of  the  Atchison,  Topeka  &  Santa  Fe 
Railroad.  Through  the  succeeding  summer 
and  autumn  he  was  in  the  employ  of  a  stone 
contractor  at  that  place,  but  the  exposure  ne- 
cessitated by  his  work  impaired  his  health  and 
he  sought  medical  assistance  in  Kansas  City  in 
the  spring  of  1872.  Through  the  succeeding 
year  he  remained  in  that  locality  and  was  re- 
stored to  his  old-time  strength  and  vigor. 

Mr.  Poe's  connection  with  the  Southwest 
then  began.  He  went  to  Fort  Griffin,  Texas, 
where  he  engaged  in  working  with  cattle,  and 
also  worked  on  Government  contracts  for  sup- 


482 


HISTORY  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


plying  wood  and  hay.  In  the  fall  of  1875  ne 
entered  a  new  field  of  endeavor,  that  of  buffalo 
hunting.  Forming  a  partnership  with  a  Mr. 
Jacobs,  he  secured  a  hunting  outfit  and  carried 
on  that  business  until  the  early  summer  of  1878, 
killing  during  that  time  20,000  buffaloes.  The 
business  proved  a  profitable  one,  and  with  the 
capital  they  had  acquired  a  flock  of  sheep  was 
purchased,  in  1877,  Mr.  Jacobs  taking  charge 
of  the  sheep,  while  Mr.  Poe  continued  buffalo 
hunting.  During  the  second  winter,  however, 
more  than  one-half  of  the  sheep  were  lost  on 
account  of  the  severity  of  the  weather,  and  the 
following  spring  the  remainder  were  sold  ;  but 
the  loss  was  a  heavy  one. 

Mr.  Foe's  business  had  made  him  familiar 
with  a  wide  extent  of  territory  and  also  with  a 
class  of  people  then  living  in  this  frontier 
region.  In  1878  he  returned  to  Fort  Griffin, 
and  for  one  year  filled  the  position  of  Town 
Marshal  by  appointment.  Fort  Griffin  was 
situated  on  the  cattle  trail,  and  the  wild, 
rough  life  of  the  country  made  the  position  a 
very  arduous  one,  requiring  a  man  of  physical 
as  well  as  moral  courage  to  cope  with  the 
desperadoes.  The  country,  however,  was 
rapidly  coming  under  the  sway  of  civilization. 
The  tide  of  immigration  poured  into  the  Pan 
Handle  in  1879;  and,  many  friends  of  Mr.  Poe 
locating  in  the  region  about  Fort  Elliott, 
Wheeler  county,  he  removed  there,  where 
he  served  as  Deputy  Sheriff  and  Deputy  United 
States  Marshal.  The  headquarters  of  the 
former  office  were  at  Fort  Elliott,  but  of  the 
latter  at  Dallas,  Texas.  Here  again  the 
bravery  and  the  fidelity  of  the  man  were  called 
forth  by  the  responsibilities  of  his  position. 
For  judicial  purposes  all  the  Pan  Handle 
country  was  attached  to  Wheeler  county.  In 
1880  Mr.  Poe  received  the  nomination  for 
County  Sheriff,  but  was  defeated  by  one  vote, 
for  it  was  well  known  that  he  would  not  falter 
in  his  duty  to  suppress  the  lawless  and  wrong 
of  the  Southwest,  and  the  worst  element  rose 
in  force  against  him;  but  he  received  the  sup- 
port of  the  ranchmen  and  all  the  better  citi- 
zens. In  all  the  relations  of  life  Mr.  Poe  has 


been  characterized  by  a  justice  and  fidelity  to 
the  right  that  has  been  above  question,  and 
this  led  to  his  being  employed  in  the  winter  of 
1 880-8 1  to  suppress  the  lawlessness  going  on 
in  the  cattle  country.  He  was  also  employed 
by  the  Canadian  River  Cattle  Association  'to 
protect  their  interests,  and  he  was  instru- 
mental in  quelling  the  lawlessness  that  had 
made  it  almost  unsafe  to  live  in  this  section  of 
the  Territory.  It  was  at  a  time  when  the  no- 
torious outlaw,  "Billy,  the  Kid,"  and  men  of 
like  character  were  operating  in  northern 
Texas  and  eastern  New  Mexico.  It  seemed 
as  though  they  were  law-proof.  They  would 
round  up  the  cattle,  run  them  off  and  sell 
them,  and  it  seemed  almost  impossible  to 
check  them  in  their  offenses.  The  cattlemen 
were  constantly  on  the  watch  to  protect  their 
own  interests,  and  on  entering  the  service  of 
the  Canadian  River  Cattle  Association  Mr.  Poe 
was  given  almost  unlimited  authority  to  draw 
on  the  company  for  money  to  protect  their 
property,  for  in  the  then  existing  state  of  affairs 
it  had  come  to  a  time  when  they  were  forced 
to  either  destroy  the  gang  of  desperadoes  or 
else  abandon  their  business.  They  proposed 
to  do  the  former  if  within  their  power. 

To  Mr.  Poe  is  largely  given  the  credit  of 
accomplishing  this  work.  He  displayed  a 
tireless  energy  in  his  attempts  to  secure  and 
bring  to  punishment  the  desperadoes.  In  the 
spring  of  1881  he  first  met  Pat  Garrett,  then 
Sheriff  of  Lincoln  county,  New  Mexico,  with 
whom  he  co-operated  in  suppressing  the  law- 
lessness of  the  country.  At  that  time  Lincoln 
county  included  what  is  now  known  by  that 
name,  also  Eddy  and  Chaves  counties.  At 
the  time  of  the  killing  of  "Billy,  the  Kid,"  Mr. 
Poe  made  his  headquarters  at  White  Oaks, 
where  lived  an  old  man  by  the  name  of  George 
Gwynn,  who  came  to  him  one  day  with  the 
information  that  "Billy,  the  Kid,"  was  at  Fort 
Sumner.  Mr.  Poe  replied  that  there  must  be 
a  mistake;  but  Mr.  Gwynn  insisted  that  he 
was  right;  and  his  evident  sincerity  determined 
Mr.  Poe  to  investigate  the  matter.  Mounting 
a  horse  he  rode  to  the  home  of  Sheriff  Garrett 


HIS  TORT  OF  NE  W  MEXICO. 


in  Lincoln,  to  whom  he  stated  the  case.  The 
Sheriff  did  not  put  any  faith  in  the  story,  but 
finally  consented  to  go  to  Fort  Sumner  and 
investigate  the  matter.  They  rode  to  Ros- 
well,  accompanied  by  Deputy  Sheriff  McKin- 
ney,  and  on  the  I2th  of  July  started  for  Fort 
Sumner,  riding  all  night.  The  next  day  they 
lay  concealed  among  the  hills,  and  on  the 
morning  of  the  I4th  arrived  in  the  vicinity  of 
the  town,  where  the  desperado  was  said  to  be 
in  hiding.  As  Mr.  Poe  was  not  acquainted  in 
Fort  Sumner  it  was  decided  that  he  should  go 
into  the  town  and  reconnoitre  while  the  others 
were  to  remain  in  the  sand-hills  until  they 
could  hear  from  him.  If  he  could  not  obtain 
the  desired  information  in  Fort  Sumner  he  was 
to  ride  seven  miles  to  Sunnyside  to  see  a  Mr. 
Rudolph,  carrying  a  note  to  that  gentleman 
from  Mr.  Garrett.  He  reached  Fort  Sumner 
at  i  o'clock  on  the  I4th  of  July,  but  could 
learn  nothing  of  the  whereabouts  of  "the 
Kid. "  In  his  interview  with  Mr.  Rudolph  the 
latter  became  excited  and  nervous  and  denied 
that  "the  Kid"  was  anywhere  in  the  vicinity 
of  Fort  Sumner,  and  said  he  believed  about  it 
as  the  Sheriff  did. 

Mr.  Poe  became  more  and  more  convinced 
that  he  was  on  the  right  track,  and  with  the 
excuse  that  it  was  pleasanter  to  ride  at  night 
when  it  was  cool,  he  left  Mr.  Rudolph  and 
hastened  back  to  Mr.  Garrett,  who  was  to 
meet  him  at  an  avenue  of  cottonwood  trees, 
four  miles  from  the  fort.  Mr.  Poe  related 
what  Rudolph  had  said  and  done,  and  although 
the  Sheriff  had  small  faith  in  Mr.  Poe's  belief 
he  at  length  consented  to  go  to  the  house  of 
a  certain  woman,  where  they  thought  the  des- 
perado might  be  found  if  in  that  neighborhood. 
They  rode  to  within  a  quarter  of  a  mile  of  the 
fort,  hitched  their  horses  and  secreted  them-  - 
selves  in  a  peach  orchard  back  of  the  house,  with- 
in twenty  steps  of  the  back  door.  There  they 
remained  from  nine  until  eleven  o'clock,  but 
saw  or  heard  nothing,  and  Mr.  Garrett  said 
that  he  believed  it  best  to  go  back  home,  with- 
out letting  the  people  know  they  had  been  in 
the  town.  Mr.  Poe  replied  that  they  had  bet- 


ter go  and  see  Pete  Maxwell,  a  stock  owner 
and  dealer  of  Fort  Sumner,  who  was  supposed 
to  be  above  reproach,  and  ask  him  if  "Billy, 
the  Kid, "  was  in  the  neighborhood.  They  fol- 
lowed out  this  plan  and  on  reaching  Maxwell's 
home  the  Sheriff  proposed  to  go  in,  saying, 
' '  I  am  well  acquainted  with  Maxwell  and 
know  where  his  bedroom  is. "  Mr.  Garrett  then 
made  his  way  toward  the  house,  while  Mr. 
Poe  and  Mr.  McKinney  sat  on  the  steps  out- 
side. It  was  a  long  adobe  dwelling,  with  a 
gallery  extending  from  end  to  end  and  a  picket 
fence  flush  with  the  east  end  of  the  house 
which  was  on  the  street.  Mr.  Maxwell's 
room  was  in  the  east  end.  Mr.  Garrett  had 
been  inside  only  a  few  minutes  when  Mr.  Poe 
saw  a  man  coming  along  the  fence,  bare- 
footed, bareheaded  and  in  his  shirt  sleeves. 
The  fence  concealed  them  and  Mr.  Poe  sup- 
posed it  was  Maxwell  or  some  of  his  friends. 
The  man  came  within  four  feet  before  he  saw 
them.  As  soon  as  he  did  so  he  jumped  on  the 
gallery,  pulled  out  his  pistol  and  .cried, 
' '  Quien-es?" — a  Spanish  word  for  ' '  Who  is  it?" 
Mr.  Poe  answered,  "  Don't  be  afraid;  there  is 
no  one  here  to  hurt  you."  He  never  dreamed 
that  he  was  talking  to  the  very  man  for  whom 
they  were  searching,  for  he  had  never  before 
seen  the  desperado.  The  "Kid"  stepped  over 
the  threshold,  then  putting  his  head  outside 
the  door,  again  asked,  "Quien-es?"  Mr.  Poe 
moved  toward  him  a  second  time  and  the 
"Kid"  ran  up  to  Maxwell's  bed.  The  room 
was  dark  and  he  did  not  see  the  Sheriff.  He 
went  up,  leaned  over  the  bed  and  asked  Max- 
well who  it  was  on  the  outside.  Maxwell  felt 
that  something  was  going  to  happen  and 
jumped  out  of  bed.  About  this  time  the 
"Kid"  noticed  the  Sheriff  and  covered  him 
with  his  pistol,  and  began  backing  off,  saying, 
"Quien-es?  Quien-es?"  It  was  probably  so 
dark  that  he  could  not  distinguish  Mr.  Garrett. 
At  all  events  he  did  not  discharge  his  revolver; 
but  the  Sheriff  did,  the  ball  passing  through 
the  heart  of  the  "Kid."  Mr.  Garrett  fired  a 
second  shot,  not  being  able  to  see  the  effect  of 
the  first,  and  after  waiting  a  few  moments 


4§4 


HIS  TORT  OP  NEW  MEXICO. 


rushed  for  the  door.  They  could  not  tell  the 
effect  of  the  shots,  and  fearing  to  enter  the 
room  in  the  darkness  lest  they  might  meet  the 
same  fate  of  so  many  others  at  the  hands  of 
the  ruffian,  they  placed  a  light  on  the  window- 
sill  so  that  it  would  shine  into  the  room,  and 
there  they  saw  that  the  bullet  had  done  its 
work;  and  he  who  had  so  often  taken  life,  had 
now  given  up  his  own. 

The  next  morning  they  sent  for  Rudolph, 
who  was  Justice  of  the  Peace,  and  an  inquest 
was  held.  The  whole  country  rejoiced  at  the 
death  of  this  notorious  outlaw,  who  had  killed 
so  many  others,  and  who  had  for  so  long  ter- 
rorized the  country.  Mr.  Poe  was  given  a 
large  share  of  the  credit,  for  although  the 
Sheriff  fired  the  shot  it  was  largely  through  the 
relentless  energy  and  search  of  Mr.  Poe  and 
the  substantial  aid  and  encouragement  which 
he  gave  the  Sheriff  that  he  was  at  last  taken. 

Through  the  remainder  of  the  year  1881 
Mr.  Poe  continued  his  work  of  prosecuting 
cattle  thieves,  and  a  number  of  them  were 
brought  to  justice  through  his  efforts.  Several 
were  arrested  and  the  trials  set  for  the  fall 
term  of  court.  The  ring-leader  employed 
good  counsel,  secured  a  change  of  venue 
and  was  not  convicted  at  the  time,  but  others 
of  the  party  secured  their  just  punishment. 
This  really  broke  up  the  outlawry  existing  in 
the  country,  and  it  was  largely  due  to  the 
fearlessness  and  undaunted  courage  of  Mr. 
Poe.  Thinking  that  the  cattle  association  was 
not  warranted  in  longer  paying  him  the  large 
salary  which  he  had  been  receiving,  as  cattle 
stealing  was  for  the  time  suppressed,  he  re- 
signed in  the  latter  part  of  1881. 

In  the  spring  of  1882,  in  partnership  with 
a  friend  from  the  Pan-handle,  Mr.  Poe  became 
the  owner  of  the  Salado  Springs  in  the  moun- 
tains in  the  vicinity  of  Fort  Stanton,  and 
secured  quit-claims  on  the  springs  on  Little 
Eagle  creek;  also  acquired  possession  of  a  part 
of  Main  Eagle  creek  and  some  of  the  lands 
along  the  Ruidoso  river.  Thus  they  practically 
had  control  of  the  key  to  a  splendid  cattle 
range.  Mr.  Poe  went  to  Durango,  Mexico, 


purchased  a  herd  of  cattle  and  brought  them  to 
the  range.  They  engaged  quite  extensively 
in  cattle-raising  and  the  new  enterprise  proved 
a  profitable  one. 

While  in  old  Mexico,  Mr.  Poe  was  nomi- 
nated for  Sheriff  of  Lincoln .  county,  and  was 
elected  shortly  after  his  return  home.  The 
nomination  and  election  came  entirely  without 
his  seeking,  and  was  a  tribute  to  his  merit  and 
ability.  Although  the  lawlessness  had  some- 
what abated,  there  were  still  stormy  times  in 
this  section  of  the  country,  many  crimes  being 
perpetrated  by  the  lawless  characters  which 
still  lived  in  the  neighborhood.  There  was  one 
man  particularly  noted,  Nicholas  Aragon,  a 
Mexican,  who  made  a  business  of  stealing 
horses  and  highway  robbery.  Mr.  Poe  deter- 
mined on  his  capture.  While  attempting  to 
secure  him  two  of  his  deputies,  Johnnie  Hurley 
and  Jasper  Corn — both  brave  men — lost  their 
lives  at  his  hand;  but  the  murderer  and  thief 
was  at  length  secured  and  is  now  serving  out  a 
life  term  in  the  Territorial  penitentiary  at 
Santa  Fe. 

After  filling  the  office  for  two  years,  Mr. 
Poe  was  re-elected,  in  1884,  and  continued 
faithfully  to  discharge  his  duties  for  a  year, 
when  on  account  of  his  private  business  inter- 
ests he  was  forced  to  resign. 

Our  subject  then  sold  his  cattle  with  the 
intention  of  engaging  in  the  cattle  business  in 
the  Argentine  Republic.  He  took  passage  at 
New  York  in  February,  1886,  on  a  vessel 
bound  for  Buenos  Ayres,  but  did  not  like  the 
system  of  government  and  laws  of  that  coun- 
try, and  after  a  few  months  returned  to  New 
Mexico.  He  had  traveled  30,000  miles  in 
South  America,  through  Chili,  Paraguay  and 
through  other  countries  of  the  Southern  con- 
tinent, and  in  that  trip  concluded  that  his  na- 
tive land  was  the  home  for  him.  He,  how- 
ever, gained  some  valuable  knowledge  on  the 
subject  of  irrigation,  which  he  put  into  practi- 
cal working  on  his  return.  He  purchased  land 
in  the  vicinity  of  Roswell  known  as  the  Poe 
ranch,  consisting  of  575  acres,  and  began  rais- 
ing cattle,  horses  and  mules.  He  has  made 


HISTORY  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


485 


this  farm  what  it  is  to-day, — the  finest  in  New 
Mexico  and  probably  unequaled  in  the  United 
States.  He  divided  it  into  sixteen  parts, 
planted  cottonwood  trees  around  each  section, 
sowed  it  with  alfalfa,  irrigated  every  foot  of  it 
and  raised  the  finest  stock  in  the  West.  After 
the  first  year  the  new  enterprise  proved  a 
profitable  one,  but  it  required  Mr.  Poe  to  de- 
vote much  time  and  labor  if  the  place  was  car- 
ried on  successfully,  and  he  sold  it  in  1892  to 
J.  J.  Hagerman. 

He  then  removed  to  Roswell,  and  accepted 
the  position  with  the  Pecos  Irrigation  &  Im- 
provement Company  as  superintendent  of 
their  affairs  in  Chaves  county.  He  remained 
with  this  company,  and  in  the  employ  of  Mr. 
Hagerman,  who  had  large  personal  interests  in 
the  county,  until  the  spring  of  1895,  buying  for 
them  nearly  all  the  land  and  water  rights  they 
own  in  the  county.  His  own  interests  at  this 
time  claiming  his  attention,  he  resigned. 

On  the  26th  of  July,  1890,  the  Bank  of 
Roswell  was  opened  for  business  and  Mr.  Poe 
became  one  of  its  extensive  stockholders.  In 
1893  he  was  elected  its  president,  and  the  suc- 
cess of  the  institution  is  largely  due  to  his  ef- 
forts and  well  directed  business  ability,  which 
have  aided  in  making  it  one  of  the  solid  finan- 
cial concerns  of  the  Territory.  In  1886,  in 
connection  with  Messrs.  Lea  &  Cosgrove,  he 
organized  a  mercantile  company  at  Roswell, 
and  was  a  member  of  the  firm  for  six  years. 
His  interests  are  all  in  the  upper  Pecos  valley. 
He  owns  considerable  land,  having  one  section 
at  the  head  of  South  Spring  river  and  other 
tracts  through  the  county. 

On  the  5th  of  May,  1883,  Mr.  Poe  was 
united  in  marriage  with  Miss  Sophie  M.  Al- 
berding,  a  native  of  California.  He  has  just 
completed  a  beautiful  home  in  Roswell,  at  a 
cost  of  $7,000.  It  is  built  of  stone  and  brick, 
heated  with  steam,  supplied  with  hot  and  cold 
water,  furnished  with  all  modern  conveniences, 
and  supplied  with  all  comforts  that  go  to  make 
life  worth  the  living.  Mr.  Poe  is  a  regent  of 
the  military  school,  having  held  the  position 
since  its  establishment,  and  was  formerly  on 


the  cattle  sanitary  board  of  the  Territory.  He 
is  one  of  the  most  prominent  and  valued  mem- 
bers of  the  Masonic  fraternity  in  New  Mexico, 
being  a  Knight  Templar,  and  Senior  Warden 
in  the  Rio  Hondo  Commandery,  No.  6;  Scribe 
of  the  chapter;  and  Past  Master  .of  the  blue 
lodge.  He  is  also  a  Scottish-rite  Mason  of 
the  thirty-second  degree.  His  official  career 
needs  no  laudatory  mention.  The  part  which 
he  took  in  suppressing  the  lawlessness  of  the 
Territory  speaks  for  itself.  He  has  ever  been 
devoted  to  the  public  welfare  and  to  the  ad- 
vancement of  all  that  pertains  to  the  develop- 
ment and  upbuilding  of  county  and  Territory. 
He  has  been  specially  prominent  in  advancing 
the  interests  of  Roswell,  but  in  all  his  work  is 
quiet  and  unostentatious,  seeking  not  praise. 
He  is  charitable  and  benevolent,  but  no  one 
knows  of  his  gifts  save  the  recipient  and  him- 
self. He  shuns  all  publicity  of  this  character, 
being  truly  modest  and  unassuming.  He  is  a 
man  of  strong  convictions,  perfectly  fearless  in 
what  he  believes  to  be  right,  and  his  business 
standing  for  straightforward,  honorable  deal- 
ing is  unsurpassed  by  any  man  in  the  Territory. 
He  has  traveled  largely  over  his  own  country 
and  over  South  America;  and  his  life  has  been 
filled  with  scenes  of  exciting  interest  and  dem- 
onstrates the  old  saying  that  truth  is  stranger 
than  fiction. 


^  j*  A.  CARRUTH,  who  is  well  known  as 
fl  the  leading  printer,  binder  and  blank- 
/»  J  book  manufacturer  of  East  Las  Vegas, 
New  Mexico,  is  a  gentleman  of  Eastern 
birth,  but  is  in  thorough  harmony  with  the  pro- 
gressive and  enterprising  spirit  of  the  West. 
For  fourteen  years  he  has  had  his  residence  in 
this  city,  and  in  all  this  time  he  has  figured 
prominently  as  one  of  its  foremost  business  men. 
To  such  as  he  does  Las  Vegas  owe  its  present 
prosperity,  and  it  is  therefore  appropriate  that 
a  sketch  of  his  life  be  presented  in  connection 
with  those  of  other  prominent  men  here. 

Mr.  Carruth    was    born    in  Cherry  Valley, 
Oswego  county,  New  York,  June  I,  1851.    His 


486 


HIS  TORT  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


ancestors  were  of  English  origin.  James  H. 
Carruth,  his  father,  was  born  in  Phillipston, 
Massachusetts,  in  February,  1807;  graduated  at 
Yale  College  and  Auburn  Theological  College, 
was  ordained  a  minister  of  the  Presbyterian 
Church,  and  has  devoted  the  greater  part 
of  his  life  to  ministerial  and  educational  work. 
He  was  married  in  New  York  to  Miss  Jane  Grant, 
who  passed  away  in  1876.  They  had  five  chil- 
dren, all  still  living.  After  twenty  years  of  ac- 
tive professional  work  in  the  East,  he  removed 
with  his  family  in  1856  to  Osawatomie,  Kansas. 
He  was  also  a  professor  in  some  of  the  prom- 
inent educational  institutions  of  that  State. 
Now  having  passed  into  the  octogenarian  ranks, 
he  is  living  retired. 

J.  A.  Carruth  is  the  eldest  in  his  father's 
family.  He  was  educated  at  Lawrence,  Kan- 
sas, and  there  learned  the  trade  of  printer  in 
the  office  of  Mr.  John  Speer,  after  which  he 
was  employed  in  work  at  his  trade  successively 
at  Lawrence,  Junction  City,  Emporia  and  To- 
peka.  From  the  last  named  city  he  came  in 
August,  1 88 1,  to  East  Las  Vegas,  New  Mexico, 
where  he  has  since  been  engaged  in  his  present 
business.  Here  he  has  a  large  plant,  supplied 
with  everything  needed  in  his  line,  and  carries 
on  an  extensive  business  in  printing,  book-bind- 
ing and  in  the  manufacture  of  blank  books.  He 
also  manufactures  office  stationery,  mining 
blanks,  legal  blanks,  letter  presses,  seals,  rub- 
ber stamps,  etc.  Prompt  and  progressive  and 
thoroughly  reliable,  he  merits  the  large  trade 
and  proud  position  he  holds  among  the  leading 
business  men  of  the  city.  In  1887-8  he  was 
Public  Printer  for  the  Territory  of  New  Mexico. 
At  this  writing  he  is  a  member  of  the  Board  of 
Education  of  East  Las  Vegas,  and  is  treasurer 
of  the  Citizens'  Club,  which  was  organized  for 
the  advancement  of  the  interests  of  the  city. 
He  is  identified  with  the  A.  O.  U.  W.,  and,  in 
politics,  casts  his  ballot  and  influence  with  the 
Republican  party. 

Mr.  Carruth  was  first  married  in  1873,  to 
Miss  Fannie  E.  Kimball,  of  Lawrence,  Kansas, 
and  their  union  was  blessed  by  two  children — 
Charles  A.  and  Elsie  M.  In  1883,  after  ten 


brief  years  of  happy  married  life,  the  devoted 
wife  and  loving  mother  was  called  to  her  last 
home,  and  her  little  family  and  a  large  circle 
of  friends  were  left  to  mourn  their  loss.  In 
1886  Mr.  Carruth  wedded  Miss  Clara  H.  Ger- 
linger,  a  native  of  Burlington,  Iowa.  They 
occupy  one  of  the  pleasant  homes  in  East  Las 
Vegas. 


ENECA  T.  KLINE,  of  East  Las  Ve- 
gas,  New  Mexico,  is  one  of  the  suc- 
cessful  business  men  of  this  place,  has 
been  identified  with  its  growth  since 
1880,  and  has  recently  been  elected  a  member 
of  its  Board  of  Aldermen. 

Mr.  Kline  is  a  native  of  Seneca  county, 
New  York,  and  is  descended  from  sturdy  Ger- 
man ancestry.  His  great-grandfather,  Will- 
iam Kline,  was  born  in  Germany,  emigrated  to 
America,  and  located  in  Pennsylvania  in  the 
early  settlement  of  that  State.  He  acquired  a 
tract  of  land  there,  passed  the  rest  of  his  life 
and  died  on  it,  and  on  it  three  generations  of 
the  family  have  been  born.  His  son  William, 
the  grandfather  of  Seneca  T. ,  emigrated  to 
Seneca  county,  New  York,  and  died  there,  his 
death  occurring  in  1872,  at  the  age  of  sixty- 
four  years.  Besides  this  land,  he  owned  and 
operated  a  sawmill  on  the  Seneca  river.  The 
younger  William  Kline  married  Miss  Phebe 
Slocum,  a  native  of  Connecticut,  who  lived  to 
the  advanced  age  of  eighty-five  years  and 
passed  away  August  18,  1894.  They  were 
members  of  the  Lutheran  Church.  Later  in 
life,  however,  she  became  identified  with  the 
Methodists.  Both  their  lives  were  character- 
ized by  many  estimable  traits  and  their  circle 
of  friends  was  as  large  as  that  of  their  acquaint- 
ance. 

Charles  Kline,  Mr.  Kline's  father,  is  the 
eldest  of  a  family  of  thirteen.  He  was  born 
at  the  old  homestead,  where  he  now  resides. 
June  16,  1858,  he  was  married  to  Miss  Mary 
Helen  Bishop,  whose  birth  occurred  in  Cayuga 
county,  New  York,  in  1840.  They  became 
the  parents  of  six  sons  and  five  daughters,  and 


HIS  TORT  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


487 


at  this  writing  both  parents  and  eight  of  the 
children  are  living,  Seneca  T.  being  the  eldest 
of  the  family. 

Seneca  T.  Kline  received  his  early  training 
in  the  public  schools,  and  when  only  ten  years 
of  age  began  working  in  a  grocery  store  for 
Mr.  A.  M.  Smith,  of  Tyre,  Seneca  county, 
New  York,  with  whom  he  remained  seven 
years,  Mr.  Smith  having*  in  the  meantime  re- 
moved to  Illinois.  Young  Kline  continued 
with  his  employer  for  a  year  after  the  removal 
to  Illinois  and  could  have  remained  longer  but 
preferred  to  return  to  his  home  in  the  East. 
After  spending  a  year  on  the  farm  with  his 
father,  and  not  being  satisfied  to  continue 
farming  there,  he  struck  out  in  life  on  his  own 
account,  directing  his  course  to  the  far  West. 
That  was  in  1880.  Previous  to  his  attaining 
his  majority  Mr.  Kline's  father  collected  the 
son's  earnings,  leaving  him  only  enough  for  his 
clothing,  and  thus  in  1880  when  he  came  West 
and  settled  in  East  Las  Vegas  his  capital  con- 
sisted only  of  his  strong  arm  and  his  determi- 
nation to  succeed.  On  his  arrival  here,  he 
worked  for  the  railroad  company,  inspecing 
lumber  and  ties,  and  was  thus  employed  three 
years.  At  this  time  feeling  the  need  of  a  bet- 
ter education  than  had  been  accorded  him  in 
his  boyhood  days,  he  went  to  St.  Joseph  and 
took  a  course  in  Bryant's  Commercial  College. 
On  his  return  to  New  Mexico,  he  worked  for 
the  Deming  &  Silver  City  Railroad  Company, 
inspecting  ties  and  other  material,  being  occu- 
pied in  this  way  some  six  months,  and  after- 
ward was  for  a  short  time  engaged  in  the  lum- 
•  ber  business  at  El  Paso.  Again  returning  to 
East  Las  Vegas,  he  entered  the  employ  of  Mr. 
Julius  Graaf,  a  grocer,  and  after  eight  years 
with  him  he  became  a  partner  in  the  business, 
continuing  as  such  until  1893.  That  year  he 
sold  out  to  his  partner,  agreeing  not  to  embark 
in  business  in  the  city  for  a  year,  and  he  has 
since  worked  for  his  old  firm. 

During  his  early  residence  here  Mr.  Kline 
made  some  fortunate  investments  in  property, 
has  in  other  ways  been  successful,  and  is  now 
the  owner  of  several  residences  and  consider- 


able unimproved  property  in  the  city.  He  is 
regarded  as  one  of  the  most  enterprising  and 
successful  men  here. 

Politically,  Mr.  Kline  is  in  harmony  with 
the  principles  advocated  by  the  Republican 
party.  In  1891  he  was  elected  a  member  of 
the  City  Council,  when  it  was  under  the  old 
charter,  and  this  present  year,  1885,  he  was 
elected  Alderman  under  the  new  charter.  He 
is  fully  alive  to  the  interests  of  his  town  and  is 
doing  all  in  his  power  to  promote  its  welfare. 
Fraternally,  he  is  a  member  of  the  Ancient 
Order  of  United  Workmen,  and  the  Woodmen 
of  the  World. 

Mr.  Kline  was  married  September  23,  1884, 
to  Miss  Phebe  Woodworth,  a  native  of  Michi- 
gan, and  they  have  two  little  daughters,— 
Mabel  and  Mary  Woodworth,  both  born  in 
East  Las  Vegas.  Mrs.  Kline  is  a  member  of 
the  Presbyterian  Church,  of  which  church  Mr. 
Kline  also  is  an  attendant  and  an  active  sup- 
porter. They  have  a  pleasant  home,  are 
comfortably  situated,  and  are  ranked  with  the 
leading  people  of  the  town. 


IMON  A.  CLEMENTS  has  for  nearly 
thirty  years  maintained  his  residence 
in  the  West  and  is  ranked  with  the 
pioneers  of  New  Mexico.  He  has  for 
many  years  been  a  prominent  lumber  dealer 
and  mill  man  of  East  Las  Vegas,  as  such  is 
deserving  of  specific  recognition  on  the  pages 
of  this  work,  and  the  biographer  takes  pleasure 
in  here  presenting  a  resume  of  his  life. 

Simon  A.  Clements  is  a  native  of  Canada. 
He  was  born  November  9,  1842,  and  is  of 
French  descent.  His  parents,  Frank  and 
Adelida  (Averier)  Clements,  were  both  born  in 
Canada,  the  former  in  1814,  and  is  still  living; 
the  latter  died  in  her  forty-sixth  year.  They 
were  people  of  industry  and  economy  and 
cleared  up  and  developed  a  fine  farm,  the  one 
on  which  he  still  resides;  and  in  religion,  they 
were  devout  members  of  the  Roman  Catholic 
Church.  They  reared  a  family  of  ten  children, 


488 


HIS  TORT  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


Simon  A.  being  their  fourth  born  and  one  of 
the  five  who  survive. 

In  Canada  and  in  the  State  of  Vermont 
Simon  A.  Clements  received  his  schooling. 
When  he  was  seventeen  he  entered  upon  an 
apprenticeship  to  the  machinist's  trade,  and  at 
that  trade  he  worked  for  twelve  years.  In 
1866,  with  two  comrades  and  a  mule  team,  he 
crossed  the  plains  to  New  Mexico,  making  the 
long  and  tiresome  trip  in  safety  and  landing  in 
due  time  at  Santa  Fe.  From  there  they  went 
to  Taos,  where  they  sold  all  their  goods  and 
outfit  except  two  mules,  and  then  directed 
their  course  to  Colorado.  Mr.  Clements  se- ' 
cured  work  as  a  carpenter  at  the  Greenhorn 
ranch,  where  he  remained  nine  months,  and 
while  there  had  the  misfortune  to  cut  his  foot, 
this  accident  resulting  in  a  siege  of  sickness. 
We  next  find  him  employed  at  Fort  Union. 
From  there  he  went  to  Elizabethtown  and 
in  the  mines  at  that  place  sank  all  he  had 
made;  became  discouraged  and  returned  to 
Fort  Union.  He  then  went  to  Sapello  and  put 
in  place  the  machinery  of  the  first  flouring- 
mill  in  the  county.  Later  he  established  a 
tannery.  In  the  tannery,  however,  he  was 
not  successful  as  he  did  not  understand  the 
business.  After  this  he  built  several  mills  and 
finally  purchased  a  sawmill  at  Los  Alamos, 
which  he  operated  for  some  time  very  success- 
fully. In  1886  he  bought  his  planing-mill 
property  at  East  Las  Vegas.  This  mill  is 
equipped  with  a  large  amount  of  valuable  ma- 
chinery, all  of  the  latest  and  most  improved, 
and  he  is  doing  an  extensive  and  successful 
business,  manufacturing  doors,  blinds,  sash, 
etc. ,  and  dressing  lumber  and  making  mould- 
ings. From  time  to  time  during  his  business 
career  in  this  city  Mr.  Clements  has  made  in- 
vestments in  real  estate  and  has  acquired  con- 
siderable property.  He  built  a  handsome 
brick  block,  with  three  stories  and  basement, 
on  one  of  the  best  locations  in  the  city;  and  in 
various  ways  has  he  contributed  to  the  ma- 
terial growth  of  East  Las  Vegas. 

Mr.  Clements  was  married  in  1873  to  Miss 
Necanora  Martinez,  a  native  of  New  Mexico 


and  a  descendant  of  one  of  the  old  and  prom- 
inent families  of  the  Territory.  They  had  four 
children,  two  of  whom  are  yet  living — Simon 
A.,  Jr.,  and  Ida,  wife  of  Frank  Goodard.  On 
the  third  of  April,  1886,  Mrs.  Clements  was 
called  to  her  last  home,  leaving  her  husband 
and  little  children  to  mourn  their  loss,  the  loss 
of  a  most  devoted  wife  and  loving  mother. 
After  some  years  Mr.  Clements  was,  in  1891, 
united  in  marriage  to  Miss  Lucy  Vaur,  a  na- 
tive of  New  Mexico,  by  whom  he  has  two 
children,  Emil  and  Lorella. 

While  Mr.  Clements  has  always  cast  his 
ballot  and  influence  with  the  Democratic  party 
and  is  a  man  who  is  well  posted  on  political 
and  all  public  affairs,  he  has  never  been  an  of- 
fice-seeker nor  is  he  in  any  sense  a  politician. 
Like  many  of  the  Eastern  and  Northern  peo- 
ple who  have  become  identified  with  New  Mex- 
ico, Mr.  Clements  has  acquired  the  Spanish 
language. 


C/^\  EDRO  LESPERANCE,  of  Las  Vegas, 
E     m    New  Mexico,  is  a  pioneer  of  the  Ter- 
ritory, and  owner  of  a  sawmill  at  the 
town   that    bears    his    name,    sixteen 
miles  west  of  Las  Vegas.      During  the   nearly 
forty  years  of  his  residence  in  New  Mexico  he 
has  gained  a  wide   acquaintance  here,   and  by 
many  will  a  sketch   of  his  life  be  read  with 
interest. 

Pedro  Lesperance  was  born  in  Sorel,  in  the 
province  of  Quebec,  Canada,  June  29,  1839, 
son  of  Joseph  and  Mary  (Ocaim)  Lesperance, 
natives  of  Canada,  and  descendants  of  French 
ancestors  who  were  among  the  early  settlers  of 
the  Dominion.  His  parents  were  honest  and 
industrious  farmers,  and  were  respected  by  all 
who  knew  them.  Each  died  at  about  the 
age  of  seventy-five  years.  They  had  two  chil- 
dren, Pedro  being  the  younger.  Pedro  spent 
his  youth  on  his  father's  farm  and  was  edu- 
cated in  his  native  town,  and  in  1857,  when 
eighteen  years  of  age,  came  to  New  Mexico  to 
live  with  his  uncle  Pedro.  This  uncle  had 
been  a  resident  of  the  Territory  since  1822 


HIS  TORT  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


489 


and  owned  a  ranch  and  sawmill  here,  and  hav- 
ing no  children  of  his  own  wrote  for  his  nephew 
and  namesake  to  come  and  make  his  home 
with  him  and  be  his  heir.  This  generous  invi- 
tation our  subject  accepted,  and  for  years  they 
were  associated  together  in  business,  young 
Lesperance  caring  for  his  uncle  in  sickness  and 
old  age  and  inheriting  the  property  at  his  death, 
which  occurred  in  1879,  at  the  age  of  eighty- 
eight  years.  And  here  he  has  since  resided, 
engaged  in  ranching  and  sawmilling.  The  mill 
above  referred  to  was  built  soon  after  he  came 
to  the  Territory,  and  has  been  in  operation 
ever  since.  It  is  run  by  water  power  and  has 
a  capacity  of  8,000  feet  of  lumber  per  day. 
Besides  the  sawmill  and  ranch  Mr.  Lesperance 
owns  the  property  in  Las  Vegas,  where  he  and 
his  family  reside. 

He  was  married  in  1863  to  Miss  Sebastiana 
Benavides,  a  native  of  New  Mexico  and  of 
Spanish  descent.  They  have  seven  children, 
namely:  Pablo;  Albino;  Margaritta,  now  Mrs. 
L.  Trugillo;  Elizabeth,  wife  of  Fliciano  Apo- 
daca;  Joseph  Marie,  Peter  and  Jennie.  Mr. 
Lesperance  and  his  family  are  members  of  the 
Catholic  Church. 

His  political  affiliations  have  always  been 
with  the  Democratic  party  and  he  has  ever 
taken  an  active  and  commendable  interest  in 
public  affairs,  especially  local  matters.  He  has 
served  efficiently  as  School  Director  in  his  dis- 
trict. He  speaks  fluently  the  English,  French 
and  Spanish  languages,  also  understands  Latin, 
and  is  withal  a  man  above  the  ordinary  in  in- 
telligence and  ability.  He  has  made  a  deal  of 
money  during  his  active  and  useful  life  and  has 
spent  it  quite  as  freely  as  he  has  made  it,  thus 
enjoying  with  his  family  the  comforts  of  life 
and  contributing  liberally  to  all  worthy  causes 
of  a  public  nature. 


>-j*OHN  KNOX    MARTIN,    a   prosperous 
m      and    reliable   contractor  and  builder  of 
/•  J      East  Las  Vegas,  New  Mexico,  who  has 
recently  been  elected  one  of  the  Alder- 
men of  the  city,  hails  from  the  Buckeye  State, 


a  State  in  which  were  born  many  of  the  most 
enterprising  men  of  the  Western  towns  and 
cities.  His  birth  occurred  in  Scioto  county, 
Ohio,  August  16,  1858.  Mr.  Martin  is  of 
Scotch  extraction.  His  father,  John  Grant 
Martin,  was  born  in  Scotland  in  the  year  1824, 
and  in  1835,  at  the  aSe  °f  eleven  years,  crossed 
the  Atlantic  with  his  parents,  their  settlement 
being  at  Lebanon,  a  suburb  of  the  city  of  Pitts- 
burg,  where  the  father  was  engaged  in  farm- 
ing, and  also  to  some  extent  carried  on  con- 
tracting and  building.  In  their  religious  faith 
the  parents  were  United  Presbyterians.  John 
Grant  Martin  when  a  young  man  moved  to 
Ohio,  where  he  was  subsequently  married  to 
Miss  Isabella  F.  Mclntosh,  a  native  of  Wells- 
ville,  that  State.  As  the  years  passed  by  five 
sons  and  three  daughters  were  given  to  them, 
and  of  this  number  there  now  survive  three 
sons  and  one  daughter.  The  mother  departed 
this  life  in  the  fifty-eighth  year  of  her  age;  the 
father  is  still  living. 

John  Knox  Martin,  the  fifth  born  in  the 
above  family,  was  educated  in  the  public 
schools  of  his  native  State.  He  learned  the 
trade  of  carpenter  of  his  father,  who  was  en- 
gaged in  contracting  and  building,  and  later, 
young  Martin  for  a  time  gave  his  attention  to 
farming.  In  1871  he  went  to  Kansas,  where 
he  maintained  his  home  from  that  time  until 
1880,  when  he  went  to  Colorado.  At 
Silverton  in  San  Juan  county,  Colorado,  he 
engaged  in  mining  for  some  time.  May  28, 
1882,  he  landed  at  East  Las  Vegas,  and  from 
that  date  up  to  the  present  time  he  has  been 
successfully  carrying  on  contracting  and  build- 
ing here.  In  1883  he  formed  a  partnership 
with  B.  Borden  and  Walace  Hesselden,  with 
whom  he  was  associated  two  years,  and  during 
these  two  years  in  addition  to  other  work  they 
built  two  large  court-houses,  one  at  Las  Ve- 
gas, and  the  other  at  Tascosa,  Texas.  The 
next  two  years  Mr.  Martin  carried  on  opera- 
tions alone  and  at  the  end  of  that  time  formed 
a  partnership  with  John  M.  D.  Howard,  the 
firm  style  being  Martin  &  Howard.  They 
have  gained  and  maintain  a  reputation  for  the 


490 


HISTORY  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


excellency  of  their  work  and  are  doing  an  ex- 
tensive and  profitable  business. 

Mr.  Martin  is  an  active  member  of  the  An- 
cient Order  of  United  Workmen.  He  has 
twice  represented  the  order  in  the  Grand 
Lodge  of  the  Territory,  and  at  this  writing  is 
Receiver  of  his  Lodge.  He  has  taken  a  some- 
what active  part  in  political  matters,  especially 
those  affecting  his  own  city,  and  is  recognized 
as  a  leader  in  municipal  affairs.  In  1895  he 
aided  in  the  organization  of  an  independent 
party  in  the  city.  By  it  he  was  nominated  to 
represent  the  First  ward  in  the  City  Council, 
was  duly  elected  and  is  now  serving  as  Alder- 
man. 

He  was  married  in  1888,  on  the  sixth  of 
April,  to  Miss  Maggie  W.  Fulton,  a  native  of 
Missouri,  but  reared  in  Kingsley,  Kansas, 
daughter  of  Major  George  W.  Fulton.  They 
have  three  children,  all  born  in  East  Las  Ve- 
gas,— Lula  May,  Lois  Ann  and  Maude. 


ENJAMIN  F.  FORSYTHE,  a  suc- 
cessful business  man  of  East  Las 
Vegas,  New  Mexico,  and  one  of  her 
newly  elected  Aldermen,  dates  his 
birth  in  the  commonwealth  of  Ohio,  and  traces 
his  ancestry  back  through  the  early  settlers  of 
Pennsylvania  to  Scotland,  the  same  source 
from  which  has  sprung  many  of  the  prosperous 
and  illustrious  men  of  America. 

Mr.  Forsythe's  grandfather,  Major  Jesse 
Forsythe,  gained  his  title  as  an  officer  in  the 
war  of  1812.  After  that  war  he  settled  in 
Harrison  county,  Ohio,  where  he  reared  a  large 
and  ultimately  prosperous  family,  his  sons 
growing  up  to  occupy  prominent  and  useful 
positions  in  the  Buckeye  State.  One  of  these 
sons,  the  Hon.  Jesse  Forsythe,  is  well  known 
as  an  Ohio  politician  and  legislator.  Joseph 
Forsythe,  the  father  of  our  subject,  was  born 
in  Harrison  county,  Ohio,  in  the  year  1815. 
He  married  Elizabeth  Cullison,  the  daughter 
of  a  prominent  Ohio  pioneer  Methodist  minis- 
ter who  for  many  years  exerted  a  wonderful 
influence  for  good  on  the  Western  Reserve. 


They  had  four  children,  two  sons  and  two 
daughters,  three  of  whom  are  living.  Joseph 
Forsythe  was  a  member  of  one  of  the  large 
distillery  firms  of  Ohio,  was  one  of  the  organ- 
izers of  the  Republican  party  in  that  State,  was 
a  great  anti-slavery  man,  and  occupied  a  posi- 
tion of  prominence  there.  He  died  in  1858, 
the  year  after  his  wife's  decease. 

Now  Benjamin  F.  Forsythe  was  the  second 
son  in  the  above  named  lamily,  and  was  born 
June  14,  1850.  While  his  literary  education 
was  limited  to  the  training  of  the  public 
schools,  he  early  in  life  showed  a  talent  for 
penmanship,  and  cultivated  it  as  far  as  pos- 
sible. After  he  grew  up  he  was  for  some 
years  engaged  as  a  teacher  of  bookkeeping  and 
penmanship,  and  in  this  way  was  connected 
with  several  of  the  leading  educational  institu- 
tions of-California.  While  in  Ohio,  he  learned 
the  trade  of  carriage  manufacturer.  In  1871 
he  left  his  native  place,  directed  his  course 
westward,  and  in  due  time  arrived  at  Cali- 
fornia, where  he  remained  till  the  spring  of 
1 88 1,  and  then  came  to  East  Las  Vegas,  where 
he  has  since  maintained  his  home.  For  a  year 
and  a  half  he  was  engaged  in  the  manufacture 
of  wagons  and  carriages  here,  and  the  next 
two  years  he  was  in  the  liquor  business.  After 
this  he  received  the  appointment  of  Chief 
Deputy  Assessor  for  four  years  of  the  county 
of  San  Miguel,  served  as  such  most  efficiently, 
and  during  that  term  the  assessment  of  the 
county  was  raised  from  three  and  a  half  million 
to  nine  million  dollars.  Next  he  formed  a 
partnership  with  a  Mr.  Clark,  under  the  firm 
name  of  Clark  &  Forsythe,  and  opened  up  a 
restaurant  and  saloon,  doing  a  large  wholesale 
and  retail  liquor  busines;  location  on  the  corner 
of  Railroad  avenue  and  Center  street. 

Mr.  Forsythe  has  ever  been  a  stanch 
member  of  the  party  his  father  helped  to 
organize,  and  especially  since  coming  to 
New  Mexico  has  he  taken  an  active  part 
in  political  matters.  He  was  at  one  time 
the  candidate  of  the  Republicans  of  his 
district  for  Representative  to  the  Territorial 
Legislature,  but,  his  ticket  being  in  the 


HISTORT  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


491 


minority  that  year,  he  was  defeated.  In  1895 
he  was  elected  to  represent  his  ward  in  the 
City  Council,  and  as  he  is  an  active,  progress- 
ive and  successful  business  man,  he  will,  no 
doubt,  make  a  good  worker  on  the  board.  He 
is  temporary  chairman,  and  chairman  of  the 
finance  committee.  He  has  for  years  been 
identified  with  the  Masonic  order.  He  is  Past 
Commander  of  Las  Vegas  Commandery,  No. 
2;  an  officer  in  Las  Vegas  Chapter,  No.  3;  and 
Chief  Conductor  of  the  work  of  Royal  and 
Select  Masters  of  Las  Vegas  Council,  No.  3. 
At  the  great  conclave  of  the  United  States  held 
at  Denver,  he  had  the  honor  conferred  upon 
him  by  leading  the  entire  New  Mexico  battalion 
in  the  great  march.  Mr.  Forsythe's  artistic 
penmanship  has  already  been  referred  to.  At 
the  Trans-Mississippi  Congress  he  had  the 
honor  of  being  made  the  first  assistant  secre- 
tary of  the  Congress,  and  served  during  the 
whole  session,  and  its  records  were  kept  in 
fine  shape. 

Since  coming  to  East  Las  Vegas,  Mr.  For- 
sythe  has  invested  largely  in  real  estate,  has 
acquired  considerable  property  here,  and  has 
gained  a  high  position  among  the  influential 
business  men  of  the  city. . 


^r-r*  B.  HERRON.— That  type  of  people 
a  known  as  Scotch-Irish  has  many  repre- 
/•  1  sentatives  in  this  country,  and, wherever 
found  they  are  noted  for  their  thrift  and 
industry  and  are  ranked  with  the  sturdy  and 
substantial  element  of  their  communities.  In 
the  subject  of  this  sketch  we  have  a  descendant 
and  a  worthy  example  of  this  type, — Mr.  J.  B. 
Herron,  one  of  the  early  settlers  and  promi- 
nent citizens  of  Clayton,  New  Mexico,  a  resume 
of  whose  life  is  herewith  presented: 

J.  B.  Herron  was  born  in  Knox  county, 
Ohio,  November  19,  1837,  and,  as  above 
stated,  is  of  Scotch-Irish  descent.  His  father 
was  a  native  of  Scotland,  born  in  1804,  and 
when  a  young  man  emigrated  to  America  and 
located  in  Allegheny  City,  Pennsylvania,  where 
he  was  subsequently  married  to  a  Miss  Donald- 


son, of  that  place.  From  Pennsylvania  they  re- 
moved west  to  Ohio  and  settled  on  what  was 
then  the  frontier.  There  Mrs.  Herron  died,  in 
1834.  She  was  the  mother  of  two  sons  and 
two  daughters,  only  two  of  whom  .  are  now 
living.  In  1835  Mr.  Herron  married  for  his 
second  wife  Miss  Margaret  Sapp,  a  native  of 
Knox  county,  Ohio,  and  by  this  marriage  there 
were  seven  children,  all  of  whom  survive  ex- 
cept one.  She  was  born  in  1813  and  is  still 
living.  He  died  at  the  advanced  age  of  eighty- 
four  years. 

J.  B.  Herron  was  the  first-born  of  the  sec- 
ond family,  and  when  he  was  two  years  old  his 
parents  removed  to  Illinois,  where  he  was 
reared  and  received  his  early  education.  The 
greater  part  of  his  education,  however,  has 
been  obtained  in  the  dear  school  of  experience. 
He  worked  on  the  farm  until  he  was  twenty- 
one  years  of  age,  when  he  turned  his  attention 
to  railroading  and  was  thus  occupied  until  the 
great  Civil  war  burst  upon  the  country  and  a 
call  was  made  for  volunteers  to  put  down  the 
rebellion.  In  answer  to  this  call  young  Her- 
ron responded  by  enlisting,  in  August,  1861,  as 
a  member  of  Company  E,  Ninety-seventh  Illi- 
nois Infantry.  His  service  was  in  the  West- 
ern Department,  under  Generals  Sherman  and 
Grant,  and  his  first  battle  was  that  of  Vicks- 
burg.  He  participated  in  all  the  engagements 
which  led  up  to  the  Atlanta  campaign  and 
after  the  fall  of  Atlanta  made  the  famous 
"March  to  the  Sea"  with  Sherman,  thence 
via  Richmond  to  Washington,  where  he  took 
part  in  Grand  Review,  after  which  he  received 
an  honorable  discharge. 

The  war  over,  Mr.  Herron  returned  to  his 
home  and  settled  down  to  the  peaceful  voca- 
tion of  farming.  After  his  marriage,  which 
event  occurred  in  1866,  he  farmed  in  Adams 
county,  Illinois,  four  years,  and  from  there  re- 
moved to  Iowa,  purchasing  land  in  that  State 
and  farming  it  five  years.  His  next  move  was 
to  Kansas.  There  he  secured  title  to  a  tract 
of  Government  land,  which  he  improved  and 
which  he  cultivated  for  three  years,  developing 
it  into  a  good  property.  This  land  he  still 


492 


HISTORT  OF  NE  W  MEXICO. 


owns.  From  Kansas  he  came  to  Clayton, 
New  Mexico,  the  date  of  his  arrival  here  being 
March  17,  1888.  And  here  he  at  once  took 
claim  to  a  tract  of  320  acres  in  extent,  to  the 
improvement  of  which  he  at  once  devoted  his 
energies  and  soon  had  a  residence  built  and  a 
well  dug,  the  well  being  the  first  in  this  part 
of  the  county.  Water  was  found  at  a  depth  of 
thirty-two  feet.  This  farm  is  utilized  chiefly 
as  a  stock  ranch,  in  which  line  of  business  Mr. 
Herron  is  meeting  with  satisfactory  success. 
In  1893  he  erected  a  comfortable  home  in 
Clayton  and  since  that  date  has  made  Clayton 
his  headquarters,  much  of  his  time,  however, 
being  spent  on  the  ranch.  Since  coming  to 
New  Mexico  he  has  spent  about  four  years  in 
railroading.  In  various  ways  he  has  been  iden- 
tified with  the  growth  and  development  of 
Clayton.  He  aided  in  building  the  water 
works  of  the  town  and  had  full  management  of 
them  for  six  months  after  they  were  completed, 
thus  helping  to  push  forward  an  enterprise 
that  is  of  great  value  to  the  citizens. 

Mr.  Herron's  marriage  has  already  been 
referred  to.  Mrs.  Herron  was  by  maiden 
name  Miss  Martha  J.  Thompson,  and  Tennes- 
see is  her  native  State.  They  have  three  sons, 
namely,  William  Henry,  Charles  Edward  and 
Lawrence  Emory.  Of  Mr.  Herron's  politics, 
we  would  state  that  he  is  a  thorough  Republi- 
can. 


>HOMAS  E.  MITCHELL.— This  gen- 
tleman, whose  abiding  place  is  in 
Clayton,  figures  as  one  of  the  promi- 
nent business  men  of  Union  county, 
New  Mexico,  where  he  has  the  management  of 
the  extensive  interests  belonging  to  the  Du- 
buque  (Iowa)  Cattle  Company.  As  he  is  one 
of  the  representative  citizens  of  his  county  we 
here  take  pleasure  in  referring  biographically 
to  him. 

Thomas  E.  Mitchell  was  born  at  Fair  Play, 
Colorado,  September  8,  1863,  and  traces  his 
ancestry  back  to  the  early  settlers  of  the  "Old 
Dominion,"  the  Mitchells  having  occupied  a 


place  among  the  prominent  old  families  of  Vir- 
ginia. Edward  F.  Mitchell,  the  father  of 
Thomas  E.,  was  born  in  the  State  of  Illinois; 
and  his  mother,  nee  Augusta  Hatch,  in  New 
York.  The  latter  was  reared  in  New  Mexico, 
her  father,  Alexander  Hatch,  being  one  of  the 
pioneers  of  this  Territory.  It  was  in  1845  that 
Mr.  Hatch  first  came  to  New  Mexico.  Subse- 
quently he  spent  some  time  in  California,  and 
on  his  return  to  New  Mexico  he  settled  on  a 
ranch  thirty  miles  below  Las  Vegas,  where  he 
resided  for  many  years.  Later  in  life  he  re- 
moved to  Trinidad,  Colorado,  and  died  there, 
at  the  advanced  age  of  eighty-two.  He  was 
prominent  as  a  gold  prospector  in  New  Mex- 
ico and  Colorado.  Mount  Lincoln  in  Colorado 
was  named  by  him.  It  was  at  Las  Vegas  that 
the  parents  of  our  subject  were  married.  They 
are  among  the  most  worthy  people  of  their 
community  and  enjoy  the  respect  and  esteem 
of  all  who  know  them.  In  their  family  were 
eleven  children,  of  whom  six  are  now  living. 

Their  son,  Thomas  E.,was  educated  in  Trini- 
dad, under  the  tutorship  of  Professor  H.  E. 
Gordon,  in  the  Tillison  Academy,  of  which  in- 
stitution he  is  a  graduate  with  the  class  of 
1885;  and  he  also  took  a  course  in  the  Bryant 
&  Stratton  Business  College  of  Boston.  He 
had  spent  the  whole  of  his  early  life  in  the  stock 
business,  in  that  way  earning  the  money  with 
which  he  educated  himself,  and  after  his  return 
from  Boston  he  was  appointed  manager  of  the 
Dubuque  (Iowa)  Cattle  Company.  The  capi- 
tal stock  of  this  company  is  $500,000.  Here 
in  Union  county  they  own  no  less  than  7,000 
acres  of  land  located  along  the  creeks,  and 
they  also  own  the  water  rights.  The  cattle 
upon  these  lands  number  about  20,000  head, 
many  of  them  a  good  grade  of  Herefords, 
as  the  company  are  taking  an  interest  and 
pride  in  breeding  up  their  stock  to  a  high  stand- 
ard. Their  cattle  are  usually  marketed  when 
three  years  old,  and  at  that  time  weigh  an  aver- 
age of  1,000  pounds  each!  Mr.  Mitchell's 
early  training  in  the  stock  business  has  rendered 
him  especially  fitted  for  his  present  position, 
and  his  management  of  the  large  interests  be- 


HISTORT  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


493 


longing  to  the  company  here  has  been  emi- 
nently satisfactory  to  its  members  and  most 
creditable  to  him. 

July  9,  1893,  Mr.  Mitchell  was  united  in 
marriage  to  Miss  Linda  Knell,  a  native  of  Ken- 
tucky and  of  German  ancestry,  and  they  have 
a  son,  Albert  Knell. 

Mr.  Mitchell  is  an  active  and  influential 
member  of  the  Democratic  party,  takes  a  prom- 
inent part  in  the  affairs  of  the  county,  and  is 
considered  one  of  her  most  reliable  and  best 
citizens. 


aARL  EKLUND,  one  of  the  most  suc- 
cessful business  men  of  Clayton,  New 
Mexico,  is  a  native    of    Sweden.      He 
was  born  on  the  4th  of  March,   1867, 
and  in  his  native  land  acquired  his  early  edu- 
cation.     He  was  eighteen   years    of  age  when 
he  determined   to  try  his  fortune  in  America, 
for  he  had  heard  favorable  reports  of  the  ad- 
vantages and  privileges  here  afforded  and  wish- 
ed therefore  to  take  advantage  of  them. 

As  his  people  were  in  limited  circumstances 
and  he  had  no  capital  of  his  own,  he  borrowed 
the  money  to  pay  his  passage  across  the  At- 
lantic. Making  his  way  to  Colorado,  he 
secured  a  position  as  a  farm  hand,  and  during 
the  first  year  paid  back  the  money  which  he 
had  expended  for  his  ticket  and  had  remaining 
$50.  He  then  went  to  Leadville,  Colorado, 
afterward  took  up  his  residence  in  Trinidad, 
New  Mexico,  in  1888  arrived  in  Clayton,  and 
with  the  commercial  interests  of  his  town  he 
has  since  been  prominently  identified.  Mr. 
Eklund  formed  a  partnership  with  Mack  Keller- 
man,  and  they  did  a  successful  and  satisfactory 
business  for  five  years,  under  the  firm  name  of 
Kellerman  &  Eklund,  and  on  the  expiration  of 
that  period  our  subject  bought  out  his  partner. 
In  1894  he  formed  a  partnership  with  Mr. 
Chadbourne,  and  they  purchased  a  stone  build- 
ing, 25x75  feet,  and  fitting  it  up  for  their 
business  put  in  an  excellent  stock  of  goods  and 
for  six  months  carried  on  business  together. 
Mr.  Eklund  then  again  bought  out  his  partner's 


interest,  and  has  since  been  alone.  In  the  rear 
of  his  store  he  also  has  billiard  rooms  and  a 
first-class  tonsorial  parlor. 

Mr.  Eklund  has  extended  his  business  in- 
terests to  other  lines  of  enterprise,  and  his  good 
executive  ability  and  capable  management  have 
brought  to  him  prosperity.  In  partnership 
with  Mr.  Curren,  he  purchased  160  acres  of 
land  adjoining  the  town  of  Clayton,  and 
platted  the  Curren  &  Eklund  East  Land  Ad- 
dition. They  also  went  to  Santa  Fe  and  aided 
in  securing  the  passage  of  a  bill  creating 
Union  county,  after  which  they  sold  their  ad- 
dition to  the  Town  Company  and  became 
stockholders  in  that  organization.  They  own 
about  1,000  acres  of  beautiful  land,  and  the 
company  has  1,200  shares,  at  $25  each. 

Mr.  Eklund  has  built  one  of  the  most  taste- 
ful and  commodious  residences  in  the  city,  in 
which  he  is  now  living  with  his  family.  He 
was  married  in  Denver,  in  the  fall  of  1891,  to 
Miss  Gerda  C.  Magnie,  and  they  have  a  daugh- 
ter,— Inis  Christina.  Their  home  is  noted  for 
its  hospitality,  and  in  social  circles  Mr.  and 
Mrs.  Eklund  hold  an  enviable  position.  Our 
subject  takes  quite  an  active  interest  in  polit- 
ical affairs  and  is  a  stalwart  supporter  of  the 
Republican  party.  Progressive  and  enterpris- 
ing he  has  during  the  ten  years  of  his  residence 
in  America  won  a  success  of  which  he  may  be 
justly  proud.  A  poor  man  with  no  capital  he 
arrived  in  Colorado,  and  working  his  way 
steadily  upward  he  has  overcome  the  difficul- 
ties and  obstacles  in  his  pathway  to  compe- 
tency. 


A.  DYSON,  whose  connec- 
tion  with  the  business  interests  of 
Clayton  has  not  only  enhanced  his 
individual  prosperity,  but  has  also 
promoted  the  general  welfare  of  the  city,  was 
born  in  Callaway  county,  Missouri,  on  the  8th 
of  February,  1849,  and  is  of  Irish  lineage,  the 
family  having  been  founded  in  Maryland  at  an 
early  day  in  the  history  of  this  country.  The 
grandfather,  William  Dyson,  was  born  in 


494 


HIS  TORT  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


Montgomery  county,  that  State,  and  his  son 
William  was  also  born  there,  in  the  year  1811. 
He  married  Mrs.  Lucinda  Wren,  nee  Davis,  a 
native  of  Virginia,  and  they  became  the  par- 
ents of  nine  children.  Some  time  after  their 
marriage  they  removed  to  Missouri,  where  the 
father  engaged  in  agricultural  pursuits.  Both 
were  consistent  and  faithful  members  of  the 
Methodist  Church,  and  all  who  knew  them  re- 
spected them  for  their  sterling  worth  and  strict 
integrity.  The  death  of  Mr.  Dyson  occurred 
in  1856,  at  the  age  of  forty-five  years,  and  his 
wife  is  still  living,  at  the  age  of  eighty-one. 

The  gentleman  whose  name  introduces  this 
review  was  only  seven  years  of  age  at  the  time 
of  his  father's  death.  He  was  reared  in  the 
county  of  his  nativity  by  his  uncle,  E.  V. 
Dyson,  and  attended  the  public  schools  at 
Westminster  College,  after  which  he  was  or- 
dained as  a  Deacon  in  the  Methodist  Church 
by  Bishop  Marvin,  of  Missouri.  He  then 
joined  the  St.  Louis  Methodist  Conference, 
and  for  ten  years  engaged  in  preaching  the 
gospel  throughout  southeastern  Missouri.  On 
account  of  the  health  of  his  wife  he  then  came 
to  New  Mexico,  where  he  arrived  in  July, 
1884.  He  had  married  on  the  8th  of  Febru- 
ary, 1878,  Miss  Henrietta  Singleton,  a  native 
of  Montgomery  county,  Missouri,  and  to  them 
were  born  four  children, — three  sons  and  a 
daughter,  namely:  Elijah  V.,  Gallic  J.,  John 
W.  and  James.  Mrs.  Dyson's  health  has  been 
much  improved  since  their  residence  in  New 
Mexico,  and  in  her  new  home  she  has  made 
many  friends.  Mr.  Dyson  first  located  in  Las 
Vegas,  but  after  a  short  time  became  inter- 
ested in  ranching  at  Watrous,  where  he  re- 
mained for  five  years.  He  also  had  charge  of 
the  Watrous  circuit  and  aided  in  building  a 
church  edifice  there. 

The  year  of  his  arrival  in  Clayton  was 
1890.  Here  he  obtained  500  acres  of  land 
near  the  town  and  engaged  in  farming  and 
dairying.  He  also  purchased  property  in 
Clayton  and  began  business  as  a  lumberman 
and  hardware  dealer.  He  erected  what  was 
called  the  Ranch  Hotel,  and  after  it  was  de- 


stroyed by  fire  he  rebuilt  and  renamed  the 
place  the  Phoenix  Hotel.  He  has  also  erected 
other  buildings  in  Clayton,  thus  aiding  materi- 
ally in  the  .improvement  of  the  place,  which 
owes  its  prosperity  to  the  class  of  progressive 
citizens  to  which  he  belongs.  Upon  his  ranch 
he  has  a  large  number  of  cattle  and  horses, 
and  the  creek  which  flows  through  his  property 
he  intends  to  utilize  for  irrigation  purposes  and 
make  his  land  one  of  the  most  fertile  and  val- 
uable tracts  in  this  section  of  the  Territory. 

Mr.  Dyson  is  a  stalwart  advocate  of  the 
Democracy,  but  has  never  sought  or  desired 
political  preferment.  He  organized  in  Clay  ton 
the  Methodist  Church,  South,  which  now  has 
about  twenty  members,  and  still  preaches  oc- 
casionally. His  honorable  and  upright  life, 
across  which  there  falls  no  shadow  of  wrong, 
is  well  worthy  of  emulation,  and  he  is  indeed 
worthy  of  representation  in  this  volume. 


OBERT  P.  ERVIEN,  stockholder  and 
manager  of  the  Clayton  Commercial 
Company,  and  one  of  the  leading  and 
influential  business  men  of  Union 
county,  New  Mexico,  was  born  at  Philadelphia, 
Pennsylvania,  on  the  8th  of  December,  1866, 
and  is  of  Scotch-Irish  and  German  lineage. 
Early  in  the  history  of  this  country  his  ances- 
tors braved  the  dangers  of  an  ocean  voyage  to 
secure  a  home  in  the  New  World,  and  when 
the  Colonies  endeavored  to  throw  off  the  yoke 
of  British  tyranny  they  aided  in  the  struggle 
for  independence.  The  father  of  our  subject, 
John  A.  Ervien,  was  born  in  Philadelphia,  in 
1822,  and  in  the  city  of  his  nativity  has  for 
thirty-five  years  been  successfully  engaged  in 
the  manufacture  of  pitchforks,  having  one  of 
the  most  extensive  enterprises  of  that  kind  in 
the  country.  He  was  united  in  marriage  with 
Miss  Margaret  Myers,  who  was  born  in  the 
Keystone  State,  and  is  of  German  descent. 
Their  union  was  blessed  with  a  family  of  eight 
children,  of  whom  five  are  still  living.  Robert 
P.  Ervien  received  liberal  educational  advan- 


HISTORY  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


495 


tages,  pursuing  a  collegiate  course  in  Swarth- 
more  College,  at  which  he  was  graduated  with 
the  degree  of  Bachelor  of  Science  in  the  class 
of  1888.  He  then  secured  a  position  as  civil 
engineer  with  the  Philadelphia  &  Reading  Rail- 
road, serving  in  that  capacity  for  about  a  year. 
On  the  expiration  of  that  period  he  came  to 
Clayton,  New  Mexico,  as  a  member  of  the 
Clayton  Commercial  Company,  and  for  two 
years  served  as  its  secretary.  He  has  since 
satisfactorily  and  efficiently  served  as  its  man- 
ager, and  the  success  which  has  come  to  the 
undertaking  is  largely  due  to  his  untiring  efforts 
and  perseverance.  The  company  carries  on  a 
general  merchandise  business,  occupying  a 
store  37 x  125  feet,  which  is  completely  filled 
with  all  kinds  of  general  merchandise  of  every 
description.  Their  trade  comes  from  a  terri- 
tory extending  100  miles  from  Clayton.  They 
also  have  a  store  20  x  100  feet  in  addition  to 
the  one  mentioned,  and  are  having  a  profitable 
and  constantly  increasing  trade,  conducted  on 
liberal  and  honorable  business  principles. 

In  1890  Mr.  Ervien  was  united  in  marriage 
with  Miss  M.  Earnest,  a  native  of  Philadel- 
phia, and  they  have  two  sons, — John  R.  and 
Howell  G. ,  both  born  in  Clayton.  Their  home 
is  a  pleasant  residence  noted  for  its  hospitality, 
and  both  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Ervien  have  many  warm 
friends  who  hold  them  in  the  highest  regard. 

In  his  political  views  our  subject  is  a  Re- 
publican. He  was  once  nominated  by  his 
party  for  the  office  of  County  Treasurer,  and 
although  the  county  usually  was  strongly  Demo- 
cratic he  lost  the  election  by  only  fifteen  votes, 
— a  fact  which  indicates  his  personal  popu- 
larity and  the  confidence  reposed  in  him  by  his 
fellow  citizens.  He  takes  a  deep  and  com- 
mendable interest  in  everythingpertaining  to  the 
welfare  of  the  community  and  its  upbuilding, 
and  gives  his  support  to  all  measures  that  are 
calculated  to  prove  of  public  benefit.  He  is 
recognized  as  a  reliable,  straightforward  busi- 
ness man,  a  public-spirited  progressive  citizen, 
and  in  the  community  where  he  lives  he  has 
the  warm  regard  of  all  with  whom  he  has  been 
brought  in  contact. 


aHRISTIAN  OTTO.— In  this  region, 
where  nature  has  provided  wide  plains 
covered  with  luxuriant  grasses,  one  of 
the  chief  industries  is  stock-raising, 
and  prominent  among  the  sheep-raisers  of 
Union  county  is  Mr.  Otto,  who  is  also  presi- 
dent of  the  Clayton  Commercial  Company, 
of  the  city  of  Clayton.  The  record  of  his  life 
is  as  follows:  He  was  born  in  Germany  on 
the  I4th  of  October,  1853,  and  acquired  his 
education  in  the  schools  of  his  native  land, 
after  which  he  learned  the  trade  of  shoemaker. 
From  early  life  he  has  been  dependent  upon 
his  own  resources,  and  the  success  that  he  has 
achieved  is  the  just  reward  of  his  labors.  He 
was  only  sixteen  years  of  age  when  he  bade 
adieu  to  home  and  native  land  and  crossed  the 
broad  Atlantic  to  America.  He  was  totally 
unfamiliar  with  the  language  here  spoken  and 
had  a  capital  of  only  $200.  After  spending  a 
month  in  Missouri,  Mr.  Otto  went  to  Iowa, 
where  he  worked  at  his  trade  of  shoemaking 
until  1871.  In  that  year  he  emigrated  west- 
ward, taking  up  his  residence  in  Red  Blun, 
Tehama  county,  California.  There  he  also 
engaged  in  the  shoe  business  until  1884,  at 
which  time  he  sold  out  and  retraced  his  steps 
as  far  as  Colorado.  In  1885  he  came  to  Col- 
fax  county,  New  Mexico,  and  secured  a  farm 
at  Cedros.  He  brought  sheep  from  California, 
and  in  connection  with  a  partner  engaged  in  the 
sheep  industry,  becoming  one  of  the  most  suc- 
cessful and  prominent  .dealers  in  this  section  of 
the  Territory.  He  has  had  at  one  time  as 
many  as  50,000  sheep,  and  in  a  single  season 
has  sold  wool  to  the  value  of  $25,000. 

In  1890  Mr.  Otto  came  to  his  present  loca- 
tion six  miles  west  of  Clayton,  where  he  now 
has  a  fine  property.  He  owns  altogether  3, 900 
acres  of  land,  and  is  extensively  engaged  in 
sheep-raising,  also  follows  cattle-raising  to 
some  extent.  His  careful  management  of  his 
business  interests  and  his  progressive  and  sys- 
tematic methods,  combined  with  honorable 
dealing,  have  brought  to  him  prosperity.  In 
1894  he  purchased  an  interest  in  the  Clayton 
Commercial  Company,  and  in  March  of  that 


496 


HIS  TORT  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


year  was  elected  its  president,  in  which  capac- 
ity he  is  still  serving  in  a  creditable  and  accep- 
table manner.  This  company  owns  an  exten- 
sive general  merchandise  store,  which  is  well 
stocked  with  everything  found  in  a  first-class 
establishment  of  the  kind,  and  the  success 
which  attends  the  enterprise  is  largely  due  to 
the  capable  management  of  the  president. 

In  August,  1890,  was  celebrated  the  mar- 
riage which  united  the  destinies  of  Mr.  Otto 
and  Miss  Clara  Dean,  a  native  of  Pennsyl- 
vania. They  have  one  son,  born  in  Union 
county,  John  S.  In  his  social  affiliations,  Mr. 
Otto  has  been  a  Mason,  and  since  arriving  at 
years  of  maturity  has  given  his  political  sup- 
port to  the  Republican  party.  He  keeps  well 
informed  on  the  issues  and  questions  of  the 
day,  and  now  favors  the  free  coinage  of  silver. 
He  is  a  man  of  intelligence  and  ability,  and 
through  his  own  able  efforts  has  secured  a  val- 
uable property,  and  through  his  honorable 
life  has  won  the  high  regard  of  all  with  whom 
business  or  social  relations  have  brought  him 
in  contact.  A  man's  success  is  not  measured 
by  the  heights  which  he  holds,  but  the  dis- 
tance between  his  starting  point  and  the  alti- 
tude which  he  has  reached.  Mr.  Otto  began 
on  the  plane  of  limited  circumstances  and  has 
eagerly  grasped  every  opportunity  for  advance- 
ment until  to-day  he  ranks  among  the  most 
prominent  and  progressive  of  New  Mexico's 
citizens. 


>-j*AMES  H.  LUMPKINS.— Of  the  worthy 
J  citizens  that  Kentucky  has  furnished  to 
(•  1  New  Mexico  none  are  more  deserving 
of  representation  in  this  volume  than 
the  gentleman  whose  name  begins  this  sketch 
and  who  is  recognized  as  one  of  the  most 
prominent  stockmen  of  Clayton.  He  was 
born  on  the  22d  of  January,  1860,  descend- 
ing from  an  old  Virginian  family  that  was 
founded  in  America  at  an  early  day.  His 
father1,  William  Lumpkins,  was  born  in  Ken- 
tucky, and  married  a  daughter  of  one  of  the 
neighboring  families,  Miss  Phoebe  Howerton. 


On  leaving  the  State  of  their  nativity  they  re- 
moved to  Kansas,  where  the  father  was  en- 
gaged in  farming  for  the  long  period  of  twenty- 
three  years.  The  mother  died  at  their  home 
in  Rossville,  Kansas,  in  1887,  and  in  1893  Mr. 
Lumpkins  removed  to  the  Territory  of  New 
Mexico,  where  he  now  resides,  a  highly  re- 
spected man.  They  had  ten  children,  of  whom 
eight  are  now  living.  Both  parents  were 
members  of  the  Christian  Church. 

In  early  life  James  H.  Lumpkins,  who  was 
the  third  of  the  family,  was  trained  to  habits 
of  industry  and  honesty,  and  the  lessons  which 
he  learned  in  his  youth  have  borne  good  fruit 
in  his  after  life.  When  six  years  of  age  he 
entered  the  public  schools  and  pursued  his 
studies  through  the  fall  and  winter  months, 
while  in  the  summer  he  aided  in  the  labors  of 
the  home  farm.  He  continued  there  until  the 
spring  of  1888,  at  which  time  he  came  direct 
to  Clayton,  and  has  has  since  been  identified 
with  this  city.  For  a  number  of  years  he  held 
the  position  of  manager  of  the  Topeka  Stock 
Company,  and  had  under  his  charge  from  five 
to  six  thousand  head  of  cattle,  mostly  of  the 
Hereford  breed.  He  still  has  the  management 
of  the  office  of  this  company,  and  in  addition 
owns  and  operates  a  ranch  of  his  own.  He 
possesses  good  business  and  executive  ability, 
is  enterprising  and  energetic,  and  is  a  thor- 
oughgoing stock  man.  He  is  meeting  with 
success  in  his  undertakings  and  is  now  num- 
bered among  the  substantial  citizens  of  the 
community.  His  ranch  is  conveniently  located 
on  Carrizo  creek  and  is  well  supplied  with 
water  and  excellent  pasturage.  There  is  also 
a  good  residence  upon  this  place. 

In  1893  Mr.  Lumpkins  erected  a  nice  home 
in  the  thriving  town  of  Clayton,  where  he  now 
resides  with  his  family.  He  was  married  on 
the  5th  of  August,  1886,  to  Miss  Kate  Kuiken- 
dall,  a  native  of  West  Virginia.  They  now 
have  an  interesting  little  daughter,  Nellie  M., 
who  is  the  life  and  light  of  the  household. 

The  political  support  of  Mr.  Lumpkins  is 
given  to  the  men  and  measures  of  the  Repub- 
lican party,  and  he  keeps  well  informed  on  the 


HISTORT  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


497 


issues  of  the  day,  but  has  never  sought  or  de- 
sired political  preferment,  content  to  give  his 
time  and  attention  to  his  business  interests. 
The  success  which  he  has  gained  is  all  due  to 
his  own  efforts  and  is  well  merited.  He  is 
rated  as  one  of  the  intelligent,  successful  and 
reliable  citizens  of  Union  county,  and  belongs 
to  that  class  of  men  to  whom  the  future  de- 
velopment and  prosperity  of  New  Mexico  will 
be  indebted.  Already  he  has  become  an  im- 
portant factor  in  the  development  of  this  lo- 
cality, and  it  is  with  pleasure  that  we  present 
the  record  of  his  life  to  our  readers,  knowing 
that  it  will  prove  of  interest  to  many,  for  he 
has  a  wide  circle  of  friends  and  acquaintances. 


*w  •*  ON.  WILLIARD  S.  HOPEWELL. 
l^\  —The  gentleman  whose  name  intro- 
\  ,P  duces  this  review  stands  in  the  fore- 
most rank  of  the  enterprising  business 
men  of  Sierra  county,  and  is  one  of  the  pio- 
neers and  valued  citizens  of  Hillsboro.  He  is 
descended  from  English  ancestors,  who  for 
many  generations  were  officers  in  the  British 
army.  Our  subject  was  born  in  Chester, 
England,  on  the  nth  of  February,  1848,  and 
was  educated  in  his  native  country,  where  he 
remained  until  fifteen  years  of  age.  He  then 
crossed  the  Atlantic  to  the  New  World,  locat- 
ing in  Halifax,  in  1863.  In  1866  he  made  a 
trip  to  California,  and  also  traveled  through 
South  and  Central  America  returning  to  the 
United  States.  Travel  is,  a  school  that  yields 
an  excellent  return  to  its  student,  and  in  this 
way  Mr.  Hopewell  has  become  a  man  of 
broad,  general  information  and  a  varied  expe- 
rience. 

On  his  return  to  this  country,  he  was  en- 
gaged in  business  in  Denver  for  a  time,  also 
carried  on  mining  in  Leadville,  and  was  in  the 
mining  districts  of  San  Juan  county  for  a 
period.  Later  he  sold  out  and  went  to  Las 
Pomas  in  search  of  mining  property.  He  also 
wished  to  secure  a  suitable  tract  of  land  for  a 
cattle  ranch.  He  met  with  good  success  in 
his  new  undertaking,  and  in  1881  organized 

32 


the  Las  Animas  Cattle  Company,  which  in- 
vested $1,000,000  in  land  and  cattle  in  Sierra 
county,  and  did  a  large  and  prosperous  busi- 
ness, having  as  high  as  60,000  head  of  cattle 
on  the  ranch  at  one  time.  They  sold  and 
shipped  cattle  very  extensively,  and  the  busi- 
ness proved  a  profitable  one. 

As  the  financial  resources  of  Mr.  Hopewell 
increased,  he  made  judicious  investments  in 
other  lines,  and  in  1882  purchased  the  Fresno 
and  Home  Stake  mines,  which  were  then  be- 
ing worked  on  a  small  scale.  Mr.  Hopewell 
operates  these  mines  on  quite  an  extensive 
scale,  his  partners  in  this  business  being  G.  W. 
Greyson  and  A.  G.  Borland,  of  San  Francisco 
county.  These  mines  have  produced  more 
than  $125,000  worth  of  gold.  Mr.  Hopewell 
is  also  developing  the  Caledonia  and  the  Hi- 
bernian, both  rich  gold  mines,  averaging  $35 
of  gold  to  the  ton.  In  connection  with  these 
mines  they  have  in  full  operation  good  mills, 
supplied  with  machinery  of  the  most  improved 
kinds,  the  mill  having  a  capacity  of  fifteen  tons 
per  day. 

Mr.  Hopewell  makes  his  headquarters  at 
Hillsboro,  where  he  has  a  very  pleasant  home. 
He  has  been  twice  married.  In  1877  he 
wedded  Miss  Ella  Miller,  of  Colorado,  and  to 
them  was  born  a  daughter, — Jean,  now  the 
wife  of  John  Stauffer,  a  resident  of  Pennsyl- 
vania. The  mother  of  this  family  was  called 
to  her  final  rest  when  her  daughter  was  but 
two  months  old.  For  fifteen  years,  Mr. 
Hopewell  remained  single,  and  in  1892  was 
again  married,  his  second  union  being  with 
Miss  Anna  West,  daughter  of  Judge  West,  of 
Kingston.  She  is  a  very  pleasant  and  amiable 
lady,  who  presides  with  grace  and  dignity  over 
their  hospitable  home. 

Mr.  Hopewell  is  a  Democrat,  and  on  the 
ticket  of  his  party  was  elected  a  member  of 
the  Territorial  Legislature,  where  he  accept- 
ably served  for  one  term.  He  was  also  one  of 
the  County  Commissioners  who  organized 
Sierra  county,  and  has  always  taken  a  deep  in- 
terest in  the  development  and  upbuilding  of 
this  region,  as  one  of  the  most  enterprising 


498 


HISTORY  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


and  progressive  business  men.  His  name  is 
inseparably  connected  with  the  history  of 
Sierra  county,  and  he  belongs  to  the  honored 
band  of  pioneers  who  have  made  civilization 
and  progress  possible  in  this  section  of  the  Ter- 
ritory. 


>-j*OHN  W.  CONE.— It  is  now  the  men 
t  who  are  leaders  in  business  circles  who 
/•  J  are  recognized  as  the  important  factors 
in  the  community,  and  he  who  is  at  the 
head  of  the  extensive  and  successful  commer- 
cial enterprises  is  regarded  as  one  of  the  pro- 
moters of  the  city's  prosperity.  The  gentle- 
man whose  name  heads  this  record  is  the  man- 
aging partner  of  the  extensive  mercantile  busi- 
ness controlled  by  the  Cone  &  Duran  Mercan- 
tile Company,  one  of  the  best  known  firms  in 
this  section  of  the  Territory.  Their  store  is 
located  at  Clayton,  and  from  a  wide  extent  of 
territory  comes  a  liberal  patronage,  which  is 
constantly  increasing,  owing  to  their  fair  and 
honorable  business  methods  and  their  courteous 
treatment  of  their  customers. 

The  senior  member  of  this  enterprising  firm 
was  born  in  Hamilton,  Coweta  county,  Georgia, 
on  the  i  gth  of  November,  1844,  and  is  a  re- 
presentative of  one  of  the  prominent  families 
of  the  South.  From  the  northern  part  of  the 
Emerald  Isle  his  great-grandfather  crossed 
the  Atlantic  to  America,  sailing  from  the  city 
of  Belfast,  and  taking  up  his  residence  in  North 
Carolina.  He  afterward  removed  to  Georgia, 
where  the  grandfather  of  our  subject  was  born 
and  spent  his  entire  life,  his  home  being  in 
Greensboro,  where  he  died  at  the  age  of  sixty- 
five  years.  The  father,  James  T.  Cone,  was  a 
native  of  Greensboro,  and  in  that  city  married 
Miss  Martha  Ann  Boone,  who  was  born  in 
Georgia.  Both  were  members  of  the  Method- 
ist Church,  and  lived  worthy  and  exemplary 
lives.  When  more  than  seventy  years  of  age 
they  passed  away,  and  to  their  family  descend- 
ed the  priceless  heritage  of  an  untarnished 
name.  They  had  nine  children,  of  whom  two 
sons  and  three  daughters  are  yet  living. 


John  W.  Cone,  the  fifth  in  order  of  birth, 
was  educated  in  private  schools  of  his  native 
city;  and  in  1861,  when  the  Civil  war  broke 
out,  he  enlisted  in  Company  C,  Forty-third 
Mississippi  Volunteer  Infantry.  He  was  then 
only  seventeen  years  of  age,  but  he  was  true 
to  the  section  of  the  country  in  which  he  had 
been  reared,  and  the  institutions  with  which 
he  was  familiar  from  his  earliest  recollection, 
and  served  throughout  the  entire  war,  partici- 
pating in  many  of  the  great  battles  of  that 
memorable  struggle.  He  saw  much  hard  serv- 
ice, was  captured  at  the  siege  of  Vicksburg, 
and  after  being  paroled  and  exchanged  returned 
to  his  regiment,  and  participated  in  the  cam- 
paign which  resulted  in  the  fall  of  Atlanta. 
The  Confederates,  with  a  bravery  seldom 
equaled,  contested  every  inch  of  the  ground 
there,  but  were  finally  forced  to  fall  back  and 
the  city  was  taken.  Mr.  Cone  also  took  part 
in  the  North  Carolina  campaign,  and  with  his 
regiment  surrendered  at  the  close  of  the  war  at 
Greensboro.  Probably  the  most  dangerous 
position  in  which  he  was  ever  placed  was  at 
Franklin,  Tennessee,  where  the  Confederate 
forces  were  in  an  open  field,  fully  exposed  to 
the  guns  of  the  Union  soldiers.  They  made 
several  charges  on  the  Federal  works  in  the 
face  of  a  most  deadly  fire,  but  it  seemed  that 
he  possessed  a  charmed  life,  for  while  his  com- 
rades fell  all  around  him  he  remained  unin- 
jured. 

When  the  war  was  over,  Mr.  Cone  return- 
ed to  his  friends  in  Texas,  and  for  ten  months 
attended  school  there.  He  then  accepted  a 
clerkship  in  a  store  in  Galveston,  where  he  re- 
mained until  1868,  when  he  accepted  a  position 
as  bookkeeper  in  Bryan,  Texas.  He  also  en- 
gaged in  the  sewing-machine  trade,  having 
control  over  a  large  agency  and  doing  an  ex- 
tensive business.  When  he  abandoned  that 
pursuit  it  was  to  engage  in  the  stock  business, 
which  has  proved  to  him  a  remunerative  invest- 
ment. He  located  near  Trinidad,  Colorado, 
where  he  formed  a  partnership  with  Mr.  Yerby, 
under  the  firm  name  of  Cone  &  Yerby.  In 
1873  he  came  to  New  Mexico,  locating  at 


HIS  TORT  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


499 


Black  Lake,  whither  he  brought  about  200 
head  of  cattle,  mostly  full-blooded  Durham 
stock.  He  also  took  his  cattle  to  Fort  Sum- 
ner,  and  finally  sold  out  to  Peter  Maxwell,  the 
son  of  the  noted  owner  of  the  Maxwell  grant. 

Mr.  Cone's  next  venture  was  in  the  line  of 
merchandising,  in  Tascosa,  Texas,  where  he 
formed  a  partnership  with  a  Mr.  Edwards, 
carrying  on  operations  there  from  1879  until 
1891.  After  a  short  time,  Mr.  Edwards  re- 
tired from  the  business,  and  the  firm  of  Cone 
Brothers  was  formed.  This  subsequently  gave 
place  to  the  firm  of  Cone  &  Duran,  and  Mr. 
Duran  died  in  Tascosa,  in  1888,  but  his  widow 
still  retains  the  interest  in  the  business.  In 
1891  they  removed  the  stock  to  Clayton, 
where  they  have  a  large  stone  building  and  a 
commodious  warehouse.  They  do  a  very  ex- 
tensive general  merchandise  business,  carry- 
ing all  classes  of  goods  that  are  used  in 
this  section  of  the  country.  They  also  handle 
all  kinds  of  produce,  and  have  a  large  stock  in 
every  department.  Mr.  Cone  is  the  managing 
partner  and  does  all  the  buying,  looks  after 
collections,  and  attends  carefully  to  every  de- 
tail of  the  business.  He  also  does  a  private 
banking  business  for  the  accommodation  of  his 
customers.  He  is  an  obliging,  courteous  and 
energetic  business  man,  possessing  a  thorough 
knowledge  of  merchandising,  and  has  the  re- 
quisite talent  to  conduct  his  enterprise  suc- 
cessfully. 

On  the  1 8th  of  January,  1886,  Mr.  Cone 
was  united  in  marriage  with  Miss  Katie  G. 
Blackwell,  a  native  of  Carlton,  Missouri,  and  a 
daughter  of  A.  C.  Blackwell,  of  Missouri.  Her 
brother  is  a  member  of  the  prominent  mercan- 
tile firm  of  Gross  &  Blackwell,  of  St.  Louis 
and  New  Mexico.  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Cone  have 
three  children,  but  two,  aged  respectively  six 
and  four  years,  died  of  scarlet  fever,  making 
the  home  very  desolate.  The  surviving  child, 
Mary  Innis,  is  at  home.  They  own  a  residence 
at  Trinidad,  but  now  make  their  home  at 
Clayton,  where  they  have  already  made  many 
warm  friends.  They  hold  an  enviable  position 
in  social  circles,  where  true  worth  and  intelli- 


gence are  received  as  the  passports  into  good 
society.  Mr.  Cone  is  a  Democrat  in  politics, 
but  has  neither  time  nor  inclination  for  public 
office,  preferring  to  devote  his  entire  energies 
to  his  business  interests,  in  which  he  is  meeting 
with  such  excellent  success. 


tit 


G.  LANE,  a  leading  contractor, 
builder  and  lumber  merchant  of  San 
Marcial,  New  Mexico,  is  a  native  of 
Missouri,  born  in  Morrisville,  May 
29,  1864,  and  is  of  Southern  ancestry.  His 
father,  Joseph  Lane,  was  born  in  Tennessee, 
but  was  reared  in  Missouri,  where  he  removed 
with  his  parents  when  only  eight  years  of  age, 
and  was  married  there  to  Miss  Sarah  Mackey, 
a  native  of  Missouri.  There  the  father  died 
January  24,  1891,  but  the  mother  still  survives 
him  and  resides  on  the  old  home  farm.  They 
were  good  worthy  people  and  consistent  mem- 
bers of  the  Methodist  Church. 

In  the  family  of  eight  sons  and  two  daugh- 
ters, of  whom  nine  children  are  still  living,  W. 
G.  Lane  is  the  third  in  order  of  birth.  He 
was  reared  in  the  usual  manner  of  farmer 
lads,  giving  his  father  the  benefit  of  his  la- 
bors, while  he  obtained  his  education  in  the 
public  schools.  On  starting  out  in  life  for  him- 
self he  followed  agricultural  pursuits,  but  in 
1 88 1  began  to  learn  the  carpenter's  trade.  He 
removed  to  Western  Kansas,  but  after  a  short 
sojourn  went  to  Colorado,  being  engaged  in 
contracting  and  building  in  Pueblo  and  Lead- 
ville,  and  also  aided  in  building  several  other 
towns  in  that  State.  In  1888  he  arrived  in 
Springer,  New  Mexico,  where  he  worked  at 
his  trade  for  two  years,  and  also  did  contract 
work  on  the  large  ditch  that  was  then  being 
made  to  irrigate  that  county.  From  there  he 
went  to  Eddy,  where  he  aided  in  the  construc- 
tion of  many  of  the  buildings  of  that  place. 
The  fall  of  1890  found  him  a  resident  of  San 
Marcial,  where  he  immediately  began  contract- 
ing and  building,  and  in  1892  added  the  lum- 
ber, sash  and  door  business, — in  fact  handling 
all  kinds  of  builders'  supplies..  He  obtains  his 


500 


HIS  TORT  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


material  in  the  best  and  most  convenient  mar- 
kets and  at  wholesale,  which  gives  him  a  de- 
cided advantage  over  other  contractors.  His 
work  also  gives  entire  satisfaction  and  in  this 
way  he  has  become  the  leading  contractor  and 
builder  of  the  town.  He  has  acquired  the 
reputation  of  being  an  honorable  and  reliable 
business  man,  as  well  as  public-spirited  citi- 
zen, and  by  all  is  held  in  the  highest  confi- 
dence and  esteem. 

At  Springer,  New  Mexico,  on  the  loth  of 
June,  1888,  was  celebrated  the  marriage  of 
Mr.  Lane  and  Miss  Jessie  P.  Rosaberry,  who 
was  born  in  Denver,  Colorado,  and  is  a  daugh- 
ter of  E.  Roseberry,  of  that  city.  Four  sons 
have  come  to  bless  this  union, — Austin  R., 
Harry  W.,  Joseph  R. ,  and  Everet  H.  Mrs. 
Lane  is  a  most  estimable  lady  and  an  active 
and  consistent  member  of  the  Methodist 
Church,  South. 

In  the  Independent  Order  of  Odd  Fellows 
Mr.  Lane  holds  his  fraternal  membership,  in 
which  order  he  has  passed  all  the  chairs,  while 
in  politics  his  support  is  given  to  the  Repub- 
lican party.  He  is  a  man  of  more  than  ordi- 
nary intelligence,  takes  quite  an  active  part  in 
the  educational  interests  of  tHe  town,  and  has 
efficiently  served  in  several  school  offices,  be- 
ing at  the  present  time  a  Director,  and  doing 
all  in  his  power  for  the  good  of  the  public 
schools. 


ON.  JOHN  R.  McFIE,  ex-Associate 
Justice  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  New 
Mexico,  now  residing  at  Las  Cruces, 
was  born  in  Randolph  county,  Illinois, 
October  9,  1848,  and  is  a  son  of  John  and 
Elizabeth  (Borland)  McFie,  both  natives  of 
Scotland.  The  parents  emigrated  to  the 
United  States  in  1845,  locating  in  Washington 
county,  Illinois.  The  father  made  school- 
teaching  his  life  occupation,  continuing  to  fol- 
low that  profession  in  this  country  until  his 
death  in  1862.  His  wife  crossed  the  dark 
river  in  1880,  dying  in  the  fifty-eighth  year  of 
her  age.  In  their  family  there  were  three  sons 


and  five  daughters,  but  of  these  only  two  sons 
and  a  daughter  are  now  living. 

The  Judge,  who  was  the  seventh  child  of 
the  family,  received  his  education  in  the  public 
schools  of  Illinois,  and  at  Sparta,  that  State, 
began  reading  law  under  the  direction  of  Hon. 
J.  Blackburn  Jones.  After  his  admission  to 
the  bar  in  1870  he  immediately  entered  upon 
the  practice  of  his  chosen  profession  in  his  na- 
tive State,  where  he  remained  until  1884.  He 
was  twice  elected  to  the  Legislature  of  Illinois, 
and  while  a  member  of  the  Assembly  had  the 
honor  of  participating  in  the  election  of  both 
Logan  and  Cullom  for  United  States  Senators. 
Soon  after  the  election  of  the  former  Mr.  Mc- 
Fie was  appointed  by  President  Arthur  as 
Register  of  the  United  States  Land  Office  at  Las 
Cruces,  New  Mexico,  where  he  arrived  on  the 
1 4th  of  March,  1884,  entering  at  once  upon 
the  duties  of  the  office,  and  continued  to  fill 
that  position  until  the  ijth  of  December,  1885. 

During  that  time  Judge  McFie  had  become 
acquainted  with  New  Mexico,  and,  liking  the 
country,  decided  to  locate  here.  In  January, 
1886,  he  formed  a  law  partnership  with  Judge 
S.  B.  Newcomb,  which  connection  continued 
until  January,  1889,  during  which  time  they 
carried  on  an  extensive  practice.  Mr.  McFie 
was  then  appointed  by  President  Harrison  as 
Associate  Justice,  and  on  entering  upon  the 
duties  of  that  office  his  former  law  partnership 
was  dissolved.  For  four  years  he  served  most 
acceptably  in  that  position,  his.  rulings  being 
noted  for  their  fairness  and  impartiality.  Dur- 
ing his  entire  time  only  two  of  his  decisions 
were  reversed  by  the  higher  courts.  The 
Judge  now  devotes  the  greater  part  of  his  at- 
tention to  general  practice,  in  which  he  is  very 
successful,  though  he  is  also  interested  in  sev- 
eral ranches,  on  which  he  is  engaged  in  the 
raising  of  fruit  and  alfalfa. 

On  the  9th  of  October,  1876,  on  the  anni- 
versary of  his  birth,  Judge  McFie  was  happily 
united  in  marriage  with  Miss  Mary  Steel,  a 
native  of  Missouri  and  a  daughter  of  Matthew 
Steel,  one  of  the  early  pioneers  of  St.  Louis. 
Five  children  have  come  to  bless  this  union, — 


HIS  TORT  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


501 


Ralph  E.,  Maude,  John  R.,  Jr.,  Mary  I.  and 
Amelia  May.  The  parents  are  members  of 
the  Presbyterian  Church,  in  which  the  Judge 
is  serving  as  one  of  the  Elders.  The  family 
hold  a  high  position  in  the  social  circles  of  Las 
Cruces,  where  they  have  a  beautiful  home, 
surrounded  by  all  that  goes  to  make  life  enjoy- 
able, and  there  they  delight  to  entertain  their 
many  friends.  The  Judge  is  an  active  worker 
in  the  interests  of  the  Independent  Order  of 
Odd  Fellows,  and  in  the  order  at  Las  Cruces 
holds  the  office  of  Past  Grand. 


<V^V  ESTOR  ARMIJO,  one  of  the  repre- 
•  sentative  native  sons  of  New  Mexico, 
I  is  a  highly  respected  citizen  of  Las 
Cruces.  He  was  born  at  Albuquer- 
que, February  28,  1831,  his  parents  being 
among  the  early  settlers  of  the  Territory.  His 
great-grandfather,  Col.  Juan  Armijo,  was  a  na- 
tive of  Spain,  and  was  an  officer  of  the  Spanish 
army.  His  son,  Juan  Armijo,  grandfather  of 
our  subject,  was  born  in  New  Mexico,  inheri- 
ted a  portion  of  the  large  land  grant  at  Albu- 
querque, and  became  a  prominent  stock-grower 
of  that  section.  He  was  a  brother  of  Gen. 
Armijo  and  Gov.  Armijo,  two  names  promi- 
nent in  the  early  history  of  the  Territory.  He 
was  united  in  marriage  to  Rosalia  Ortega,  and 
to  them  were  born  six  children:  Their  son, 
Juan  C.  Armijo,  father  of  our  subject,  was  born 
in  Albuquerque  in  1810,  and  grew  to  manhood 
in  his  native  town.  He  was  one  of  the  most 
prosperous  and  successful  merchants  of  the 
place,  and  was  loyal  to  all  its  interests.  He 
espoused  the  cause  of  the  Union  in  the  great 
Civil  war,  and  served  as  Colonel  in  the  New 
Mexico  militia  until  the  struggle  was  ended. 
After  the  war  he  was  several  times  elected  a 
member  of  the  Territorial  Legislature.  He 
was  a  man  of  unusual  capabilities,  and  was  a 
most  worthy  citizen.  He  married  Miss  Juana 
Chavez,  who  was  born  in  New  Mexico,  a  mem- 
ber of  thewealthy  and  distinguished  family  bear- 
ing this  name.  They  had  born  to  them  seven 
children.  The  father  died  in  1882;  the  mother 


lived  to  the  advanced  age  of  eighty  years. 
They  were  devout  members  of  the  Roman 
Catholic  Church.  Nestor  Armijo,  son  of  the 
above,  is  their  eldest  child. 

In  order  that  he  might  enjoy  superior  edu- 
cational advantages,  young  Armijo  was  sent  to 
St.  Louis  to  pursue  his  studies  in  the  universi- 
ty in  that  city,  J.  Francisco  Chavez  and  Felipe 
Chavez  being  his  fellow-students;  they  were 
the  first  boys  sent  from  the  Territory  to  be 
educated.  Mr.  Armijo  began  his  business 
career  as  a  merchant  in  Albuquerque,  but  later 
he  became  largely  interested  in  commercial 
pursuits  in  Chihuahua.  In  1880  he  came  to 
Las  Cruces  with  the  intention  of  making  it  his 
home.  He  built  a  handsome  dwelling,  and 
here  resides  with  his  family,  surrounded  with 
all  the  comforts  of  modern  civilization.  He 
is  no  longer  actively  engaged  in  business,  but 
retains  his  interests  in  Chihuahua.  He  is  reck- 
oned one  of  the  wealthiest  citizens  of  the  Terri- 
tory. 

He  was  married  in  1856  to  Miss  Josefa 
Yrisarri,  who  was  born  in  Albuquerque,  of 
Spanish  parents.  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Armijo  have 
one  son,  Charles  H.,  now  in  business  in  Las 
Cruces.  There  are  consistent  members  of  the 
Roman  Catholic  Church,  and  are  held  in  high- 
est esteem  by  a  wide  circle  of  acquaintances. 
In  politics  Mr.  Armijo  is  independent,  casting 
his  suffrage  for  men  rather  than  measures. 
The  machine  features  of  political  management 
are  very  distasteful  to  him,  and  on  this  account 
he  has  steadily  declined  to  hold  public  office. 


QAJOR  JOSE  D.    SENA,    deceased, 
was  born  in  Santa  Fe  in  1837.     His 
father,  Juan  Sena,  was  a  native  of 
Mexico,    but   located  in  Santa  Fe, 
where  he  was  for  many  years  engaged  in  mer- 
cantile pursuits.      He  was  a  strictly  honest  and 
upright  citizen.      During  the  war  between  the 
United  States   and   Mexico,    Major  Sena,  our 
subject,  was  only  a  lad  of  ten  or  twelve  years, 
but  old  enough  to  learn   from  his  father  and 
people  that  they  were  tired  of  the  bad  rule  of 


502 


HISTORT  OF  NE  W  MEXICO. 


old  Mexico,  the  land  of  their  birth,  and  were 
in  love  with  American  independence  and  a  gov- 
ernment of  the  people. 

Mr.  Sena  had  just  reached  the  prime  of 
young  manhood  when  the  great  Civil  war  was 
ushered  upon  the  country,  and  he  at  once 
espoused  the  cause  of  the  Government.  In 
company  with  Colonel  Perea,  he  was  active  in 
raising  a  company,  of  which  he  was  made 
Captain,  and  by  his  own  valor  and  meritorious 
conduct  was  promoted  until  he  became  Major 
of  the  regiment.  fie  participated  in  the  bat- 
tles of  Glorieta,  Peralta,  Valverde  and  other 
engagements,  in  all  of  which  he  distinguished 
himself,  and  was  thus  instrumental  in  driving 
the  Rebel  forces  from  the  Territory.  His 
seemed  to  have  been  a  charmed  life,  as  he 
passed  through  the  very  hottest  of  fights  un- 
scathed. At  one  time  the  enemy  was  on  the 
east  side  of  the  Rio  Grande  and  the  Union 
forces  on  the  west,  and  while  leading  his  men 
across  the  river  to  attack  the  Confederates  Mr. 
Sena  found  himself  in  the  midst  of  a  shower  of 
bullets,  fired  by  both  his  friends  and  foes! 

After  the  close  of  the  struggle  the  Major 
resigned  his  commission,  and  for  the  following 
twenty-two  years  served  as  Sheriff  of  the 
county  of  Santa  Fe.  During  that  time  he  ar- 
rested many  noted  desperadoes,  who  at  that 
time  infested  the  country.  He  also  held  other 
political  positions  of  honor  and  trust.  He  read 
law  at  Alexandria,  Virginia,  was  admitted  to 
the  bar,  and  became  an  advocate  in  the  pro- 
fession, speaking  both  Spanish  and  English 
fluently.  He  practiced  law  for  some  time,  and 
was  appointed  Registrar  of  the  Land  Office. 
Mr.  Sena  had  great  opportunities  of  amassing 
wealth,  but  his  spirit  was  too  noble  to  permit 
him  to  speculate  out  of  the  wants  of  his  peo- 
ple. In  religion  he  was  a  devout  Catholic,  and 
in  politics  an  uncompromising  Republican,  de- 
spising oppression  in  every  form. 

Major  Sena  was  married  to  Miss  Isabella 
C.  de  Baca,  a  native  of  the  Territory,  and  a 
descendant  of  one  of  the  most  noted  old  fami- 
lies of  the  country,  who  trace  their  ancestry  to 
the  Castilians  of  Spain.  To  the  Major  and 


Mrs.  Sena  were  born  eighteen  children,  of 
whom  eleven  grew  to  years  of  maturity.  His 
widow  still  survives,  and  is  now  fifty-five  years 
of  age.  She  is  one  of  the  heirs  of  the  vast 
estate  lately  confirmed  to  the  family.  She  is 
a  lady  of  life  and  vivacity,  and  without  a  gray 
hair  in  her  head. 

Their  eldest  son,  living,  Mariano  F.  Sena, 
was  born  in  Santa  Fe,  October  16,  1861.  He 
received  his  education  in  St.  Michael's  College 
and  at  the  Jesuit  Fathers'  school  at  Las  Vegas, 
graduating  at  the  head  of  his  class  in  the  latter 
institution  in  1882.  He  then  served  as  District 
Court  Clerk  for  C.  M.  Phillips,  was  next  inter- 
preter for  Judge  Axtell,  and  later  held  the  same 
position  at  the  United  States  Indian  Agency. 
Mr.  Sena's  next  occupation  was  sheep-growing, 
also  serving  as  Deputy  County  Clerk  of  Valen- 
cia county,  filling  that  position  in  a  most  satis- 
factory manner.  In  1895  he  was  appointed 
Chief  Clerk  of  the  House  of  Representatives  of 
the  Territory.  He  was  married,  in  1886,  to 
Miss  Zuleme  Romero,  a  descendant  of  the 
noted  Luna  family  of  New  Mexico.  They 
have  three  children. 

Another  son  of  Major  Sena,  who  bears  his 
father's  name,  Jose  D.,  was  born  in  Santa  Fe, 
February  13,  1867,  and  was  educated  in  the 
Jesuit  colleges  in  Las  Vegas  and  St.  Louis. 
From  1867  to  1869  he  taught  the  Indian  Gov- 
ernment school  at  St.  Catherine,  was  Deputy 
United  States  Marshal  under  Hon.  Trinidad 
Romero,  was  private  secretary  of  Governor 
Prince  a  year  and  a  half,  and  resigned  that  po- 
sition to  become  chief  clerk  in  the  Auditor's 
office.  Mr.  Sena  was  married  February  22, 
1891,  to  Miss  Efusene  Clothier,  a  native  of 
Taos,  New  Mexico.  In  political  matters,  like 
his  father,  Mr.  Sena  is  an  ardent  Republican. 
He  is  a  man  of  pleasing  manner,  intelligent,  and 
a  credit  to  the  Territory  in  which  he  had  his 
birth.  The  other  son,  Luis  B.  Sena,  was  like- 
wise educated  at  St.  Michel's  College,  Santa 
Fe,  and  the  Jesuits'  institution  at  Las  Vegas, 
and  since  he  left  school  has  been  engaged  in 
mercantile  business,  working  as  clerk  in  the 
firm  of  Seligman  Brothers. 


HISTORT  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


5°3 


The  death  of  Major  Sena  was  most  deeply 
felt  throughout  the  entire  Territory  of  New 
Mexico,  and  a  great  effort  was  made  by  his 
host  of  friends  to  do  him  honor  at  his  funeral. 
The  militia  escorted  his  remains  to  the  ceme- 
tery, and,  in  addition  to  the  ceremony  of  the 
church,  Governor  Prince  delivered  a  most  elo- 
quent eulogy  on  the  dead  patriot  and  the  noble 
and  good  citizen.  Although  Major  Sena  did 
not  leave  his  children  great  wealth,  he  left 
them  that  which  was  far  better,  the  legacy  of 
a  noble  life,  and  it  is  hoped  they  will  emulate 
the  character  of  their  most  honored  father. 


aHARLES  M.  CONKLIN,  a  native  son 
of  the  city  of  Santa  Fe,  and  one  of 
her  well  known  and  respected  pub- 
lic officers,  was  born  November  15, 
1840,  and  is  of  French-English  ancestry.  His 
father,  James  Conklin,  was  born  in  Canada  in 
1794,  was  raised  and  educated  in  St.  Louis, 
and  came  to  New  Mexico  in  1821.  He  first  em- 
barked in  the  tailor  business,  but  afterward  be- 
came a  merchant,  continuing  in  the  latter  occu- 
pation until  the  time  of  his  death,  in  1881,  at  the 
age  of  ninety-one  years.  Soon  after  his  arrival 
in  Santa  Fe  he  married  Miss  Juana  Ortiz,  a 
daughter  of  Pedro  and  Barbara  (Lobez)  Ortiz, 
descendants  of  early  pioneers  of  the  country. 
To  this  union  were  born  five  children,  of  whom 
two  are  now  living.  His  wife  survived  until 
1891,  dying  at  the  age  of  ninety-three  years. 

Charles  M.  Conklin,  the  youngest  of  the 
family,  received  his  education  in  the  Bishop 
Lamy  school,  and  when  nineteen  years  of  age 
began  life  as  a  farmer  near  the  city  of  Santa 
Fe.  He  was  thus  engaged  when  the  great 
Civil  war  broke  out.  In  1861  he  enlisted  in 
Company  G,  New  Mexican  Volunteer  Militia, 
under  Colonel  Pino.  From  Governor  Connelly, 
Mr.  Conklin  received  the  commission  of  First 
Lieutenant  of  his  company,  serving  as  such 
seven  months,  doing  mostly  fort  duty.  After 
his  services  in  the  war  he  returned  to  Santa 
Fe  and  resumed  the  peaceful  occupation  of  a 
farmer,  also  doing  quite  a  large  freighting  busi- 


ness from  Las  Cruces  to  Santa  Fe.  Mr.  Conk- 
lin had  three  six-mule  teams,  and  received 
twelve  and  a  half  cents  per  pound  for  the 
freight.  The  round  trip  usually  occupied 
about  a  month,  and  netted  from  $400  to  $500 
each  trip.  In  1871  our  subject  was  elected 
Sheriff  of  Santa  Fe  county,  and  served  in  that 
capacity  and  as  tax  collector  for  six  years,  a 
worthy  and  capable  officer,  and  while  in  office 
he  had  many  criminals  to  deal  with.  In  1881 
he  was  elected  Clerk  of  the  Probate  Court,  in 
which  he  served  two  years;  in  1891  he  was  ap- 
pointed by  the  County  Commissioner,  Sheriff 
and  Collector  of  the  county,  to  fill  a  vacancy, 
and  at  the  expiration  of  the  term  he  was  elected 
to  that  office.  After  serving  for  a  time  in  the 
office  he  was  removed  by  the  Governor,  with- 
out a  just  cause  and  without  a  hearing.  But 
he  is  determined  to  have  a  hearing,  and  thus 
establish  the  uprightness  of  his  conduct  in 
the  office. 

Mr.  Conklin  was  a  Democrat  up  to  the  time 
of  the  organization  of  the  Republican  party, 
and,  finding  in  the  latter  the  ideas  in  which  he 
believed,  he  became  one  of  its  most  reliable 
adherents  and  a  faithful  worker  in  its  ranks. 

June  21,  1860,  our  subject -was  united  in 
marriage  with  Miss  Josephine  Stanley,  a  native 
of  Santa  Fe  and  a  daughter  of  A.  Stanley,  a 
merchant  of  this  city.  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Conklin 
have  five  children  living,  as  follows:  Frank 
M.,  Joseph  P.,  Jane,  Charles  and  Refugio. 
The  family  are  life-long  adherents  of  the  Cath- 
olic faith,  and  have  always  done  their  full 
share  in  contributing  to  the  support  of  the 
church  and  in  the  erection  of  its  costly  edifices, 
which  are  an  ornament  to  the  city. 


«y    4  ON.     ALBERT   BACON    FALL,     a 
l^^m    prominent  member  of  the  bar  of  New 

^r  Mexico,  located  at  Las  Cruces,  is  a 
native  of  Kentucky,  born  at  Frankfort, 
on  the  26th  of  November,  1861,  and  is  of 
Scotch  ancestry  who  came  to  America  in  1812 
and  located  in  Trigg  county,  Kentucky.  His 
great-grandfather,  James  Fall,  was  a  Lieuten- 


5°4 


HISTORY  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


ant  Colonel  of  the  Scotch  Grays  of  the  Eng- 
lish army,  and  served  under  the  Duke  of  Well- 
ington in  the  war  against  Napoleon  Bonaparte, 
at  the  time  when  the  Scotch  Grays  did  such 
magnificent  fighting.  In  1808  he  brought  his 
family  to  the  New  World  and  made  a  location 
in  Logan  county,  Kentucky.  The  grandfather, 
Philip  S.  Fall,  later  removed  to  Frankfort, 
Kentucky,  and  became  a  prominent  minister 
of  the  Christian  Church  and  an  intimate  friend 
of  Alexander  Campbell.  He  was  the  founder 
of  the  church  of  that  faith  in  Frankfort  and 
Nashville,  and  to  the  work  of  the  ministry  de- 
voted his  entire  life.  He  died  at  Frankfort  in 
1891,  at  the  ripe  old  age  of  ninety-three  years. 
He  had  married  Miss  Anne  Bacon,  a  native  of 
Kentucky  and  a  daughter  of  William  Bacon, 
of  Virginia.  Her  grandfather,  Nathaniel  Ba- 
con, of  "Bacon's  Rebellion"  fame,  was  a  de- 
scendant of  the  Prime  Minister,  Nicholas  Bacon, 
of  England,  the  father  of  Lord  Francis  Bacon. 
Nathaniel  Bacon  was  one  of  the  first  settlers 
of  Virginia,  and  became  quite  prominent  in  the 
early  history  of  that  colony. 

In  the  family  composed  of  three  sons  and 
three  daughters  born  to  Philip  S.  and  Anne 
(Bacon)  Fall,  William  R.,  the  father  of  our 
subject,  is  the  second  son.  His  birth  occurred 
in  1831,  in  Frankfort,  Kentucky,  where  he  was 
educated  and  was  a  schoolmate  of  Senator 
Blackburn.  After  completing  a  classical  course, 
William  R.  Fall  successfully  engaged  in  teaching 
until  the  breaking  out  of  the  great  Civil  war, 
when  he  entered  the  Southern  army  and  was 
made  Captain  of  the  scouts  attached  to  Gen- 
.  eral  Forrest's  command,  and  in  that  capacity 
served  during  the  whole  of  that  great  struggle. 
He  was  a  valiant  soldier,  and  now  in  his  old 
age  resides  at  Las  Cruces,  New  Mexico,  where 
he  is  editor  of  the  Independent  Democrat.  He 
wedded  Miss  Edmonia  Taylor,  a  native  of  his 
own  State,  and  three  children  came  to  bless 
their  union.  The  parents  hold  their  religious 
membership  in  the  Christian  Church. 

Judge  Fall  of  this  sketch  is  the  oldest  of 
the  family,  and  received  his  education  from  his 
father,  who  was  an  enthusiastic  teacher.  He 


read  law  at  Frankfort  under  the  instruction  of 
Judges  W.  Snead  and  William  Lindsley,  the 
latter  now  a  United  States  Senator  from  Ken- 
tucky. The  Judge  began  the  active  practice 
of  his  profession  in  Las  Cruces  in  1888,  pre- 
vious to  which  time  he  had  been  engaged  in 
the  real-estate  business  in  Texas.  Soon  after 
coming  to  New  Mexico,  he  was  called  upon  to 
take  an  active  part  in  political  affairs,  becom- 
ing one  of  the  leaders  of  the  Democratic  party 
in  this  locality,  and  by  his  party  was  elected  to 
the  Territorial  Legislature,  representing  the 
counties  of  Sierra,  Grant  and  Donna  Ana  so 
satisfactorily  that  he  was  again  elected  in  1892. 
At  the  close  of  that  term  in  the  Territorial  Coun- 
cil, he  secured  the  appointment  as  Judge  of  the 
Third  Judicial  District,  including  in  his  jurisdic- 
tion the  courts  of  Sierra,  Grant  and  Donna  Ana. 
That  honorable  position  he  continued  to  fill  in 
a  most  capable  and  acceptable  manher  until 
February,  1895,  when  he  resigned  in  order  to 
give  his  whole  attention  to  the  practice  of  law. 
He  had  tendered  his  resignation  twice  pre- 
viously, but  it  had  not  been  accepted.  While 
serving  in  the  New  Mexico  Legislature,  Judge 
Fall  was  Chairman  of  the  Judiciary  Committee, 
and  took  an  active  part  in  securing  the  pas- 
sage of  the  bill  which  has  given  New  Mexico 
her  present  free-school  system  :  in  fact  he  made 
that  the  issue  in  his  campaign,  carrying  it  to  its 
final  passage,  and  is  entitled  to  much  credit  for 
his  earnest  service  in  behalf  of  that  bulwark  of 
American  freedom,  the  free  schools.  At  pres- 
ent New  Mexico  enjoys  a  free-school  system 
equal  to  that  of  many  of  the  States,  and  in 
many  of  the  towns  the  system  is  in  successful 
operation  and  is  giving  very  satisfactory  results. 
When  the  Judge  first  came  to  New  Mexico 
he  was  somewhat  afflicted  with  the  gold  fever, 
and  prospected  and  mined  for  gold.  He  is 
now  president  of  the  Black  Mountain  Mining 
Company,  which  has  built  and  is  about  to 
start  a  ten-stamp  mill,  and  it  is  thought  by  all 
that  a  splendid  fortune  is  now  in  sight  for  this 
company.  Judge  Fall  is  also  interested  in 
raising  stock, — both  cattle  and  horses.  He 
was  formerly  associated  with  W.  A.  Hawkins, 


HISTORT  OF  NEW  MEXICO, 


5°5 


attorney  for  the  Pecos  Valley  Irrigation  Com- 
pany and  also  for  the  Eddy  &  Pecos  Valley 
Railroad  Company.  He  is  an  able  lawyer  of 
recognized  ability,  and  in  professional  circles 
stands  high. 

In  1883  Judge  Fall  was  united  in  marriage 
with  Miss  Emma  Morgan,  who  was  born  in 
Texas  but  is  descended  from  Tennessee  and 
Kentucky  families.  Their  union  has  been 
blessed  with  four  children, — John  Morgan, 
Alexina,  Anne  Caroline  and  Jouett. 

The  Judge  now  devotes  his  entire  time  to 
his  extensive  law  practice  and  his  business  in- 
terests, but  in  the  campaigns  he  always  holds 
himself  in  readiness  to  render  his  party  valua- 
ble service  and  in  the  councils  of  the  Democ- 
racy is  a  man  of  much  power  and  great  in- 
fluence. 


@EORGE  F.  BILLINGS.— Prominent 
among  the  representative  young  busi- 
ness men  of  Cerrillos,  New  Mexico, 
is  found  the  gentleman  whose   name 
introduces  this  article.      Although   a  resident 
of  the  Territory  but  a  few  years,   he  is  thor- 
oughly identified  with  its  interests,  and  we  deem 
it  appropriate  to  make  personal  mention  of  him 
in  this  connection. 

Mr.  Billings  was  born  in  Manchester,  Illi- 
nois, December  30,  1864,  and  comes  from  an- 
cestors who  were  among  the  early  settlers  of 
the  State  of  Maryland.  His  forefathers  on 
both  the  maternal  and  paternal  sides  were  par- 
ticipants in  the  Revolutionary  war,  and  Great- 
grandfather Abraham  Billings  was  a  general  in 
the  Continental  army.  Grandfather  Abraham 
Billings  removed  with  his  family  to  Manchester, 
Illinois,  and  was  one  of  the  original  settlers  of 
that  place.  William  J.  Billings,  the  father  of 
our  subject,  was  born  there  in  the  year  1829, 
and  in  1 849,  at  the  age  of  twenty  years,  he 
crossed  the  plains  to  California  and  sought  his 
fortune  in  the  gold  mines.  There  he  made  con- 
siderable money,  but  like  most  of  the  miners 
sank  it  again  in  mining  operations.  After  several 
years  spent  on  the  Pacific  coast  he  returned  to 


Illinois,  bringing  with  him  some  money.  When 
the  excitement  broke  out  over  the  discovery  of 
gold  at  Pike's  Peak,  he  was  among  the  first 
to  go  to  that  place,  and  there,  too,  he  made 
some  money  which  he  brought  home  with  him. 
At  Manchester  he  was  united  in  marriage  to 
Miss  Elizabeth  Roberts,  a  native  of  Pennsyl- 
vania but  reared  at  Manchester,  Illinois,  of 
which  place  her  parents  were  pioneers.  In 
1868  Mr.  Billings  and  his  family  removed  to 
Kansas  and  located  in  Miami  county,  where  he 
took  claim  to  a  tract  of  Government  land  and 
improved  a  good  property,  and  where  he  and 
his  wife  still  reside.  They  are  worthy  mem- 
bers of  the  Baptist  Church  and  are  held  in  high 
esteem  by  all  who  know  them.  Their  four 
children  are  all  living. 

George  F.  Billings,  the  second  son  in  his 
father's  family,  received  his  education  in  the 
public  schools  of  Kansas  and  at  the  Fort  Scott 
Normal  College,  where  he  graduated  with 
honor  in  the  class  of  1890.  In  the  year  follow- 
ing his  graduation  he  came  to  New  Mexico  and 
accepted  a  position  as  bookkeeper  for  W.  P. 
Cunningham  and  later  for  Doyle,  Branson  & 
Company,  general  merchants  at  Cerrillos. 
After  this  he  was  for  a  time  in  the  employ  of 
C.  Conley,  dealer  in  general  merchandise,  with 
whom  he  remained  until  going  into  business  for 
himself.  He  then  purchased  an  interest  in  the 
Cerrillos  Cash  Grocery,  with  Mr.  George  Lan- 
don  as  partner,  and  in  addition  to  their  estab- 
lishment here  they  now  have  a  branch  house  at 
San  Marcial,  at  both  of  which  places  they  are 
doing  a  large  and  satisfactory  business.  Mr. 
Billings  is  resident  partner  and  sole  manager  of 
the  store  at  Cerrillos.  He  is  active,  enterpris- 
ing and  obliging,  and  has  the  natural  ability  to 
draw  and  hold  trade,  and  his  methods  in  busi- 
ness are  liberal  and  honorable,  so  that  he  is 
deserving  of  the  extensive  patronage  which  he 
enjoys. 

Mr.  Billings  is  a  member  in  good  standing 
of  the  Independent  Order  of  Odd  Fellows,  and 
in  politics  is  a  Democrat.  Actively  interested 
in  the  affairs  of  the  town  ever  since  he  located 
here,  he  is  recognized  as  a  citizen  of  true  worth 


HIS  TORT  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


and    was    recently  elected    a    member  of    the 
School  Board  of  the  city. 

In  conclusion,  we  would  state  that  it  was 
on  account  of  impaired  health  that  Mr.  Bill- 
ings came  to  New  Mexico,  and  as  a  result  of 
his  sojourn  in  this  favored  clime  he  is  now  in 
the  enjoyment  of  perfect  health  and  is  an  en- 
thusiast over  the  climate  of  the  town  of  his 
adoption. 


>*T*AMES  p.  WILLIAMS,  proprietor  of  a 
•      livery  and  feed  stable  and  also  a  dealer 
/•I      in  coal,  is  another  one  of  the  enterpris- 
ing and   reliable  business   men  of  Cer- 
rillos,  New  Mexico,  and  as  such  is  deserving  of 
personal  consideration  in  this  volume. 

Mr.  Williams  is  a  native  of  the  State  of 
Iowa.  He  was  born  October  14,  1856,  and  is 
remotely  descended  from  Welsh  ancestors. 
Four  generations  of  the  family  were  born  in 
Ohio  and  figured  prominently  in  the  early  his- 
tory of  the  Western  Reserve,  their  location 
being  in  Holmes  county.  It  was  in  that  county 
that  Stephen  Williams,  the  father  of  our  sub- 
ject, was  born  August  2,  1832.  Stephen 
Williams  married  Miss  Elizabeth  Peckham,  a 
native  of  his  own  county  and  a  descendant  of 
an  old  Vermont  family.  Their  union  was 
blessed  in  the  birth  of  two  sons,  namely: 
Elmer,  a  resident  of  Kansas;  and  James  F. , 
with  whose  name  we  introduce  this  article. 
The  father  died  in  1874.  He  had  long  been 
an  acceptable  member  of  the  Christian  Church 
and  was  in  every  sense  of  the  word  a  truly 
good  man.  The  mother  passed  away  in  1867. 
Hers  was  a  beautiful  character, — a  devoted 
and  loving  wife  and  mother,  true  to  her  pro- 
fession of  friendship  and  earnest  in  her  Chris- 
tian life.  Her  religious  creed  was  that  of  the 
Presbyterian  Church. 

We  come  now  to  James  F.  Williams,  the 
immediate  subject  of  this  sketch.  He  was 
educated  in  Carthage,  Missouri,  where  he  took 
a  high-school  course.  At  the  age  of  nineteen 
he  began  to  make  his  own  way  in  the  world  as 
a  farmer,  he  having  purchased  a  tract  of  land 


in  Missouri,  and  on  that  place  he  resided  until 
1882,  when  he  sold  out  and  came  west  to  New 
Mexico,  first  locating  at  Las  Vegas.  There  he 
engaged  in  the  dairy  business.  Soon,  however, 
he  felt  that  a  lower  altitude  than  Las  Vegas 
was  necessary  for  his  own  good  health  and  ac- 
cordingly came  to  Cerrillos.  Here  he  at  once 
obtained  complete  relief  from  his  headache 
trouble,  and  has  since  enjoyed  excellent  health. 
He  purchased  the  stage  route  between  Cerril- 
los and  San  Pedro  and  engaged  in  the  livery 
business,  which  he  has  since  successfully  con- 
ducted, and  in  addition  to  which  he  also  deals 
in  coal,  hauling  coal  from  the  mines  and 
supplying  the  town.  He  also  has  a  number 
of  customers  located  at  other  points  to  which 
he  ships  coal.  And  another  business  in  which 
he  is  engaged  to  some  extent  in  connection 
with  his  livery  is  that  of  buying  and  selling 
horses;  and  in  this,  too,  he  is  usually  success- 
ful. A  general  business  man,  a  whole-souled, 
genial  fellow,  enterprising  and  liberal,  he  is  in- 
deed a  desirable  accession  to  his  town,  and  is 
appreciated  by  his  fellow  citizens.  He  built 
and  owns  the  stables  he  occupies  and  has  also 
invested  in  other  property  here,  in  this  way 
showing  his  confidence  in  the  town  and  doing 
all  in  his  power  to  advance  its  interests.  Po- 
litically, he  is  a  stanch  Republican,  but  is  in  no 
sense  of  the  word  a  politician  nor  has  he  ever 
sought  or  held  office. 

Mr.  Williams  was  united  in  marriage  in 
1879  to  Miss  Effie  Van  Tassel,  a  native  of 
Illinois,  and  their  family  is  composed  of  two 
interesting  daughters,  Edna  E.  and  Myrtle  M. 


HE  PALACE  HOTEL,  located  on 
the  corner  of  Main  and  Cherry 
streets,  Cerrillos,  New  Mexico,  is  re- 
garded as  the  most  attractive  and 
substantial  building  in  the  town  and  is  presided 
over  by  Mrs.  R.  Green,  who  planned  and 
built  it  in  1889  and  who  has  catered  to  its 
guests  ever  since.  She  has  built  up  and  main- 
tained an  enviable  reputation  for  the  excellency 
of  the  hotel,  and  it  is  now  known  far  and  near 


HISTORY  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


507 


by  the  traveling  public.  Its  location  is  the 
best  in  the  town.  Its  main  part  is  loox  100 
feet  in  dimensions  and  three  stories  high,  and 
it  has  an  L  50  feet  long  and  containing  two 
stories,  the  main  building  covered  with  an 
iron  roof.  There  are  forty-five  rooms  in  the 
house,  including  an  elegant  parlor,  dining-room, 
etc.,  and  most  of  the  sleeping  rooms  are  sup- 
plied with  closets.  The  arrangement  of  the 
hotel,  as  above  stated,  is  according  to  Mrs. 
Green's  own  ideas  of  comfort  and  convenience 
and  is  indeed  a  credit  to  her  ability  in  this 
line.  And  in  addition  to  the  hotel,  the  build- 
ing also  contains  the  Masonic  Hall.  Mr. 
Green,  we  may  state  here,  is  an  active  and 
worthy  member  of  the  Masonic  Order. 

Both  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Green  are  Southern 
people  and  possess  to  a  marked  degree  that 
true  and  genial  hospitality  for  which  the  South- 
erners are  noted.  While  they  furnish  an  ex- 
cellent board  and  supply  their  guests  with 
every  comfort  and  convenience,  and  while 
their  hotel  is  by  far  the  best  in  the  city,  their 
rates  are  most  liberal — from  $i  to  $1.50  per 
day.  Commercial  men  and  other  travelers  are 
attracted  to  this  house  on  account  of  its  pleas- 
ant and  quiet  location  as  well  as  its  excellent 
fare,  the  building  being  located  apart  from 
others  and  having  pleasant  grounds  adjoining  it. 
Another  important  feature  is  its  garden,  from 
which  fresh  vegetables  are  always  obtainable. 
Having  thus  briefly  referred  to  the  hotel  and 
its  excellent  accommodations,  we  pass  now  to 
personal  mention  of  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Green,  who 
are  ranked  with  the  best  people  of  Cerrillos. 

Richard  Green  was  born  in  North  Carolina 
in  the  year  1848  and  was  reared  and  educated 
in  his  native  State.  In  1867  he  was  there 
married  to  Miss  Mary  C.  Lewis,  also  a  native 
of  North  Carolina,  she  being  a  daughter  of 
Mr.  C.  Lewis.  After  their  marriage  they  re- 
moved to  Texas,  where  they  made  their  home 
a  few  years,  and  in  1884  came  to  Cerrillos, 
New  Mexico.  Here  Mr.  Green  opened  the 
White  Ash  coal  mine,  which  he  operated  six 
years,  doing  an  extensive  and  prosperous  busi- 
ness, amounting  to  several  thousand  dollars  per 


month.  He  was  finally  persuaded  that  his 
title  to  this  mine  was  not  good,  and  was  in- 
duced to  sell  out  to  the  present  company. 
Since  selling  out  he  has  been  engaged  in  other 
mining  operations.  He  and  his  wife  own  a 
number  of  buildings  and  lots  in  Cerrillos. 
Their  interests,  however,  are  to  some  extent 
kept  separate,  and  while  this  is  a  fact  they 
have  always  paid  one  hundred  cents  on  the 
dollar,  have  always  shown  themselves  to  be  of 
the  strictest  integrity,  and  in  all  their  business 
dealings  have  so  acted  as  to  command  the  re- 
spect of  all. 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Green  have  had  ten  children. 
Their  third  son,  Calvin,  a  promising  young 
man  of  twenty-four  years,  was  killed  in  a  mine 
explosion.  The  others  are  still  living  and 
make  their  home  with  their  parents,  their 
names  being  as  follows:  Clay,  George,  Christ, 
Nannie,  Roy,  Erne,  Emma,  Kittie,  Richard 
and  Ruth.  Nannie  is  the  only  one  married, 
she  being  the  wife  of  George  Bailey. 

In  public  affairs,  especially  those  of  his 
town  and  county,  Mr.  Green  has  always  taken 
a  commendable  interest.  He  is  one  of  the 
prominent  and  active  members  of  the  School 
Board  of  Cerrillos,  and  has  held  the  important 
office  of  County  Commissioner.  His  political 
views  are  those  advanced  by  the  Democratic 
party,  to  which  he  gives  his  earnest  support. 
Both  he  and  his  wife  are  members  of  the  Bap- 
tist Church. 


BRANK  B.  DODSON,  proprietor  of  the 
Phoenix  Hotel  of  Clayton,  New  Mex- 
ico, and  also  the  boot  and  shoe  man- 
ufacturer of  the  town,  is  a  self-made 
man  and  one  who  has  during  the   six  'years  of 
his  residence    in  Clayton  made  his  work  and 
influence  tell  for  the  good  of  the  community. 

Mr.  Dodson  is  a  native  of  the  "Lone  Star" 
State.  He  was  born  in  Belton,  Texas,  May  7, 
1862,  and  is  a  descendant  of  an  old  Southern 
family.  Both  his  father  and  grandfather  Dod- 
son were  named  Jesse.  The  elder  Jesse  Dod- 
son was  for  many  years  a  planter  and  mill 


508 


HIS  TORT  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


owner  of  Middle  Tennessee,  and  in  that  State 
in  1818  his  son  Jesse  was  born.  The  latter 
married  Miss  Mary  Elizabeth  Scott,  a  native 
of  Missouri,  and  as  the  years  passed  by  sons 
and  daughters  to  the  number  of  five  were  born 
to  them.  He  and  his  family  removed  to  Ar- 
kansas, and  there  in  1874  he  died.  At  this 
writing,  1895,  his  widow  is  still  living,  and  is 
about  sixty  years  of  age.  She  is  a  member 
of  the  Christian  Church,  while  he  was  a  Bap- 
tist. 

Frank  B.  Dodson,  with  whose  name  we  in- 
troduce this  article,  was  the  first  born  in  their 
family,  all  of  whom  are  still  living.  He  was 
quite  small  at  the  time  of  their  removal  to  Ar- 
kansas and  in  that  State  he  was  reared  to 
manhood.  When  his  father  died  young  Dod- 
son was  just  entering  his  'teens,  and  at  the  age 
of  sixteen  he  began  to  earn  his  own  living, 
working  as  a  stock-hand  and  engineer  and  soon 
afterward  learning  the  trade  of  shoemaker. 
He  worked  at  his  trade  in  Texas  from  1878  to 
1889  at  which  time  he  came  to  Clayton,  New 
Mexico,  and  opened  a  shoe-shop.  Here  he 
at  once  secured  a  good  trade,  both  manufac- 
turing and  repairing,  having  all  he  could  do 
and  at  remunerative  prices,  and  has  ever  since 
had  all  the  business  of  the  town  in  this  line. 
The  rapid  growth  of  the  town  gave  room  for 
additional  hotel  accommodations,  and  in  1894 
Mr.  Dodson  became  the  proprieter  of  the 
Phoenix  Hotel,  a  pleasantly  located  and  com- 
modious house,  in  the  conducting  of  which  he 
is  ably  assisted  by  Mrs.  Dodson,  who  proves 
herself  an  excellent  landlady.  Both  are  genial 
and  hospitable  and  have  the  happy  faculty  of 
making  their  guests  feel  at  home.  Mr.  Dod- 
son has  also  dealt  in  real  estate  to  some  extent 
since  coming  to  Clayton,  buying  and  selling  on 
his  own  account,  and  still  owns  some  valuable 
property  here.  He  has  at  heart  the  best  in- 
terests of  the  town  and  can  be  depended  upon 
to  do  all  in  his  power  to  advance  its  growth 
and  prosperity. 

Mr.  Dodson  was  married  March,  10,  1891, 
to  Miss  Edith  Searl,  a  native  of  Danville,  Illi- 
nois, and  they  are  the  parents  of  two  children, 


both    born    in    Clayton, — Frank  Clifford    and 
Alonzo  Layton. 

His  political  views  are  those  advanced  by 
the  Democratic  party,  of  which  he  is  a  stanch 
adherent.  At  this  writing  he  is  one  of  the 
Directors  of  the  school  district.  Such,  in 
brief,  is  a  sketch  of  the  life  of  one  of  Clayton's 
enterprising  and  reliable  citizens, — Frank  B. 
Dodson. 


eDWARD  A.  CAHOON— Among  those 
who  have  aided  in  placing  the  bank- 
ing affairs  of  New    Mexico  on   a  firm 
basis  is  Mr.  Cahoon,  the  popular  and 
well  known  cashier   of  the  bank    of  Roswell. 
He  is  a  young  man  of  superior  ability,  broad 
views  and  sterling  worth,  and  no  one  has  more 
friends  in  the  community.      The   record  of  his 
well  spent  life  is  as  follows: 

He  is  numbered  among  the  residents  of  the 
Southwest  who  claim  the  Green  Mountain 
State  as  the  place  of  their  nativity  and  who 
have  became  truly  representative  citizens.  He 
was  born  in  Lyndon,  Vermont,  August  20, 
1863,  and  comes,  of  a  family  of  Scotch  origin, 
his  ancestors  coming  to  this  country  about  1650 
and  settling  in  Providence,  Rhode  Island. 
Through  his  great-grandmother  he  is  eighth  in 
descent  from  Roger  Williams.  His  great- 
grandfather, Daniel  Cahoon,  was  a  shipping 
merchant  in  Providence  prior  to  the  Revolu- 
tionary war,  and,  losing  his  ships  to  the  Brit- 
ish at  that  time,  he  moved  to  New  Hampshire, 
and  shortly  afterward  to  Vermont,  where  he, 
in  company  with  others,  purchased  from 
New  Hampshire  the  so-called  grants  of  Lyn- 
don, St.  Johnsbury  and  Sutton.  He  settled 
in  Lyndon,  where  Edward's  grandfather,  Will- 
iam Cahoon,  lived  the  remainder  of  his  life. 
He  (William  Cahoon)  was  born  in  Providence, 
in  1774,  and  at  various  times  occupied  all  the 
town  offices,  seats  in  both  branches  of  the  Leg- 
islature and  was  a  member  of  the  Twenty-first 
Congress.  He  was  a  Major  General  of  the 
State  militia  under  appointment  of  Gov.  Ga- 


H1STORT  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


509 


lusha.      He  died  in  1832,  the   result   of  a  cold 
contracted  in  Washington. 

His  father,  Dr.  Charles  S.  Cahoon,  was 
born  September  30,  1829,  in  Lyndon,  gradua- 
ted in  1850  at  the  Woodstock  Medical  College 
and  afterward  at  Bellevue  in  New  York,  and 
practiced  his  profession  with  success  in  his  na- 
tive town  until  his  death  in  1881.  The  ma- 
ternal grandfather,  E.  B.  Chase,  was  born  in 
Bradford,  Vermont,  in  1800.  He  came  to 
Lyndon  in  1825  and  was  prominently  identified 
with  all  the  leading  industries;  was  instrumental 
in  building  the  Passumpsic  Railroad  through 
the  valley,  forming  the  first  all-rail  connecting 
link  between  Boston  and  Montreal,  and  was  a 
director  of  the  corporation  until  he  died.  He 
organized,  and  was  president  of,  until  his 
death,  the  National  Bank  of  Lyndon,  one  of 
the  early  banks  in  the  national  system.  He 
was  considered  the  wealthiest  and  most  promi- 
nent citizen  of  the  town  at  the  time  of  his 
death  in  1867.  Our  subject's  mother,  whose 
maiden  name  was  Charlotte  Chase,  was  born 
in  January  26,  1833,  married  Dr.  Cahoon 
December  4,  1857,  and  died  in  September, 

1873- 

The  gentleman  whose  name  heads  this 
sketch  received  excellent  educational  advan- 
tages,, thus  being  fitted  for  the  practical  and 
responsible  duties  of  life.  He  was  graduated 
at  the  high  school  of  his  native  town  in  the 
class  of  1879,  and  then  entered  Amherst  Col- 
lege, where  on  the  completion  of  the  pre- 
scribed course  he  was  graduated,  in  1883.  Not 
long  after,  Mr.  Cahoon  left  his  old  home  in  the 
East  and  sought  a  broader  field  of  labor  in 
Minneapolis,  Minnesota,  where  he  was  engaged 
in  the  real-estate  business  until  the  autumn  of 
1884.  At  that  date  he  arrived  in  New  Mex- 
ico, and  began  ranching  in  the  Red  river 
country,  where  he  continued  until  1887,  when 
he  went  to  Albuquerque,  and  was  a  clerk  in  the 
Albuquerque  National  Bank  until  1890.  His 
close  application  to  business  made  him  a 
thorough  master  of  banking  and  fitted  him  for 
the  responsible  position  which  he  now  fills. 
He  was  one  of  the  organizers  and  incorporators 


of  the  Bank  of  Roswell,  and  from  the  begin- 
ning has  served  as  its  cashier.  Not  a  little  of 
the  success  of  the  institution  is  due  to  his  ca- 
pable management  and  efficient  labors. 

On  the  26th  of  April,  1894,  Mr.  Cahoon 
was  united  in  marriage  in  Merced,  California, 
with  Miss  Mabel  Howell,  a  native  daughter  of 
that  State.  They  have  one  child,  Katharine, 
born  on  the  26th  of  January,  1895.  Our  sub- 
ject is  a  very  prominent  Mason,  a  Knight 
Templar,  who  has  also  taken  the  Scottish-rite 
degrees.  In  manner  he  is  courteous,  pleasant 
and  genial,  and  has  many  friends  throughout 
the  community. 


>-r*AMES  EDGAR  GRIGGS,  deceased,  was 
a  a  prominent  citizen  and  merchant  of 
/•  J  Mesilla,  and  the  part  which  he  took  in 
advancing  the  best  interests  of  his 
adopted  Territory  well  entitled  him  to  repre- 
sentation in  this  volume.  He  was  of  German 
and  English  lineage  and  was  born  in  Bla- 
wensburg,  New  Jersey,  in  August,  1838.  In 
Princeton  College  he  acquired  an  excellent  edu- 
cation and  in  1859,  when  twenty-one  years  of 
age,  came  to  New  Mexico,  securing  a  position 
as  bookkeeper  with  Mr-  Reynolds,  with  whom 
he  was  associated  in  that  capacity  for  a  year. 
He  was  then  admitted  to  a  partnership  in  the 
business  under  the  firm  name  of  Reynolds  & 
Griggs,  dealers  in  general  merchandise.  They 
also  handled  all  kinds  of  produce,  and  theirs 
became  one  of  the  most  prominent  and  success- 
ful mercantile  houses  in  this  part  of  the  Terri- 
tory. They  continued  together  in  business  for 
fifteen  years,  and  won  a  reputation  for  honor- 
able, straightforward  dealing  that  secured  for 
them  a  most  liberal  patronage. 

In  1866  Mr.  Griggs  was  united  in  marriage 
with  Miss  Eugenia  A.  Ascarate,  a  native  of  the 
State  of  Chihuahua  and  a  lady  of  Spanish  de- 
scent. Her  father,  Christoval  Ascarate,  was  a 
prominent  stock-raiser  in  Chihuahua.  The 
union  of  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Griggs  was  blessed  with 
a  family  of  six  children,  all  born  at  the  home 
in  Mesilla.  In  order  of  birth  they  are  as  fol- 


5  w 


HISTORY  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


lows:  Kate  M.,  George  W. ,  Alice,  Alfred, 
Joseph  and  Grace.  The  last  named,  a  most 
lovely  young  lady,  died  in  the  eighteenth  year 
of  her  age.  Alice  is  the  wife  of  Frank  S. 
Wood,  and  the  others  are  at  home  with  their 
mother. 

In  1875  Mr.  Griggs  erected  a  fine  residence 
in  which  the  family  now  reside.  Through  his 
energy,  enterprise  and  business  ability,  he  ac- 
cumulated a  nice  fortune  and  became  the  owner 
of  much  valuable  land.  He  was  recognized  as 
one  of  {he  most  progressive  and  pnblic-spirited 
citizens  of  Mesilla,  and  his  death,  which  oc- 
curred in  1878,  was  widely  mourned.  While 
driving  one  day  his  horses  ran  away,  seriously 
injuring  him,  and  he  lived  for  only  about 
twenty-four  hours.  All  who  knew  him  had 
for  him  the  highest  regard,  and  while  his  loss 
was  deeply  felt  throughout  the  community  it 
came  as  an  almost  overwhelming  blow  to  his 
family.  He  was  a  loving,  kind  and  indulgent 
husband  and  father,  and  did  all  in  his  power 
to  promote  the  happiness  of  his  family. 

Since  his  death,  Mrs.  Griggs  has  cared  for 
and  reared  her  children,  and  also  attended  to 
the  management  of  the  estate,  displaying  in  so 
doing  excellent  executive  and  business  ability. 
She  is  a  most  estimable  lady,  whose  pleasant, 
genial  nature  and  true  worth  have  won  for  her 
the  high  regard  of  all,  and  she  and  her  chil- 
dren occupy  an  enviable  position  in  social 
circles. 


•  HE  BANK  OF  GEORGE  D.  BOW- 
MAN &  SON,  of  Las  Cruces,  opened 
its  doors  for  business  in  May,  1885, 
its  owners  and  organizers  being  Hon. 
George  D.  Bowman  and  his  two  sons,  Henry 
D.  and  George  R.  Bowman.  They  carry  on 
a  general  banking  business,  sell  exchange  on 
the  leading  commercial  cities  of  America  and 
Europe,  and  the  honorable  business  policy 
which  it  has  pursued  since  the  organization 
has  gained  the  full  confidence  and  co-operation 
of  the  citizens  of  Donna  Ana  county.  It  is  the 
only  bank  in  the  city,  and  from  the  beginning 


it  has  met  with  very  gratifying  success,  the 
volume  of  its  business  increasing  each  year. 
In  1894  the  junior  member  of  the  firm,  George 
R.  Bowman,  retired  from  the  bank,  and  the 
two  first  mentioned  gentlemen  are  now  sole 
owners.  H.  D.  Bowman  is  the  cashier.  The 
last  named  gives  the  bank  his  entire  attention 
and  in  its  management  displays  excellent  busi- 
ness and  executive  ability,  while  extending 
every  possible  accommodation,  consistent  with 
the  interests  of  the  bank  and  good  business 
principles,  to  its  patrons. 


@EORGE  D.  BOWMAN.— As  a  repre- 
sentative of  the  banking  interests,  and 
as  a  leader  in  financial  circles,  in  New 
Mexico,  stands  this  gentleman,  who 
is  president  of  the  G.  D.  Bowman  &  Son  Bank 
at  Las  Cruces. 

He  was  born  in  the  city  of  Wilkesbarre, 
Pennsylvania,  March  11,  1827,  and  comes  of 
a  family  of  English  origin,  that  was  founded 
in  Boston,  in  1630,  only  ten  years  after  the 
landing  of  the  Pilgrims  at  Plymouth  Rock. 
The  grandfather,  Ebenezer  Bowman,  was  one 
of  the  Revolutionary  heroes  and  served  in  the 
battle  of  Lexington.  After  the  war  he  removed 
to  Wilkesbarre,  where  he  engaged  in  the  prac- 
tice of  law  until  his  death  in  1830. 

His  son,  James  Watson  Bowman,  father  of 
our  subject,  was  born  in  Wilkesbarre,  in  1800, 
completed  his  education  by  his  graduation  at 
Harvard  College,  and  became  a  talented  jurist, 
serving  as  Prosecuting  Attorney  of  his  district 
at  the  time  of  his  death,  which  occurred  in  the 
thirty-second  year  of  his  age.  He  had  mar- 
ried Harriet  Drake,  and  to  them  were  born 
five  children.  As  far  back  as  the  history  of 
the  family  is  known,  its  members  were  Episco- 
palians, and  Bishop  Bowman  became  promi- 
nent in  church  circles. 

The  gentleman  whose  name  heads  this  rec- 
ord, the  third  in  his  father's  family,  and  now 
the  only  survivor,  was  educated  in  an  academy 
in  the  town  and  at  Bloomsburg,  Pennsylvania, 
after  which  he  turned  his  attention  to  the  edit- 


HISTORY  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


ing  and  publication  of  the  first  paper  in  Schuyl- 
kill  county,  Pennsylvania.  In  1850  he  re- 
moved from  that  place  to  Minnesota,  and  for 
a  short  time  was  engaged  in  farming,  but  a  lit- 
tle later  went  to  St.  Anthony,  now  Minneap- 
olis, where  he  took  charge  of  the  St.  Anthony 
Express.  He  became  the  editor  and  propri- 
etor of  this  paper,  which  he  published  until 
the  dissolution  of  the  Whig  party.  While  at 
that  place  he  had  the  honor  of  naming  the 
town  of  Minneapolis.  On  disposing  of  his  first 
paper  he  engaged  with  J.  B.  King  in  the  pub- 
lication of  the  Atlas.  Subsequently  he  returned 
to  Pennsylvania,  and  for  a  time  was  connected 
with  The  Bulletin,  at  Williamsport;  and  his 
next  journalistic  venture  was  in  the  establish- 
ment of  the  Clinton  Republican,  which  he 
owned,  edited  and  published  for  twelve  years, 
making  it  a  power  in  that  part  of  the  country 
on  the  side  of  Republicanism.  His  aid  to  his 
party  was  appreciated,  and  in  1876  was  recog- 
nized by  his  appointment  by  President  Grant, 
to  the  position  of  Register  of  the  Land  Office 
in  Mesilla,  New  Mexico.  He  filled  that  office 
in  a  most  satisfactory  manner  from  1876  until 
1884.  During  that  time  he  made  judicious  in- 
vestments in  real  estate,  and  on  his  retirement 
to  private  life,  in  connection  with  his  son,  H. 
D. ,  established  the  bank  at  Las  Cruces.  This 
is  now  on  a  firm  financial  basis  and  is  doing  a 
good  business.  They  own  valuable  tracts  of 
land  in  different  parts  of  the  rich  Mesilla  val- 
ley, and  near  the  city  our  subject  has  forty 
acres  of  choice  land,  planted  with  apples, 
peaches  and  a  variety  of  other  fruits.  He  finds 
in  agricultural  pursuits  a  source  of  pleasure  and 
recreation,  as  well  as  profit. 

In  1853  Mr.  Bowman  was  united  in  mar- 
riage with  Miss  Jane  P.  Derby,  a  native  of 
New  York.  The  wedding  was  celebrated  at 
Elmira,  New  York,  and  the  wife  is  a  daughter 
of  Reuben  Derby,  formerly  a  well  known  mer- 
chant of  that  city.  They  have  had  seven  chil- 
dren, of  whom  three  are  living,  namely:  George 
R.,  a  resident  of  Fort  Worth,  Texas;  H.  D., 
who  is  serving  as  cashier  in  the  bank;  andCorrie 
E. ,  wife  of  Dr.  William  B.  Lyon,  of  LasCruces. 


Mr.  Bowman  has  been  an  esteemed  mem- 
ber of  several  fraternal  societies,  and  is  a  con- 
sistent member  of  the  Episcopal  Church.  He 
takes  an  active  part  in  its  work,  has  served  as 
lay  reader,  and  has  also  been  Warden.  He 
joined  the  Republican  party  on  its  organiza- 
tion, and  has  since  been  one  of  its  intelligent 
and  influential  supporters.  He  has  now  at- 
tained a  ripe  age,  and  is  in  the  enjoyment  of  a 
normal  condition  of  all  his  faculties.  His 
business,  political  and  social  record  has  ever 
been  most  creditable,  and  his  honorable, 
straightforward  life  is  worthy  of  emulation. 


HNDERSON  BROTHERS  is  the  name 
of  the  well-known  business  firm  of 
Taos.  The  gentleman  comprising  the 
firm  are  mill  owners  who  came  to 
Taos  valley  in  1877,  locating  on  Copper  Hill, 
about  twenty-two  miles  south  of  Taos,  where 
they  followed  mining  and  prospecting.  In 
1886  they  bought  the  George  Grubb  flour-mill, 
which  they  themselves  built  in  1879,  on  the 
Little  Rio  Grande,  about  three  miles  above  the 
ranches  of  Taos.  In  1889  they  built  the  Taos 
Valley  Mills,  situated  three  miles  southwest  of 
Taos,  and  carried  on  milling  at  both  places 
until  1890,  when  William  A.  turned  his  atten- 
tion more  particularly  to  mining,  leaving  the 
milling  business  in  charge  of  Alex.  J. 

The  Taos  Valley  Mills  is  the  only  water- 
power  mill  in  Taos  valley.  A  good  business 
is  done,  for  the  flour  which  they  turn  out  is  of 
excellent  quality  and  therefore  commands  and 
receives  a  liberal  patronage.  The  said  firm  are 
now  operating  a  group  of  mines  twelve  miles 
north  of  Taos  on  the  Rio  Hondo,  and  have 
lately  erected  a  stamp  mill  to  determine  the 
value  of  the  products  of  their  mining  properties. 
Both  brothers  are  natives  of  Canada  West, 
having  been  born  about  twenty  miles  from 
New  London.  In  their  early  years  they  learned 
the  carpenter's  trade,  which  they  followed  for 
an  extended  period  in  different  States,  includ- 
ing Arkansas,  North  and  South  Dakota  and 
other  localities.  They  usually  spent  the  winters 


HlSTORr  OF  NE  W  MEXICO. 


in  the  South,  the  summers  in  the  North,  and 
being  good  workmen  they  were  enabled  to 
carry  on  a  paying  business.  They  are  now 
nicely  located  at  their  home  in  the  Taos  valley, 
and  have  here  a  fine  orchard,  containing  many 
excellent  varieties  of  apples  and  other  fruits. 
The  Anderson  Brothers  are  well-known  busi- 
ness men  of  thorough  reliability  and  are  en- 
thusiastic in  their  hopes  of  the  mining  indus- 
tries of  the  Taos  country.  The  success  that 
they  have  achieved  is  due  entirely  to  their  own 
efforts  and  the  future  will  undoubtedly  bestow 
upon  them  greater  favors  in  the  way  of  pros- 
perity. 


WILLIAM  BURR  CHILDERS.— it 

is  now  our  privilege  to  advert  in 
brief  to  the  life  history  of  one  who 
holds  precedence  as  a  distinguished 
member  of  the  bar  of  New  Mexico,  a  man  of 
scholarly  attainments  and  one  who  has  con- 
tributed in  a  large  measure  to  the  advancement 
and  development  of  the  city  of  his  home,  Albu- 
querque. He  is  a  native  of  the  State  of  Ten- 
nessee, and  his  ancestry,  which  is  of  English 
origin,  is  one  that  is  recorded  for  close  identi- 
fication with  the  early  history  of  the  United 
States.  The  original  American  ancestors  came 
from  England,  and  were  among  those  stanch 
old  families  which  took  up  their  abode  in  Vir- 
ginia within  the  Colonial  epoch.  In  the  Old 
Dominion  State  the  father  of  our  subject  was 
born,  the  date  of  his  nativity  having  been 
August  9,  1815.  While  he  was  still  a  child  the 
family  removed  to  Tennessee,  and  there  he 
was  reared  to  man's  estate,  and  there  he  has 
ever  since  continued  to  abide.  In  early  man- 
hood he  took  unto  himself  a  wife  in  the  person 
of  Miss  Susan  Ezell,  a  native  of  Tennessee  and 
the  daughter  of  Abel  Ezell,  who  removed 
thither  from  South  Carolina.  Of  this  union 
there  were  born  five  children,  and  one  of  the 
daughters  and  two  of  the  sons  still  continue  to 
reside  in  their  native  State.  The  devoted  wife 
and  mother  was  called  into  eternal  rest  in  the 
year  1865,  being  in  the  fortieth  year  of  her 


age.  The  father  is  still  spared,  having  attained 
the  venerable  age  of  eighty  years  (1895),  and 
being  greatly  revered  not  alone  by  his  children 
but  also  by  all  who  have  known  his  true 
nobility  of  character.  He  is  one  of  the  pa- 
triarchs of  the  section  where  nearly  his  entire 
life  has  been  passed.  He  has  been  identified 
with  the  Methodist  Church  from  his  youth, 
and  has  long  been  an  official  in  the  same,  being 
recognized  as  one  of  the  most  substantial  pil- 
lars of  the  local  organization  with  which  he  is 
identified. 

William  Burr  Childers,  the  immediate  sub- 
ject of  this  review,  was  born  in  Tennessee,  as 
before  stated,  the  date  of  his  nativity  having 
been  March  20,  1854,  and  the  place  thereof 
Pulaski,  Giles  county.  He  was  the  second 
born  of  the  children.  His  preliminary  educa- 
tional discipline  was  received  in  private  schools 
at  his  birthplace  in  Tennessee,  and  he  com- 
pleted his  more  purely  literary  training  at 
Washington  and  Lee  University,  in  Virginia, 
graduating  at  that  institution  in  1873,  with  the 
degree  of  Bachelor  of  Arts.  He  forthwith  en- 
tered the  law  department  of  the  same  cele- 
brated college,  and  completed  the  prescribed 
course  in  1874.  Young  and  ambitious,  he  at 
once  made  ready  to  enter  vigorously  upon  the 
practice  of  his  chosen  profession,  for  which  he 
was  thoroughly  reinforced  by  training,  study 
and  natural  predilection,  and  accordingly  the 
year  1875  finds  him  established  in  an  office  at 
St.  Louis,  Missouri.  Here  he  remained  in 
successful  practice  until  1879,  and  on  the  first 
day  of  the  year  1880  he  arrived  at  Santa  Fe, 
New  Mexico,  coming  to  Albuquerque  soon  after 
his  advent  in  the  Territory. 

At  the  time  of  his  arrival  here  the  new 
town  had  not  as  yet  been  surveyed,  and  for 
fifteen  months  he  maintained  his  residence  in 
the  old  town.  He  then  came  to  New  Albu- 
querque, as  the  town  was  designated  for  a 
number  of  years,  and  here  made  a  permanent 
location  and  entered  upon  the  practice  of  his 
profession,  soon  taking  rank  as  one  of  the  fore- 
most lawyers  of  the  Territory,  and  gaining  a 
distinctively  representative  clientage.  From 


HISTORY  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


1884  until  1887  he  was  associated  in  practice 
with  H.  B.  Fergusson,  since  the  dissolution  of 
which  partnership  he  has  continued  alone,  hav- 
ing built  up  a  large  and  lucrative  practice  and 
gained  a  high  standing  as  one  of  the  Territory's 
most  able  and  talented  attorneys.  Alert  and 
progressive,  he  has  not  confined  himself  to  the 
narrow  limitation  of  personal  aggrandizement, 
but  has  maintained  a  constant  and  spirited  in- 
terest in  all  that  has  conserved  the  advance- 
ment of  the  city  in  the  lines  of  normal  growth 
and  enterprise.  He  was  one  of  the  most  en- 
thusiastic workers  in  the  organization  of  the 
Commercial  Club,  was  one  of  its  charter  mem- 
bers and  one  of  its  first  directors.  He  contrib- 
uted in  due  measure  toward  the  erection  of 
the  magnificent  club  building,  and  in  the  second 
year  of  the  history  of  the  organization  was 
elected  its  president,  his  administration  having 
been  a  most  able  one.  He  has  also  served  as 
a  member  of  the  Common  Council  of  the  city, 
and  later  was  honored  with  an  election  to  the 
office  of  Mayor,  the  position  which  he  fills  con- 
scientiously, eminently  to  the  credit  of  the 
municipality. 

In  his  political  adherency,  Mr.  Childershas 
always  rendered  a  stanch  allegiance  to  the 
Democratic  party  and  its  principles,  taking  an 
active  part  in  its  councils.  In  1890  he  gave 
his  party  valuable  service  as  chairman  of  the 
Territorial  Central  Committee.  He  also  has 
distinguished  preferment  as  a  member  of  the 
Board  of  Regents  of  the  University  of  New 
Mexico.  From  these  few  data  it  may  be  seen 
that  our  subject  has  been  an  eminent  factor  in 
furthering  the  advancement  of  the  city's  inter- 
ests, and  to  an  almost  equal  degree  that  of  the 
Territory,  of  which  he  is  a  prominent  and 
valued  citizen. 

While  a  resident  of  St.  Louis  Mr.  Childers 
became  identified  with  the  Masonic  fraternity, 
and  upon  coming  to  Albuquerque  he  was  one 
of  the  prime  movers  in  securing  the  organiza- 
tion of  the  first  lodge  in  the  little  city,  being  a 
charter  member  of  the  same.  He  is  Past 
Master  of  his  lodge,  and  the  important  part  he 
has  taken  in  extending  the  growth  of  the  order 

33 


in  the  Territory  and  the  high  regard  in  which 
he  is  held  by  his  fellow  craftsmen  is  shown  in 
the  fact  that  he  is  Past  Grand  Master  of  the 
Grand  Lodge  of  New  Mexico, — holding  that 
high  and  honorable  preferment  in  1884.  He 
has  attained  to  the  thirty-second  degree  of 
Scottish  Rite  Masonry. 

In  April,  1885,  was  consummated  the  mar- 
riage of  Mr.  Childers  to  Miss  Caroline  M.  Lay, 
a  daughter  of  Judge  John  F.  Lay,  for  many 
years  a  prominent  resident  of  Richmond,  Vir- 
ginia. Our  subject  and  wife  have  three  chil- 
dren, all  of  whom  were  born  in  Albuquerque, 
their  names  being  as  follows:  Gladys,  Agnes 
and  Edith.  The  attractive  family  home  is  lo- 
cated on  the  corner  of  Twelfth  street  and  Rail- 
road avenue,  this  residence  having  been  erect- 
ed by  Mr.  Childers. 


>-r*OHN  Y.  HEWITT  is  a  prominent  at- 
M  torney  of  White  Oaks,  Lincoln  county, 
/•  J  and  one  of  the  most  enterprising  busi- 
ness men,  having  been  the  promoter  of 
various  industries  and  enterprises  which  have 
largely  aided  in  the  upbuilding  of  this  locality. 
In  this  practical  and  utilitarian  age  he  de- 
serves and  receives  the  esteem  and  admiration 
of  his  fellow  men,  the  work  of  whose  hands 
secures  the  greatest  good  to  the  greatest  num- 
ber. Through  his  connection  with  various 
business  interests,  Mr.  Hewitt  has  provided 
employment  for  many  men,  and  in  conse- 
quence may  be  termed  one  of  the  benefactors 
of  Lincoln  county. 

A  native  of  Ohio,  he  was  born  in  West 
Farmington,  Trumbull  county,  on  the  iith  of 
October,  1836,  spent  his  boyhood  on  a  farm 
and  acquired  his  early  education  in  the  com- 
mon schools.  Subsequently  he  attended  the 
Western  Reserve  Seminary  of  West  Farming- 
ton,  and  when  twenty  years  of  age  started  out 
in  life  for  himself.  For  a  year  he  was  located 
in  Oshkosh,  Wisconsin,  but  not  being  satisfied 
with  the  opportunities  afforded  there  and 
thinking  the  advantages  of  the  West  were 
greater,  he  went  to  the  then  Territory  of  Kan- 


5H 


HIS  TORT  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


sas,  locating  in  Franklin  county.  On  his 
country's  call  for  troops,  he  laid  aside  all 
business  cares  to  enter  the  Union  service,  and 
was  mustered  in  as  a  member  of  the  Second 
Kansas  Cavalry,  October  14,  1861,  as  a 
private.  Some  time  afterward  he  was  made 
regimental  Commissary  Sergeant,  and  con- 
tinued to  fill  that  position  until  finally  mustered 
out,  June  22,  1865,  having  re-enlisted  as  a 
veteran  January  4,  1864,  in  the  same  com- 
pany and  regiment,  and  was  discharged  at 
Lawrence,  Kansas,  in  September,  1865;  for  the 
war  was  over  and  the  preservation  of  the 
Union  was  an  assured  fact.  He  participated 
in  the  battles  of  Fort  Wayne,  Canehill, 
Prairie  Grove,  and  others.  He  was  in  the 
frontier  service,  and  was  engaged  in  many 
skirmishes  and  running  fights. 

Mr.  Hewitt  was  only  twenty-one  years  of 
age  when  he  went  to  Kansas.  He  located  at 
Ohio  City,  at  one  time  the  county  seat,  which 
was  subsequently  removed  to  Ottawa.  He 
engaged  in  teaching  school  for  three  terms, 
and  at  the  same  time  took  up  the  study  of  law 
and  was  also  engaged  in  clerking.  In  1868,  on 
locating  in  Ottawa,  he  began  dealing  in  real 
estate,  which  he  there  followed  until  1877. 
He  suffered  the  same  experience  that  met 
thousands  of  good  men  in  Kansas.  He  was 
successful  until  the  panic  of  1873,  which 
caused  a  depression  in  all  lines  of  business. 
He  had  invested  in  property  and  now  lost  all 
he  had.  In  1877  he  went  to  the  Black  Hills 
of  Dakota,  but  did  not  make  a  settlement  in 
that  Territory. 

The  knowledge  that  he  had  acquired  of 
New  Mexico  during  his  army  service  led  to  his 
settlement  in  this  Territory.  Coming  South 
without  any  definite  idea  as  to  where  he 
should  locate,  he  looked  about  him  for  a  short 
time,  when,  hearing  of  the  gold  mines  at 
White  Oaks,  where  there  was  considerable  ex- 
citement, he  came  to  the  town  in  1880.  His 
cash  capital  at  the  time  of  his  arrival  was  less 
than  $10.  During  the  first  year  he  did  what 
he  could  to  earn  a  living,  prospecting  some  but 
to  no  avail.  In  August,  1881,  at  Lincoln, 


the  county  seat  of  Lincoln  county,  he  passed 
a  law  examination,  and  was  admitted  to  the 
bar.  He  immediately  entered  upon  the  prac- 
tice of  his  profession  at  White  Oaks,  where 
he  has  since  continued.  No  field  of  human 
endeavor  is  more  open  to  a  successful  career 
than  that  of  law,  but  he  who  would  attain 
this  measure  of  success  must  have  been  en- 
dowed with  a  native  force  of  character  and 
must  apply  himself  earnestly  to  secure  ad- 
vancement. This  Mr.  Hewitt  has  done  and 
he  has  now  a  large  and  liberal  clientage 
which  he  well  merits,  deriving  therefrom  a 
good  income. 

As  his  financial  resources  have  increased, 
Mr.  Hewitt  has  extended  his  endeavors  to 
other  fields  of  labor.  He  is  now  a  part 
owner  in  the  Old  Abe  mine,  having  one- 
third  of  the  stock,  and  the  investment  is 
proving  a  paying  one.  He  also  owns  about 
one-third  of  the  Little  Mac  mine,  and  other 
interests  in  mining  properties.  He  has  in- 
vested in  real  estate  and  owns  two  fine  busi- 
ness blocks  at  White  Oaks,  built  of  stone 
and  brick,  besides  considerable  other  im- 
proved property.  His  law  library  consists  of 
1,000  volumes,  and  he  is  one  of  the  most 
able  practitioners  in  the  Territory.  In  1893 
he  was  prominently  spoken  of  for  the  posi- 
tion of  Judge  of  his  district,  but  made  no 
effort  to  secure  the  appointment,  and  the 
office  finally  went  to  Judge  Hamilton.  He 
is  logical  in  argument,  a  forceful,  earnest  and 
eloquent  speaker,  and  his  prominence  at  the 
bar  is  well  merited.  Mr.  Hewitt  also  owns 
a  half  interest  in  the  White  Oaks  Eagle,  the 
only  paper  published  in  the  town,  and  is  now 
acting  as  its  editor.  He  was  the  first  presi- 
dent of  the  Exchange  Bank  of  White  Oaks, 
but  is  now  gradually  withdrawing  from  active 
connection  with  his  extensive  business  interests, 
as  he  wishes  to  spend  more  and  more  his 
declining  years  in  retirement  and  in  the  en- 
joyment of  a  rest  which  he  has  truly  earned 
and  richly  deserves. 

Mr.  Hewitt  was  married  in  1882  to  Mrs. 
A.  C.  Rawlins,  a  native  of  Ohio.  Socially, 


If  IS  TORT  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


5'5 


he  is  connected  with  Kearny  Post,  No.  10, 
G.  A.  R. ,  of  White  Oaks,  and  was  Depart- 
ment Commander  of  New  Mexico  in  1887-8. 
No  man  has  been  more  actively  interested  in 
the  upbuilding  of  this  city  than  Mr.  Hewitt. 
He  has  contributed  more  largely  than  any 
other  resident  when  money  is  being  raised 
for  works  of  public  improvement,  and  may 
well  be  numbered  among  the  founders  of  his 
adopted  city. 


HCHISON   McCLINTOCK,  one  of  the 
capable    County    Commissioners    of 
Donna  Ana  county,  and  a  successful 
and  leading  merchant    of   Rincon,  is 
numbered  among  the  worthy  sons  of  the  Emer- 
ald Isle,  who   have  found  homes  in  the   New 
World  and  become  valued  citizens. 

He  was  born  in  the  famous  city  of  London- 
derry, Ireland,  on  the  22d  of  February,  1833, 
and  is  of  Scotch-Irish  lineage.  He  acquired 
his  education  in  Foyle  College,  one  of  the  best 
institutions  of  learning  in  the  north  of  Ireland, 
and  when  his  school  days  were  over  accepted 
a  clerkship  in  the  Belfast  Bank  of  Londonderry, 
where  his  capability  and  promptness  in  the  dis- 
charge of  his  duties  led  to  his  promotion  until 
in  a  few  years  he  was  occupying  the  responsi- 
ble position  of  cashier.  Later  he  held  a  simi- 
lar position  in  the  Ulster  Bank,  and  when  the 
Crimean  war  began  he  became  an  officer  in  the 
Londonderry  militia,  from  which  he  volun- 
unteered  to  the  line  with  100  men  and  got  a 
commission  in  the  Fifty-seventh  regiment. 
About  the  close  of  the  Crimean  war  he  served 
with  his  regiment  in  India,  when  Sir  Colin 
Campbell  was  in  command.  Then  he  went 
with  his  regiment  to  New  Zealand  for  the 
Maori  war,  and  remained  in  service  until  1862, 
when  peace  was  proclaimed.  It  was  his  in- 
tention to  locate  in  New  Zealand  ;  he  sold  his 
commission  and  went  to  the  gold  fields  at  Ho- 
kitiki,  on  the  West  coast.  He  was  successful 
there,  and  also  engaged  in  contracting  for  the 
Government. 

In    1871    Mr.   McClintock    sailed    for  San 


Francisco,  and  on  the  voyage  touched  at  Hono- 
lulu. He  spent  some  time  in  California,  Ne- 
vada, Arizona  and  Mexico,  and  in  1878  re- 
turned to  Ireland  to  visit  his  friends.  On  again 
crossing  the  Atlantic,  he  came  to  New  Mexico, 
and  on  the  5th  of  October,  1880,  took  up  160 
acres  where  the  town  of  Rincon  is  now,  and 
where  he  has  since  done  a  successful  business. 
He  carries  a  large  and  well  selected  stock  of 
general  merchandise,  earnestly  endeavors  to 
please  his  patrons,  and  by  his  well  directed 
efforts  and  honest  dealing  has  secured  an  ex- 
cellent and  profitable  business. 

In  his  native  land  Mr.  McClintock's  polit- 
ical support  was  given  to  the  Conservative 
party,  and  on  coming  to  America  he  joined  the 
ranks  of  the  Democracy,  but  later  found  that 
the  principles  of  the  Republican  party  were 
more  in  accord  with  his  views,  and  therefore 
changed  his  political  allegiance.  On  the  Re-  • 
publican  ticket  he  was  elected  to  the  responsi- 
ble position  of  County  Commissioner,  receiving 
the  largest  number  of  votes  given  a  candidate 
in  his  county, — a  fact  which  indicates  his  high 
personal  popularity,  and  the  confidence  and 
trust  reposed  in  him  by  his  fellow  townsmen. 

During  his  business  career  in  New  Mexico, 
he  has  acquired  valuable  tracts  of  land,  which 
he  is  devoting  to  the  raising  of  grain  and  stock. 
He  is  a  member  of  the  Masonic  fraternity,  has 
the  respect  of  all,  is  thoroughly  reliable  in  busi- 
ness, and  is  an  honorable,  trustworthy  man. 


*y    "*  ON.  JAMES  A.  LUCAS,  a  highly  re- 

1^"^   spected  New  Mexico  pioneer  of  1846, 

r    was  born  in   Booneville,  Missouri,  on 

the    5th    of   June,     1826,    and    is    of 

French  lineage.      His  ancestors,  however,  fled 

from  their  native   land,    taking  refuge   on  the 

Emerald  Isle,   whence  the  grandfather  of  our 

subject  came  to  America,  locating  in  Maryland. 

He  was  then  a  young  man,    and  in  that  State 

married  a  Miss   DeWitt.      Soon   afterward  he 

removed  with  his  young  wife  to  Washington 

county,    Kentucky,   where    the    father   of    our 

subject,  General  S.  D.  Lucas,  was  born  on  the 


HIS  TORT  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


2Qth  of  July,  1799.  He  wedded  Miss  Theresa 
B.  Allen,  who  was  born  in  Greensburg,  Ken- 
tucky, a  daughter  of  John  Allen,  one  of  the 
prominent  citizens  of  that  State. 

General  Lucas  was  a  man  of  influence  and 
ability,  recognized  leader  in  public  affairs, 
and  was  called  to  serve  in  various  official  po- 
sitions. He  won  his  title  of  General  as  a  com- 
mander of  the  Missouri  State  militia,  and  as 
such  led  his  troops  forth  against  the  Indians  on 
several  different  occasions.  He  also  had  the 
credit  of  the  capture  and  expulsion  of  the  Mor- 
mons from  Missouri,  the  sect  being  at  that 
time  under  the  leadership  of  Joseph  Smith. 
The  General  and  his  wife  were  faithful  mem- 
bers of  the  old-school  Presbyterian  Church, 
and  their  lives,  honorable  and  upright  in  every 
particular,  won  them  the  good  will  and  high 
regard  of  all.  They  were  the  parents  of  six 
children,  of  whom  only  two  are  now  living. 
The  mother  died  of  cholera,  at  the  age  of  fifty, 
while  the  General,  surviving,  rounded  the 
Psalmist's  span  of  life  of  three-score  years  and 
ten. 

Mr.  Lucas  of  this  review  was  their  second 
child.  He  was  educated  at  Independence  and 
at  Lexington,  Missouri,  and  in  1846  enlisted  in 
the  United  States  army  for  service  in  the 
Mexican  war.  His  duty  called  him  to  the 
north  of  Mexico  and  to  the  Territory  in  which 
he  now  resides;  and  when  the  war  was  over  he 
located  in  El  Paso,  Texas.  His  brother,  John 
S.  Lucas,  was  the  first  American  Consul  at  El 
Paso.  Together  they  engaged  in  the  mercan- 
tile business  for  a  few  years  there,  and  our 
subject  also  served  as  vice-Consul  during  the 
years  1850  and  1851.  He  then  removed  to 
the  Mesilla  valley  of  New  Mexico,  where  he 
was  engaged  in  mercantile  pursuits  for  about 
two  years.  His  next  place  of  residence  was  in 
Las  Cruces,  where  he  was  again  in  commer- 
cial business.  He  was  also  elected  clerk  of 
the  Probate  Court,  and  in  1854  was  elected  a 
member  of  the  Territorial  Legislature.  Dur- 
ing that  session  of  the  Assembly  he  introduced 
a  resolution  asking  Congress  to  pass  an  act 
forming  the  "Territory  of  Pimeria,"  which 


was  to  include  the  south  half  of  Arizona  and 
the  south  half  of  New  Mexico.  This  was  voted 
down  by  the  north  portion  of  the  Territory, 
but  received  the  support  of  the  southern 
portion, — a  fact  which  indicates  the  in- 
fluence of  Mr.  Lucas.  In  1856  he  was 
again  elected  Probate  Clerk  and  Recorder  of 
Donna  Ana  county,  which  positions  he  ac- 
ceptably and  creditably  filled.  He  was  all  this 
time  conducting  a  store.  In  that  year  he  re- 
turned to  Mesilla,  which  was  the  county  seat, 
there  remaining  until  1862,  when  he  went  to 
El  Paso,  Texas,  and  later  to  San  Antonio, 
that  State.  In  1864  he  was  appointed  to  an 
office  in  the  custom-house  at  Eagle  Pass,  • 
whence  he  returned  to  El  Paso,  and  in  1866 
took  his  family  to  Missouri  in  order  to  provide 
his  children  with  better  school  privileges. 

In  1852  Mr.  Lucas  had  married  Miss  Fran- 
cisca  C.  Samaniego,  a  native  of  Sonora  and  of 
Spanish  ancestry.  The  union  has  been  blessed 
with  nine  children,  as  follows:  Theresa  Isa- 
bella, now  a  teacher  in  the  public  schools  of 
Albuquerque;  Mary  Frances,  also  a  teacher; 
James  A. ,  Jr. ,  Samuel  D. ;  Frank  S. ,  Laura  G. , 
now  the  wife  of  Otto  Arnold;  William  A.; 
Randolph  Percy  and  John  M.  The  older  sons 
are  all  now  in  the  stock  business  in  New  Mex- 
ico; Frank  is  serving  as  agent  for  the  Wells- 
Fargo  Express  Company;  and  John  is  yet  in 
college. 

Mr.  Lucas  has  provided  his  children  with 
excellent  educational  privileges,  thus  fitting 
them  for  the  practical  and  responsible  duties 
of  life.  He  continued  his  residence  in  Missouri 
for  eight  years,  that  they  might  attend  school, 
and  then  returned  to  Grant  county,  locating  on 
the  Mimbres,  where  he  built  a  quartz  and  grist- 
mill,— one  of  the  first  in  the  county.  After 
conducting  the  mill  for  some  time  he  sold  and 
removed  to  Georgetown,  then  a  flourishing 
mining  camp,  twenty-three  miles  east  of  Silver 
City.  He  was  there  engaged  in  mining,  also 
in  hotel-keeping  for  five  years,  and  in  connec- 
tion served  as  Postmaster  and  as  Notary  Pub- 
lic. In  1 88 1  he  came  to  Silver  City,  where 
he  has  since  resided,  and  in  connection  with 


HISTORY  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


his  sons  was  actively  and  extensively  engaged 
in  cattle-raising.  His  eyesight  being  partially 
impaired,  however,  he  is  now  in  a  measure  re- 
tired from  active  business,  resting  in  the  en- 
joyment of  the  fruits  of  his  former  toil,  and  in 
the  consciousness  of  an  honorable  business 
career  that  has  brought  no  stain  upon  the  un- 
tarnished family  name.  He  now  resides  at  his 
pleasant  and  commodious  home,  surrounded  by 
his  family  and  many  friends. 

Mr.  Lucas  has  been  a  lifelong  Democrat, 
and  has  frequently  been  called  to  public  posi- 
tions of  honor  and  trust,  where  his  promptness 
and  fidelity  in  the  discharge  of  his  duties  has 
won  him  high  commendation.  He  is  a  Master 
Mason,  and  has  frequently  served  as  Secretary 
of  the  lodge.  A  well  informed  man,  whose 
progressiveness  has  ever  been  one  of  his  marked 
characteristics,  and  a  loyal  citizen,  he  has  been 
an  important  factor  in  the  development  of  New 
Mexico  and  her  resources,  and  justly  deserves 
mention  among  her  honored  pioneers. 


HNDREW  B.  LAIRD  is  serving  as  Col- 
lector of  Taxes  in  Grant  county,  New 
Mexico,  his  home  being  in  Silver  City. 
He  was  born  in  Crawfordsville,  Indi- 
ana, on  the  3d  of  July,  1854.  His  ancestors 
lived  among  the  highlands  of  Scotland,  and  on 
emigrating  to  America  took  up  their  residence 
in  the  city  of  Montreal,  Canada,  where  the 
father  of  our  subject,  Henry  G.  Laird,  was 
born,  in  1819.  When  a  young  man  he  removed 
to  Crawfordsville,  Indiana,  where  he  married 
Miss  Martha  Barr,  a  native  of  the  State  of 
Pennsylvania,  born  in  Lancaster.  They  spent 
the  residue  of  their  lives  in  the  Hoosier  State, 
and  reared  a  family  of  five  sons  and  four  daugh- 
ters, all  of  whom  are  yet  living.  The  mother 
departed  this  life  at  the  age  of  fifty-five  years, 
while  the  father  passed  away  in  the  sixty- 
fourth  year  of  his  age. 

Their  son,  Andrew  B.,  was  the  eldest  of 
the  family.  In  his  native  town  he  acquired 
his  education,  and  at  the  age  of  twenty  years 
he  learned  the  bricklayer's  trade  and  became 


a  contractor  and  builder.  Removing  to  New- 
ton, Kansas,  he  there  followed  his  chosen  oc- 
cupation for  a  number  of  years,  and  also 
erected  many  buildings  in  McPherson  and  Ly- 
ons, Kansas.  In  1880  he  came  to  Las  Vegas, 
New  Mexico,  where  he  did  business  as  a  brick 
contractor  and  builder,  being  also  numbered 
among  the  citizens  of  Bernalillo  for  two  years. 
In  1882  he  went  to  Deming,  and  was  a  promi- 
nent factor  in  the  upbuilding  of  that  town  for 
about  five  years,  arriving  in  Silver  City  on  the 
ist  of  January,  1887.  He  had  been  elected  to 
the  position  of  Sheriff  of  Grant  county  on  the 
Republican  ticket,  and,  after  serving  his  two- 
years'  term,  returned  to  Deming,  where  he 
built  the  large  bank  building,  also  the  Canyai- 
gre  works.  In  1892  he  was  again  elected  Sheriff 
of  the  county,  and  capably  served  for  a  second 
term  of  two  years.  In  1894  he  was  elected  to 
his  present  office,  that  of  Tax  Collector  of 
Grant  county. 

In  1880  was  celebrated  the  marriage  of 
Mr.  Laird  and  Miss  Flora  A.  Height,  of  Ster- 
ling, Kansas.  Their  only  child  lived  to  be  but 
five  months  old.  Mr.  Laird  takes  a  deep  in- 
terest in  the  growth  and  upbuilding  of  the  Ma- 
sonic fraternity,  was  one  of  the  organizers  of 
the  blue  lodge  of  Deming,  and  its  first  Master. 
He  also  belongs  to  the  chapter  and  command- 
ery,  is  a  Mystic  Shriner,  and  for  two  years  was 
Senior  Grand  Warden  of  the  Grand  Lodge  of 
New  Mexico. 

Mr.  Laird  is  now  engaged  in  stock-dealing, 
raising  both  horses  and  cattle.  He  is  also  en- 
gaged in  turquoise  mining,  owning  an  interest 
in  a  valuable  mine,  the  Columbia,  in  the  Burro 
mountains.  This  mine  he  is  now  operating, 
and  in  it  have  been  found  as  fine  turquoise  as 
have  been  produced  anywhere  in  the  world. 
They  shade  in  color  from  a  light  to  a  dark 
blue,  and  the  yield  is  a  productive  and  profit- 
able one.  Mr.  Laird  is  now  opening  a  market 
in  London,  England,  and  it  is  expected  that  he 
will  derive  large  results  therefrom.  He  has  a 
nice  home  in  Silver  City,  and  both  he  and  his 
wife  have  many  warm  friends.  His  great  suc- 
cess in  the  business  world  is  due  to  no  one  but 


HIS  TORT  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


himself.  He  started  in  life  with  no  capital, 
and  with  nothing  but  an  ability  and  willing- 
ness to  work  to  aid  him;  and  these  character- 
istics, coupled  with  fairness  and  justice  in  deal- 
ing with  his  fellowmen,  have  enabled  him  to 
win  success  and  an  honorable  position  among 
business  men.  In  every  position  in  which  cir- 
cumstances have  placed  him  he  has  acquitted 
himself  creditably,  and  each  incident  of  his 
career  reflects  honor  on  him  as  a  man  and  as 
a  citizen. 


)HOMAS  NATHAN  CHILDERS,  re- 
siding at  Silver  City,  New  Mexico,  is 
the  present  County  Assessor  of  Grant 
county,  and  is  a  native  of  the  State 
of  Tennessee.  He  was  born  on  the  1 5th  of 
December,  1846,  and  comes  of  a  family  of 
English  origin  that  for  many  generations  has 
resided  in  Virginia  and  Tennessee.  His  father, 
Stephen  Patton  Childers,  was  born  in  Virginia 
in  1824,  and  married  Miss  Elizabeth  Stanley, 
of  middle  Tennessee,  born  in  1828.  He  was 
engaged  in  farming  until  1875  and  then  turned 
his  attention  to  merchandising  in  Seneca,  Mis- 
souri, wherehestill  resides.  During  the  Civil  war 
he  responded  to  the  President's  call  for  troops 
to  aid  in  the  preservation  of  the  Union,  and 
served  during  the  greater  part  of  the  struggle 
as  a  member  of  the  Western  department.  He 
was  ever  faithful  and  true,  and  his  devotion  to 
the  old  flag  and  the  cause  it  represented,  joined 
with  that  of  many  other  brave  men,  saved 
unbroken  the  greatest  Republic  on  the  face  of 
globe.  He  and  his  wife  were  members  of  the 
Baptist  Church. 

Thomas  Nathan  Childers  is  the  eldest  in 
their  family  of  seven  children,  five  of  whom 
are  still  living.  They  removed  to  Missouri 
when  he  was  five  years  of  age,  and  in  the  com- 
mon schools  of  that  State  he  acquired  his  edu- 
cation. He  had  hardly  passed  his  fifteenth 
birthday  when  the  guns  of  Fort  Sumter 
wakened  the  nation  to  the  fact  that  civil  war 
was  upon  us.  He  eagerly  offered  his  services, 
but  was  rejected  on  account  of  his  age.  That 


it  was  no  boyish  enthusiasm  that  prompted  his 
enlistment  was  manifest  in  1862,  when  in 
order  to  enter  the  army,  he  assumed  the  name 
of  a  man  who  was  of  sufficient  age  and  con- 
tinued his  service  in  this  way  until  the  age  of 
seventeen!  He  then  enlisted  under  his  own 
name,  in  Company  L,  Fifteenth  Missouri 
Cavalry,  of  which  his  father  was  a  member, 
and  was  in  the  campaign  against  General 
Price,  which  was  an  almost  continuous  fight. 
He  participated  in  the  battles  of  Jefferson 
City,  California,  Mexico,  Booneville,  Lex- 
ington, Blues,  Osage,  and  Newtonia,  and  many 
other  minor  campaigns,  and  though  often  in 
the  thickest  of  the  fight  escaped  without  a 
wound,  and  was  mustered  out  on  the  7th  of 
July,  1865.  The  soldier  boy  returned  to  his 
home  with  an  honorable  war  record  of  which 
he  may  be  justly  proud.  No  time-honored 
veteran  was  more  faithful  to  his  duty  or  more 
courageously  followed  the  lead  of  his  com- 
mander than  he,  who  after  three  years  of  serv- 
ice was  still  but  a  youth  over  whose  head  two 
years  would  pass  ere  he  attained  his  ma- 
jority. 

Mr.  Childers  at  once  returned  to  his  home 
in  Missouri  and  there  continued  until  the  nth 
of  February,  1867,  when  was  celebrated  his 
marriage  to  Miss  Melvina  U.  Taylor,  a  na- 
tive of  Missouri.  He  then  engaged  in  farm- 
ing in  that  State  until  1874,  when  he  sold  out 
and  removed  to  Texas,  where  he  resided  for 
two  years.  He  then  went  to  the  Indian  Terri- 
tory, where  he  engaged  in  farming  for  seven 
years,  and  in  1882  he  came  to  Grant  county, 
New  Mexico,  where  he  was  engaged  in  prospect- 
ing and  mining  in  Grant  county.  He  both  pur- 
chased and  sold  mines,  and  is  now  the  sole 
owner  of  the  Ninety-one  mine  (silver). 

Mr.  Childers  has  been  a  Republican  since 
the  organization  of  the  party,  and  as  such  was 
elected  in  1894  to  the  office  of  Assessor  of 
Grant  county,  which  position  he  is  now  filling 
in  a  most  acceptable  manner.  He  has  re- 
sided in  Silver  City  for  eight  years,  and  is 
fully  identified  with  her  well-being,  doing  all 
in  his  power  to  advance  her  best  interests. 


HISTORY  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


5J9 


Securing  property,  -he  has  erected  an  excellent 
residence,  which  is  one  of  the  most  hospitable 
as  well  as  finest  homes.  It  stands  in  the 
midst  of  a  block,  which  is  owned  entirely  by 
him  and  which  is  planted  with  every  variety  of 
fruit-trees. 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Childers  have  an  interesting 
family  of  four  children,  namely:  James  Will- 
iam, Eutharah,  Thomas  Ernest  and  Pearl. 
Mr.  Childers  removed  to  Silver  City  in  order 
to  give  his  family  better  educational  privi- 
leges. He  is  thoroughly  devoted  to  their  wel- 
fare and  does  all  in  his  power  to  enhance  their 
happiness.  A  valued  member  of  the  Independ- 
ent Order  of  Odd  Fellows,  he  passed  all  the 
chairs  in  the  local  lodge,  and  his  wife  is  a  Past 
Grand  in  the  Daughters  of  Rebekah  branch  of 
the  order.  Their  friends  throughout  the  com- 
munity are  many  and  their  many  excellencies 
of  character  have  gained  them  the  confidence 
and  good  will  of  all. 


ENJAMIN  TERRY  LINK,  Superin- 
tendent of  Schools  of  Grant  county, 
and  a  reliable  and  influential  business 
man  of  Silver  City,  was  born  in  Mis- 
souri, twelve  miles  from  St.  Louis,  on  the  1 5th 
of  May,  1848.  The  family  from  which  he  is 
descended  is  of  German  origin,  and  was  early 
founded  in  Virginia,  while  among  its  members 
were  numbered  Kentucky  pioneers  who  partic- 
ipated in  the  events  that  formed  the  early  his- 
tory of  that  State.  They  were  also  numbered 
among  the  heroes  of  the  Revolution,  and  the 
Professor's  ancestry  is  one  of  which  he  has  just 
reason  to  be  proud. 

His  grandfather,  Absalom  Link,  was  born 
in  Missouri,  on  the  old  homestead  which  had 
been  located  by  his  father,  who  purchased  the 
land  of  the  Government.  There  Benjamin 
Terry  Link,  the  father  of  our  subject,  was  also 
born.  The  latter  wedded  Miss  Nancy  W. 
Link,  a  second  cousin,  and  they  became  the 
parents  of  three  children,  but  the  first  two  chil- 
dren and  the  father  died  shortly  before  the 


birth  of  our  subject,  who  is  now  the  only  sur- 
vivor of  the  family. 

His  education  was  acquired  in  La  Grange 
College,  in  Missouri,  and  he  remained  with  his 
mother  until  he  had  attained  his  majority.  He 
inherited  his  father's  estate,  and  after  farming 
the  old  home  place  for  a  number  of  years  sold 
the  property  and  began  clerking  in  a  store  in 
Hannibal,  Missouri.  His  health  then  failed 
him  and  his  physician  said  he  was  suffering 
from  consumption,  and  advised  him  to  go  to 
New  Mexico.  This  advice  he  followed,  be- 
coming a  resident  of  the  Territory  in  1885. 
He  had  been  married  in  1881  to  Miss  Josephine 
Bennett,  a  daughter  of  Major  R.  J.  Bennett, 
of  Missouri.  He,  brought  his  family  with  him 
to  Silver  City,  and  secured  a  clerkship  in  the 
store  of  Morrell  &  Company,  but  his  health 
again  failed  him  and  he  removed  to  a  ranch  in 
the  mountains  above  Pinos  Altos,  where  he 
was  engaged  in  stock-raising  and  dairying. 
The  outdoor  life  and  exercise  proved  the  tonic 
needed,  and,  having  regained  his  health,  he 
entered  the  employ  of  H.  H.  Betts,  a  mer- 
chant of  Silver  City,  with  whom  he  remained 
for  two  and  a  half  years.  His  next  service 
was  with  Mr.  Brockman,  as  manager  of  his 
ranch  and  store  on  the  Mimbres.  There  he 
remained  for  more  than  a  year,  when  he  re- 
turned to  Silver  City  and  became  the  owner  of 
the  stage  line  from  that  place  to  Black  Hawk. 
He  successfully  managed  his  new  enterprise  for  a 
year  and  a  half,  and  then  purchased  the  news 
and  cigar  stand  in  the  postoffice,  conducting 
that  business  until  January,  1895,  when  he 
sold  and  purchased  the  meat  market  of  which 
he  is  now  proprietor.  He  has  a  well  conduc- 
ted establishment,  and  has  succeeded  in  pro- 
curing a  large  trade. 

The  political  support  of  Mr.  Link  is  given 
to  the  Democracy,  and  in  the  autumn  of  1894 
he  was  elected  on  that  ticket  to  the  position 
of  County  Superintendent  of  Schools  of  Grant 
county,  in  which  capacity  he  is  now  acceptably 
serving.  There  are  thirty-six  districts  in  the 
county,  school  being  held  in  thirty-two  of  that 
number,  and  he  is  now  doing  all  in  his  power 


520 


HISTORY  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


to  advance  the  cause  of  education  and  insure 
the  establishment  and  continuance  of  good 
schools.  Socially,  he  is  connected  with  the 
Order  of  Red  Men,  and  in  religious  belief  both 
he  and  his  wife  are  Baptists.  They  have  a 
pleasant  home  in  Silver  City,  which  is  shared 
by  three  sons, — Clarence  Welch,  Harold  Booth 
and  Edmundson  Benjamin.  Their  home  is 
a  commodious  and  tasteful  one,  and  in  addition 
to  this  property  Mr.  Link  owns  several  other 
buildings  in  the  city,  which  stand  as  monu- 
ments to  his  thrift  and  enterprise.  He  has 
been  the  architect  of  his  own  fortune  and  has 
builded  wisely  and  well. 


ARTLETT    GILBERT,    M.    D.,    of 

the  firm  of  Williams  &  Gilbert,  prom- 
inent medical  practitioners  of  Silver 
City,  New  Mexico,  is  a  native  of  New 
York,  his  birth  having  occurred  on  the  I5th 
of  January,  1864.  His  parents,  Bartlett  and 
Cresensia  (Frederick)  Gilbert,  were  both  natives 
of  Germany,  and  their  marriage  was  celebrated 
in  the  Empire  State.  For  many  years  there 
the  father  successfully  followed  the  business  of 
paper  manufacturing.  He  and  his  estimable 
wife  now  reside  in  Denver,  Colorado,  and  he 
has  laid  aside  all  business  cares,  resting  in  the 
enjoyment  of  the  fruits  of  his  former  toil.  In 
early  life  they  were  members  of  the  Lutheran 
Church,  but  living  where  there  was  no  society 
of  that  denomination  they  united  with  the 
Methodist  Church,  and  have  since  been  num- 
bered among  its  faithful  and  consistent  mem- 
bers. Their  lives  have  been  well  and  worthily 
spent,  and  their  many  excellencies  of  character 
have  gained  for  them  true  friendship.  Their 
family  numbered  seven  children,  of  whom  six 
are  yet  living. 

The  Doctor  spent  the  days  of  his  boyhood 
and  youth  in  his  parents'  home,  acquired  his 
literary  education  in  the  common  schools  and 
academy,  and  then  turned  his  attention  to  the 
study  of  medicine,  for  which  he  seemed  to  have 
special  taste  and  talent.  He  entered  upon  a 
course  in  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Sur- 


geons, medical  department  of  Columbia  Col- 
lege, New  York  city,  and  was  graduated 
at  that  institution  in  the  class  of  1890.  He 
then  practiced  for  nearly  two  years  in  the  St. 
Francis  Hospital,  of  New  York  city,  after 
which  he  came  to  New  Mexico.  He  continued 
practice  alone  for  two  years,  and  on  the  4th  of 
November,  1894,  formed  the  existing  partner- 
ship with  Dr.  Williams.  This  is  the  leading 
medical  firm  of  the  city.  The  senior  partner 
is  one  of  the  oldest  established  physicians  of 
this  place  and  both  are  men  of  superior  skill, 
keeping  abreast  with  the  times  in  every  par- 
ticular and  continuing  their  investigations 
along  all  lines,  which  will  bring  them  nearer 
the  goal  of  perfection  in  their  chosen  calling. 
Dr.  Gibert  is  now  a  member  of  the  Colorad  o 
State  Medical  Society,  and  the  Denver  and 
Arapahoe  County  Medical  Society. 

On  the  6th  of  August,  1895,  was  celebrated 
the  marriage  of  Dr.  Gilbert  and  Miss  Ella 
Clayton,  an  accomplished  young  lady  who  was 
born  in  the  State  of  Texas.  They  occupy  a 
high  position  in  social  circles  and  enjoy  the 
esteem  of  many  friends.  The  Doctor  is  a  Re- 
publican in  politics,  and  socially  is  connected 
with  the  Masonic  fraternity.  A  true  love  of 
his  profession,  combined  with  diligence  and 
superior  skill,  have  made  his  abilities  known 
and  recognized  both  by  the  fraternity  and  by 
the  public. 


*y    •*  ENRY  H.  STANLEY  is  one   of   the 
l^™\    prominent  citizens  and  mining  men  of 
r    Pinos  Altos,  the  owner  of  the  Ribbon 
gold  mine  and  the  Skilley  corn  mill. 
He  was  born  in  North  Carolina  on  the  8th  of 
January,  1844.      In  the  early  days  of  Pennsyl- 
vania's history  his  ancestors  left  their  home  in 
England   and  took  up  their  residence  in  that 
State.       They    became    prominent    factors  in 
the  work  of  public  progress  and  development, 
and    his    grandfathers,    Joseph    Stanley    and 
Henry  Holder,  were    both   Revolutionary  sol- 
diers. 

The  father  of  our  subject,  Josiah  Stanley, 


HIS  TORT  OF  NE  W  MEXICO. 


was  born  in  North  Carolina  in  1789,  and  hav- 
ing attained  to  years  of  maturity  married  Miss 
Christiana  Holder,  who  belonged  to  a  family 
of  prominence  that  had  also  been  established 
in  America  in  colonial  days,  its  members  tak- 
ing an  active  part  in  the  events  which  formed 
the  history  of  our  country  in  those  days.  Mr. 
and  Mrs.  Stanley  continued  to  reside  in  North 
Carolina  until  1852,  when  they  emigrated  to 
Indiana,  where  they  spent  the  remainder  'of 
their  lives,  the  father  dying  in  1873,  while  the 
mother  departed  this  life  in  1875.  They  were 
members  of  the  Baptist  Church  and  were 
people  of  much  worth.  They  left  a  family  of 
four  children,  all  of  whom  are  yet  living. 

Henry  H.  Stanley  is  their  second  child. 
He  was  reared  and  educated  in  the  State  of 
Indiana,  completing  his  literary  course  in  the 
Miami  University  of  Ohio.  On  the  8th  of 
October,  1862,  when  eighteen  years  of  age, 
he  enlisted  in  the  regular  regimental  band  of 
Ohio,  and  with  the  Union  army  did  service  in 
Tennessee  until  the  following  year,  when  Con- 
gress passed  an  act  disbanding  regimental 
bands.  In  consequence  he  was  honorably  dis- 
charged and  returned  to  his  home.  In  March, 
1863,  he  went  to  Pike's  Peak,  Colorado,  and 
has  since  been  connected  with  mining  inter- 
ests. He' there  engaged  in  mining  and  pros- 
pecting, and  remained  in  Colorado  for  ten 
years,  meeting  with  fair  success  in  his  under- 
takings. In  1867  he  came  to  Pinos  Altos  and 
came  into  possession  of  several  mining  claims, 
and  in  1868  returned  to  Colorado,  where  he 
remained  until  1873.  His  business  at  that 
time  proved  unprofitable,  and  he  removed  to 
San  Diego  county,  California,  where  he  con- 
tinued for  some  time.  His  next  place  of  resi- 
dence was  in  Los  Angeles,  where  he  engaged 
in  speculating  in  real  estate,  and  he  still  owns 
some  property  in  that  beautiful  and  thriving 
city. 

In  1884  Mr.  Stanley  returned  to  Pinos 
Altos  and  discovered  his  Ribbon  gold  mine, 
which  he  has  since  been  engaged  in  develop- 
ing. He  has  already  taken  from  it  consider- 
able gold,  and  yet  it  is  only  partially  devel- 


oped. It  is  a  small  vein  of  high-grade  ore, 
yielding  from  $17  to  $42  in  gold  to  the  ton, 
and  the  mine  is  therefore  a  paying  one.  Mr. 
Stanley  also  operates  a  good  five-stamp  mill 
of  his  own  and  one  for  his  neighbors.  There 
are  now  over  twenty  paying  mines  in  the  vi- 
cinity, Pinos  Altos  being  one  of  the  most  suc- 
cessful paying  camps  in  New  Mexico.  There 
are  also  numerous  placer  mines  in  the  camp 
and  vicinity. 

Mr.  Stanley  has  built  a  very  cozy  home  in 
this  picturesque  little  mining  town,  located  at 
the  very  top  of  the  divide  of  the  Rocky  Moun- 
tains. He  has  surrounded  it  with  beautiful 
vines,  shrubs  and  flowering  plants,  and  also  a 
large  variety  of  fruit  trees.  The  place  is  at  an 
altitude  of  7,000  feet,  and  the  climate  is  es- 
pecially adapted  for  fruit-raising,  he  having 
splendid  apples,  pears,  peaches  and  grapes 
upon  -his  place,  all  of  good  varieties  and  bear- 
ing in  abundance.  The  grounds  and  home  are 
the  index  of  the  industry,  enterprise  and  re- 
fined taste  of  the  inmates  of  this  pleasant 
home.  It  was  in  1874  that  Mr.  Stanley  was 
united  in  marriage  with  Miss  Alice  Been,  a 
native  of  California,  who  has  ever  been  a 
source  of  encouragement  and  help  to  him  in 
his  life  work.  They  have  but  one  living 
child, — Isaac  Henry,  —  who  is  now  a  student 
in  the  Territorial  Agricultural  College  of  Las 
Cruces.  Mr.  Stanley  is  a  genial  gentleman 
and  a  man  of  sterling  worth,  who  is  widely 
known  throughout  the  Territory,  where  he  and 
his  family  have  the  confidence  and  high  regard 
of  a  large  circle  of  friends.  In  politics  he  is  a 
Republican,  and  is  well  informed  on  the  issues 
of  the  day,  but  has  never  sought  or  desired 
political  preferment. 


@EORGE  H.  SOWERS,  M.  D.,  a  reg- 
ular practicing  physician  at  Silver  City, 
came  to  the  Territory  of  New  Mexico 
in  1880,  and  in  addition  to  the  suc- 
cessful practice  of  his  chosen   profession   has 
been  interested  in  mining  in  Grant  county. 
He  was  born  in  Frederick  City,  Maryland, 


522 


HIS  TORT  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


on  the  22d  of  June,  1846,  and  is  descended 
from  Pennsylvania  Dutch  ancestry,  the  family 
having  been  established  in  the  Keystone  State 
during  the  days  of  its  early  history.  His  fa- 
ther, Eli  Sowers,  was  born  in  Hanover,  Penn- 
sylvania, and  having  arrived  at  years  of  ma- 
turity married  Miss  Susan  Norris,  a  native  of 
Maryland  and  a  daughter  of  Benjamin  Norris, 
who  was  a  minister  of  the  Quaker  Church  at 
Bush  creek,  Frederick  county,  Maryland.  The 
Doctor's  father  served  as  Colonel  in  the  Mary- 
land militia  during  the  Civil  war,  and  died  in 
the  sixty-fourth  year  of  his  age,  while  his  wife 
survived  him  only  a  year.  She  had  been  mar- 
ried prior  to  her  union  with  Mr.  Sowers,  and 
three  children  were  the  fruit  of  that  marriage, 
while  the  Doctor  and  a  sister  were  born  of  the 
second  union. 

The  gentleman  whose  name  heads  this  re- 
view was  educated  in  the  Southern  University 
of  Ohio,  graduating  in  the  medical  department 
of  that  institution  with  the  class  of  March, 
1868.  He  at  once  entered  upon  the  practice 
of  his  chosen  profession  in  his  native  State, 
and  after  a  year  pursued  his  investigations  in 
the  line  of  medical  research  by  study  in  the 
Bellevue  Hospital  Medical  College  in  New  York 
city,  where  he  took  a  post-graduate  course. 
He  then  received  the  appointment  of  physician 
.in  chief  of  the  Indian  department,  and  in  that 
capacity  made^is  headquarters  in  Olympia, 
Washington,  serving  during  the  years  1871, 
1872  and  1873.  The  following  year  he  re- 
moved to  the  State  of  Kansas,  where  he  con- 
tinued in  the  practice  of  his  profession  until 
1880,  when  he  removed  to  New  Mexico.  Lo- 
cating in  Socorro,  he  there  opened  an  office  and 
also  conducted  a  drug  store  until  the  year  1886, 
when  he  removed  to  the  city  of  El  Paso,  be- 
coming one  of  the  successful  medical  practi- 
tioners of  that  place.  In  1892  he  arrived  in 
Silver  City,  and  his  skill  and  ability  in  the  line 
of  his  chosen  calling  have  secured  for  him  a 
large  and  lucrative  patronage.  In  connection 
with  some  parties  from  New  York  he  is  also 
interested  in  the  alumina  mines  on  the  Gila 
river,  where  they,  have  sixty-one  patented 


claims,  all  having  been  operated  to  some  ex- 
tent. This  property  will  undoubtedly  prove 
of  great  value  as  it  is  further  operated. 

In  his  political  connections  the  Doctor  is  a 
Republican,  and  while  at  Socorro  filled  the 
office  of  acting  Sheriff  during  the  administra- 
tion of  Governor  Sheldon.  In  his  social  affili- 
ations, he  is  an  Odd  Fellow  and  also  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Knights  of  Pythias  fraternity.  His 
domestic  life  has  been  a  .very  pleasant  and 
happy  one.  In  1872  he  was  united  in  mar- 
riage with  Miss  May  Norris,  of  Tiffin,  Ohio, 
and  they  now  have  two  sons  :  H.  Maynard, 
who  is  engaged  in  the  drug  business  in  Silver 
City  ;  and  Edward  Buckey,  now  attending  the 
Normal  School  of  this  place.  The  Doctor  is 
an  enterprising  and  capable  citizen,  believing 
thoroughly  in  New  Mexico,  her  resources  and 
future  development,  and  is  ever  found  in  the 
front  ranks  of  any  enterprise  which  is  calcu- 
lated to  promote  the  welfare  of  his  community 
or  of  the  Territory.  His  public  and  private  life 
are  alike  above  reproach  and  his  commendable 
career  has  gained  him  high  regard. 


(D 


ARTIN  MAHER,  one  of  the  re- 
spected business  men  of  Silver  City, 
and  a  leading  member  of  the  City 
Council,  is  a  native  of  Ireland.  He 
was  born  on  the  igth  of  March,  1843,  a°d  is 
a  son  of  James  and  Catherine  Maher,  who 
were  also  natives  of  the  Emerald  Isle.  The 
parents  were  married  in  their  native  land  and 
in  1852  sailed  for  the  United  States,  bringing 
with  them  their  family  of  seven  children.  Be- 
ing before  the  day  of  steam  navigation,  they 
made  a  long  voyage  before  reaching  the  shores 
of  the  New  World.  The  father  worked  as  a 
common  laborer  to  earn  a  living  for  himself 
and  family,  and  had  been  in  America  only -two 
years  when  death  claimed  him.  He  thus  left 
to  his  wife  the  care  of  their  large  family. 

Our  subject  was  the  second  in  order  of 
birth  and  the  eldest  son.  He  attended  the 
public  schools  of  Urbana,  Ohio, — where  the 
family  resided, — until  the  death  of  his  father, 


HISTORT  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


523 


when  he  was  obliged  to  begin  work  in  order  to 
provide  for  his  own  livelihood  and  aid  in  the 
support  of  the  younger  children  of  the  family. 
He  was  then  but  twelve  years  of  age,  and  the 
responsibility  which  rested  upon  his  young 
shoulders  was  a  heavy  one;  but  he  faithfully 
performed  his  task.  He  began  work  in  a 
cotton-mill,  at  $1.25  per  week,  boarding  at 
home,  and  when  a  year  had  passed  he  en- 
gaged to  drive  a  team  in  the  construction  of 
the  Columbus  &  Indianapolis  Railroad,  now 
the  "Pan  Handle"  Railroad.  For  this  serv- 
ice he  received  $8  per  month,  and  was  em- 
ployed in  that  capacity  for  six  months.  He 
next  secured  a  situation  as  a  farm  hand  at  $6 
per  month  and  board,  and  for  five  months  he 
continued  farm  work,  carefully  saving  his 
wages  and  giving  them  to  his  mother  for  the 
support  of  the  younger  children  of  the  family. 
During  these  early  years  they  experienced 
many  privations  and  hardships,  but  it  was  the 
furnace  which  brought  out  the  gold  in  the 
character  of  our  subject.  It  was  the  true  test 
of  manhood,  and  he  developed  a  self-reliance 
and  force  of  character  which  have  been  of  in- 
calculable benefit  to  him  in  later  life.  In  1859 
Mr.  Maher  began  learning  the  baker's  trade, 
which  he  followed  for  two  years  in  Urbana, 
Ohio. 

The  Civil  war  then  came  on,  and  he  en- 
tered the  quartermaster's  department,  working 
in  the  Government  bake-shop  in  Nashville, 
under  Colonel  Irving,  his  service  being  con- 
tinued there  until  the  South  had  laid  down  its 
arms  and  the  war  was  over.  For  a  year  longer 
he  remained  in  Nashville,  working  at  his  trade. 
The  cause  of  the  Union  was  dear  to  him,  and 
though  he  was  not  in  active  service,  he  was 
ever  a  loyal  defender  of  his  country.  In  1866 
he  enlisted  in  Company  D,  Fifth  United  States 
Infantry,  and  was  immediately  sent  with  his 
regiment  to  Fort  Sumner,  New  Mexico,  where 
he  remained  fourteen  months,  serving  against 
the  Indians.  The  command  was  next  ordered 
to  Fort  Reynolds,  Colorado,  where  our  subject 
remained  until  the  expiration  of  his  three-years 
term  of  service. 


On  leaving  the  army,  Mr.  Maher  went  to 
Kansas  and  ran  a  pile-driver  on  the  railroad 
for  seventeen  months,  receiving  in  compensa- 
tion for  his  services  $150  per  month,  the 
greater  part  of  which  he  saved.  Going  then 
to  Texas,  he  had  charge  of  a  gang  of  men  en- 
gaged on  the  construction  of  the  Texas  Central 
Railroad,  in  the  employ  of  Tucker  &  Albright, 
for  four  years.  On  the  i6th  of  August,  1874, 
he  arrived  in  Silver  City,  where  he  engaged  in 
the  bakery  business  for  two  months  in  the  em- 
ploy of  others.  He  next  established  a  busi- 
ness of  his  own,  and  is  now  conveniently  lo- 
cated in  the  very  center  of  the  town,  where  he 
enjoys  a  large  and  lucrative  trade.  He  is  an 
industrious  and  thoroughly  capable  workman, 
and  under  his  able  management  the  business 
grew  rapidly.  He  was  the  first  cracker- manu- 
facturer in  the  Territory,  and  soon  had  a  good 
wholesale  as  well  as  retail  trade.  The  demand 
for  his  goods  rapidly  increased  and  pros- 
perity came  to  him  as  the  reward  of  his  earnest 
labors  and  close  application.  As  his  financial 
resources  increased,  he  extended  his  field  of 
operations  by  adding  a  stock  of  groceries  and 
confectionery,  and  his  establishment  is  now  a 
leader  in  his  line  of  trade  in  the  Territory.  His 
course  has  been  an  honorable  and  upright  one, 
and  he  is  deservedly  successful.  He  exhibited 
his  goods  at  the  first  Territorial  fair  held  in 
Albuquerque,  New  Mexico,  and  received  a 
diploma  for  the  choice  quality  of  his  exhibit. 
He  now  owns  the  block  situated  at  the  corner 
of  Ballard  and  Yankee  streets,  where  he  does 
business,  and  in  connection  with  this  he  has 
one  of  the  finest  residences  of  the  town. 

Mr.  Maher  is  now  serving  as  a  member  of 
the  City  Council,  which  position  he  has  filled 
for  seven  years,  and  is  considered  one  of  the 
best  and  most  honorable  residents  of  this  com- 
munity. He  is  a  member  of  the  Masonic  fra- 
ternity, having  joined  the  lodge  in  Pueblo,  Col- 
orado, and  is  a  charter  member  of  Silver  City 
Lodge,  No.  8,  and  has  filled  its  various  offices, 
including  that  of  Treasurer.  He  first  became 
connected  with  the  fraternity  in  1868,  at  which 
time  he  was  initiated  into  its  mysteries  in 


HISTORT  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


Pueblo  Lodge,  No.  17,  Free  and  Accepted  Ma- 
sons. He  is  now  one  of  most  esteemed  and 
honored  members  of  the  blue  lodge  of  Silver 
City,  and  also  belongs  to  the  chapter. 

In  1879  Mr.  Maher  led  to  the  marriage 
altar  Miss  Kate  E.  Howe,  a  native  of  Massa- 
chusetts. They  have  an  adopted  son,  Charles. 
Our  subject  is  pre-eminently  a  self-made  man, 
for,  thrown  upon  his  own  resources  at  the 
tender  age  of  twelve  years,  he  has  steadily  and 
persistently  worked  his  way  upward,  winning  a 
handsome  property  and  at  the  same  time  gain- 
ing the  confidence  and  good  will  of  all  whom 
he  has  met.  His  example  should  be  inspiring 
to  young  men,  who  like  him  have  their  own 
ways  to  make  in  the  world. 


L.  JACKSON,  a  prominent 
druggist  of  Silver  City,  New  Mexico, 
is  a  self-made  man  who  without 
any  extraordinary  family  or  pecuni- 
ary advantages  at  the  commencement  of  life 
has  battled  earnestly  and  energetically,  and  by 
indomitable  courage  and  integrity  has  achieved 
both  character  and  competence.  To  no  man 
more  than  to  Mr.  Jackson  do  the  qualities 
which  command  admiration  and  respect  belong. 
By  sheer  force  of  will  and  untiring  effort  he 
has  made  for  himself  an  honored  name  among 
the  business  men  of  Silver  City. 

Our  subject  was  born  in  Fayette,  Howard 
county,  Missouri,  on  the  igth  of  August,  1862, 
and  springs  from  an  old  American  family. 
His  father,  Prior  Jackson,  was  born  in  the 
State  of  Tennessee,  and  removed  to  Missouri 
at  an  early  age,  becoming  one  of  the  pioneer 
settlers  of  Howard  county.  His  worth  and 
ability  were  soon  recognized,  and  he  was 
known  as  one  of  the  prominent  and  influential 
citizens  of  that  locality,  holding  at  different 
times  the  offices  of  Sheriff,  Collector  and  As- 
sessor of  the  county.  He  continued  to  reside 
at  Fayette  until  his  life's  labors  were  ended  by 
death,  and  he  passed  to  his  final  rest  in  the 
sixty-fifth  year  of  his  age.  He  had  married 
Miss  Martha  Slayton,  a  native  of  the  State  of 


Tennessee,  who  still  survives  her  husband  and 
is  now  living  in  Missouri. 

The  gentleman  whose  name  introduces  this 
review  was  the  sixth  child  in  his  father's  fam- 
ily. He  acquired  his  education  in  Central  Col- 
lege, of  Fayette,  Missouri,  and  was  graduated 
at  that  institution  in  the  class  of  1878,  having 
taken  the  full  course  there.  He  was  then  well 
fitted  for  the  practical  and  responsible  duties 
of  life.  He  learned  the  drug  business  in  his 
native  town,  and  in  1889  he  arrived  in  Silver 
City,  New  Mexico,  where  he  secured  a  situa- 
tion as  drug  clerk.  He  was  employed  in  sev- 
eral different  stores  in  the  city  until  August, 
1891,  when  he  began  business  on  his  own  ac- 
count, with  a  capital  he  had  acquired  through 
industry,  perseverance  and  frugality.  He  has 
prospered  in  his  undertakings,  and  his  indus- 
try and  honorable  dealings  won  him  an  envi- 
able reputation,  which  has  secured  to  him  a 
liberal  patronage.  He  now  has  a  well- 
appointed  establishment,  containing  everything 
found  in  his  line  of  trade,  his  stock  consisting 
of  drugs,  paints,  school-books  and  stationery. 
He  does  both  a  wholesale  and  retail  business, 
and  is  now  one  of  the  prominent  and  success- 
ful merchants  of  the  city. 

An  important  event  in  the  life  of  Mr.  Jack- 
son occurred  on  the  2Oth  of  September,  1883, 
when  was  celebrated  his  marriage  to  Miss 
Lizzie  Rees,  a  native  of  Missouri.  She  came 
with  him  to  Silver  City,  and  they  have  made 
many  friends  in  this  locality.  They  hold  an 
enviable  position  in  social  circles,  where  true 
worth  and  intelligence  are  received  as  the  pass- 
ports into  good  society,  and  their  own  home  is 
noted  for  its  hospitality. 

In  political  faith  Mr.  Jackson  is  a  Republi- 
can, active  and  earnest  in  support  of  the  party 
whose  principles  he  warmly  advocates.  He 
has  studied  closely  the  issues  of  the  day,  and 
can  give  a  reason  for  the  faith  that  is  in  him. 
He  does  all  in  his  power  to  promote  the  growth 
and  insure  the  success  of  his  party,  but  has 
never  been  a  politician  in  the  sense  of  office- 
seeking,  preferring  to  devote  his  entire  time 
and  attention  to  his  business  duties.  His  life 


H1STORT  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


5*5 


record  is  both  commendable  and  honorable, 
and  in  many  respects  is  very  exemplary. 
When  he  arrived  in  Deming,  New  Mexico,  he 
had  only  sixteen  cents  in  his  pocket,  but 
he  possessed  a  resolute  spirit  and  unfalter- 
ing courage,  and  resolved  to  secure  a  good 
business  and  home.  This  he  has  done,  and 
to-day  he  is  a  worthy  representative  of  the 
commercial  interests  of  Silver  City. 


P.  McCREA,  president  of 
the  New  Mexico  College  of  Agricul- 
ture  and  Mechanical  Arts,  was  born 
in  Guernsey  county,  Ohio,  on  the  29th 
of  April,  1857,  and  is  of  Scotch-Irish  ancestry. 
His  grandfather,  David  McCrea,  emigrated 
from  the  north  of  Ireland  to  eastern  Ohio  early 
in  the  century.  He  was  a  man  of  intelligence, 
a  school-teacher  by  profession,  and  after  locat- 
ing in  Ohio  he  followed  farming.  In  religious 
belief  he  was  what  was  then  known  as  a  Cov- 
enanter, but  would  now  be  called  a  Presbyte- 
rian. He  lived  to  the  ripe  old  age  of  about 
ninety  years. 

James  McCrea,  father  of  our  subject,  was 
born  in  Belmont  county,  Ohio,  in  1820,  and 
was  graduated  in  1855  at  Madison  College,  at 
Antrim,  Ohio,  in  the  classical  course,  and  in 
1 86 1,  at  the  Associate  Reformed  Theological 
Seminary,  of  Allegheny,  Pennsylvania,  and  be- 
came later  a  United  Presbyterian  minister,  de- 
voting his  life  to  gospel  work,  in  which  he  is 
still  actively  engaged,  although  he  has  reached 
the  age  of  seventy-five  years.  He  wedded  Miss 
Mary  L.  Ruth,  of  Guernsey,  Ohio,  and  there 
were  born  to  them  seven  children,  all  yet  liv- 
ing. The  mother  of  this  family  passed  away 
in  1 88 1,  at  the  age  of  forty-seven  years.  She 
was  born  in  Pennsylvania  a  short  time  before 
the  removal  of  her  parents  to  Ohio.  She  re- 
ceived a  good  English  education  and  was  for 
several  years  a  teacher.  She  was  a  woman  of 
great  force  of  character  and  high  literary 
ability. 

Professor  McCrea  spent  his  childhood  days 
on  the  old  home  farm,  and  his  early  education 


was  obtained  in  the  district  and  graded  schools 
of  his  native  State.  He  was  ten  years  of  age 
when  the  family  removed  to  Gibson  county, 
Indiana,  where  the  succeeding  six  years  of  his 
life  were  passed.  During  that  time  he  pur- 
sued his  studies  in  the  graded  schools  of  Som- 
erville  and  Oakland  City,  and  was  for  two  ses- 
sions a  student  in  the  Oakland  City  Normal 
School  under  Professor  Lee  Tomlin. 

The  greater  part  of  his  life  has  been  de- 
voted to  teaching.  He  first  took  charge  of  a 
district  school  in  Pike  county,  Indiana,  in  the 
fall  of  1872,  at  which  time  he  was  probably 
the  youngest  male  teacher  in  the  State,  having 
completed  his  first  school  before  his  sixteenth 
birthday.  Soon  after  it  closed  he  returned 
with  the  family  to  Guernsey  county,  Ohio, 
where  they  remained  for  two  years.  During 
this  period  Professor  McCrea  taught  in  the  dis- 
trict schools  of  Guernsey  county,  and  further 
perfected  his  own  education  by  two  terms  of 
study  as  a  freshman  in  Muskingum  College. 
Again,  in  the  spring  of  1875,  the  family  re- 
turned to  Indiana,  locating  in  Boone  county, 
and  the  following  winter  he  taught  in  his  own 
district.  In  the  spring  of  1876  he  entered  the 
State  Normal  School,  of  Indiana,  at  Terre 
Haute,  for  the  purpose  of  fitting  himself  for 
teaching,  and  passed  an  examination  which  ad- 
mitted him  to  the  highest  grade  of  new  stud- 
ents. While  attending  this  institution,  although 
one  of  the  youngest  members  of  his  class,  he 
ranked  among  the  highest  in  scholarship,  won 
the  esteem  of  the  faculty,  and  was  graduated 
in  June,  1879.  The  State  Normal  School  is 
one  of  the  leading  educational  institutions  of 
Indiana.  Upon  graduation  a  simple  certificate 
is  given,  showing  the  completion  of  the  course. 
After  two  years  of  successful  experience  as  a 
teacher, — this  success  being  certified  to  by  a 
board  of  education  or  county  superintendent,— 
the  gradute  receives  the  much  prized  diploma. 
No  degrees  are  conferred  upon  the  graduates, 
but  the  diploma  in  almost  any  of  the  Western 
States  is  a  sufficient  guaranty  of  ability  to 
secure  the  holder  a  position  as  teacher  without 
further  examination.  It  should  not  be  over- 


526 


If  IS  TORT  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


looked  that  from  early  boyhood  until  his  twenty- 
third  year  a  part  or  the  whole  of  each  summer 
was  spent  in  farm  labor  by  this  young  man. 
Thus  was  a  vigorous  constitution  developed, 
and  thereby  was  acquired  a  knowledge  of  farm 
work  which  has  proven  of  great  value  to  its 
possessor. 

Professor  McCrea  now  entered  upon  a  suc- 
cessful career  of  teaching  in  the  Hoosier  State, 
winning  a  high  reputation  as  one  of  the  lead- 
ing instructors  of  Indiana.  He  taught  in  a 
district  school  in  Knox  county,  was  employed 
as  instructor  in  the  County  Institute  at  Vin- 
cennes,  and  later,  in  connection  with  Professor 
O.  L.  Kelso,  a  former  classmate,  now  profes- 
sor of  mathematics  in  the  State  Normal 
School,  he  established  a  select  school  known 
as  the  Bruceville  High  School  and  Normal  In- 
stitute. After  teaching  a  second  district  school 
in  Vermillion  county,  Indiana,  he  became 
principal  of  the  graded  schools  of  Francisco, 
and  later  principal  of  the  graded  schools  of 
Bruceville.  There  in  1882,  assisted  by  Burton 
T.  Wharton,  he  again  conducted  the  Normal 
Institute,  which  in  the  short  space  of  four 
years  greatly  advanced  the  educational  inter- 
ests of  the  county.  While  thus  engaged  he 
prepared  and  published  three  valuable  text 
books, — Outlines  of  History,  Sentence  Analysis 
and  Physiology.  These  had  an  extensive  sale, 
being  regarded  as  model  class  manuals  for 
teachers  and  advanced  students. 

Late  in  the  summer  of  1883  Professor  Mc- 
Crea served  as  instructor  in  the  Wells  County 
Normal  School  in  Bluffton,  Indiana,  and  again 
in  1886,  when  over  one  hundred  teachers  were 
enrolled.  In  the  autumn  of  1883  he  accepted 
a  call  to  the  principalship  of  the  schools  of 
Clinton,  Indiana,  where  he  remained  for  a. 
year,  when  failing  health  caused  him  to  seek  a 
change  of  climate.  He  came  to  the  South, 
locating  in  Moheetie,  Texas,  where  he  or- 
ganized and  conducted  the  first  graded  school 
in  the  Texas  Pan  Handle,  in  a  district  embrac- 
ing an  area  of  10,000  square  miles.  His  health 
was  greatly  benefited  by  the  change,  and  in 
1885  he  returned  to  the  North  to  serve  for 


one  year  as  principal  of  the  high  school  of 
Princeton,  Indiana.  In  1886  he  was  offered 
and  accepted  the  position  of  superintendent  of 
schools  at  Mt.  Vernon,  Illinois,  and  so  suc- 
cessful was  his  work  there  that  he  was  unani- 
mously re-elected  to  the  position  for  the  fol- 
lowing year,  with  an  increase  of  salary.  Dur- 
ing the  interval  of  vacation  between  the  two 
years  he  conducted  the  Jefferson  County  Insti- 
tute. In  February,  1888,  the  town  of  Mt. 
Vernon  was  destroyed  by  a  cyclone,  the  Pro- 
fessor's home  was  blown  to  pieces  and  Mrs. 
McCrea  seriously  injured.  As  the  main  city 
school  building  and  much  of  the  town  were 
destroyed  the  schools  were  discontinued  for 
the  year. 

Wishing  to  have  the  benefit  of  the  more 
salubrious  climate  of  the  South,  Professor 
McCrea  came  to  New  Mexico  in  1888  and  took 
charge  of  the  public  schools  at  Silver  City, 
there  being  at  that  time  only  two  graded 
schools  in  the  Territory.  His  work  here 
proved  most  satisfactory,  and  the  standard  of 
the  schools  was  greatly  advanced.  In  1889  he 
came  to  Las  Cruces,  where  for  a  single  term, 
in  connection  with  President  Hadley,  he  con- 
ducted the  Las  Cruces  College.  Subsequently 
his  labors  as  a  teacher  were  interrupted  for  a 
considerable  period  by  his  appointment  as 
Register  of  the  United  States  Land  Office  at 
Las  Cruces  by  President  Harrison.  His  effi- 
ciency and  capable  service  were  soon  mani- 
fested, and  he  continued  in  the  position  until 
April  4,  1894,  some  time  after  his  term  of 
office  had  expired.  This  position  afforded  a 
kind  of  training  likely  to  prove  valuable  in 
later  years. 

In  March  of  the  same  year  Professor  Mc- 
Crea was  elected  President  of  the  New  Mexico 
College  of  Agriculture  and  Mechanic  Arts,  and 
assumed  the  duties  of  the  position  on  the  ist 
of  July  following.  After  traveling  over  the 
Territory  in  the  interests  of  the  school  and 
securing  many  new  pupils,  he  was  able  to  in- 
augurate his  work  with  an  enrollment  far 
greater  than  it  had  ever  been  before.  Other 
beneficial  results  have  attended  his  able  ad- 


HISTORY  OP  NEW  MEXICO. 


527 


ministration.  He  has  raised  the  standard  of 
admission  to  the  college,  broadened  the  courses 
of  study,  created  a  business  department,  in- 
augurated the  San  Juan  county  branch  experi- 
ment station,  and  secured  an  appropriation 
from  the  Legislature  for  additional  buildings. 
His  strong  points  as  an  educator  are  many. 
He  imparts  with  great  conciseness  and  ability 
to  others  the  knowledge  that  he  has  acquired. 
He  is  a  strict  disciplinarian,  and  has  proved 
himself  a  careful  financier.  He  is  also  a  good 
speaker  and  an  able  writer.  Throughout  life 
he  has  done  all  in  his  power  to  perfect  himself 
in  his  chosen  calling,  and  has  gained  a  reputa- 
tion as  an  educator  second  to  none  in  New 
Mexico. 

In  June,  1883,  Professor  McCrea  was 
united  in  marriage  with  Miss  Nannie  Young, 
of  Bruceville,  Indiana,  a  lady  of  many  superior 
qualities  and  of  a  most  hospitable  nature, 
which  makes  her  home  a  favorite  resort  with 
many  friends.  They  have  one  son,  John  D. 
The  Professor  is  a  member  of  the  Presbyterian 
Church,  while  his  estimable  wife  is  a  member 
of  the  Christian  Church.  Socially,  he  belongs 
to  the  Masonic  fraternity,-  while  in  politics  he 
is"  a  Republican.  A  man  of  splendid  executive 
ability,  he  is  a  strong  believer  in  the  great  pos- 
sibilities of  the  Territory  of  New  Mexico. 


>-T*OSEPH  PARKHILL    McGRORTY.- 
fl      Among  the  worthy  representatives  that 
/•  J      the  Emerald  Isle  has  furnished  to  the 
New    World    is  this    gentleman,    who 
to-day  is    numbered     among     the    early    and 
prominent  citizens  of  Deming. 

He  was  born  near  Londonderry,  the 
"maiden  city,"  and  received  a  liberal  educa- 
tion, partly  at  home  under  the  teaching  of  his 
father,  who  was  a  distinguished  scholar,  and 
partly  at  the  Royal  school,  where  he  won  dis- 
tinction for  proficiency  in  Latin.  In  1853, 
while  yet  in  his  non-age,  he  crossed  the  At- 
lantic to  New  York,  and  came  West  as  far  as 
Kentucky,  to  visit  his  eldest  brother,  Captain 
A.  S.  McGrorty,  who  was  then  and  is  now,  a 


resident  of  Danville,  in  that  State.  After 
spending  about  two  years  with  his  brother  at 
Danville,  he  engaged  in  the  banking  business  in 
Harrodsburg,  and  remained  there  until  1861. 
In  the  spring  of  that  year  he  left  Kentucky  to 
join  his  brother,  William  McGrorty,  who, 
having  fought  through  the  Mexican  war  with 
the  Kentucky  volunteers,  had  settled  in  New 
Mexico,  and  was  then  a  member  of  the  mer- 
cantile firm  of  Hayward  &  McGrorty,  of  Fort 
Fillmore  and  Mesilla.  He  crossed  the  plains 
by  stage  on  the  Santa  Fe  trail  from  Independ- 
ence to  Santa  Fe,  and  there  he  had  the  good 
fortune  to  meet  his  brother,  who  arrived  from 
the  South  about  the  same  time.  After  spend- 
ing a  few  days  in  the  most  ancient  of  American 
cities  he  accompanied  his  brother  to  Mesilla, 
where  he  became  connected  with  the  firm  of 
Hayward  &  McGrorty,  of  that  place.  In  1862, 
owing  to  the  blockade  of  the  Southern  ports, 
and  the  disturbed  condition  of  the  Territory, 
it  became  impossible  to  carry  on  a  large  busi- 
ness; so  in  the  summer  of  that  year  Hayward 
&  McGrorty  disposed  of  their  merchandise  and 
withdrew  from  the  Territory. 

The  subject  of  this  sketch,  being  then 
foot-loose,  concluded  that  it  was  his  patriotic 
duty,  as  a  Southern  gentleman,  to  fight  in  de- 
fense of  the  South,  and  for  that  purpose  he 
left  New  Mexico  to  join  the  Confederate 
cavalry  then  operating  in  Virginia  and  Tennes- 
see. In  the  army  he  made  a  record  highly 
creditable  to  him  and  worthy  of  his  Irish  blood 
and  Kentucky  breeding. 

After  the  close  of  the  war  he  returned  to 
Kentucky,  his  adopted  State,  and  engaged  in 
farming  and  merchandising.  He  held  places 
of  trust  and  emolument  under  the  State  govern- 
ment, received  a  commission  as  Colonel,  and 
was  appointed  Aid  to  the  Governor;  but,  his 
health  becoming  somewhat  impaired,  he  came 
back  to  New  Mexico,  the  land  of  sunshine. 

In  1 88 1  he  became  connected  with  the 
real-estate  business  in  Deming,  by  purchasing 
considerable  unimproved  property  here.  In 
1883  he  began  to  develop  this,  and  has  erected 
a  number  of  homes  and  business  blocks  in  the 


5*8 


HISTORY  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


town,  becoming  one  of  the  important  factors 
in  the  upbuilding  and  progress  of  the  com- 
munity. Not  only  in  the  line  of  his  own  busi- 
ness but  also  in  other  fields  of  endeavor  has  he 
given  his  support  and  co-operation  to  those 
measures  which  have  been  of  benefit  to  the 
town. 

In  1887  Colonel  McGrorty  was  appointed 
by  President  Cleveland  to  the  position  of  Col- 
lector of  Internal  Revenue  for  New  Mexico 
and  Arizona.  He  made  his  headquarters  at 
Santa  Fe,  and  filled  that  office  for  three  and  a 
half  years,  when,  Harrison  being  president,  he 
resigned  to  make  room  for  a  Republican,  and 
returned  to  Deming,  where  he  has  since  de- 
voted his  energies  to  his  property  interests. 
He  has  always  been  a  pronounced  and  ardent 
Democrat,  and  as  such  was  elected  by  his  fel- 
low citizens  to  the  office  of  County  Commis- 
sioner of  Grant  county,  but  did  not  serve  in 
that  capacity,  as  before  the  time  arrived  for 
him  to  qualify  as  Commissioner,  he  received 
his  appointment  as  Collector  of  Internal 
Revenue. 

The  Colonel  is  a  faithful  and  consistent 
member  of  the  Protestant  Episcopal  Church, 
and  is  an  active  and  prominent  member  of  the 
Masonic  fraternity.  In  1886  he  organized  a 
commandery  of  Knights  Templar  at  Deming, 
and  in  his  honor  it  was  named  McGrorty 
Commandery, — a  compliment  which  he  much 
appreciates.  Recently  he  was  honored  by 
Governor  Thornton  with  an  appointment  as 
one  of  the  Regents  of  the  New  Mexico  School 
of  Mines,  which  is  located  at  Socorro. 

The  Colonel  is  a  quiet,  unassuming  gentle- 
man, highly  esteemed  by  his  fellow  townsmen 
of  Deming  and  Grant  counties,  as  one  of  the 
most  reliable  and  progressive  citizens  of  this 
locality. 


>^r*UDGE  ROBERT   VINCENT  NEWS- 

•      HAM,  Probate  Judge  of  Grant  county, 

/»  1      New    Mexico,   residing  in    Silver  City, 

has  efficiently  aided  in    promoting  the 

social,  public   and  material  welfare  of  this  lo- 


cality.  He  is  a  man  of  strong  personality,  of 
great  force  of  character  and  has  followed  a 
course  in  business  and  private  life  altogether 
honorable  and  worthy  of  emulation. 

He  is  a  nativeof  Illinois,  born  June  25, 1841, 
and  is  of  English  lineage.  His  father,  James 
Newsham,  died  during  the  infancy  of  the  Judge, 
who  in  consequence  has  little  knowlege  of  the 
family  history.  He  acquired  his  education  in 
Illinois  and  Missouri,  going  to  the  latter  State 
when  only  ten  years  of  age.  He  attended  St. 
Mary's  Seminary  in  Perry  county,  Missouri, 
and  when  his  school  life  was  ended  entered 
upon  his  mercantile  career,  as  a  salesman, 
clerking  both  in  Illinois  and  Minnesota,  and 
remaining  in  the  latter  State  for  three  years. 

In  1859  Mr.  Newsham  crossed  the  plains 
to  California,  and  was  engaged  in  mining  at 
Nelson's  Point  in  Plumas  county,  where  he 
met  with  fair  success;  but  the  great  Civil  war 
broke  forth  upon  the  country,  and  desirous  of 
giving  his  aid  to  the  Union  he  laid  aside  the 
pursuits  of  peace  and  joined  "the  boys  in 
blue "  of  the  Fifth  California  Infantry.  His 
service  was  largely  on  the  frontier  of  Arizona 
and  New  Mexico.  The  regiment  was  sent  to 
this  Territory  to  drive  the  Confederates  from 
within  its  boundaries;  but  when  they  had 
arrived  the  work  was  accomplished,  and  they 
were  engaged  in  keeping  the  Indians  in  subjec- 
tion for  the  homes  and  lives  of  the  settlers 
were  menaced  by  the  red  men.  Mr.  Newsham 
enlisted  as  a  private  but  was  promoted  to  the 
rank  of  Sergeant. 

When  the  war  was  over  the  Judge  went  to 
Fort  Cummings,  where  he  served  as  Quarter- 
master and  commissary  clerk  until  the  fall  of 
1869.  He  also  prospered  in  his  undertakings 
as  a  contractor  and  merchant,  and  after  four 
years  spent  at  that  place  established  a  store  in 
Grant  county  at  Rio  Mimbres,  where  he  re- 
mained until  1874.  In  the  sale  of  his  goods 
he  prospered,  but  the  citizens  suffered  so  great- 
ly from  malarial  fever  that  the  place  was 
abandoned.  In  1875  Mr.  Newsham  removed 
his  stock  of  goods  to  Silver  City,  which  was 
then  a  young  but  thriving  town,  erected  a 


HISTORT  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


529 


building,  and  then  sold  his  stock  out  at  whole- 
sale. He  had  also  engaged  in  stock-raising, 
and  had  taken  his  cattle  to  the  Gila  river.  In 
1 88 1  he  was  the  owner  of  2,000  head  of  good 
cattle,  but  the  Indians  were  then  in  a  state  of 
insurrection  and  killed  and  wounded  many  of 
his  cattle,  and  carried  off  his  horses.  He  met 
with  heavy  losses  through  these  Apache  depre- 
dations, and  in  consequence  turned  his  atten- 
tion to  other  pursuits. 

With  the  vast  mineral  resources  of  the 
Territory  at  hand  he  naturally  turned  his  at- 
tention to  mining,  and  has  been  engaged  in 
that  business  most  of  the  time  since,  being 
now  a  stockholder  in  several  good  mining 
properties. 

The  Judge  has  been  a  lifelong  member  of 
the  Democracy,  and  has  for  years  been  hon- 
ored with  official  positions.  He  has  served  as 
School  Commissioner,  was  Probate  Clerk,  and 
in  1894  was  elected  to  his  present  office,  that 
of  Probate  Judge,  the  duties  of  which  he  is 
promptly  and  faithfully  performing.  He  has 
materially  aided  in  the  development  of  Silver 
City,  by  the  purchase  and  improvement  of  con- 
siderable town  property,  having  bought  a  num- 
ber of  lots,  on  which  he  erected  good  resi- 
dences. In  every  way  possible  he  has  helped 
to  build  up  the  town,  and  is  looked  upon  as 
one  of  the  most  reliable  early  settlers.  He 
was  married  in  1878,  and  his  only  son,  Roy  V. 
Newsham,  was  born  in  Silver  City.  The  Judge 
is  a  Royal  Arch  Mason,  and  has  served  as  Secre- 
tary of  both  the  blue  lodge  and  chapter.  He 
is  also  a  member  of  the  Grand  Army  of  the 
Republic,  and  of  the  California  Veteran  Asso- 
ciation. 


*y— *  ON.    FELIX    MARTINEZ.— In    the 

1^\    great    competitive    struggle    of    life, 

_P   when  each  man  must  enter  the  field 

and  fight  his  way  to  the  front  or  else 

be    overtaken  by  disaster  of   circumstance  or 

place,  proving  either    a  coward   or  a  victim, 

there   is  every  particular  interest  attaching  to 

the  life  of  one  who  has  proved  successful  in 

34 


the  higher  sense  of  the  term,  and  the  record  of 
achievement  of  obstacles  surmounted  and  of 
honors  attained  must  ever  be  a  fecund  source 
of  incentive  and  instruction. 

The  subject  of  this  review,  who  is  a  native 
son  of  New  Mexico  and  a  descendant  of  Span- 
ish lineage,  occupies  a  position'  of  great  promi- 
nence in  both  public  and  private  life;  and  that 
his  name  should  come  up  for  consideration  in 
a  work  touching  general  and  biographical  his- 
tory of  the  favored  section  with  whose  inter- 
ests he  is  so  closely  identified  is  not  alone  con- 
sistent, but,  in  justice,  practically  imperative. 

Hon.  Felix  Martinez,  now  Clerk  of  the 
United  States  and  Territorial  District  Courts 
for  the  Fourth  District  of  New  Mexico,  was 
born  in  Taos  county,  this  Territory,  on  the 
29th  day  of  March,  1857.  One  of  his  grand- 
fathers, Diego  Borrego,  was  a  native  of  El 
Presidio  del  Carrizal,  Mexico,  who  was  a  very 
wealthy  man  and  one  of  the  largest  stock  own- 
ers of  his  time.  In  the  colonial  days  of  Spain, 
when  New  Mexico  was  a  province  of  the  Span- 
ish empire,  Senyor  Borrego  emigrated  into  New 
Mexico  and  lived  in  a  place  known  as  San 
Isidro,  near  Albuquerque.  His  only  daughter, 
Julianita,  married  Guadalupe  Martinez,  who 
moved  to  Santa  Cruz,  near  Espanyola,  where 
the  father  of  our  subject,  also  named  Felix, 
was  born  in  the  year  1816.  Senyor  Borrego, 
when  New  Mexico  was  ceded  to  the  United 
States  Government,  went  back  to  his  old  home 
at  Presidio. 

Senyor  Martinez,  Sr. ,  upon  obtaining  ma- 
turity, married  Maria  Reyes  Cordova,  a  woman 
of  extraordinary  natural  ability,  a  native  of 
the  Territory  and  a  daughter  of  Pedro  Cor- 
dova, one  of  the  pioneers  of  New  Mexico  who 
distinguished  himself  by  his  intrepid  bravery 
and  daring  in  making  several  trips  single- 
handed,  on  horseback,  from  Taos  into  the  in- 
terior of  Mexico  with  the  purpose  of  trading  at 
the  annual  fairs  then  held  at  San  Juan  de  Los 
Lagos,  and  would  bring  his  merchandise  for 
over  a  thousand  miles  on  large  numbers  of 
pack-mules.  Later,  when  on  a  trading  trip 
in  the  Navajo  country,  he  met  his  death  at  the 


53° 


HISTORY  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


hands  of  the  savages.  Our  subject's  parents 
had  six  children, — five  girls  and  Mr.  Martinez, 
he  being  the  only  male  in  the  family. 

His  educational  discipline  was  begun  at 
St.  Mary's  College  in  Mora,  New  Mexico, 
where  he  studied  for  five  years,  and  where 
from  his  childhood  he  evidenced  his  genius  for 
the  leading  of  men,  being  constantly  appointed 
by  the  teacher  as  "Decurion," — a  term  used 
by  the  Latin  races  as  a  monitor  among  stu- 
dents. Thence  his  parents  moved  into  Colo- 
rado, and  for  a  year  experienced  some  of  the 
reverses  of  life.  Our  subject,  then  a  boy,  was 
not,  however,  to  be  deterred  by  such  unfavor- 
able circumstances,  and  was  determined  to 
finish  his  education  at  all  hazards.  In  1871, 
in  his  fourteenth  year,  he  started  as  a  clerk  in 
a  small  grocery  store  in  the  town  of  Trinidad, 
where  he  remained  three  months;  then  he 
went  to  Pueblo,  Colorado,  entered  again  into 
the  duties  of  a  clerk,  and  for  three  years  con- 
secutively took  a  private  commercial  course 
until  he  felt  competent  to  meet  all  commerce 
in  a  business  line.  He  returned  to  western 
Colorado  in  1876,  after  having  traveled 
throughout  the  different  States  where  railroads 
were  in  existence,  and  while  traveling  he  made 
it  his  special  business  to  examine  into  the 
practical  ways  of  the  world.  Then,  with  an 
energy  seldom  seen,  he  secured  a  clerkship  in 
a  mercantile  establishment  at  El  Moro,  Colo- 
rado, and  such  was  his  fidelity  and  unmistak- 
able business  ability  that  before  the  age  of 
twenty-one  he  received  the  highest  salary  in 
the  establishment.  Upon  attaining  his  ma- 
jority in  1878  the  young  man  started  in  busi- 
ness on  his  own  responsibility  at  the  said  town 
of  El  Moro,  where,  in  partnership  with  Phillip 
Holzman,  he  conducted  a  very  successful  mer- 
cantile enterprise  for  several  years.  He  then 
removed  to  the  town  of  his  choice,  where  he 
still  resides,  at  the  town  of  Las  Vegas,  New 
Mexico,  and  established  a  business  upon  a 
larger  scale  with  Simon  A.  Clements,  and 
there  exhibited  the  wonderful  versatility  in 
adapting  himself  without  any  trouble  to  almost 
any  different  line  of  business,  having  in  con- 


nection with  his  store  ari  extensive  lumber  and 
real- estate  business.  In  1882  Mr.  Clements 
retired  with  quite  a  little  fortune  that  he  had 
accumulated  in  the  short  period  of  his  connec- 
tion in  business  with  Mr.  Martinez. 

The  sedentary  nature  of  his  business  event- 
ually made  serious  inroads  on  his  health,  and 
he  was  compelled  to  dispose  of  his  interests  in 
the  line  noted,  and  to  seek  a  business  which 
would  enable  him  to  secure  more  of  an  out- 
door employment.  He  accordingly  engaged  in 
the  real-estate  and  brokerage  business,  and  in 
1884  began  to  take  an  active  part  in  the  politics 
of  New  Mexico,  and  assisted  very  materially 
in  the  election  of  the  Hon.  F.  A.  Manzanares 
for  Congress.  In  1886  our  subject  was  fairly 
in  the  field  as  a  Democratic  leader  in  his  coun- 
ty, being  the  Democratic  candidate  for  County 
Assessor,  and  for  the  first  time  in  many  years 
the  Republican  ranks  were  broken  in  what  was 
known  as  the  Republican  banner  county  of  the 
Territory.  The  Democrats,  through  Mr.  Mar- 
tinez's special  efforts,  elected  more  than  half 
of  their  ticket,  to  the  surprise  of  the  best  poli- 
ticians of  the  Territory  in  both  parties;  but  he 
was  counted  out  by  the  administration  then  in 
power.  Not,  however,  being  a  man  easily 
scared,  he  at  once  entered  upon  a  contest 
through  the  courts  and  succeeded  in  obtaining 
the  office  to  which  he  was  legally  elected. 

Still  further  and  distinguished  preferment 
came  to  him  in  1888,  when  he  became  the 
nominee  of  the  party  to  the  Territorial  Legis- 
lature, securing  a  very  flattering  majority  at 
the  ensuing  election.  He  was  again  returned 
in  1892  to  the  Legislature  as  a  member  of  the 
Senate,  in  which  body  his  efforts  were  distin- 
guished and  fruitful  of  much  good.  In  the  same 
year  he  was  one  of  the  delegates  to  the  Na- 
tional Democratic  Convention  held  at  Chicago, 
and  there  made  chairman  of  the  New  Mexico 
delegation.  Mr.  Martinez  suggested  at  this 
time  to  the  delegates  from  New  Mexico  and 
Arizona  to  combine  their  votes,  and  in  view  of 
the  fact  that  the  Territories  were  at  the  last  of 
the  call  he  was  of  the  opinion  that  this  vote 
would  cast  the  deciding  vote.  His  suggestion 


HISTORY  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


53' 


was  followed  out  and  it  proved  that  the  votes 
from  New  Mexico  and  Arizona  were  needed  to 
nominate  Mr.  Cleveland  on  the  first  ballot. 
The  votes  were  recorded,  and  Mr.  Cleveland 
secured  the  nomination,  which  it  is  very  prob- 
able that  he  would  not  have  done  had  further 
balloting  ensued,  as  there  was  a  powerful  fac- 
tion arrayed  against  him.  In  reviewing  the 
official  career  of  the  nation's  chief  executive 
since  that  time  Mr.  Martinez  has  not  feared  to 
express  regret  for  the  active  part  he  took  in 
securing  the  nomination  noted.  The  leaders 
of  the  party  had  promised  to  the  delegates  from 
New  Mexico  and  Arizona  any  reasonable  con- 
cessions that  they  might  ask,  but  their  lack  of 
fealty  was  shown  in  the  fact  that  New  Mexico 
was  refused  admission  into  the  Statehood  and 
almost  completely  ignored  the  claims  of  the 
Territory  otherwise. 

Since  the  first  of  December,  1893,  he  has 
been  the  efficient  incumbent  as  clerk  of  the 
United  States  and  Territorial  Courts  for  the 
Fourth  Judicial  District  of  New  Mexico,  to 
which  he  was  appointed  by  Hon.  Thomas 
Smith,  Chief  Justice,  and  Judge  of  said  Dis- 
trict. 

In  June,  1889,  Mr.  Martinez  purchased  the 
controlling  interest  in  La  Voz  del  Pueblo,  a 
paper  that  held  very  strong  influence  at  the 
time,  and  since  by  his  tact  and  able  manage- 
ment has  made  it  the  strongest  weekly  with 
the  Spanish-American  classes  in  the  Territory. 
It  is  devoted  strictly  to  the  interests  of  the 
Spanish-Americans,  and  its  policy  favoring  and 
advocating  the  more  perfect  amalgamation  of 
the  two  principal  elements  comprising  the  pop- 
ulation of  the  Territory,  the  more  perfect  iden- 
tification of  their  interests  and  the  greater  con- 
comitant development' of  this  favored  section. 
The  province  of  the  publication  is  clearly  de- 
fined, and  it  is  a  recognized  factor  in  promot- 
ing a  harmonious  spirit  and  in  furthering  sub- 
stantial progress  of  the  city  and  Territory  at 
large.  Mr.  Martinez  is  a  man  of  broad  intel- 
lectual grasp  and  unimpeachable  honor,  is 
thoroughly  informed  as  to  the  needs  of  the 
country  with  whose  interests  he  is  identified, 


and  has  a  keen  perception  of  the  essence  of 
the  economic  problems  which  confront  the 
Territory,  whose  solution  must  eventually  be 
seriously  undertaken.  He  is  a  strong  and 
forcible  writer  and  speaker,  and  his  articles 
command  the  respect  of  the  entire  Territory. 
On  the  24th  day  of  September,  1880,  Mr. 
Martinez  was  married  to  Virginia  Buster,  a 
descendant  of  a  prominent  family  of  the  Old 
Dominion  State.  They  are  the  parents  of  five 
children,  all  of  whom  were  born  in  New  Mex- 
ico and  whose  names  are  as  follows:  Felix, 
Jr. ,  Alexander,  Alphonso,  Horacio  and  Reyes. 
The  family  home  is  located  in  East  Las  Vegas. 
Our  subject  is  a  man  of  fine  acquirements  and 
distinctive  ability,  he  has  traveled  quite  exten- 
sively, and  is  thoroughly  in  touch  with  the  af- 
fairs of  the  day.  His  influence  and  power  is 
second  to  that  of  no  man  in  the  Territory,  and 
with  the  quickening  spirit  of  progress  being 
highly  honored  in  the  Territory  of  which  he  is 
a  loyal  son  and  a  representative  citizen. 


*y    •*  ON.  JOHN  D.  BAIL,  one  of  the  old- 
|r^    time    members    of   the    bar   of    New 
r    Mexico,  and  now  the  senior  member 
of  the   able   law  firm   of  Bail  &  An- 
cheta,   of  Silver  City,  is  a  man  of  progressive 
ideas  and  fine  attainments,  who  has   made  the 
most  of  his  opportunities  in  life,  and  has  risen 
to  a  foremost  place  among  the  representatives 
of  the  legal  fraternity  of  the  Territory.      He 
began    life  with   a  definite    purpose  in    view, 
worked  faithfully,  honestly  and  with  a  will  for 
its   accomplishment,  and  his  career  has  there- 
fore been  a  successful  one. 

A  native  of  the  Buckeye  State,  the  Judge 
was  born  in  Ross  county,  and  on  the  4th  of 
July,  1825.  He  comes  of  an  old  Virginian 
family  of  Welsh  descent,  and  his  paternal 
grandfather  was  a  Revolutionary  hero  who  laid 
down  his  life  on  the  altar  of  his  country  in  that 
struggle  for  independence.  His  father,  Joseph 
Bail,  was  born  in  Loudoun  county,  Virginia, 
in  1775 — the  year  in  which  the  guns  of  Lex- 
ington announced  the  birth  of  the  Republic. 


S32 


HIS  TORT  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


He  married  Miss  Elizabeth  Divens,  a  native  of 
Pennsylvania,  belonging  to  one  of  the  old 
families  of  that  State.  She  is  still  living,  at 
the  advanced  age  of  ninety-one.  When  a 
young  man  Joseph  Bail  removed  to  Ross  coun- 
ty, Ohio,  becoming  one  of  its  pioneer  farmers, 
and  there  reared  his  family.  In  1850  he  went 
to  Illinois,  where  he  departed  this  life,  in  1865, 
at  the  age  of  eighty  years.  He  served  in  the 
war  of  1812,  was  a  man  of  much  natural 
ability,  and  in  the  early  days  of  Ohio's  history 
served  for  many  years  as  Justice  of  the  Peace. 
He  and  his  wife  were  active  and  prominent 
members  of  the  Methodist  Church.  Their 
family  numbered  seven  children,  only  three  of 
whom  are  now  living. 

The  Judge  is  their  second  child,  and  the 
days  of  his  boyhood  and  youth  were  spent  on 
the  old  home  farm  in  Ohio,  working  in  the 
fields  through  the  summer  months,  while  in 
the  winter  season  he  attended  the  common 
schools.  In  1847  he  enlisted  in  the  Mexican 
war,  and  was  with  General  Scott  at  the  cap- 
ture of  Mexico's  capital.  In  1849  he  went  to 
Springfield,  Illinois,  and  took  up  the  study  of 
law  in  the  office  of  Stuart  &  Edwards,  then 
a  prominent  firm  of  the  city.  Near  by  was  the 
law  office  of  Abraham  Lincoln,  with  whom  he 
became  well  acquainted.  In  1852  Mr.  Bail 
was  admitted  to  the  bar,  and  then  crossed  the 
plains  to  California,  hoping  that  in  the  gold 
fields  of  that  Eldorado  he  might  acquire  a  for- 
tune more  rapidly  than  he  could  expect  to  do 
in  law  practice.  He  engaged  in  mining  at 
Placerville  and  secured  considerable  gold  dust, 
but  money  easily  obtained  is  easily  spent,  and, 
like  many  another  young  man,  he  saved  but 
little  of  his  earnings  there.  He  remained  on 
the  Pacific  slope  until  1856,  and  then  returned 
to  Springfield,  Illinois,  by  way  of  the  isthmus 
of  Panama  and  New  York  city.  He  opened  a 
law  office  there,  and  continued  the  practice  of 
his  profession  until  the  breaking  out  of  the 
Civil  war. 

With  the  blood  of  Revolutionary  forefathers 
flowing  in  his  veins,  Judge  Bail  responded  to 
the  country's  call  for  troops,  and  went  to  the 


defense  of  the  Union  that  his  ancestors  had 
aided  in  establishing.  He  joined  the  ' '  boys  in 
blue "  of  the  Eleventh  Missouri  Infantry,  and 
participated  in  the  battles  of  Island  No.  loand 
in  all  the  engagements  of  the  Western  cam- 
paign, including  the  siege  and  capture  of  Vicks- 
burg.  He  was  also  in  the  Red  river  campaign 
under  General  Banks,  and  during  his  service 
was  promoted  to  the  rank  of  Sergeant. 

When  the  war  was  over,  Mr.  Bail  was 
honorably  discharged,  and  went  to  St.  Louis, 
Missouri.  In  1866  he  removed  to  Pinos  Altos, 
New  Mexico,  where  he  engaged  in  mining.  He 
became  a  prominent  and  influential  citizen  of 
that  locality,  and  in  1868  was  elected  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Territorial  Legislature  as  the  first 
Representative  from  Grant  county.  So  ac- 
ceptably did  he  discharge  the  duties  of  the 
office  that  he  was  re-elected  for  a  second  term. 
On  his  retirement  to  private  life,  he  removed 
to  Messilla,  Donna  Ana  county,  where  he  prac- 
ticed law  until  his  election  to  the  Senate,  re- 
presenting all  the  counties  of  southern  New 
Mexico.  On  leaving  the  General  Assembly  he 
was  appointed  a  Deputy  United  States  Collec- 
tor of  Internal  Revenue,  and  at  the  same  time 
was  Deputy  United  States  Assessor  and  Dis- 
trict Attorney  of  Donna  Ana  county.  In  1885 
he  removed  to  Silver  City,  where  for  the  past 
ten  years  he  has  been  actively  engaged  in  the 
practice  of  law,  and  now  enjoys  a  remunera- 
tive general  practice.  The  Judge  has  always 
been  an  ardent  and  consistent  Republican,  and 
as  such  was  a  delegate  from  New  Mexico  to 
the  National  Republican  Convention  held  in 
Minneapolis,  where  General  Benjamin  Harri- 
son was  nominated  for  the  presidency. 

In  1871  Judge  Bail  was  joined  in  wedlock 
with  Miss  Catherine  Frientes,  a  native  of  the 
Territory  of  New  Mexico.  They  have  two 
daughters, — Alice  and  Katie  A., — and  an 
adopted  son,  Arthur.  The  family  circle  re- 
mains unbroken  by  the  hand  of  death,  and 
their  home  is  the  abode  of  happiness  and  hos- 
pitality. 

The  Judge  has  purchased  considerable  town 
property  in  Silver  City,  erected  a  residence 


HIS TOR r  OF  NE  W  MEXICO. 


533 


and  office  for  his  own  use,  and  has  erected 
various  other  buildings,  thus  materially  aiding 
in  the  upbuilding  and  promotion  of  the  city's 
interests.  He.  has  a  wide  and  favorable  ac- 
quaintance throughout  the  Territory,  is  recog- 
nized as  one  of  the  most  efficient  lawyers  of 
New  Mexico,  and  his  loyalty  to  his  country 
has  been  demonstrated  by  his  service  in  two 
wars.  He  is  a  man  of  strong  convictions, 
fearless  in  expressing  them  under  all  proper 
circumstances,  yet  always  ready  to  hear  and 
weigh  the  views  of  those  who  differ  from  him. 
The  predominant  trait  of  his  character  is  his 
absolute  honesty  and  uprightness. 


Sr— *  ON.  ISRAEL  KING,  of  Deming,  New 
l^™\  Mexico,  is  one  of  Grant  county's 
_^f  most  enterprising  and  successful  citi- 
zens, and  as  such  is  entitled  to  hon- 
orable mention  in  a  work  of  this  character. 
With  a  reputation  for  the  highest  possible  in- 
tegrity, with  a  record  of  success  in  business, 
and  with  a  large  circle  of  devoted  friends,  he 
stands  to-day  as  a  public-spirited  citizen,  wor- 
thy of  the  high  place  which  he  occupies  in  the 
esteem  of  all.  He  is1  a  native  of  Akron,  Ohio, 
born  on  the  26th  of  July,  1852,  and  is  of  Eng- 
lish ancestry.  His  grandfather,  Leicester  King, 
was  born  in  Connecticut,  and  became  a  suc- 
cessful merchant  of  that  State.  Subsequently 
he  removed  to  Ohio,  casting  his  lot  with  the 
pioneer  settlers  of  the  Western  Reserve,  where 
he  became  widely  and  favorably  known,  and 
won  further  successes  in  business  and  honor  in 
political  life.  He  was  sent  as  a  Representa- 
tive to  the  State  Legislature,  and  his  name  be- 
came inseparably  connected  with  the  history 
of  Ohio,  for  in  connection  with  General  Per- 
kins he  founded  and  platted  the  town  of  Akron. 
The  father  of  our  subject,  who  also  bore 
the  name  of  Leicester  King,  accompanied  the 
grandfather  to  the  Buckeye  State  during  his 
childhood,  was  there  reared  and  educated,  and 
when  he  had  attained  to  years  of  maturity, 
joined  his  father  in  the  mercantile  business. 


On  the  breaking  out  of  the  great  Civil  war  he 
offered  his  services  to  the  Government  and  was 
commissioned  a  Captain  of  the  Seventh  Ohio 
Infantry,  serving  throughout  the  greater  part 
of  that  sanguinary  struggle.  He  participated 
in  many  hard-fought  battles,  and  rendered  his 
country  valuable  service.  Mr.  King  married 
Miss  Eliza  Purinton,  a  daughter  of  Nathaniel 
Purinton,  formerly  of  the  State  of  Maine. 
They  had  three  sons  and  three  daughters  who 
all  reached  maturity.  The  father  completed 
the  Psalmist's  span  of  life, — three-score  and 
ten, — but  the  mother  passed  away  at  the  age 
of  forty-six. 

Israel  King  was  their  third  child.  He  was 
educated  in  the  Western  Reserve  College,  and 
fitting  himself  for  the  legal  profession  was 
graduated  at  the  National  Law  College  in 
Washington,  District  of  Columbia,  in  May, 
1877.  After  practicing  law  for  a  short  time  in 
the  East  he  came  to  New  Mexico  in  1879,  lo- 
cating in  Grant  county.  Here  he  engaged  in 
school-teaching,  and  when  he  abandoned  that 
profession  took  up  the  business  of  stock-rais- 
ing, which  he  has  followed  continuously  since 
with  satisfactory  results,  making  it  a  paying  in- 
vestment. He  has  extended  his  operations  as 
his  financial  resources  have  increased,  and  now 
has  about  9,000  head  of  high-grade  cattle  of 
all  ages.  His  is  one  of  the  finest  stock  ranches 
in  this  section  of  the  Territory,  and  his  capa- 
ble management  has  been  the  means  of  bring- 
ing to  him  the  success  which  crowns  his  efforts. 
His  prosperity  has  come  as  a  result  of  his  own 
exertions,  his  energetic  labor  and  indefatigable 
perseverance. 

Mr.  King  has  been  a  lifelong  Republican, 
unwavering  in  his  allegiance  to  the  party,  and 
in  1888  was  made  its  candidate  for  the  office  of 
Territorial  Representative.  He  made  a  thorough 
and  successful  canvass,  and  winning  the  elec- 
tion ably  represented  the  counties  of  Donna 
Ana,  Sierra,  Grant  and  Lincoln  in  the  General 
Assembly.  Since  his  return  to  private  life  he 
has  given  the  greater  part  of  his  time  to  his 
business  interests.  In  1894,  however,  he  was 
prevailed  upon  to  accept  the  nomination  for 


534 


HISTORY  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


County  Commissioner,  but  lost  the  election  by 
four  votes. 

On  the  1 6th  of  August,  1892,  was  consum- 
mated the  marriage  of  Mr.  King  and  Miss  Mary 
E.  Kephart,  daughter  of  the  Rev.  William  G. 
Kephart,  a  Presbyterian  minister  of  the  State 
of  Iowa.  They  now  have  a  lovely  little  daugh- 
ter, born  in  Deming,  to  whom  they  have  given 
the  name  of  Nadine.  In  1892  Mr.  King  built 
at  Deming  a  very  handsome  and  commodious 
adobe  residence,  where  he  and  his  little  family 
are  surrounded  with  all  the  comforts  that 
wealth  can  bring  and  happiness  can  procure. 
Their  hospitality  is  unbounded  and  their  home 
is  ever  open  to  the  reception  of  their  friends, 
who  are  indeed  many.  Mr.  King  is  an  active 
and  worthy  member  of  the  Masonic  fraternity, 
in  which  he  has  risen  to  the  Knight-Templar 
degree,  and  is  also  a  Knight  of  Pythias. 


OC.  HINMAN,  the  leading  furniture 
dealer  and  undertaker  of  Silver  City, 
is  a  Western  man  by  birth  and  train- 
ing and  possesses  the  true  Western 
spirit  of  enterprise  and  progress.  He  was  born 
in  Monona,  Iowa,  on  the  i8th  of  July,  1859, 
and  is  of  English  lineage,  his  ancestors  having 
crossed  the  Atlantic  from  the  British  Isles  to 
become  residents  of  Cattaraugus  county,  New 
York,  in  an  early  day.  O.  C.  Hinman,  Sr., 
the  father  of  our  subject,  was  born  there,  and 
throughout  his  life  has  followed  farming,  being 
now  engaged  in  agricultural  pursuits  in  Hardin, 
Iowa.  He  married  Miss  Cynthia  Patterson,  a 
native  of  Pennsylvania,  and  also  a  descendant 
of  one  of  the  early  families  of  the  East.  They 
had  seven  children,  and  the  family  circle  yet 
remains  unbroken  by  the  hand  of  death.  Both 
parents  are  members  of  the  Methodist  Church, 
prominent  and  active  in  its  work,  and  well 
spent  lives  have  gained  for  them  high  regard. 
Mr.  Hinman,  of  this  review,  is  the  fourth 
child  of  the  family.  He  was  educated  in  the 
public  schools  of  his  native  State,  and  in  his 
youth  learned  telegraphy,  and  worked  at  rail- 
roading for  three  years.  That  business  not 


being  to  his  taste,  however,  he  decided  to 
come  to  the  Southwest,  and  located  in  Silver 
City,  New  Mexico,  on  the  I3th  of  June,  1883. 
He  accepted  the  position  of  deputy  Postmaster, 
and  served  in  that  capacity  for  a  year,  after 
which  he  opened  a  fruit  store.  A  year  later 
that  was  sold  and  in  1886  he  embarked  in  the 
furniture  business,  being  now  the  leading  mer- 
chant in  this  line  in  Silver  City.  His  store  is 
54  x  76  feet,  with  an  annex  16x48  feet,  where 
he  carries  a  large  stock  of  furniture  and  under- 
taking goods.  He  now  enjoys  an  extensive 
business,  having  the  whole  trade  of  Silver  City 
and  the  surrounding  country  for  many  miles  in 
each  direction.  He  has  erected  a  store  build- 
ing and  also  one  of  the  pleasant  homes  of  the 
city,  and  to-day  stands  high  among  the  people 
as  one  of  the  representative  and  most  thor- 
oughly reliable  business  men. 

On  the  1 6th  of  June,  1884,  Mr.  Hinman 
was  united  in  marriage  with  Miss  Minnie  Stan- 
ley, of  Indiana,  and  their  union  has  been 
blessed  with  two  children, — Ruth  and  Gifford 
Thomas,  both  born  in  Silver  City.  Our  subject 
has  served  as  Town  Coroner  for  a  number  of 
years,  and  in  politics  takes  quite  an  active 
part,  supporting  the  Republican  party.  He  is 
pre-eminently  a  public-spirited  man,  and  gives 
a  commendable  support  to  all  enterprises  cal- 
culated to  advance  the  general  welfare. 


>y»OHN  CORBETT,  one  of  the  represent- 
m      ative,  enterprising    and  successful  busi-* 
/•  1      ness  men  of  Deming,  New  Mexico,  has 
resided  in  this  place  since  October,  1882, 
and  has  therefore  witnessed   almost  its  entire 
growth  and    development   and   has  ever  borne 
his  part  in  the  work  of  progress  and  advance- 
ment. 

He  was  born  in  New  York  city  on  the  4th 
of  April,  1848,  and  dates  his  arrival  in  New 
Mexico  in  1879,  at  which  time  he  took  up  his 
residence  in  Las  Vegas.  He  worked  at  his 
trade  there  and  at  Socorro,  receiving  $5  per 
day.  The  new  towns  were  building  up  rapidly 
and  an  expert  workman  could  always  secure 


HIS  TORT  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


535 


something  to  do.  In  1882  he  came  to  Dem- 
ing,  and  being  much  pleased  with  the  town  he 
decided  to  make  it  the  place  of  his  future  op- 
erations. He  took  up  Government  land  in  the 
east  edge  of  the  town  and  at  once  built  his 
soda-bottling  works,  establishing  one  of  the 
leading  industries  of  the  place.  He  has  since 
conducted  this  enterprise  and  has  met  with  very 
gratifying  success,  finding  a  ready  market  for 
his  products  in  this  and  surrounding  towns  and 
receiving  a  good  income  from  their  sale.  He 
is  also  engaged  in  dealing  in  ice  and  has  built 
up  a  good  business.  In  connection  with  Mr. 
Wyman,  as  a  partner,  he  is  interested  in  the 
Deming  Ore  Sampling  Works,  where  they  as- 
say ore  from  the  adjoining  mines,  also  pur- 
chase the  ore  and  have  it  melted.  This  has 
proved  a  very  beneficial  industry  to  the  devel- 
opment of  the  mines  in  this  locality.  The 
miner  can  have  his  ore  brought  to  this  place 
and  find  out  exactly  what  it  contains,  so  that 
if  the  yield  is  sufficient  he  can  continue  his 
work,  and  if  unprofitable  abandon  it.  Mr. 
Corbett  has  always  been  an  energetic  business 
man,  is  thoroughly  reliable  and  trustworthy, 
and  by  the  persistent  pursuit  of  a  noble  pur- 
pose he  has  prospered  until  he  has  become  one 
of  Deming's  influential  men.  He  has  various 
mining  interests  in  New  Mexico,  and  in  Chi- 
huahua, Mexico,  while  in  this  locality  he  has 
a  fine  fruit  orchard  and  a  pleasant  home  on 
the  lands  that  he  pre-empted  from  the  Gov- 
ernment on  his  arrival  here  in  1882. 

In  1888  was  celebrated  the  marriage  of  Mr. 
Corbett  and  Miss  Kate  Field,  daughter  of  Judge 
Field,  a  prominent  and  highly  esteemed  citizen 
of  Deming.  Mr.  Corbett  has  been  a  lifelong 
Democrat,  unswerving  in  his  allegiance  to  the 
principles  of  the  party,  although  by  no  means 
a  partisan.  He  is  an  active  member  of  the 
Masonic  fraternity,  Past  Master  of  his  lodge, 
and  a  Knight  Templar.  He  is  also  a  member 
of  Ballut  Abya  Temple  at  Albuquerque. 

Mr.  Corbett  is  deeply  interested  in  all  that 
pertains  to  the  growth  of  his  town,  is  enthusi- 
astic in  regard  to  its  future  and  is  a  warm 
friend  of  the  cause  of  education,  doing  all  in 


his  power  to  advance  its  school  interests.  He 
is  a  member  of  the  School  Board,  and  as  such 
has  done  active  and  efficient  service  in  the  in- 
terests of  the  schools. 


BRANCIS   JOSEPH   WRIGHT,    City 
Attorney  of  Silver  City  and  a  member 
of  the  prominent  law  firm  of  Bell  & 
Wright,  is  of  English  and  Scotch  an- 
cestry.     He  is  descended  from  a  Stewart,  who 
was  distantly    related   to    the    royal  family  of 
England  of  that   name,    but  he  claims  no  dis- 
tinction or  honor  from   this  connection,  for  he 
is  truly  American  in  spirit  and  feeling,  and  be- 
lieves that  a  man  must  depend  upon  his  own 
merits  and  not   upon   reflected  glory  of  titled 
aristocracy.      He  believes  in  the  sovereignty  not 
of  blood  but  of  brains. 

His  great-grandfather,  William  Wright, 
located  in  Reading,  Pennsylvania,  at  a  very 
early  day,  and  he  and  his  sons  became  pos- 
sessed of  a  large  estate  in  that  locality.  There 
was  born  William  Wright,  the  grandfather  of 
our  subject;  but  Isaac  Wright,  the  father  of 
Silver  City's  prominent  attorney,  was  a  native 
of  Maryland.  He  became  a  planter  of  Carroll 
county  and  wedded  Miss  Mary  Wolf,  a  lady  of 
German  lineage,  and  a  daughter  of  Abraham 
Wolf.  In  early  life  Isaac  Wright  became  a 
preceptor,  and  was  always  an  ardent  advocate 
of  the  cause  of  education,  lending  his  support 
to  all  that  was  calculated  for  its  advancement. 
Acquiring  considerable  property,  he  spent  his 
last  years  on  his  lands,  and  his  death  occurred 
in  1888,  at  the  age  of  seventy-two  years.  In 
his  family  were  ten  children,  of  whom  seven 
are  living  at  the  time  of  this  writing. 

The  subject  of  this  sketch  is  sixth  in  order 
of  birth.  His  early  education  was  obtained 
under  the  instruction  of  his  father  and  proved 
a  very  thorough  training.  Later  he  began 
teaching,  and  secured  a  professorship  in  the 
Georgetown  Female  Seminary,  where  he  re- 
mained for  three  years.  During  this  time  he 
took  up  the  study  of  law,  and  acquired  a  habit 


536 


HISTORT  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


of  close  thinking,  for  which  he  is  still  noted. 
He  pursued  his  legal  studies  in  the  office  of 
Brainbridge  &  Webb  for  a  time,  and  in  1876 
was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  Washington,  Dis- 
trict of  Columbia,  where  he  opened  a  law  of- 
fice, and  continued  in  practice  for  five  years. 
During  that  time  he  obtained  a  license  to 
practice  in  the  Supreme  Court  of  the  United 
States.  Having  carried  on  business  in  the 
capital  city  until  1880,  he  then  went  to  Colo- 
rado, spending  a  number  of  months  in  travel 
in  that  State,  viewing  its  magnificent  scenery 
and  other  points  of  interest. 

In  the  autumn  of  1880  Mr.  Wright  arrived 
in  Silver  City,  New  Mexico,  and  here  he  form- 
ed a  law  partnership  with  E.  V.  Price  and 
Andrew  Sloan,  but  the  connection  continued 
only  until  the  summer  of  1881,  when  by  mu- 
tual consent  it  was  dissolved.  Mr.  Wright  was 
then  alone  in  business  until  1889,  when  the 
existing  partnership  with  Mr.  Bell  was  formed 
and  has  since  continued.  This  is  regarded  as 
one  of  the  strongest  and  most  prominent  law 
firms  in  the  Territory.  Mr.  Bell  is  a  very  gift- 
ed orator  and  advocate  before  judge  or  jury. 
Mr.  Wright  is  a  profound  thinker,  a  logical 
reasoner  and  strong  in  argument,  and  the  firm 
is  therefore  one  of  the  most  able  and  most  suc- 
cessful to  be  found  in  New  Mexico. 

In  his  political  connections,  Mr.  Wright  is 
a  Republican,  deeply  interested  in  the  growth 
and  success  of  his  party.  He  has  for  four 
years  held  the  office  of  City  Attorney  of  Silver 
City,  which  is  a  compliment  to  his  skill  and 
ability.  Socially,  he  is  connected  with  the 
Knights  of  Pythias  fraternity.  In  connection 
with  his  other  business  interests  he  has  during 
his  residence  in  Grant  county  engaged  in  stock- 
raising  and  mining,  and  has  aided  in  the  de- 
velopment of  various  mining  claims  which  are 
materially  advancing  the  prosperity  and  wel- 
fare of  this  community. 

Mr.  Wright  is  a  man  of  broad  views,  of 
wide  general  information,  and  a  public-spirited 
and  progressive  citizen.  While  giving  the 
greater  part  of  his  attention  to  his  profession, 
he  has  yet  found  time  to  devote  to  the  general 


welfare,  and  is  ever  found  in  the  front  rank  of 
any  movement  calculated  to  benefit  the  com- 
munity. 


^y^V  EWTON    A.    BOLICH    is    a   young 
m    man    of    business   ability   now  num- 
r    bered  among  the  pioneers  and  lead- 
ing merchants  of  Deming.    He  is  also 
prominent  in  political  circles  and  is  serving  as 
Treasurer  of  Grant  county. 

A  native  of  the  Keystone  State,  he  was 
born  in  Orwigsburg,  on  the  ist  of  December, 
1857,  descending  from  Pennsylvania  Dutch 
ancestors  who  early  located  in  that  State;  and 
when  fourteen  years  of  age  began  to  learn  the 
trade  of  boot  and  shoe  making,  which  he 
thoroughly  mastered,  becoming  familiar  with 
the  business  in  all  its  details.  Not  long  after- 
ward he  removed  to  Iowa  and  followed  the  oc- 
cupation he  had  learned  up  to  1881.  That 
year  witnessed  his  arrival  at  Deming,  where  he 
managed  a  store  for  P.  Allen.  Resigning  his 
position  with  Mr.  Allen  he  entered  into  part- 
nership with  John  Corbett,  under  the  firm 
name  of  Corbett  &  Bolich,  which  connection 
was  continued  until  1887,  when  Mr.  Bolich 
bought  out  his  partner's  interest  and  has  since 
been  sole  proprietor.  He  began  business  in 
Deming  with  but  little  capital,  but  his  close 
application,  strict  integrity  and  earnest  desire 
to  please  his  patrons  has  brought  to  him  an 
eminent  success.  He  now  has  a  large  and  well 
filled  store,  the  stock  consisting  of  dry  goods, 
clothing,  boots  and  shoes,  hats  and  caps,  and 
a  full  line  of  furnishing  goods.  He  is  consid- 
ered the  leading  merchant  of  the  town,  and  has 
one  of  the  largest  stores  in  the  southern  part 
of  the  Territory.  In  his  political  views,  Mr. 
Bolich  is  a  stalwart  Republican. 


<y— *  ON.  ROBERT  BLACK,  the  pioneer 

I'^k    builder  of  Silver  City  and  one  of  her 

r    most  reliable  and  esteemed  residents, 

located  here  in    1872,  when  the  town 

contained   not  a  brick   residence   or  a  shingle 


HIS  TORT  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


537 


roof.  Mr.  Black  is  a  native  of  Massachusetts. 
He  was  born  in  the  city  of  Boston  on  the  I4th 
of  March,  1840,  and  is  a  son  of  William  and 
Mary  (Balmer)  Black.  His  parents  were  born 
and  reared  in  England  and  immediately  after 
their  marriage  came  to  the  New  World,  locat- 
ing at  Cambridge,  near  Boston.  The  father 
engaged  in  business  as  a  wholesale  and  retail 
dealer  in  ice.  He  spent  his  entire  life  there, 
and  passed  away  in  the  sixty-third  year  of  his 
age.  His  wife  survived  him  some  time  and 
was  called  to  the  home  beyond  this  life  at  the 
age  of  seventy-one.  They  were  both  members 
of  the  Episcopal  Church,  and  their  many  ex- 
cellencies of  character  won  for  them  the  re- 
spect and  confidence  of  all  who  knew  them. 
They  had  a  family  of  ten  children,  five  of  whom 
are  yet  living. 

Mr.  Black  of  this  review  is  the  eldest.  He 
acquired  a  good  education  in  the  public  schools 
of  Cambridge  and  learned  the  builder's  trade, 
including  drawing  and  the  work  that  is  usually 
performed  by  architects.  He  has  made  that 
pursuit  his  life  work,  and  continued  his  en- 
deavors along  that  line  in  his  native  State  until 
coming  West  in  1871.  He  made  his  first  lo- 
cation in  Denver,  Colorado,  but  the  following 
year  came  to  Silver  City,  where  he  has  since 
been  actively  engaged  in  building  up  the  town, 
being  first  employed  by  others  and  then  carry- 
ing on  business  in  his  own  interest.  He  also 
located  some  town  lots,  on  which  he  has 
erected  good  residences.  He  is  still  actively 
engaged  in  contracting  and  building,  and  some 
of  the  best  structures  of  Silver  City  stand  as 
monuments  to  his  thrift  and  enterprise.  He 
erected  the  South  Hotel,  the  First  National 
Bank  building,  the  county  court-house,  the 
public  school  buildings,  and  the  majority  of 
the  fine  residences,  including  the  homes  of 
John  Brockman,  Max  Shutz,  Dr.  G.  N.  Wood, 
Major  Fleming  and  many  others.  He  has  also 
erected  a  good  residence  for  himself,  has  a 
planing-mill  and  is  dealing  in  lumber,  sash, 
doors  and  blinds.  This  industry  has  become 
an  important  factor  in  the  upbuilding  of  Silver 
City,  for  anything  that  promotes  the  commer- 


cial activity  of  the  place  is  of  benefit  to  its  ma- 
terial welfare. 

Mr.  Black  has  also  been  prominent  in  pub- 
lic affairs,  aided  in  the  incorporation  of  the 
city,  and  was  elected  its  first  Mayor,  capably 
filling  that  position  for  two  years.  The  cause 
of  education  finds  in  him  a  warm  friend  and 
able  champion,  and  for  seven  years  he  has 
been  president  of  the  School  Board.  He  was 
elected  to  the  Territorial  Legislature  for  two 
years,  representing  the  five  south  counties  of 
New  Mexico  and  giving  his  support  to  all  wise 
legislation  calculated  to  advance  the  general 
welfare.  He  has  been  a  member  of  the  City 
Council  for  a  number  of  years,  and  has  been  a 
member  of  the  board  of  regents  of  the  Agricul- 
tural College  of  New  Mexico  from  its  organiz- 
ation up  to  the  present  time.  He  is  a  progres- 
sive, public-spirited  man  of  broad  views  and 
advanced  ideas,  and  the  community  numbers 
him  among  its  most  valued  members.  His  po- 
litical support  is  unswervingly  given  to  the  Re- 
publican party,  while  socially  he  is  connected 
with  the  Masonic  fraternity,  and  is  now  Past 
Master  of  the  blue  lodge.  He  is  also  one  of 
the  organizers  and  charter  members  of  the 
chapter,  and  has  filled  nearly  all  of  its  offices. 

On  the  26th  of  May,  1863,  Mr.  Black  was 
happily  united  in  marriage  with  Miss  Eliza  J. 
Ross,  of  Cambridge,  Massachusetts.  They 
were  reared  in  the  same  town,  had  attended 
the  same  school,  and  now  are  traveling  life's 
journey  together,  side  by  side,  while  their 
home  has  been  blessed  by  the  presence  of  two 
children, — -M.  "Lizzie,  and  George  H.  They  have 
a  beautiful  residence  in  the  city  where  they 
have  so  long  resided,  and  their  home  is  noted 
for  its  hospitality,  which  they  freely  extend  to 
their  many  warm  friends. 


HLOYS  LIEBERT.— The  justification 
of  our  republican  government  is  best 
seen  in  the  lives  of  its  adopted  sons, 
who  in  their  own  country,  being  poor, 
cannot  rise  to  great  heights  because  hampered 
by    the    existing  caste.      Coming  to    America 


538 


HISTORT  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


where  each  man  is  a  sovereign  in  his  own  right 
they  give  evidence  of  the-  powers  that  are 
within  them  and  the  talents  they  possess  by 
adjusting  themselves  to  their  altered  conditions 
and  surroundings  and  working  their  way  u  pward 
to  eminence  and  affluence. 

Mr.  Liebert  was  born  in  Baden,  Germany, 
June  u,  1846,  and  came  to  America  in  1863, 
when  seventeen  years  of  age.  He  first  located 
in  St.  Louis,  Missouri,  where  he  secured  a 
position  as  a  waiter  in  a  hotel.  He  was  also 
employed  in  the  same  capacity  at  Denver, 
Colorado,  for  a  time,  having  gone  to  that  city 
in  1865.  From  his  earnings  he  at  length  saved 
some  money,  and,  attracted  by  the  mining  dis- 
coveries in  Arizona,  with  three  companions  he 
started  from  Denver  with  the  hope  of  more 
rapidly  securing  a  fortune  in  that  region  of 
gold.  He  purchased  a  team  before  leaving 
Colorado  and  agreed  to  take  his  companions 
to  Arizona  for  a  stipulated  price.  They  jour- 
neyed as  far  as  Santa  Fe,  New  Mexico,  where 
they  heard  the  news  that  the  Indians  were  on 
the  war-path  in  Arizona.  In  consequence  they 
concluded  not  to  continue  their  trip,  but  re- 
traced their  steps  to  Las  Vegas,  New  Mexico, 
where  Mr.  Liebert  sold  his  outfit  for  $500. 
He  then  returned  the  young  men  the  money 
they  had  advanced  him  and  with  his  remaining 
capital  opened  a  jewelry  store  at  Las  Vegas. 
Mr.  Liebert  had  no  experience  in  this  line 
of  endeavor  but  employed  an  experienced 
jeweler  and  continued  in  the  business  for  one 
year,  making  considerable  money.  On  hearing 
of  the  mining  excitement  at  Elizabethtown, 
New  Mexico,  he  went  to  that  place,  where  he 
remained  during  the  summer  of  1868.  He  en- 
gaged in  freighting  with  burros  from  Taos  to 
Elizabethtown  and  Ute  creek.  In  the  succeed- 
ing autumn  he  determined  to  locate  in  Taos, 
having  been  more  favorably  impressed  with 
that  place  than  any  other  town  he  had  yet 
seen.  Accordingly  he  became  numbered  among 
its  residents  and  embarked  in  the  butchering 
business,  which  he  followed  until  1876.  when 
he  established  a  general  mercantile  store.  In 
1 88 1  he  purchased  the  hotel  property  where 


he  is  now  located  and  began  hotel-keeping, 
farming  and  land  speculating.  He  made  money 
from  the  start,  for  executive  ability,  busi- 
ness sagacity  and  capable  management  are  al- 
ways essential  features  in  success.  He  has 
paid  off  every  obligation  that  rested  upon  him 
and  is  now  the  possessor  of  a  comfortable  com- 
petence. He  runs  the  Liebert  Hotel,  which  is 
so  well  conducted  and  so  carefully  managed  that 
it  would  be  a  credit  to  a  much  larger  place  than 
Taos.  He  has  also  landed  interests,  including 
property  in  Taos  and  the  surrounding  country. 
The  obstacles  and  difficulties  in  his  path  he  has 
overcome  by  determined  effort  and  coura- 
geous purpose,  and  his  well  spent  life  is  now 
crowned  with  the  fitting  reward  of  a  good 
property. 

An  important  event  in  the  life  of  Mr.  Lie- 
bert took  place  in  1872,  when  was  celebrated 
his  marriage  to  Miss  Piedad  Ledaux,  a  native 
of  Taos.  They  have  now  a  family  of  four 
children,  all  of  whom  are  yet  living,  namely: 
Mary,  wife  of  P.  M.  Dolan,  a  resident  of  Santa 
Fe;  Delia,  Winnefred  and  Aloys.  Mrs.  Lie- 
bert's  father,  Julien  Ledaux,  was  born  in  Taos 
county  and  married  Miss  Nicholasa  Gomez. 
She  too  was  a  native  of  New  Mexico,  but  he 
(Mr.  Ledaux)  descended  from  French  ancestry. 

In  his  political  affiliations,  Mr.  Liebert  is  a 
Democrat,  casting  his  ballot  for  the  men  and 
measures  of  that  party,  but  has  never  entered 
the  political  arena  to  become  a  contestant  for 
public  office.  He  prefers  to  spend  his  time  in 
his  business  and  home  life,  and  by  all  who 
know  him  he  is  recognized  as  a  straightforward, 
honorable  man. 


ON.  CORNELIUS  BENNETT,  one 
of  the  most  prominent  residents  of 
Silver  City,  is  a  native  of  the  Empire 
State,  born  on  the  29th  of  August, 
1827.  He  descends  from  Knickerbocker  an- 
cestry, and  his  grandfather,  Jacob  Bennett, 
was  one  of  the  heroes  of  the  Revolution.  In  the 
war  of  1812  the  family  was  also  represented  by 
the  father  of  our  subject,  who  likewise  bore 


HISTORY  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


539 


the  name  of  Jacob.  He  was  born  in  New  York 
in  1796,  and  married  Miss  Caroline  Valentine, 
a  native  of  New  York.  He  followed  the  occu- 
pation of  farming,  and  lived  to  the  very  ad- 
vanced age  of  ninety-four  years,  while  his  wife 
departed  this  life  in  her  ninety-first  year.  They 
were  people  of  sterling  worth,  active  and  prom- 
inent in  the  work  of  the  Methodist  Church, 
who  took  as  their  life  motto  the  Golden  Rule. 
They  had  a  family  of  nine  children,  six  sons 
and  three  daughters,  and  with  one  exception 
all  are  yet  living. 

Judge  Bennett  was  the  third  child  of  the 
family.  His  early  education,  acquired  in  the 
common  schools,  was  supplemented  by  study 
in  the  Melville  Academy,  and  in  the  school  of 
experience  he  has  learned  many  valuable  les- 
sons that  have  made  him  an  intelligent  and 
well-informed  man,  possessed  of  superior  men- 
tal ability.  Upon  laying  aside  his  text-books 
he  learned  the  printer's  trade,  and  at  the  time 
of  the  breaking  out  of  the  Civil  war  was  part 
owner  in  the  Dubuque  Telegraph.  The  blood 
of  Revolutionary  ancestors,  however,  flowed 
in  his  veins,  and,  prompted  by  a  spirit  of  pa- 
triotism that  he  would  not  and  could  not  quell, 
he  responded  to  the  country's  call  for  volun- 
teers and  joined  the  Eighth  Iowa  Cavalry,  being 
commissioned  First  Lieutenant.  He  served 
in  the  Quartermaster's  department,  but  was 
known  as  the  "Fighting  Quartermaster,"  as 
he  participated  with  his  regiment  in  all  the  en- 
gagements in  which  the  Eighth  took  part.  He 
went  on  the  campaign  from  Chattanooga  to 
Atlanta,  and  was  afterward  with  General 
Thomas  in  his  campaign  against  Hood.  He 
participated  in  numerous  severe  engagements, 
and  was  often  in  the  very  thickest  of  the  fight  ; 
but,  as  if  possessing  a  charmed  life,  he  escaped 
without  receiving  a  wound.  He  faithfully  fol- 
lowed the  old  flag  until  the  war  was  over,  when 
he  was  mustered  out,  at  Clinton,  Iowa. 

The  Judge  then  returned  to  his  old  home 
in  Dubuque  and  engaged  in  the  manufacture 
of  vinegar  for  a  number  of  years.  He  became 
identified  with  the  Southwest  in  March,  1872, 
by  his  arrival  in  Silver  City,  New  Mexico, 


where  he  has  since  made  his  home.  It  was 
then  a  small  but  thriving  place  with  bright 
prospects  before  it,  and  Judge  Bennett  man- 
ifested his  usual  sagacity  in  choosing  it  for  a 
future  home.  He  erected  as  a  store  the  build- 
ing which  has  since  been  transformed  into  the 
Southern  Hotel.  It  was  the  first  really  com- 
modious and  substantial  structure  of  the  town, 
and  he  carried  on  general  merchandising  until 
1887,  doing  a  large  and  successful  wholesale 
business,  his  trade  extending  over  a  wide  range 
of  territory.  When  he  disposed  of  his  mercan- 
tile interests,  he  turned  his  attention  to  mining, 
which  he  has  since  successfully  followed.  He 
now  owns  both  silver  and  gold  mines,  which 
are  paying  investments,  and  in  addition  has  a 
number  of  good  buildings  in  Silver  City,  both 
business  blocks  and  residences,  and  has  been  an 
important  factor  in  the  growth  and  develop- 
ment of  the  town. 

In  politics,  Judge  Bennett  is  a  Democrat, 
and  in  1873  was  elected  Probate  Judge  of 
Grant  county.  He  has  for  two  terms  served  as 
Mayor  of  Silver  City,  and  gave  a  hearty  en- 
dorsement to  all  measures  calculated  to  pro- 
mote the  general  welfare.  The  cause  of  edu- 
cation has  found  in  him  a  stalwart  advocate 
and  friend,  and  he  was  one  of  the  organizers 
of  the  Silver  City  independent  school  district, 
thus  establishing  the  first  public-school  in  the 
Territory.  He  has  rendered  much  valuable 
service  to  the  educational  interests  of  Silver 
City,  and  for  a  number  of  years  has  been  an 
efficient  and  useful  member  of  the  school 
board. 

On  the  3Oth  of  October,  1854,  was  cele- 
brated the  marriage  of  Judge  Bennett  and  Miss 
Anna  F.  Ross,  a  native  of  Ohio  and  a  daughter 
of  Sylvester  F.  Ross,  of  the  Buckeye  State, 
also  a  sister  of  ex-Senator  and  ex-Governor 
Ross,  of  New  Mexico.  Two  children  were 
born  to  them:  Janett  Amelia,  now  the  wife  of 
S.  M.  Ashenfelter,  of  Colorado  Springs,  and 
Lettie  B.,  widow  of  John  Morrill  and  a  resi- 
dent of  Silver  City. 

The  Judge  is  a  Master  Mason,  and  is  Past 
Master  of  the  local  lodge,  and  past  Grand 


54° 


HISTORY  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


Master  of  the  Grand  Lodge  of  the  Territory. 
He  has  taken  the  Knight  Templar  degree,  join- 
ed the  blue  lodge  of  Silver  City  on  its  organ- 
ization, and  has  been  connected  with  the  fra- 
ternity since  1858.  He  is  a  man  of  broad  ex- 
perience in  mercantile  and  mining  interests,  is 
a  thoroughly  reliable  and  straightforward  busi- 
ness man,  and  among  all  the  circle  of  his  wide 
acquaintances  there  is  no  one  but  speaks  of 
him  in  terms  of  esteem,  for  his  honorable  ca- 
reer has  commanded  universal  confidence  and 
respect. 


WILLIAM  M.  ROBINS  is  a  worthy 

representative  of  the  business  inter- 
ests of  Hillsboro,  and  is  the  capable 
Treasurer  of  Sierra  county,  New 
Mexico.  He  possesses  much  natural  ability 
and  his  career  is  in  many  respects  exemplary. 
After  all  that  may  be  done  for  a  man  in  the 
way  of  giving  him  early  opportunities  for  ob- 
taining the  acquirements  which  are  sought  in 
the  schools  and  in  books,  he  must  essentially 
formulate,  determine  and  give  shape  to  his 
own  character,  and  this  is  what  William  M. 
Robins  has  done. 

He  is  a  native  of  the  State  of  Pennsylvania, 
born  on  the  i8th  of  September,  1851.  His 
ancestors  were  natives  of  France  who  came  to 
America  prior  to  the  Revolutionary  war,  and 
participated  in  the  struggle  for  independence. 
The  father  of  our  subject,  James  H.  Robins, 
was  born  in  Pennsylvania  in  1817,  and  married 
Harriet  Monega,  who  also  was  born  in  the 
Keystone  State  and  was  of  French  lineage. 
They  were  reared  in  the  same  neighborhood  in 
the  Wyoming  valley,  and  the  father  in  his  youth 
learned  the  blacksmith's  trade.  He  served  in 
the  Union  army  during  the  Civil  war,  and  his 
eldest  son,  George  Robins,  was  also  numbered 
among  the  "boys  in  blue."  In  the  family 
were  six  children,  five  of  whom  are  yet  living. 
The  mother  departed  this  life  in  1891,  at  the 
age  of  sixty-three  years,  but  the  father  is  still 
living,  at  his  old  home  in  Wilkesbarre,  Penn- 
sylvania. Both  were  consistent  and  lifelong 


members  of  the  Methodist  Church,  and  were 
people  of  the  highest  respectability. 

William  M.  Robins,  the  third  child  of  the 
family,  left  home  and  school  at  the  age  of 
eleven  years,  and  therefore  received  a  very 
limited  education  in  the  way  that  most  people 
obtain  their  knowledge,  but  in  the  school  of  « 
experience  he  has  learned  many  valuable  les- 
sons that  have  made  him  a  practical  and  suc- 
cessful business  man.  He  has  also  been  an 
extensive  reader,  and  is  now  well  informed. 
It  is  said  that  a  man  acquires  two  educations: 
one  which  he  gains  in  the  school- room  with 
the  help  of  others,  and  the  other, — more  im- 
portant,— that  which  he  obtains  entirely 
through  his  own  efforts. 

Mr.  Robins'  first  year  after  leaving  home 
was  spent  as  a  chore  boy  on  a  farm  and  in  his 
employer's  store.  He  then  engaged  in  clerk- 
ing for  two  years,  and  in  1880  he  went  to  the 
West,  being  for  a  time  engaged  in  prospecting 
in  Colorado.  He  did  not  tarry  long  in  that 
State,  however,  but  came  to  Sierra  county, 
New  Mexico,  where  he  has  since  remained, 
following  prospecting  and  mining.  He  is  still 
interested  in  a  number  of  valuable  gold  and 
silver  properties,  which  will  eventually  prove 
of  great  value.  During  the  Indian  outbreak 
in  1883  he  took  a  Government  contract  to  fur- 
nish supplies  to  the  cavalry,  and  in  this  way 
made  considerable  money.  He  also  took  part 
with  the  settlers  in  fighting  the  Indians  and 
was  in  several  hard-fought  skirmishes.  It  was 
not  until  1884  that  the  red  men  were  sub- 
dued, and  the  miners  and  settlers  had  to  go 
armed  at  all  times  in  order  to  be  ready  to  pro- 
tect themselves  against  the  attacks  of  the  hos- 
tile Indians. 

In  February,  1895,  Mr.  Robins  opened  in 
Hillsboro  his  general  mercantile  establishment, 
which  he  now  successfully  conducts.  He  has 
gained  the  good  will  and  confidence  of  the 
people,  is  liberal  and  honorable  in  his  deal- 
ings, straightforward  in  his  business  methods, 
and  is  meeting  with  well  earned  success.  He 
is  a  man  of  much  mining  experience,  has  great 
faith  in  the  outcome  of  gold-mining  in  the 


HIS  TORT  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


54' 


Black  range,  and  is  a  member  of  the  Black 
Range  Pioneer  Society.  All  persons  are  eli- 
gible to  membership  in  this  organization  who 
came  to  the  mountains  prior  to  1883,  and  en- 
rollment now  reaches  200.  Mr.  Robins  is 
now  secretary  of  the  society.  In  his  political 
associations  he  has  always  been  a  stanch  Re- 
publican, and  in  the  fall  of  1894  was  nomi- 
nated and  elected  by  his  party  as  County 
Treasurer,  a  position  he  is  now  satisfactorily 
filling.  The  nomination  came  unasked,  and 
he  spent  not  a  single  day  in  an  endeavor  to 
win  the  election.  In  this  instance  it  was  a 
case  of  the  office  seeking  the  man,  and  his 
election  is  a  high  testimonial  of  his  competency 
and  the  confidence  reposed  in  him,  he  receiv- 
ing a  higher  majority  than  any  other  candi- 
date on  his  ticket. 

On  the  loth  of  November,  1891,  Mr.  Rob- 
ins led  to  the  marriage  altar  Miss  Clara  Allen, 
daughter  of  V.  I.  Allen,  of  Missouri,  and  their 
union  has  been  blessed  with  two  children, 
both  born  in  Hillsboro,  namely:  James  V.  and 
Grace  A.  Our  subject  and  his  family  are 
highly  spoken  of  by  the  best  citizens  of  the 
county  of  Sierra. 


IHOMAS  C.  HALL.— A  record  of  the 
officials  of  New  Mexico  would  be  in- 
complete without  mention  of  the  effi- 
cient Probate  and  County  Clerk  of 
Sierra  county, — a  man  who  in  all  the  relations 
of  life  has  been  found  true  to  the  trust  reposed 
in  him  and  who  as  a  public  officer  has  the  con- 
fidence and  commendation  of  all  concerned. 

Mr.  Hall  was  born  in  the  city  of  Brooklyn, 
New  York,  on  the  i6th  of  February,  1844, 
and  is  of  English  and  French  Huguenot  an- 
cestry. His  father,  John  Hall,  located  in 
Brooklyn,  in  1812,  and  engaged  in  business 
there  as  a  dry-goods  merchant.  He  married 
Miss  Jane  Lannon,  and  they  became  the  par- 
ents of  eleven  children,  seven  of  whom  are  yet 
living.  His  wife  departed  this  life  in  the  fifty- 
sixth  year  of  her  age,  while  he  lived  to  the 
very  advanced  age  of  ninety-seven  years. 


Their  son,  Thomas  Cambie  Hall,  was  the 
youngest  of  the  family,  and  in  the  public 
schools  of  his  native  city  he  acquired  his  edu- 
cation. When  a  youth  of  fifteen  he  started 
out  in  life  for  himself  and  has  since  been  de- 
pendent on  his  own  resources,  so  that  whatever 
success  he  has  achieved  is  due  entirely  to  his 
own  labors.  He  was  employed  in  connection 
with  the  lumber  trade  in  the  East  and  South 
until  1875,  at  which  time  he  went  to  the  Black 
Hills,  where  he  was  engaged  in  prospecting 
and  mining,  following  that  pursuit  until  1879. 
In  that  year  he  went  to  Colorado,  where  he 
was  engaged  in  the  same  business  until  1881, 
and  then  came  to  the  Black  range,  and  at 
Chloride  and  Hermosa  followed  prospecting 
and  mining  until  the  year  1892,  when  he  was 
called  from  private  life  to  serve  in  political 
positions. 

In  that  year  Mr.  Hall  was  made  the  candi- 
date of  the  Rebublican  party  for  the  position 
of  Probate  Clerk,  and  served  in  that  capacity 
for  a  term  of  two  years,  so  creditably  and  ac- 
ceptably that  he  was  re-elected  and  is  now 
serving  his  second  term.  He  is  now  both 
Probate  and  County  Clerk,  and  ex  officio  Clerk 
of  the  Board  of  County  Commissioners.  This 
is  an  important  office,  which  Mr.  Hall  fills  in  a 
most  satisfactory  manner.  Socially  he  is  a 
member  of  the  Masonic  fraternity. 

In  1891  Mr.  Hall  was  united  in  marriage 
with  Mrs.  William  Cooper,  daughter  of  Hon. 
William  H.  Herndon,  of  Illinois,  a  former  law 
partner  of  Abraham  Lincoln.  Mrs.  Hall  had 
two  sons  by  her  former  marriage,  who  are  now 
well-known  business  men  of  Chicago. 

On  coming  to  Hillsboro,  Mr.  Hall  pur- 
chased a  good  residence  in  the  city,  where  with 
his  wife  he  now  resides  and  their  home  is  the 
abode  of  hospitality.  They  now  enjoy  the  es- 
teem of  a  wide  circle  of  friends,  and  with  the 
Episcopal  Church  they  hold  membership.  In 
connection  with  his  other  business  interests, 
Mr.  Hall  has  had  wide  mining  experiences  in 
the  mountains,  and  with  Aloys  Preisser  is  the 
owner  of  the  Frieburg  mine,  on  which  they 
have  sunk  a  shaft  250  feet.  The  mine  shows 


54* 


HIS  TORT  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


a  large  body  of  free-milling  ore,  has  assayed 
from  $10  to  $20  in  gold  per  ton,  and  as  they 
dig  down  it  seems  to  increase  in  richness. 

Mr.  Hall  is  a  man  of  good  business  ability 
and  a  broad-minded  honorable  gentleman,  and 
has  won  success  through  earnest  and  persist- 
ent labor. 


EON.  HENRY  SMITH  GILLETT.— 
Those  men  who  go  forth  as  pioneers 
into  a  new  region  as  leaders  in  the 
march  of  civilization  and  progress  de- 
serve the  gratitude  of  that  region  that  they 
open    up    to    development,    and    their   names 
should  find  an  honorable  place  on  the  pages  of 
its  history.       Mr.  Gillett   is  numbered  among 
the  early  settlers  of  New  Mexico  and  has  put 
forth  effective  efforts  for  the  progress  and  wel- 
fare of  the  Territory.       He  is  now  one  of  the 
most  prominent  merchants  of  Silver  City,  and 
is    most    highly   esteemed    by    all    who    know 
him. 

Mr.  Gillett  was  born  April  13,  1827,  and  is 
of  French  ancestry.  His  parents  were  John 
and  Mary  Ann  (Fistre)  Gillett.  The  father 
died  before  our  subject  was  old  enough  to  have 
any  recollection  of  him,  but  the  mother  after- 
ward married  again,  and  lived  to  the  age  of 
sixty-four  years.  There  were  two  sons  born 
of  the  first  union,  of  whom  Henry  S.  is  the 
eldest.  The  public  schools  of  Missouri  pro- 
vided him  his  educational  privileges,  which 
however  were  limited  to  only  a  few  months' 
attendance  each  year  when  the  work  upon  the 
farm  was  practically  over.  With  the  opening 
of  spring  he  began  the  labors  of  the  fields, 
plowing  and  planting,  and  as  the  months  ad- 
vanced he  continued  his  work  until  the  crops 
were  harvested  in  the  autumn.  In  1848  he 
went  to  Chihuahua,  Mexico,  where  he  engaged 
in  clerking  in  a  general  store  belonging  to  his 
uncle,  Mr.  Fistre.  In  1849  he  went  to  El 
Paso,  New  Mexico,  where  he  established  a 
mercantile  store,  purchasing  his  goods  in  St. 
Louis,  where  a  recommendation  from  his  uncle 


secured  him  the  necessary  credit.  He  was 
joined  by  his  brother  in  the  business,  and  in 
partnership  they  carried  on  the  store,  securing 
a  large  trade,  until  the  breaking  out  of  the 
Civil  war.  They  were  then  obliged  to  close 
the  store  and  went  to  San  Antonio,  Texas. 

When  hostilities  had  ceased,  Mr.  Gillett 
returned  to  El  Paso,  where  for  a  time  he  was 
engaged  in  clerking.  He  then  came  to  Silver 
City  and  entered  the  employ  of  Mr.  Morrill 
and  subsequently  of  the  firm  of  Bennett  &  Wil- 
son. He  was  also  employed  as  a  salesman  at 
Fort  Bliss  for  two  or  three  years  before  com- 
ing to  Silver  City.  Later  he  again  established 
business  on  his  own  account,  and  afterward  ad- 
mitted to  a  partnership  in  the  store  his  son, 
James  W.  The  business  steadily  and  rapidly 
increased,  the  facilities  were  enlarged  to  meet 
the  growing  demand  of  the  trade,  and  to-day 
they  have  one  of  the  largest  and  best  appointed 
general  mercantile  establishments  in  the  city. 
Two  sons  of  the  senior  member  are  employed 
in  the  house,  and  the  experience  and  sound 
judgment  of  Mr.  Gillett,  combined  with  the 
energy  and  activity  of  the  younger  men,  form 
a  firm  that  cannot  but  prove  a  prosperous  one, 
since  their  honorable  business  policy  commands 
the  confidence  of  all.  In  1895  they  lost 
heavily  through  the  great  flood,  and  received 
many  offers  of  assistance  from  the  houses  with 
which  they  had  been  dealing;  but  while  appre- 
ciating this  mark  of  confidence  and  courtesy 
they  with  thanks  declined  the  offers,  believing 
they  could  continue  their  business  without  out- 
side assistance.  They  have  a  reputation  for 
liberal,  honorable  and  straightforward  dealing 
which  extends  over  a  wide  area  of  the  country, 
and  the  firm  of  Gillett  &  Son  is  known  through- 
out the  Territory.  The  senior  member  is  now 
quite  well  advanced  in  life,  and  leaves  the  man- 
agement of  the  business  largely  to  his  son, 
while  he  is  enjoying  a  rest  that  he  has  truly 
earned  and  richly  deserves. 

On  the  loth  of  March,  1859,  Mr.  Gillett 
married  Miss  Ellen  Gillock,  and  to  them  were 
born  five  children,'  all  yet  living,  namely:  John 
H.,  James  W.,  William  F. ,  Mary  Ella,  now 


HlSTORr  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


543 


the   wife  of  Sidney  Derbyshire,  and  Zoe,  wife 
of  John  F.  Kives. 

Mr.  Gillett  was  made  a  Mason  in  1863,  and 
is  now  a  member  of  the  chapter  of  Silver  City. 
While  in  Texas  he  was  appointed  Chief  Justice 
of  El  Paso  county  by  Governor  Sam  Houston, 
and  also  held  the  office  under  Houston's  suc- 
cessor. Mr.  Gillett  is  a  man  of  the  highest 
integrity  of  character  and  strong  personality, 
and  he  and  his  family  move  in  the  best  circles 
of  society  of  the  community  where  they  have 
so  long  resided. 


HLOYS  PREISSER  is  a  representative 
citizen,  a  successful  business  man  and 
a  trustworthy  and  capable  public  of- 
ficer. He  is  now  serving  as  Assessor 
of  Sierra  county,  New  Mexico,  and  is  one  of 
Hillsboro's  mine  owners.  He  was  born  in  Ba- 
varia, acquired  his  education  in  Munich,  and 
came  to  America  in  1879,  crossing  the  Atlantic 
to  New  Orleans,  and  thence  traveling  direct 
across  Texas  to  Hillsboro.  He  was  accompa- 
nied by  his  brother  George.  Not  long  after 
their  arrival  the  camp  was  attacked  by  what 
proved  to  be  Victorio's  band  of  Indians. 
Twenty-five  of  the  white  settlers  immediately 
started  in  pursuit  and  overtook  the  savages  be- 
tween Lake  Valley  and  Hillsboro,  where  a  hard 
battle  occurred  and  six  of  the  white  men  were 
killed,  Mr.  Preisser's  brother  being  among  the 
number.  They  were  buried  near  the  spot 
where  the  battle  occurred  and  their  graves  are 
still  there. 

Since  his  arrival  in  Hillsboro,  Mr.  Preisser 
has  followed  assaying  and  mineralogy,  and  for 
a  number  of  years  was  in  the  employ  of  the 
Standard  Smelter  Company.  He  has  made  a 
thorough  study  of  his  business  and  is  an  expert 
in  this  line.  He  is  now  in  partnership  with 
Thomas  Hall  in  the  ownership  of  the  Frieburg 
mine,  which  is  located  about  nine  miles  from 
Hillsboro.  There  they  have  a  large  quantity  of 
free-milling  ore,  which  they  are  developing, 
and  the  mine  is  destined  to  prove  a  very  valu- 
able property. 


In  1880  Mr.  Preisser  led  to  the  marriage 
altar  Miss  Vorndran,  a  native  of  Munich,  and 
their  union  was  blessed  with  two  children — 
Alvin  and  Louisa — who  add  life  and  brightness 
to  the  home.  After  eight  years  of  happy  mar- 
ried life  the  loving  wife  and  mother  was  taken 
from  them  by  the  relentless  hand  of  death. 
The  bereavement  was  a  severe  one  and  Mr. 
Preisser  has  since  remained  single.  Mrs.  Preis- 
ser was  a  most  estimable  lady,  possessed  of 
many  lovable  characteristics,  and  her  friends 
were  many. 

Mr.  Preisser  was  made  a  citizen  of  the 
United  States  in  1886,  and  has  since  been  an 
intelligent  and  earnest  Republican,  taking  a 
deep  interest  in  all  that  pertains  to  the  welfare 
of  the  party.  In  1894  his  name  was  placed  on 
the  Republican  ticket  as  a  candidate  for  the 
office  of  Assessor  of  Sierra  county,  and  winning 
the  election  he  is  now  filling  the  office  in  a 
most  satisfactory  manner.  He  is  devoted  to 
everything  pertaining  to  the  welfare  of  the 
community  and  gives  his  hearty  support  and 
co-operation  to  every  enterprise  proving  of 
public  benefit. 


>-j»UDGEE.    T.   STONE,    deceased,   was 

J      one  of  the  most  prominent  and  honored 

A  1      citizens  of  New  Mexico,  and  the  active 

part  which  he  bore  in  the  development 

of  this  section  numbers  him  among  its  founders. 

When  death    called    him,   the  community  lost 

one  of  its  best  citizens,  and  his  loss  was  widely 

and  deeply  mourned. 

Edmund  T.  Stone  was  a  native  of  Ken- 
tucky, born  near  the  city  of  Lexington,  on  the 
5th  of  January,  1826.  During  his  early  boy- 
hood he  left  his  native  State  and  went  to  Mis- 
souri with  his  mother.  She  afterward  married 
again  and  Edmund  then  returned  to  Kentucky, 
where  he  lived  with  an  uncle  until  eighteen 
years  of  age,  acquiring*  a  fair  education  in  the 
public  schools  of  the  neighborhood.  About 
1844,  he  became  a  resident  of  Clay  county, 
Missouri,  where  he  remained  for  twenty  years. 
In  1 864  he  removed  to  Colorado,  where  he  re- 


544 


HISTORY  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


sided  for  twelve  years,  during  which  time  his 
worth  and  ability  frequently  called  him  to  pub- 
lic office.  He  was  at  one  time  elected  to  rep- 
resent his  district  in  the  Legislature  of  Colora- 
do, and  for  several  terms  was  elected  Probate 
Judge  of  his  county. 

His  arrival  in  New  Mexico  dates  in  1877, 
at  which  time  he  came  to  Chaves  county,  lo- 
cating upon  what  is  now  known  as  the  Stone 
farm,  comprising  about  720  acres  of  land.  In 
1883  he  constructed  the  "Stone  ditch,"  a 
canal  for  irrigation  purposes.  This  ditch  is 
taken  out  of  North  Spring  river  at  a  point 
nearly  five  miles  from  the  farm,  and  conveys  a 
stream  amply  sufficient  to  flood  the  extensive 
alfalfa  fields  and  groves  of  cottonwood  trees 
on  the  Stone  farm.  The  land  comprised  with- 
in this  property  Judge  Stone  entered  from  the 
Government.  It  was  then  a  wild,  uncultiva- 
ted tract,  on  which  not  a  furrow  had  been 
turned  or  an  improvement  made,  but  with 
characteristic  energy  the  Judge  began  its  de- 
velopment, and  by  his  superior  management, 
ceaseless  toil  and  thorough  understanding  of 
the  principles  of  irrigation  he  has  developed 
the  place  into  one  of  the  most  richly  cultivated 
regions  in  the  Territory.  He  placed  nearly  the 
entire  farm  of  720  acres  under  the  plow,  and 
it  yielded  to  him  a  golden  tribute  in  return  for 
the  care  and  labor  he  bestowed  upon  it.  He 
had  large  alfalfa  fields,  covering  from  60  to  100 
acres.  Rows  of  stately  cottonwood  trees  line 
the  road  and  form  the  boundary  lines  of  the 
fields,  while  fine  orchards  of  plums,  peaches, 
apricots,  apples  and  pears  add  to  the  beauty 
and  value  of  the  Stone  farm.  The  fine  place 
is  a  monument  to  the  thrift  and  enterprise 
of  the  Judge,  whose  well  directed  efforts,  per- 
severance and  superior  business  ability  brought 
to  him  a  handsome  competence. 

On  the  2pth  of  March,  1848,  in  Clinton 
county,  Missouri,  Judge  Stone  led  to  the  mar- 
riage altar  Miss  Martha  Riley,  and  to  them 
were  born  six  children,  four  of  whom  survive 
the  father,  while  S.  P.  and  Lulu  both  pre- 
ceded him  to  the  home  beyond  this  life,  dying 
at  an  early  age.  M.  W.,  the  eldest  surviving 


member  of  the  family,  is  now  residing  in  Colo- 
rado City,  Colorado.  Emma,  now  Mrs.  Falk- 
ner,  is  also  living  in  Colorado  City.  Laura, 
now  Mrs.  Williams,  is  living  in  the  same  State  ; 
John  T.  is  manager  of  the  Stone  estate,  and 
resides  on  the  farm,  four  miles  northeast  of 
Roswell,  New  Mexico.  He  was  married  in 
1883,  to  Miss  Fredonia  Neatherlin,  and  they 
now  have  four  children:  Emma,  Martha,  Mary 
and  Ruth.  Mr.  Stone  is  a  member  of  the  Ros- 
well Lodge  of  the  Masonic  order,  and  is  a  young 
man  of  excellent  business  and  executive  ability, 
who  keeps  up  to  its  usual  high  standard  the 
Stone  farm. 

The  Judge  was  numbered  among  the  pio- 
neers of  New  Mexico,  and  was  especially  promi- 
nent in  the  upbuilding  of  the  Pecos  valley.  He 
was  a  man  of  enterprise,  positive  character, 
indomitable  energy,  strict  integrity,  liberal 
views  and  thoroughly  identified  in  feeling  with 
the  growth  and  prosperity  of  his  adopted  Ter- 
ritory. He  served  for  several  terms  as  County 
Commissioner  of  Lincoln  county,  now  Chaves 
county,  and  was  the  first  chairman  of  the  board. 
Chaves  county  was  cut  off  of  Lincoln  county. 
He  was  a  gentleman  of  fine  culture  and  ele- 
vated tastes,  whose  career  was  that  of  a  man 
of  broad  views  and  firm  adherence  to  avowed 
principles.  He  died  at  his  home  on  the  Stone 
farm  in  1 890,  at  the  age  of  sixty-four  years. 


@EORGE    L.     ULRICK,    one    of  the 
pioneers    of    White    Oaks,    Lincoln 
county,     was    born     November    28, 
1 86 1,   in  the    town    of    Washington, 
Louisiana,  and  was  educated  in  Grand  Coteau 
College,  in  the  parish  of  St.  Landry.      He  left 
school  at  the  age  of  sixteen,   and  began  his 
business  career,  securing  a  situation  in  the  cus- 
tom service   in  New  Orleans.      In  1881  he  re- 
signed his  position  and  left  the  State  of  his  na- 
tivity for  New  Mexico.      It  was  the  date  of  his 
arrival  in   White  Oaks.      He   had  no  capital, 
but,  possessing  self-reliance  and  a  courageous 
determination  to   succeed,  he  secured  a  situa- 
tion as  a  salesman;  after  a  short  time,  how- 


HIS  TORT  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


545 


ever,  he  joined  a  surveying  party,  which  was 
engaged  in  subdividing  the  eastern  townships  of 
the  Territory.  His  first  business  venture,  lo- 
cating and  selling  coal  lands,  resulted  in  suc- 
cess. He  then  embarked  in  the  cattle  business 
and  met  with  a  fair  degree  of  prosperity  in 
that  undertaking.  He  has  also,  with  good  re- 
sults, given  much  time  and  attention  to  min- 
ing and  the  development  of  mining  properties. 
In  the  various  enterprises  he  has  followed  he 
has  put  forth  an  energy  and  indomitable  will 
force  that  has  secured  to  him  success,  and  he 
has  now  accumulated  a  handsome  competence. 

Mr.  Ulrick  is  one  of  the  organizers  of  the 
Exchange  Bank  of  White  Oaks,  and  has  since 
its  organization  been  practically  its  manager 
and  chief  executive  officer.  In  company  with 
two  friends,  he  built  the  first  two-story  brick 
store  in  White  Oaks  and  has  been  a  prominent 
promoter  of  its  business  interests. 

Mr.  Ulrick  has  also  been  a  leader  in  public 
affairs.  He  was  the  first  superintendent  of 
schools  in  Lincoln  county,  and  is  now  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Territorial  Board  of  Equalization. 
He  has  never  been  a  politician,  but  is  a  pro- 
gressive, hard-working  business  man.  Since 
coming  to  the  West  he  has  bent  his  energies  to 
the  development  of  his  adopted  county,  and 
no  matter  how  difficult  the  task  he  has  under- 
taken he  has  carried  it  forward  to  successful 
completion.  Possessing  a  strong  physical  con- 
stitution, he  has  not  attempted  to  spare  him- 
self under  any  ciccumstances.  A  gentleman 
of  broad  mind  and  high  culture,  his  excellen- 
cies or  character  have  won  him  many  warm 
friends,  and  his  well  directed  efforts  have  se- 
cured him  success  in  business. 


>^T*  UDGE  SEAMAN  FIELD  is  a  self-edu- 

•      cated,  self-made  man  who  has  risen  to  his 

A  J      present  high  position  among  the  citizens 

of  Grant  county  by  his  sterling  worth, 

his  perseverance  and  energy   in   business,  and 

his  fidelity  to  duty  in  all  the  walks  of  life.    He 

has  cultivated  his   native  abilities,  made  good 

use  of  his  opportunities  and  has  attained  to  an 

35 


honorable  position  among  his  fellow  men, 
while  the  community  recognizes  in  him  a  valued 
citizen  who  has  actively  promoted  its  best  in- 
terests. He  is  now  serving  as  Deputy  Col- 
lector of  Customs  in  Deming,  New  Mexico, 
the  only  office  of  the  kind  in  the  Territory, 
and  in  1894  he  collected  $18,000  in  debts  on 
cattle  within  four  months. 

The  Judge  was  born  in  Jefferson  county, 
New  York,  on  the  2/th  of  February,  1829. 
His  ancestors  were  originally  from  Wales,  and 
located  in  the  State  of  Vermont  previous  to  the 
Revolutionary  war.  His  father,  Jeremiah 
Field,  was  born  in  Chester,  Vermont,  on  the 
the  8th  of  May,  1790,  was  a  college  graduate, 
a  well  informed  man  and  an  able  lawyer.  He 
spent  the  greater  part  of  his  life  in  the  State  of 
New  York,  and  as  the  years  went  by  became 
the  oldest  settler  of  Ellisburg.  He  followed 
the  business  of  civil  engineer,  never  practicing 
law,  but  gave  his  neighbors  and  friends  the 
benefit  of  his  counsel,  free  of  charge.  He  was 
greatly  beloved  in  the  town  of  which  he  had  so 
long  been  a  respected  and  influential  citizen, 
and  where  he  passed  away  on  the  1 5th  of 
April,  1 86 1.  He  married  Miss  Eliza  Seaman, 
who  was  born  November  15,  1800,  and  was 
reared  in  Providence,  Rhode  Island,  her  father 
being  Aaron  Seaman,  of  that  State.  They  be- 
came the  parents  of  three  children:  Henry  S., 
born  in  western  Vermont,  December  3,  1821, 
died  in  LeFox,  Illinois,  in  1881;  Seth  Robert, 
born  in  Ellisburg,  New  York,  February  16, 
1835,  was  killed  in  the  battle  of  Mansfield,  on 
the  9th  of  April,  1864,  while  serving  in  the 
Confederate  army.  The  mother  died  at  Le 
Fox,  in  the  eighty-fourth  year  of  her  age. 
Both  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Field  were  members  of  the 
Presbyterian  Church  s.nd  people  of  the  highest 
respectability. 

The  Judge  was  the  second  son  and  is  now 
the  only  survivor  of  the  family.  His  school 
privileges  were  extremely  limited,  and  he  has 
gained  the  greater  part  of  his  knowledge  by 
reading  and  in  the  school  of  experience,  where 
necessity  has  been  an  able  instructor.  He  be- 
gan earning  his  own  livlihood  by  clerking  in 


HISTORT  OF  NE  W  MEXICO. 


his  brother's  store  at  Ellisburg,  and  subse- 
quently he  went  to  New  York  city,  where  he 
served  as  a  salesman  in  the  wholesale  dry- 
goods  house  of  Seaman  &  Peck,  the  senior 
member  of  the  firm  being  his  uncle.  In  1849 
he  became  identified  with  the  South,  going  to 
New  Orleans,  where  he  had  charge  of  the 
branch  house  of  that  firm.  He  also  traveled 
extensively  over  the  Southern  States,  selling 
goods  and  collecting,  remaining  in  that  locality 
for  ten  years,  doing  a  large  and  profitable 
business. 

On  the  22d  of  March,  1857,  Mr.  Field  was 
united  in  marriage  with  Miss  Maggie  Clannon, 
a  native  of  Ireland.  During  her  childhood  her 
parents  emigrated  to  New  Orleans,  and  died 
during  a  yellow  fever  epidemic  in  that  city. 
She  was  then  reared  in  the  Catholic  Orphan 
Asylum  of  the  Crescent  City.  Some  years 
after  her  marriage,  being  in  failing  health,  her 
husband  took  her  to  San  Antonio,  Texas,  he 
being  engaged  there  in  sheep-raising  and  in 
merchandising.  Mrs.  Field  was  greatly  bene- 
fited and  lived  for  a  number  of  years,  but  passed 
away  on  the  I4th  of  October,  1878,  in  the 
fortieth  year  of  her  age.  She  left  a  family  of 
five  children,  namely:  Robert  Seth,  who  was 
born  at  San  Antonio,  Texas,  on  the  28th  of 
October,  1858,  and  is  now  a  wholesale  jeweler 
of  Los  Angeles,  California;  James  Clannon, 
who  was  born  in  San  Antonio,  September  22, 
1862,  and  is  now  living  in  San  Antonio,  Texas; 
Kate,  now  the  wife  of  John  Corbett,  a  resident 
of  Deming,  Jessie  Bell,  who  was  born  in 
Hackensack,  New  Jersey;  and  Nellie  Bell,  who 
was  born  in  Texas  and  is  now  at  home  with 
her  father. 

Judge  Field  was  again  married,  at  Dallas, 
Texas,  on  the  8th  of  February,  1881,  his 
second  union  being  with  Mrs.  Achsah  Mims,  a 
native  of  Cumberland  county,  Kentucky,  and 
a  daughter  of  Johnson  Killman,  of  that  State. 
One  child  graces  the  second  marriage, — Albert, 
born  at  Elmo,  Texas,  on  the  23d  of  June,  1882. 

The  Judge  continued  his  residence  in  Texas 
until  1865,  and  during  the  Civil  war  was  a 
member  of  the  Thirty-third  Texas  Cavalry  in 


the  brigade  of  General  Bee.  He  served  on  the 
frontier  of  Texas,  Louisiana  and  Arkansas.  He 
enlisted  as  a  private,  but  was  promoted  for 
meritorious  and  valiant  service  on  the  field  of 
battle  to  the  successive  ranks  of  Sergeant,  First 
Lieutenant  and  Captain,  and  lastly  was  made 
a  Lieutenant  Colonel.  After  the  war  his  mer- 
cantile house  demanded  his  active  supervision 
of  the  business  in  New  York  city,  and  he  went 
to  that  place  to  purchase  the  goods  which  he 
shipped  to  San  Antonio.  He  continued  in  this 
line  of  business  until  1876,  and  then  retired 
from  the  mercantile  trade,  and  returned  to 
Texas.  In  1882  he  came  to  Deming,  where 
he  has  since  conducted  a  ranch  and  engaged  in 
the  wholesale  liquor  business. 

In  1888  Judge  Field,  by  appointment  of 
President  Cleveland,  was  made  Collector  of 
Customs  at  Deming,  holding  the  position  four 
years,  and  when  Mr.  Cleveland  was  again 
elected  as  the  chief  executive  of  the  nation  the 
Judge  was  again  appointed  to  the  office,  which 
he  is  now  filling  in  a  most  satisfactory  manner. 
Since  coming  to  New  Mexico  he  has  also  en- 
gaged to  a  considerable  extent  in  mining,  being 
a  stockholder  in  the  Yellow  Jacket  and  Blue 
Jacket  silver  and  lead  producing  mines,  yield- 
ing forty  per  cent,  lead  and  sixty-eight  ounces 
to  the  ton  in  silver.  He  has  been  called  to 
other  positions  of  public  trust,  and  while  in 
Texas  served  one  term  as  Chief  Justice  of 
Bexar  county.  He  has  for  many  years  taken 
a  deep  interest  in  Freemasonry,  has  several 
times  served  as  Past  Master  and  Past  High 
Priest,  and  is  Past  Illustrious  and  Past  Emi- 
nent Commander. 

He  is  a  typical  Southern  gentleman,  warm- 
hearted and  genial,  and  throughout  the  com- 
munity in  which  he  lives  he  is  highly  re- 
spected. 


aOLONEL  RICHARD  HUDSON,    of 
Silver  City,    New  Mexico,  is   one  of 
the  most  noted  pioneers  of  the  Terri- 
tory.    He  came  to  that  Territory  from 
California    as  a  brave  young  soldier  in   1863, 


HISTORT  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


547 


and  has  since  made  it  the  scene  of  his  busy  and 
eventful  life.  He  was  born  in  England  on  the 
22d  of  February,  1839,  and  as  an  orphan  boy 
was  brought  by  relatives  to  this  country,  his 
parents  having  died  in  the  land  of  his  birth. 
He  was  educated  in  the  city  of  Brooklyn,  and 
in  1852  accompanied  his  relatives  to  Califor- 
nia, again  attending  school  in  San  Francisco. 
In  1856  he  ran  away  from  his  adopted  parents 
and  went  to  the  mines  at  Oroville,  where  he 
began  the  battle  of  life  on  his  own  account  as 
a  placer  miner. 

Mr.  Hudson  remained  there  until  1861, 
when,  on  the  breaking  out  of  the  Civil  war,  he 
aided  in  raising  the  First  California  Regiment, 
known  as  Colonel  Little's  regiment.  It  was 
not  sent  to  the  front,  however,  and  in  conse- 
quence was  disbanded;  but  Mr.  Hudson,  deter- 
mined to  aid  the  Union  cause,  joined  the  serv- 
ice as  a  member  of  Company  I,  Fifth  Califor- 
nia Infantry.  He  was  made  First  Sergeant, 
and  with  the  regiment  went  to  Lower  Califor- 
nia with  orders  to  arrest  the  rebels  wherever 
they  were  found  and  thus  prevent  them  from  go- 
ing to  join  the  Confederacy.  In  the  spring  of 
1863  meritorious  service  won  him  promotion  to 
the  rank  of  Second  Lieutenant.  With  his  com- 
mand he  marched  to  the  Rio  Grande  and  the 
Mesilla  valley  for  the  purpose  of  attacking  the 
rebels,  but  found  that  they  had  left  the  Terri- 
tory of  New  Mexico,  and  their  efforts  were 
then  turned  against  the  Indians,  protecting 
the  settlers  and  emigrants.  They  participated 
in  many  battles  and  skirmishes  with  the  wily 
foe  and  rendered  much  valuable  service  on  the 
frontier.  In  the  fall  of  1864  Mr.  Hudson  was 
promoted  to  the  rank  of'  First  Lieutenant  and 
Adjutant.  When  his  first  term  of  service  ex- 
pired he  veteranized  and  continued  with  the 
"boys  in  blue"  until  the  hostilities  had  ceased 
and  his  aid  was  no  longer  needed.  He  was 
then  mustered  out  at  Fort  Union,  New  Mexico, 
on  the  1 7th  of  October,  1866.  In  1868  he  was 
appointed  Captain  of  Militia  by  Governor  Rob- 
ert Mitchell,  and  afterward  promoted  Major  by 
Governor  Lew  Wallace;  and  made  Colonel  of 
the  First  Regiment  of  New  Mexico  by  Gov- 


ernor Lionel  A.   Sheldon,   after  which  he  re- 
signed. 

After  his  muster  out  in  the  autumn  of  1866, 
Colonel  Hudson  went  to  the  mining  camp  of 
Pinos  Altos,  in  Grant  county,  and  at  once  be- 
came one  of  the  prominent  factors  of  the  town. 
He  engaged  in  keeping  hotel,  carried  on  min- 
ing, ran  a  stage,  carried  the  mail  and  engaged 
in  freighting  ore.  In  1868,  when  Grant  county 
was  organized,  he  was  elected  its  first  Sheriff, 
and  served  in  that  capacity  for  two  years.  He 
was  brave,  fearless  and  true  in  the  discharge 
of  his  duties.  When  his  term  as  Sheriff  had 
expired,  he  was  elected  Judge  of  the  Probate 
Court,  and  served  in  that  capacity  for  four 
years  in  the  most  creditable  manner. 

Silver  City  was  founded  in  1870,  and  the 
following  year  Colonel  Hudson  became  one  of 
its  residents,  and  has  since  been  an  important 
factor  in  its  development,  progress  and  up- 
building. Hudson  street  was  named  in  his 
honor.  He  has  been  a  recognized  leader  in 
business  affairs,  carrying  on  the  livery  business 
and  freighting,  which  have  proved  to  him  profit- 
able undertakings.  He  also  purchased  the  hot 
springs  now  known  as  the  Hudson  Hot  Springs, 
and  in  1876  erected  there  a  hotel  and  bath 
houses,  fitting  it  up  as  a  resort  for  those  who 
wished  to  be  benefited  by  the  curative  proper- 
ties of  the  hot  water.  He  was  also  engaged 
in  the  cattle  business,  and  his  home  was  a  sta- 
tion on  the  stage  route.  Around  his  hotel  he 
planted  many  varieties  of  fruit  trees  and  grapes, 
and  developed  a  most  delightful  and  healthful 
resort  in  the  Territory.  In  March,  1892,  while 
he  was  attending  the  Grand  Army  Encamp- 
ment held  at  Deming,  the  hotel  caught  fire  and 
was  burned  to  the  ground.  There  was  no  in- 
surance upon  the  buildings,  and  hi«  furniture, 
clothing,  and  in  fact  nearly  everything  he  had 
was  destroyed,  causing  a  very  severe  loss. 

The  Colonel  now  removed  to  Silver  City, 
where  he  conducted  the  Timmer  Hotel,  the 
best  house  in  the  city.  Not  long  after  he  was 
appointed  by  President  Harrison  to  the  office 
of  Indian  agent  for  the  Mescalaro  tribe  of 
Apaches  and  held  that  position  until  the  inau- 


HIS  TORT  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


guration  of  President  Cleveland,  when  he  re- 
signed. He  has  since  sold  out  his  Hot  Springs 
property  and  has  retired  from  all  active 
business  save  stock-dealing  and  raising.  His 
life  has  been  an  active  and  varied  one.  He 
has  owned  and  handled  a  large  amount  of 
Silver  City  property  and  has  had  much  to  do 
with  the  upbuilding  of  the  town  and  the  de- 
velopment of  the  county. 

In  1871  Colonel  Hudson  wedded  Miss  Mary 
E.  Stevens,  who  has  since  been  his  faithful 
companion  and  helpmeet  on  life's  journey, 
sharing  with  him  in  the  joys  and  sorrows,  the 
adversity  and  prosperity,  of  life.  They  now 
have  one  daughter,  Mamie,  an  interesting  young 
lady,  who  was  born  in  Silver  City.  Mrs.  Hud- 
son is  a  lady  of  culture  and  refinement  who  pre- 
sides with  grace  and  dignity  over  their  pleasant 
home,  which  is  noted  for  its  hospitality.  She 
was  one  of  the  founders  of  the  hospital  for  the 
aged  and  sick  at  Silver  City,  and  her  many 
acts  of  kindness  and  benevolence  have  won 
her  the  love  of  all.  The  Colonel  is  a  Royal 
Arch  Mason,  a  member  of  the  Independent 
Order  of  Odd  Fellows,  and  also  belongs  to  the 
Grand  Army  of  the  Republic.  Like  most  brave 
pioneers  of  every  land,  he  is  a  man  of  large 
heart,  full  of  generous  impulses,  alike  faithful 
to  his  duties  of  citizenship  in  times  of  peace 
and  times  of  war,  and  ever  faithful  to  a  trust 
reposed  in  him,  whether  of  a  public  or  private 
nature.  His  life  has  in  many  respects  been  an 
exemplary  one,  and  he  well  deserves  mention 
in  the  history  of  his  adopted  Territory. 


BRANK  W.   PARKER,  a  leading  mem- 
ber of  the  bar  of  Sierra  county,  re- 
siding   in    Hillsboro,    is  a  native    of 
Michigan,   his  birth  having  occurred 
in  Sturgis,  on  the  i6th  of  October,    1860.    His 
grandfather,  John  Parker,  located  in  the  State 
of    New  York   when    a    young  man   and  was 
united  in  marriage  there  with  Miss  Leiser,   a 
native  of  Pennsylvania  and  of  Dutch  lineage. 
In  1830  he  removed  with  his  family  to  Sturgis, 
Michigan,  which  at  that  time  was  an  undevel- 


oped wilderness.  On  the  voyage  across  Lake 
Erie  the  boiler  of  the  boat  on  which  they  had 
taken  passage  exploded  and  two  of  the  little 
daughters  were  killed!  The  parents  and  four 
sons  then  continued  on  their  way,  and  the 
father  took  up  land  where  the  city  of  Sturgis 
now  stands.  There  he  improved  a  splendid 
farm,  making  his  home  thereon  throughout  his 
remaining  days.  A  part  of  the  land  has  since 
been  divided  into  town  lots. 

James  W.  Parker,  the  third  son  of  the  fam- 
ily and  father  of  our  subject,  was  born  in  Gen- 
esee  county,  New  York,  and  was  only  eighteen 
months  old  at  the  time  of  the  westward  emi- 
gration. He  was  reared  amid  the  the  wild 
scenes  of  the  frontier,  on  his  father's  death  in- 
herited the  old  home  farm  and  is  still  living 
on  that  property.  He  married  Miss  Maria 
Antoinette  Thompson,  a  native  of  Michigan, 
and  to  them  were  born  three  children.  The 
family  circle  is  still  unbroken  by  death. 

Mr.  Parker  of  this  review  is  the  youngest 
child.  Like  many  of  our  best  business  men, 
he  was  born  in  humble  circumstances,  on  a 
Michigan  farm.  He  acquired  his  literary  edu- 
cation in  the  Sturigs  high  school,  and  then  re- 
solved to  enter  the  legal  profession.  The  suc- 
cessiul  man  is  he  who  chooses  his  life  work 
with  reference  to  his  native  abilities  and  tastes, 
and  this  Mr.  Parker  did.  He  entered  upon  a 
course  of  law  study  in  the  Michigan  State  Uni- 
versity, and  was  graduated  in  that  famous  in- 
stitution in  1880,  being  then  only  nineteen 
years  of  age. 

In  September,  1881,  Mr.  Parker  arrived  in 
New  Mexico,  locating  in  Mesilla,  where  he  re- 
mained until  the  fall  of  1882,  when  he  removed 
to  Kingston.  In  May,  1883,  he  came  to  Hills- 
boro, where  he  has  since  successfully  practiced 
his  profession.  He  has  been  retained  on  al- 
most every  case  of  importance  that  has  come 
up  for  trial  in  the  county,  and  as  an  advocate 
possesses  a  power  that  is  acknowledged  by 
judge  and  jury.  He  is  a  forceful  and  logical 
speaker,  clear  and  concise,  and  in  his  profes- 
sion has  acquired  the  reputation  of  being  a 
careful,  painstaking  and  thoroughly  reliable 


HISTORY  Of  NEW  MEXICO. 


549 


lawyer.  He  has  therefore  won  a  liberal  client- 
age, and  having  persevered  in  the  pursuit  of  a 
persistent  purpose  has  gained  a  most  satisfac- 
tory reward.  Since  coming  to  the  county  he 
has  identified  himself  with  other  business  inter- 
ests, has  made  judicious  investments  in  real 
estate,  has  erected  a  good  home,  and  has  vari- 
ous mining  interests,  both  in  gold  and  silver. 

On  the  28th  of  September,  1892,  Mr.  Par- 
ker led  to  the  marriage  altar  Miss  Lillian  L.  Kin- 
ney,  of  Minneapolis,  Minnesota.  To  them  was 
born  a  little  daughter,  Rosamond  Lillian,  but 
the  mother  survived  her  birth  only  six  weeks. 
She  passed  away  on  the  i  ith  of  August,  1893, 
and  was  deeply  and  sincerely  mourned.  She 
was  a  most  lovable  and  amiable  lady,  having 
many  warm  friends,  and  the  loss  to  her  hus- 
band is  an  irreparable  one. 

Mr.  Parker  is  a  kindhearted  and  pleasant 
gentleman,  broad-minded  and  true,  and  his 
pleasant,  social  manner  has  made  him  very 
popular  with  those  among  whom  his  lot  has 
been  cast.  In  his  political  views  he  is  a  stal- 
wart Republican,  and  was  elected  on  that 
ticket  for  the  position  of  County  School  Super- 
intendent. He  was  also  nominated  for  the  of- 
fice of  Representative  to  the  Territorial  Legis- 
lature, but  with  the  whole  Republican  ticket 
he  was  defeated,  for  it  was  the  year  of  the 
general  "landslide."  Socially  he  is  a  member 
of  the  Knights  of  Pythias  fraternity.  He  has 
made  a  good  record  as  a  valued  citizen  and  re- 
liable lawyer,  and  enjoys  the  confidence  of  all 
with  whom  he  has  business  or  social  relations. 


•  HE  HUDSON  HOT  SPRINGS  are 
located  in  Grant  county,  New 
Mexico,  near  the  line  of  the  El 
Paso  &  Silver  City  Railway,  in  the 
midst  of  a  beautiful  valley  and  situated  about 
twenty-three  miles  from  Deming  and  also 
from  Silver  City.  The  property  on  which 
the  springs  are  found  was  first  located  in 
1863  by  U.  B.  Tracy,  and  was  on  the  line 
of  the  old  stage  road  between  Los  Angeles, 
California,  and  Santa  Fe,  New  Mexico,  and 


in  sight  of  the  celebrated  Cook's  Peak.  It 
was  for  a  number  of  years  the  stage  station, 
and  on  the  2ist  of  June,  1872,  it  was  pur- 
chased by  Richard  Hudson,  who  appreciating 
the  beauties  of  the  scenery  and  its  natural 
advantages,  made  a  number  of  improvements 
there  and  continued  as  the  owner  until  1894, 
when  he  sold  out.  During  his  occupancy  he 
erected  an  adobe  hotel,  80  x  80  feet  and  con- 
taining an  open  court  in  the  center.  The  water 
of  these  springs  became  justly  celebrated  for  its 
beneficial  effects  on  rheumatism  and  other  dis- 
eases. During  Mr.  Hudson'sownership, however, 
the  hotel  was  burned  to  the  ground.  In  1894 
the  property  was  purchased  by  A.  R.  Graham, 
who  in  1895  organized  the  present  company, 
known  as  the  Hudson  Hot  Springs  Sanitarium 
Company,  and  the  improvement  was  at  once 
entered  upon  on  a  more  extensive,  elaborate 
and  modern  scale.  The  new  building  now 
forms  a  hollow  square,  each  side  being  40  x  1 80 
feet,  with  a  hall  through  the  middle  and  each 
tier  of  rooms  opening  into  the  hall  as  well  as 
on  the  outside  of  the  building.  It  is  lighted  with 
electricity  and  heated  by  the  hot  water  from 
the  spring;  it  is  elegantly  furnished  with  every 
modern  improvement  and  has  been  most  care- 
fully designed  for  the  comfort  and  convenience 
of  the  guests.  Extending  into  the  court  there  is 
a  piazza  ten  feet  wide  all  the  way  around,  and 
on  the  outside  of  the  building  one  twelve  feet 
in  width. 

The  court  furnishes  a  delightful  retreat, 
forming  a  beautiful  lawn  which  is  adorned  with 
shrubs  and  flowering  plants.  In  front  stretches 
away  a  grassy  plat,  covering  thirty  acres.  Fine 
trees  throw  their  grateful  shade  over  the  stretch 
of  green,  and  beyond  is  to  be  seen  a  picture 
unrivaled  by  the  brush  of  the  artist, — a  wide 
valley,  bounded  in  the  distance  by  mountains. 
All  that  can  delight  the  eye  and  artistic  sense  of 
the  guests  is  seen  in  this  beautiful  view. 

Health  is  also  made  a  primary  considera- 
tion, and  the  bath-house,  28x52  feet,  stands 
only  seventy  feet  distant  from  the  hotel.  The 
appointments  here  are  perfect,  everything 
needed  for  the  pleasure  and  comfort  of  guests 


55° 


HIS  TORT  OF  NE  W  MEXICO. 


and  invalids  being  supplied.  The  spring  fur- 
nishes a  large  quantity  of  water,  which  flows  at 
a  temperature  of  142  degrees  Fahrenheit,  and 
comes  to  the  surface  in  the  midst  of  a  large 
mound  at  an  elevation  of  thirty  feet;  and  in 
digging  to  make  further  improvements  many 
interesting  relics  have  been  secured,  including 
specimens  of  what  is  known  as  the  stone  age. 
There  are  stone  hatchets,  stone  spears  and 
stone  arrows  found  in  large  numbers,  also 
quantities  of  beads  and  other  articles  generally 
used  in  adornment.  Whence  (hey  came  and 
how  long  they  have  been  there,  who  were  the 
people,  and  what  their  destiny,  are  questions 
yet  unanswered  by  the  scientists  ;  but  these 
relics  tell  of  a  life  far  removed  from  our  own  in 
time  and  habits.  Near  the  hotel  can  also  be 
seen  the  City  of  Rocks,  which  stands  on  a 
mound  in  the  midst  of  this  beautiful  valley. 
Here  immense  rocks  stand  on  end,  reaching 
up  thirty  or  forty  feet  into  the  air,  standing 
separate  and  alone,  entirely  free  from  support, 
while  little  streets  and  alleys  between  them, 
some  of  them  floored  with  solid  rock,  tell  of 
planning  and  labor  which  have  accomplished 
this  result.  These  huge  and  wonderful  rocks 
are  in  many  grotesque  shapes,  furrowed  and 
seamed  and  chiseled  into  these  odd  forms  by 
the  waves  of  a  great  sea  that  unquestionably 
at  one  time  sent  its  billows  back  and  forth  over 
this  region. 

The  analysis  of  the  hot  water  that  flows 
from  the  springs,  made  by  Professor  W.  D. 
Charter,  a  chemist  of  note,  residing  in  Kan- 
sas City,  is  as  follows:  Silica,  1. 552;  alum- 
inum and  oxide  of  iron,  i.  carbonate  of  lime, 
4.448;  carbonate  of  magnesia,  2.624;  soluble 
carbonate,  sulphate  of  soda  and  potash,  1 3.  547. 
The  properties  of  this  water  are  so  similar  to 
the  famous  Carlsbad  springs  of  Germany  and 
the  Hot  Springs  of  Arkansas  that  it  undoubt- 
edly has  all  the  curative  properties  of  those 
waters,  and  in  addition  it  is  located  in  a  sec- 
tion of  country  unequaled  in  the  world  for  its 
salubrious  climate  throughout  the  year. 

The  officers  of  the  Hot  Springs  Sanitarium 
Company  are  A.    R.    Graham,   president;   O. 


C.  Fodren,  vice  president  and  treasurer;  Jen- 
nie E.  Graham,  secretary.  The  officers  reside 
at  the  springs  and  are  giving  their  personal  at- 
tention to  the  enjoyment  and  comfort  of  their 
guests.  The  grounds  of  the  company  cover 
960  acres,  and  include  a  fine  orchard,  vineyard 
and  rich  vegetable  garden,  where  they  raise 
every  variety  of  fruit  and  vegetables  for  the 
use  of  the  hotel.  They  also  contemplate 
building  an  electric  road  over  the  easy  grade 
to  the  Hudson  depot  four  miles  from  the  hotel 
for  the  further  convenience  of  the  guests. 

Mr.  Graham,  the  president  of  the  company, 
has  for  years  been  a  prominent  banker  of 
Wisner,  Nebraska.  Mr.  Fodren  has  for  many 
years  been  a  successful  newspaper  man,  also  of 
Nebraska.  Mr.  Graham  and  his  estimable 
wife,  together  with  Mr.  Fodren,  give  their  per- 
sonal supervision  to  the  hotel.  They  are  peo- 
ple of  education,  refinement  and  business  abil- 
ity, and  will  undoubtedly  meet  with  the  success 
of  which  they  are  well  deserving.  The  hotel 
is  supplied  with  all  that  can  promote  the  hap- 
piness and  comfort  of  the  guests,  and  added  to 
this  is  the  delightful  climate  and  the  curative 
powers  of  the  spring  water,  together  with  the 
lovely  surroundings. 


@N.   WOOD,    M.    D.,    is    the    oldest 
physician  in  years  of  continuous  prac- 
tice in  Silver  City,   having  engaged 
here  in  the  prosecution  of  his  chosen 
profession  since  1880.      He   is  a  man   of  ad- 
vanced and  progressive  ideas,  who  keeps  thor- 
oughly abreast  with  the  discoveries  and  theories 
in  connection   with   the  science   of   medicine, 
and  his  skill  and  ability  have  brought  to  him  a 
liberal  patronage. 

The  life  record  of  this  worthy  gentleman  is 
as  follows:  He  was  born  in  Woburn,  Massa- 
chusetts, on  the  28th  of  December,  1844,  and 
comes  of  a  family  of  English  origin  that  was 
founded  on  American  soil  during  Colonial 
days.  Its  representatives  lived  in  Massa- 
chusetts. On  the  maternal  side  he  descends 
from  the  Lincolns  and  the  Wetherells,  both 


HIS  TORT  OF  NE  W  MEXICO. 


old  and  noted  American  families,  who  pos- 
sessed lands  ceded  to  them  by  the  king  of 
England.  The  Doctor's  parents,  James  W. 
and  Almira  H.  Wood,  were  married  in  Wo- 
burn,  Massachusetts,  in  1843,  and  resided 
there  until  1852.  In  that  year  the  father  went 
to  California,  where  in  1854  he  was  joined  by 
his  wife  and  son.  James  Wood  first  located 
in  San  Francisco,  but  afterward  went  to 
Sweetland,  Nevada  county,  where  he  was  en- 
gaged in  merchandising  for  many  years.  In 
politics  he  is  an  active  and  unfaltering  Repub- 
lican, and  both  he  and  his  wife  are  members  of 
the  Baptist  Church  and  people  of  the  highest 
respectability. 

Granville  Newman  Wood,  the  subject  of 
this  review,  is  the  eldest  of  their  three  chil- 
dren. He  was  educated  in  San  Francisco, 
California,  and  in  the  medical  department  of 
the  Northwestern  University,  in  Chicago,  Illi- 
nois, graduating  in  the  class  of  1878.  He 
then  practiced  his  chosen  profession  in  Califor- 
nia, Iowa  and  Kansas,  and  was  then  in  the  medi- 
cal department  of  the  Indian  service  in  the  In- 
dian Territory.  As  before  stated,  the  Doctor 
came  to  New  Mexico  in  1880,  and  has  met  with 
most  gratifying  success  in  practice.  He  is 
equally  proficient  as  a  medical  practitioner 
and  as  a  skilled  surgeon,  and  has  successfully 
performed  some  very  difficult  operations,  which 
have  brought  to  him  a  well-merited  renown. 
He  could  not  be  content  with  mediocrity,  and 
has  put  forth  every  effort  to  perfect  himself  in 
his  chosen  calling  until  he  has  now  risen  from 
the  ranks  of  the  many  to  a  position  among  the 
successful  few. 

The  Doctor  has  built  one  of  the  finest  resi- 
dences in  Silver  City,  and  his  name  and  for- 
tune are  shared  by  one  of  the  most  esteemed 
ladies  of  this  locality.  He  was  married  in 
1 88 1  to  Miss  Maggie  E.  Morris,  a  native  of 
Tennessee,  and  a  daughter  of  James  Morris, 
now  of  Grant  county,  New  Mexico.  The  Doc- 
tor and  Mrs.  Wood  have  one  son,  Granville 
Newman. 

Dr.  Wood  is  a  Knight  Templar  Mason,  ir>  pol- 
itics is  a  Republican,  and  has  acted  as  a  member 


of  the  Board  of  County  Commissioners.  He  is 
also  a  member  of  the  board  of  medical  examiners 
of  the  Territory,  and  to  the  cause  of  education 
he  is  especially  devoted,  for  he  believes  it  to 
be  one  of  the  important  factors  of  good  gov- 
ernment. In  manner  he  is  a  genial,  pleasant 
gentleman,  thoroughly  devoted  to  his  profes- 
sion and  has  gained  a  reputation  that  ranks  him 
among  the  most  eminent  physicians  of  the 
Territory. 


HLEXANDER  M.  STORY,  one  of  Hills- 
boro's  respected  citizens  and  ex- 
Sheriff  of  the  county  of  Sierra,  is  a 
native  of  the  Keystone  State.  He 
was  born  in  Crawford  'county,  on  the  loth  of 
March,  1846,  and  is  of  Scotch  and  English  an- 
cestry. His  grandfather,  Robert  Story,  was  a 
native  of  Scotland,  and  on  emigrating  to  the 
New  World  became  one  of  the  early  settlers  of 
Crawford  county,  Pennsylvania.  There  he 
obtained  land  and  carried  on  farming  and 
stock-raising.  He  was  a  man  of  influence  in 
the  community  and  his  honorable,  upright  life 
was  in  perfect  harmony  with  his  profession  as 
a  member  of  the  Presbyterian  Church.  He 
passed  away  at  the  ripe  old  age  of  eighty-six 
years.  His  son,  David  Story,  the  father  of 
our  subject,  was  born  on  the  old  homestead  in 
Crawford  county,  in  1810,  and  having  arrived 
at  years  of  maturity  was  united  in  marriage 
with  Miss  Sarah  Stewart,  who  was  also  a  na- 
tive of  that  locality.  In  1858  they  removed  to 
Nebraska,  where  the  father  was  a  pioneer  in 
the  milling  business,  erecting  the  second  grist- 
mill in  Cass  county.  He  built  a  sawmill  and 
carried  on  that  line  of  business  during  the 
greater  part  of  his  remaining  days.  Both  he 
and  his  estimable  wife  were  faithful  members 
of  the  Presbyterian  Church,  and  were  people 
of  sterling  worth.  They  had  a  family  of  nine 
children,  five  of  whom  are  yet  living.  The 
father  died  in  1867,  at  the  age  of  fifty-seven 
years.  The  mother  still  survives  and  has  now 
reached  the  age  of  eighty-six. 

In  taking  up  the    personal  history  of  Alex- 


552 


HIS  TORT  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


ander  M.  Story,  we  present  to  our  readers  the 
life  record  of  one  who  has  ever  been  faithful 
in  the  discharge  of  his  duties  to  himself,  his 
neighbor  and  his  country.  He  was  the  fourth 
in  order  of  birth  in  his  father's  family.  His 
education  was  acquired  in  the  public  schools  of 
Nebraska,  where  he  went  with  his  parents 
when  a  lad  of  twelve  summers.  In  1862  he 
enlisted  in  the  Second  Nebraska  Cavalry,  and 
did  service  against  the  Indians  on  the  frontier 
and  on  the  plains.  He  was  sent  to  Minnesota 
at  the  time  of  the  Indian  massacre  in  that 
State,  and  rendered  the  settlers  there  good 
service,  by  keeping  the  Indians  in  subjection. 
Such  a  service  was  often  more  arduous  than 
that  which  fell  to  the  lot  of  the  soldiers  in  the 
South;  but  the  soldier  boy  of  sixteen  years  was 
always  faithful  to  his  duty  and  the  old  flag. 

When  the  war  was  over  he  returned  to 
Colorado  and  engaged  in  prospecting  and 
mining,  which  he  has  since  followed.  The 
mineral  fields  of  the  South  attracted  him,  and 
in  1882  he  came  to  New  Mexico,  locating  first 
at  Kingston,  where  he  purchased  the  Iron- 
clad mine.  He  then  located  the  other  mines 
included  in  that  group,  and  his  mining  proper- 
ties proved  to  be  one  of  the  best  in  the  local- 
ity. Subsequently  he  sold  out  for  $10,000, 
but  he  still  has  good  mining  interests,  which 
give  evidence  of  a  superior  yield. 

His  fellow  townsmen,  appreciating  his 
worth  and  ability,  have  called  upon  Mr.  Story 
to  serve  in  positions  of  public  trust,  and  in  1886 
he  was  elected  on  the  Republican  ticket  as 
Sheriff  of  Sierra  county.  After  serving  one 
term  to  the  full  satisfaction  of  all  concerned, 
he  was  re-elected  and  continued  in  the  office 
for  four  years.  Up  to  this  time  in  the  histor) 
of  the  county  there  had  been  some  very  rough 
characters  and  desperadoes  scattered  through- 
out the  locality,  but  Mr.  Story  took  a  stand 
for  right  and  order,  and  rested  not  until  he 
had  secured  and  brought  punishment  upon  all 
guilty  persons.  His  most  faithful  service  was 
highly  recommended,  and  on  the  expiration  of 
his  second  term  he  retired  to  private  life. 
He  has  since  given  his  attention  to  his  mining 


interests,  and  has  been  very  active  and  enter- 
prising in  the  development  of  the  mine.  He 
had  charge  of  the  American  mine  for  a  year, 
and  is  now  largely  interested  in  property  of 
this  kind  at  Kingston  and  Hillsboro,  being  also 
foreman  of  the  Mamie  Richmond  mine,  which 
is  producing  considerable  good  gold. 

On  the  3d  of  August,  1889,  Mr.  Story  was 
united  in  marriage  with  Miss  Florence  M. 
Smith,  a  native  of  Madison  county,  Wisconsin, 
and  a  daughter  of  E.  M.  Smith,  now  of  Hills- 
boro. They  have  one  child,  born  in  this  city. 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  Story  are  charitable  and  benevo- 
lent people  and  Mrs.  Story  is  an  indefatigable 
temperance  worker,'  she  being  now  vice-presi- 
dent of  the  Woman's  Christian  Temperance 
Union,  of  Sierra  county.  She  was,  at  the 
time  of  her  marriage,  one  of  the  efficient 
school-teachers  of  this  county,  and  is  a  lady  of 
culture  and  refinement,  highly  esteemed  by  all 
who  know  her.  Mr.  Story  belongs  to  the  Ma- 
sonic fraternity,  the  Knights  of  Pythias  lodge, 
the  Independent  Order  of  Odd  Fellows  and 
the  Grand  Army  of  the  Republic,  and  was 
Junior  Vice  Commander  of  the  Department  of 
New  Mexico  in  the  last-named  order. 

During  the  Indian  troubles  of  the  Territory 
he  was  a  Lieutenant  of  the  militia  at  Kingston, 
and  he  and  his  followers  succeeded  in  stopping 
the  Indian  depredations  at  that  time.  He  is  in 
every  way  a  citizen  of  much  worth  and  re- 
spectability. He  is  a  firm  believer  in  the 
maxim  that  "Life  is  worth  living, "  and,  of 
course,  believes  in  one  of  its  cardinal  princi- 
ples, namely,  the  "golden  rule,"  which  he 
makes  the  every-day  practice  of  his  life. 


@EORGE  CURRY.— Among  the  young- 
er citizens  of   New   Mexico  none  are 
more  worthy  of   mention  than    this 
gentleman,  who   has  attained  promi- 
nence in  political  and  business  circles  and  won 
an  honored  place   among  the  leading  men  of 
the  Territory.      With  strength  of  character  and 
indomitable   energy    he  has    risen    from    the 


HIS  TORT  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


553 


ranks,  and  is  now  regarded  as  one  of  the  bril- 
liant statesmen  of  the  Southwest. 

Born  in  1862,  in  Bayou  Sara,  Louisiana, 
Mr.  Curry  is  a  son  of  George  and  Clara  Curry. 
His  mother  was  a  native  of  Ireland,  and  his 
father,  who  was  killed  after  the  Civil  war,  was 
a  native  of  Kentucky.  George  remained  with 
his  mother  at  the  place  of  his  birth  until  1874, 
and  by  his  labors  aided  in  her  support.  The 
responsibility  which  rested  upon  his  young 
shoulders  was  a  heavy  one,  but  it  was  faith- 
fully discharged  and  the  same  fidelity  to  duty 
has  characterized  his  entire  life.  Being  thus 
early  thrown  upon  his  own  resources  he  was 
forced  in  consequence  to  neglect  his  education, 
but  in  the  school  of  experience  he  has  learned 
many  valuable  lessons,  and  developing  the  tal- 
ents with  which  nature  endowed  him  he  has 
become  a  well  informed  man  of  broad  general 
information.  When  he  was  not  yet  twelve 
years  of  age  he  accompanied  his  mother  on  her 
removal  from  his  native  State  to  Dodge  City, 
Kansas,  where  Mrs.  Curry  died  in  1879.  He 
was  now  a  young  man  of  seventeen  years,  but 
his  self-reliant  spirit  and  powers  of  persever- 
ance and  diligence  had  been  developed  by  a 
life  which  up  to  this  time  was  largely  one  of 
arduous  effort  and  sacrifice. 

Mr.  Curry  now  came  to  New  Mexico,  lo- 
cating at  Fort  Stanton,  near  Lincoln,  where 
he  at  once  began  search  for  employment.  He 
sought  a  position  with  J.  C.  Delany,  at 
that  time  post  trader,  but  not  being  in  need  of 
any  additional  help  Mr.  Delany  succeeded  in 
securing  work  for  the  boy  on  a  cattle  ranch  in 
the  neighborhood  of  Fort  Stanton,  where  he 
worked  for  a  month  for  his  board.  He  was 
industrious  and  energetic,  and  his  employer, 
realizing  the  value  of  his  services,  then  gave 
him  $20  per  month  for  three  months.  On  the 
expiration  of  that  period  he  became  a  clerk  in 
Mr.  Delany's  store,  working  for  $25  per  month 
at  the  beginning.  He  continued  there  until 
1884,  and  so  faithful  was  he  to  the  trust  re- 
posed in  him  and  so  efficient  were  his  services 
that  he  was  promoted  to  the  position  of  chief 
salesman.  In  1884,  he  located  in  the  town  of 


Lincoln,  and  was  placed  in  charge  of  the  mer- 
cantile establishment  of  J.  J.  Dolan,  and  also 
appointed  Deputy  County  Treasurer  under  his 
employer,  who  was  at  that  time  serving  as  the 
Treasurer  of  Lincoln  county. 

Mr.  Curry  here  entered  upon  his  political 
career.  In  1888  he  was  nominated  by  the 
Democracy  of  Lincoln  county  for  the  office  of 
County  Clerk  and  elected  by  a  large  majority. 
His  duties  were  discharged  with  a  promptness 
and  fidelity  that  won  him  further  honors  in  the 
political  field  and  he  was  nominated  and 
elected  as  Assessor  of  Lincoln  county  in  1890. 
In  the  fall  of  1892  occurred  another  election, 
and  Mr.  Curry  was  again  honored  by  his  party, 
who,  recognizing  his  worth  and  ability,  offered 
him  the  nomination  for  the  office  of  County 
Sheriff.  He  became  the  standard-bearer,  and 
when  the  votes  were  counted  victory  was  writ- 
ten upon  his  banner.  In  1894  he  was  elected 
to  the  Territorial  Senate,  representing  the  dis- 
trict composed  of  Lincoln,  Chaves,  Eddy, 
Donna  Ana  and  Grant  counties.  His  course 
in  office  and  his  personal  popularity  won  him 
large  support,  and  when  the  general  assembly 
convened  he  took  his  seat  as  a  member  of  the 
upper  house,  and  was  elected  President  of  the 
Senate  and  served  as  such  during  the  session. 
Mr.  Curry's  political  career  is  without  a  blem- 
ish, and  even  those  of  the  opposing  party 
speak  of  him  in  terms  of  the  highest  respect. 
On  the  various  occasions  that  he  has  been 
before  the  people  as  a  candidate  for  public  of- 
fice he  has  never  yet  experienced  defeat,  and 
since  the  age  of  twenty-one  he  has  attended  as 
a  delegate  each  Territorial  convention  of  New 
Mexico.  His  course  in  the  Senate  reflects 
credit  on  both  himself  and  his  party.  He  is  a 
young  man  of  broad  and  comprehensive  views, 
of  keen  intellect,  quick  to  grasp  the  points  of  a 
situation,  and  follow  them  to  a  right  conclu- 
sion. He  has  studied  closely  the  questions  and 
issues  of  the  day,  and  few  men  are  more 
thoroughly  informed  on  the  political  history  of 
the  country  than  George  Curry.  He  has  al- 
ways been  an  ardent  advocate  of  the  Demo- 
cratic party  and  is  now  a  strong  silver  man. 


554 


HISTORY  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


Aside  from  his  Senatorial  duties,  Mr.  Curry 
is  now  serving  as  Clerk  of  the  Fifth  Judicial 
District  of  the  Territory  of  New  Mexico,  and 
is  a  member  of  the  Governor's  staff,  holding 
the  rank  of  Major.  He  is  also  a  member  of 
the  board  of  regents  of  the  New  Mexico  Military 
Institute  at  Roswell,  and  is  vice-president  of 
the  Territorial  Fair  Association.  He  takes 
great  interest  in  all  that  pertains  to  the  welfare 
and  development  of  this  section  of  the  country 
and  does  all  in  his  power  for  its  promotion  and 
upbuilding. 

In  1888  was  celebrated  a  marriage  which 
united  the  destinies  of  Mr.  Curry  and  Miss 
Rebecca  Sisseneros.  a  cultured  and  estimable 
lady  who  presides  with  grace  over  their  pleas- 
ant and  hospitable  home,  which  is  located  in 
Roswell.  They  now  have  an  interesting 
family  of  three  children,  all  sons, — Frank, 
Charles  and  George  C.  Mr.  Curry  is  still  a 
young  man  and  his  earnest  and  zealous  efforts 
to  perform  his  duties  faithfully  and  to  serve  his 
people  creditably  in  all  things  have  secured 
for  him  the  admiration  of  many  and  the  friend- 
ship of  all  who  know  him.  In  manner  he  is 
courteous,  genial  and  affable,  a  companionable, 
social  gentleman,  whose  worth  is  widely  recog- 
nized and  who  will  undoubtedly  enjoy  still 
greater  successes  in  the  future. 


)HEODORE  MAXWELL,  Justice  of 
the  Peace,  Notary  Public  and  lumber 
dealer  of  Gallup,  New  Mexico,  was 
born  on  the  i6th  of  November,  1844, 
in  Independence,  Missouri,  and  was  reared 
upon  a  farm.  He  first  came  to  New  Mexico 
in  1862  with  a  freight  train,  his  destination 
being  Fort  Union.  He  then  returned  to  Mis- 
souri and  enlisted  in  the  Confederate  service, 
under  General  Kirby  Smith,  operating  with  the 
troops  in  the  coast  defense  of  Texas. 

When  the  war  was  over,  Mr.  Maxwell  went 
to  El  Paso,  Texas,  making  it  his  home  for  a 
short  time,  when  he  removed  to  Tucson,  Ari- 
zona, going  thence  to  the  Pima  villages  on  the 
Gila  river.  He  drove  a  freight  team^between 


that  place  and  Fort  McDowell,  which  was  his 
place  of  abode  until  removing  to  Prescott.  In 
the  last  named  city  he  engaged  in  fanning  and 
mining  until  1881.  In  1882  he  again  came  to 
New  Mexico,  and  the  following  year  settled  in 
Gallup.  He  opened  up  the  Black  Diamond 
coal  mine  near  this  place,  in  connection  with 
his  brother,  and  in  1884  sold  out  his  interest, 
returning  his  attention  then  to  freighting  be- 
tween Wingate  Station  and  Fort  Wingate.  A 
year  later  he  took  the  contract  for  supplying 
wood  to  the  fort,  and  sub-letting  it  he  returned 
to  Kansas  City,  after  an  absence  of  twenty-two 
years.  In  the  fall  of  1885  he  once  more  came 
to  Gallup  and  engaged  in  the  lumber  business, 
which  he  still  carries  on,  buying  lumber  in 
Arizona  and  Los  Angeles,  California,  and  also 
carrying  a  stock  of  doors  and  window  frames, 
which  he  purchases  in  Chicago. 

Judge  Maxwell  has  been  twice  married.  In 
1876  he  wedded  Miss  Alice  Smith,  who  died  in 
1882.  He  was  again  married  in  1890,  his 
second  union  being  Mrs.  Anna  Patterson,  of 
Independence,  Missouri.  Socially  our  subject 
is  connected  with  the  Knights  of  Pythias  of 
Gallup.  In  1886  he  was  appointed  a  Justice 
of  the  Peace,  and  has  been  elected  to  that  office 
each  year  since,  discharging  his  duties  in  a 
most  acceptable  manner.  He  is  also  Notary 
Public.  When  he  arrived  in  Gallup  it  con- 
tained only  a  depot  and  section  house.  He  has 
witnessed  its  entire  growth  and  development, 
and  has  been  prominently  identified  with  its 
upbuilding.  In  its  welfare  he  is  deeply  inter- 
ested, and  he  is  ever  ready  to  aid  in  its  pro- 
motion. His  residence  is  located  on  Coal 
avenue,  between  Second  and  Third  streets. 


«y— *  ON.  ISAAC  H.  GRAY,  whose  life  has 
|r^    been  largely  passed  on  frontier  settle- 
^f    ments  of   this  country,   and    who  be- 
longs to    that  class    of  honored    and 
worthy  people  who  open  up  the  way  for  civili- 
zation and   progress,  is   now   one   of  the  most 
esteemed  residents  of  Hillsboro,   New  Mexico. 
He  claims    New  York    as  the  State  of  his 


BISTORT  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


555 


nativity,  for  he  was  born  in  St.  Lawrence  coun- 
ty, on  the  2/th  of  March,  1833.  He  traces  his 
ancestry  back  to  one  of  the  old  New  England 
families  that  was  founded  in  America  long  prior 
to  the  Revolution.  His  father,  Isaac  H.  Gray, 
Sr. ,  was  born  in  Vermont  in  the  year  1800, 
and  was  married  to  Miss  Augusta  Morris,  also 
of  the  Green  Mountain  State.  They  were 
members  of  the  Episcopal  Church,  and  were 
highly  esteemed  people.  For  many  years 
they  owned  and  carried  on  a  hotel,  and  their 
entire  lives  were  passed  in  the  East.  The 
father  died  in  1845,  m  the  forty-fifth  year  of 
his  age. 

Mr.  Gray,  of  this  sketch,  is  the  only  sur- 
vivor of  the  family.  He  acquired  an  excellent 
education  in  the  State  Normal  School  of  New 
York,  and  then  entered  upon  his  business  ca- 
reer as  clerk  on  a  steamer  on  the  St.  Lawrence 
river.  His  attention  was  next  turned  to  rail- 
roading, on  the  Rock  Island  Road  in  Illinois, 
and  in  Woodstock,  that  State.  In  1854  he 
embarked  in  the  livery  business,  which  he  fol- 
lowed for  four  years.  In  1858  he  followed  the 
star  of  empire  westward,  traveling  to  the  Pa- 
cific coast,  and  for  two  years  followed  mining 
in  the  Golden  State.  In  1860  he  left  Califor- 
nia for  Virginia  City,  Nevada,  where  he  car- 
ried on  mining  for  some  time.  In  1861,  while 
prospecting  in  Aurora,  Esmeralda  county,  he 
discovered  valuable  mines,  and  his  discovery 
yielded  to  him  a  handsome  profit.  He  then 
began  dealing  in  town  property  and  his  busi- 
ness ventures  in  that  locality  were  crowned 
with  success.  He  also  became  prominent  in 
public  affairs,  and  in  1863  his  name  was  placed 
on  the  Republican  ticket  as  candidate  for  the 
office  of  State  Representative.  He  was  elected 
to  the  State  Legislature  of  Nevada,  and  filled 
the  honftrable  position  in  a  manner  alike  credi- 
table to  himself  and  his  constituents. 

In  1866  Mr.  Gray  returned  to  California, 
and  was  engaged  in  merchandising  at  Truckee, 
that  State,  for  several  years.  Subsequently  he 
went  to  Salt  Lake  City,  Utah,  where  he  fol- 
lowed the  same  pursuit  for  a  number  of  years, 
and  his  next  place  of  residence  was  in  Dakota. 


There  he  was  engaged  in  the  stage  business, 
in  connection  with  the  firm  of  Gilmore  and 
Salisbury,  running  from  Cheyenne,  Wyoming, 
by  way  of  Custer  to  Deadwood,  Dakota.  He 
also  had  charge  of  the  line  from  Deadwood  to 
Bismarck,  and  continued  in  that  business  until 
1880,  when  he  went  to  Colorado  and  followed 
mining  through  the  succeeding  summer. 

The  autumn  of  that  year  witnessed  his  ar- 
rival in  New  Mexico.  He  went  to  Santa  Fe, 
and  in  1881  removed  to  Chloride,  where  he 
was  engaged  in  the  livery  business,  to  which 
he  has  since  devoted  his  energies.  In  1 890  he 
removed  his  business  to  Hillsboro,  purchased 
town  property,  and  now  has  a  good  livery  and 
also  owns  several  residences  in  the  town.  His 
barns  are  well  fitted  up  and  he  receives  a 
liberal  patronage,  for  his  honorable  dealing  has 
won  the  confidence  and  good  will  of  all.  His 
life  has  always  been  that  of  a  pioneer.  He 
has  lived  on  the  frontier  in  Dakota,  Nevada, 
California  and  New  Mexico,  and  his  experi- 
ences have  been  many,  varied  and  often  of 
great  interest.  He  has  met  the  discourage- 
ments and  prosperity  that  usually  falls  to  the 
lot  of  the  miner,  and  has  been  engaged  in  serv- 
ice against  the  Indians,  having,  in  1860,  par- 
ticipated in  the  battle  of  Pyramid  Lake,  in 
which  the  red  men  fought  desperately.  The 
contest  lasted  only  two  hours,  but  in  that  time 
sixty-three  of  the  white  settlers  were  killed. 
While  in  Dakota  he  also  aided  in  subduing  the 
Indians,  and  after  coming  to  Sierra  county,  New 
Mexico,  it  again  became  necessary  for  him  to 
do  battle  against  the  red  men,  driving  them 
out  of  the  Territory,  where  they  had  not  only 
destroyed  property  and  carried  away  stock  but 
had  also  endangered  the  lives  of  the  settlers. 
To  these  brave  men  a  debt  of  gratitude  is  due 
which  can  never  be  repaid.  Mr.  Gray  posses- 
ses a  chivalrous  nature  that  has  ever  responded 
to  the  cry  of  the  defenseless,  and  his  bravery 
equals  that  of  any  man  on  the  field  of  battle; 
in  fact,  frontier  service  is  often  more  arduous, 
for  the  wily  foe  has  no  honor  and  as  readily  at- 
tacks an  unarmed  opponent  as  one  whom  he 
might  meet  in  an  honorable  open  encounter. 


556 


HISTORY  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


All  who  know  Mr.  Gray  speak  of  him  in  terms 
of  respect  and  Hillsboro  numbers  him  among 
her  most  valued  citizens. 


HRTHUR  HOWARD  HARLLEE,  of 
Silver  City,  New  Mexico,  was  born 
in  Marion  county,  South  Carolina. 
His  great-grandfather,  Peter  Harllee, 
an  Englishman  by  birth,  was  for  many  years  a 
Captain  in  the  British  Navy,  from  which  he 
retired  late  in  life,  and  took  up  his  residence 
in  Virginia  about  the  year  1758.  Soon  after 
settling  in  that  State,  being  a  bachelor  of  sixty 
years  of  age,  he  married  Miss  Anne  Leake. 
Four  children  were  the  fruits  of  said  marriage, 
of  whom  two  daughters  and  his  youngest  child, 
Thomas  Harllee,  grew  to  maturity.  Peter 
Harllee  dying  soon  after  the  Revolution,  his 
son  Thomas  moved  with  his  aged  mother  and 
sisters  to  the  then  named  Liberty  District, 
subsequently  changed  to  Marion,  South  Caro- 
lina, where  he  became  the  architect  of  his  own 
fortune.  He  married  Elizabeth  Stuart,  of 
Scotch  ancestry.  Her  father  had  been  a  gal- 
lant soldier  of  the  Revolution  under  General 
Francis  Marion,  and  was  noted  for  his  fearless, 
daring  spirit.  Thomas  Harllee  acquired,  for 
that  period,  a  considerable  property,  educating 
and  establishing  in  life  six  sons  and  two  daugh- 
ters. He  served  in  the  State  Senate  from  Ma- 
rion for  many  years,  and  also  filled  other  offices 
of  prominence  and  trust.  He  was  one  of  the 
organizers  of  the  town  of  Marion,  which  was 
made  the  county  seat  of  Marion  county.  A 
leading  and  influential  citizen,  he  commanded 
the  respect  of  all  who  knew  him,  and  the  hon- 
ors which  were  bestowed  upon  him  were  justly 
merited.  Doctor  Robert  Harllee,  the  fourth 
son  of  Thomas  Harllee,  and  the  father  of  Silver 
City's  well  known  attorney,  was  graduated  at 
the  Medical  College  of  Charleston,  South  Car- 
olina. He  pursued  the  practice  of  his  profes- 
sion several  years  in  the  town  of  Marion.  In 
the  year  1838  he  married,  in  Marion  county, 
Mrs.  Amelia  Howard,  a  widow,  whose  maiden 
name  was  Cannon.  Her  grandfather  resided 


in  Charleston  county,  South  Carolina,  at  the 
breaking  out  of  the  Revolution,  where  in  his 
youth  he  joined  "Marion's  Band,"  and  served 
under  him  throughout  that  war.  He  married 
a  Miss  Irvin  on  the  Pee  Dee  river,  and  soon 
after  the  Revolution  moved  with  her  to  Dar- 
lington county,  South  Carolina,  where  he  was 
elected  to  serve  in  the  first  Legislature  held  in 
the  State  of  South  Carolina.  He  was  a  man 
of  marked  energy  and  integrity,  as  his  success 
in  every  respect  gave  ample  proof.  His  son, 
William  H.  Cannon,  inherited  the  sterling 
qualities  of  his  father.  He  accumulated  a 
large  property,  was  held  in  high  esteem  by  all, 
and  served  repeated  terms  in  the  State  Senate. 
He  left  seven  children;  the  mother  of  our  sub- 
ject being  the  fourth  daughter.  Doctor  Rob- 
ert Harllee,  by  his  said  marriage,  came  into 
possession  of  a  large  amount  of  property.  He 
then  engaged  in  planting,  which  he  pursued  to 
the  time  of  his  death.  He  passed  away  in 
1872,  and  his  wife  died  four  years  later. 
Throughout  his  life  Doctor  Robert  Harllee  took 
an  active  and  prominent  part  in  politics,  and 
by  his  party  was  recognized  as  an  able  leader 
and  wise  counselor.  He  represented  his  coun- 
ty in  the  House  of  Representatives  and  Senate 
for  a  number  of  terms,  covering  a  period  when 
the  tide  of  political  excitement  ran  highest,  be- 
ing a  member  of  the  Senate  at  the  breaking 
out  of  the  Civil  war.  He  was  for  years  a  warm 
friend  and  ardent  disciple  of  John  C.  Cal- 
houn,  and,  while  too  old  to  engage  in  active 
service,  he  contributed  largely  of  his  ample 
means  in  support  of  the  cause  to  which  he  was 
so  devotedly  attached,  the  greatest  sacrifice 
which  he  offered  to  that  cause  being  his  oldest 
son,  who  died  in  the  service  at  Manassas,  Vir- 
ginia. 

Arthur  Howard  Harllee,  the  youngest  in  a 
family  of  eleven  children,  was  educated  at 
Wofford  College,  in  Spartanburg,  South  Caro- 
lina, pursuing  a  classical  course.  All  of  the 
property  of  the  family  was  lost  as  the  result  of 
the  late  war,  and  our  subject  being  thus  thrown 
upon  his  own  resources  engaged  in  teaching 
school.  He  had  no  capital  save  the  abilities 


HIS  TORT  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


557 


with  which  nature  had  endowed  him  and  the 
education  he  had  acquired.  He  was  principal 
of  the  academy  at  Florence,  South  Carolina, 
and  afterward  occupied  the  same  position  in 
Marion,  that  State.  While  engaged  in  teach- 
ing, he  pursued  the  study  of  law  under  the 
direction  of  his  uncle,  General  W.  W.  Harllee, 
of  Marion.  In  1884  he  entered  the  Albany 
Law  School,  of  Albany,  New  York,  and  on 
completing  the  curriculum  was  graduated  in 
May,  1885,  with  the  degree  of  LL.  B. 

In  September,  1885,  Mr.  Harllee  came  to 
the  West,  and  at  once  located  in  Silver  City, 
New  Mexico,  where  he  has  since  resided,  de- 
voting himself  exclusively  to  the  practice  of 
his  profession.  In  January,  1895,  ne  was  ap- 
pointed by  Governtor  Thornton  to  the  position 
of  District  Attorney  for  the  counties  of  Grant 
and  Sierra,  which  position  he  now  occupies. 
He  has  been  a  lifelong  Democrat,  unswerving 
in  his  loyal  support  of  the  principles  of  that 
party,  and  is  a  prominent  member  of  the 
Masonic  order,  being  a  Past  Master  of  the 
Masonic  lodge  at  Silver  City.  He  is  a  thor- 
oughly read  lawyer  and  an  able  advocate,  who 
ranks  high  in  professional  circles;  a  man  of 
high  moral  character,  of  modest  and  unassum- 
ing demeanor,  and  in  all  the  relations  of  life  is 
the  soul  of  honor,  winning  and  retaining  the 
high  respect  of  those  with  whom  he  has  been 
brought  in  contact. 


ODERICK  A.  NICKLE,  a  worthy  rep- 
resentative  of  Hillsboro's  official  in- 
terests,  now  serving  as  Postmaster 
and  Justice  of  the  Peace,  was  born  in 
India,  and  is  of  English  descent.  His  parents 
were  Major  R.  W.  D.  and  Caroline  (Jerdan) 
Nickle.  His  father  was  an  officer  of  the  East 
India  Company,  and  was  living  in  the  land  of 
the  Hindoos  at  the  time  of  the  birth  of  our  sub- 
ject. He  died  in  the  sixty-seventh  year  of  his 
age,  and  his  wife  departed  this  life  when  fifty- 
seven  years  of  age.  They  were  members  of 
the  Episcopal  Church,  and  were  most  highly 


respected  people.  Their  family  numbered  six 
children. 

The  gentleman  whose  name  heads  this  re- 
view acquired  his  education  in  Scotland,  Eng- 
land and  Germany.  It  has  been  said  that 
"  travel  is  the  great  source  of  all  true  wisdom." 
Mr.  Nickle  has  visited  many  countries  on  the 
face  of  the  globe  and  has  gained  through  ob- 
servation and  experience  knowledge  of  men  and 
customs  that  books  can  never  give.  In  1 869 
he  crossed  the  Atlantic  to  the  New  World  and 
took  up  his  residence  in  St.  Louis,  Missouri, 
where  he  studied  all  the  branches  of  mechani- 
cal engineering.  He  worked  in  a  large  shop  in 
that  city,  and  by  his  thoroughness  and  persist- 
ent efforts  gained  an  excellent  knowledge  of 
mechanics  and  became  an  expert  in  his  chosen 
line.  For  two  years  he  was  engaged  in  lead 
mining  in  East  Missouri.  His  arrival  in  New 
Mexico  is  dated  in  1881,  when  he  came  to  this 
Territory,  bringing  with  him  the  machinery  for 
a  sawmill.  This  he  put  up  in  the  Gallinas 
mountains,  and  spent  two  years  at  Socorro,  en- 
gaged in  prospecting  and  mining  in  the  Magda- 
lena  mountains. 

In  1 88 3  there  occurred  a  boom  at  Kingston, 
Sierra  county,  and  Mr.  Nickle  removed  to  that 
place,  where  he  opened  a  hardware  store,  con- 
ducting business  in  that  line  for  a  year  and  a 
half.  On  the  expiration  of  that  period  Mr. 
Nickle  came  to  Hillsboro,  and  for  a  time  was 
connected  with  the  Goodyear  Mining  Company. 
In  September,  1893,  he  was  appointed  by 
President  Cleveland  to  the  position  of  Postmas- 
ter of  Hillsboro,  and  in  1 894  was  elected  Justice 
of  the  Peace,  filling  both  offices  at  the  present 
time  in  a  most  capable  and  acceptable  way.  He 
is  ever  true  to  the  duties  devolving  upon  him, 
whether  of  public  or  private  life,  and  his  integ- 
rity is  above  question. 

The  lady  who  shares  the  home  and  fortunes 
of  Mr.  Nickle  was  in  her  maidenhood  Miss  Lou 
Allen,  of  Missouri,  and  their  marriage,  which 
was  celebrated  in  1880,  has  been  blessed  with 
two  children, — Dona  Grace  and  Allen.  Mr. 
Nickle  is  a  stalwart  Democrat,  and  a  man  of 
prominence  in  the  community.  He  is  an  ac- 


558 


HIS  TORT  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


complished  business  man  and  a  gentleman  of 
broad  general  information,  who  fluently  speaks 
four  different  languages.  His  acquaintances 
are  many  and  he  is  constantly  adding  to  the 
circle  of  his  friends. 


*^rj  EON  HERTZOG  is  a  representative 
f  of  the  German  type,  one  of  the  most 

_^A  progressive  elements  which  has  enter- 
ed into  the  composition  of  American 
business  circles.  As  a  member  of  the  Los 
Lunas  Mercantile  Company,  Los  Lunas,  New 
Mexico,  one  of  the  most  prosperous  firms  in 
Valencia  county,  he  has,  although  yet  a  young 
man,  attained  a  prestige  in  business  circles  that 
entitles  him  to  some  consideration  in  the  his- 
tory of  his  county. 

Leon  Hertzog  was  born  in  Germany,  July 
29,  1872,  a  son  of  German  parents.  In  1888, 
at  the  age  of  sixteen  years,  he  left  his  native 
land  and  came  to  America,  landing  at  New 
York  city,  where  he  had  brothers  engaged  in 
merchandising.  For  one  year  he  attended 
business  college  in  New  York  in  order  to 
acquaint  himself  with  the  business  methods  of 
this  country,  and  was  an  employee  in  his 
brothers'  establishment  one  year.  After  this 
he  came  west  to  Albuquerque,  New  Mexico, 
and  accepted  a  position  as  clerk  for  the  Mandel 
Brothers,  the  Messrs.  Mandel  being  his  uncles. 
In  1892  he  aided  in  the  organization  of  the  Los 
Lunas  Mercantile  Company,  dealers  in  general 
merchandise,  wagons,  agricultural  implements 
and  grain,  and  ever  since  the  firm  was  estab- 
lished has  been  a  prominent  factor  in  the  trans- 
action of  its  large  volume  of  business.  This 
is  not  only  the  leading  company  of  its  kind  in 
Los  Lunas  but  also  ranks  first  among  the 
general  merchandise  establishments  in  Valencia 
county. 

Mr.  Hertzog  is  independent  in  his  political 
views.  A  young  man  of  correct  habits,  honest 
and  straightforward  in  all  his  dealings,  he  has 
made  many  friends  since  he  came  to  Los 
Lunas. 


HOMAS  J.  BULL,  of  Mesilla,  New 
Mexico,  was  one  of  the  earliest  set- 
tlers of  Donna  Ana  county,  and  was 
one  of  the  most  widely  and  favorably 
known  pioneers.  He  located  in  the  county  in 
1849,  ar>d  has  since  been  prominently  identi- 
fied with  its  business  interests. 

A  native  of  Ohio,  he  was  born  in  Richland 
county,  on  the  26th  of  October,  1826,  and  is 
of  Scotch-Irish  lineage,  his  ancestors  having 
been  early  settlers  of  Hartford,  Connecticut. 
There  his  father,  Thomas  J.  Bull,  was  born  in 
1804,  and  soon  afterward  the  grandfather, 
Hezekiah  Bull,  removed  with  his  family  to 
Ohio,  becoming  one  of  the  pioneer  settlers  of 
the  Buckeye  State.  The  father  of  our  subject 
engaged  in  the  practice  of  law,  married  Miss 
Sarah  Hubbard,  a  New  England  lady,  and  lo- 
cated on  a  farm  in  Richland  county,  where  he 
made  his  home,  although  engaged  in  the  prac- 
tice of  the  legal  profession.  His  death  oc- 
curred there  in  1863,  at  the  age  of  sixty-nine 
years.  His  wife  survived  him  many  years, 
and  passed  away  in  1892. 

They  were  the  parents  of  five  children,  of 
whom  Thomas  Jefferson  Bull,  the  subject  of 
this  review,  was  the  eldest.  His  boyhood 
days  were  spent  on  the  old  home  farm,  and  in 
the  district  schools  of  the  neighborhood  he  ac- 
quired a  limited  education.  In  1843,  when  in 
his  eighteenth  year,  he  started  out  to  make  his 
own  way  in  the  world  and  traveled  in  the 
Southern  States  until  1847.  He  occupied  a 
position  in  the  Quartermaster's  department  in 
the  war  with  Mexico,  and  in  1849  started  from 
New  Orleans  for  California,  journeying  as  far 
as  El  Paso,  Texas.  He  continued  there  for  a 
short  time,  after  which  he  came  to  the  Mesilla 
valley  and  engaged  in  furnishing  the  Govern- 
ment with  lumber.  He  had  a  company  of  men 
engaged  in  preparing  the  lumber  in  the  Oregon 
mountains  and  shipped  it  to  El  Paso,  where 
he  sold  it  for  $200  per  thousand  feet.  This 
undertaking  proved  a  profitable  one,  and  with 
the  capital  he  acquired  in  that  way  he  opened 
a  general  mercantile  store  in  Mesilla  in  1851. 
Learning,  however,  that  Mesilla  was  a  part  of 


HISTORY  OF  NEW  MEXICO, 


559 


Mexico,  he  removed  to  Las  Cruces,  but  as 
soon  as  the  Gadsden  purchase  was  made  and 
Mesilla  became  an  American  town,  he  returned 
and  has  since  been  continuously  engaged  in 
business  here,  covering  a  period  of  forty-four 
years.  He  is  a  man  of  unquestioned  integrity 
and  indefatigable  industry,  and  his  business 
has  therefore  prospered.  He  has  been  award- 
ed large  Government  contracts,  his  trade  be- 
came extensive,  and  he  made  money  rapidly, 
establishing  several  branch  stores.  He  now 
has  in  connection  with  his  Mesilla  store  a  large 
house  in  Las  Cruces,  which  he  opened  in  1885. 
Mr.  Bull  early  realized  that  the  Mesilla 
valley  was  a  rich  and  productive  one,  but  not 
until  1869  did  he  feel  justified  to  begin  the 
cultivation  of  fruit,  which  he  believed  would 
prove  a  profitable  business.  Horticulture  had 
always  been  with  him  a  favorite  pursuit,  and 
naving  a  strong  desire  to  show  what  the  beau- 
tiful valley  could  do  in  fruit  production  he  be- 
came the  pioneer  fruit-grower  of  this  region, 
and  many  of  the  apple-trees  which  he  planted 
in  1869  are  still  in  full-bearing,  yielding  rich 
returns.  His  orchards  and  vineyards  are  now 
thirty  acres  in  extent.  He  demonstrated  the 
fact  that  fruit  could  profitably  be  raised  in  this 
valley,  his  orchards  and  vineyards  having  net- 
ted him  as  high  as  $8, cooper  annum.  Others 
have  followed  his  example  and  now  a  large 
part  of  the  county  is  given  over  to  fruit-raising, 
while  some  of  the  finest  and  most  luscious 
fruits  to  be  found  in  the  world,  including 
apples,  peaches,  pears  and  grapes,  are  here 
produced.  Other  varieties  of  fruits  are  profit- 
ably raised,  for  almost  any  vegetation  thrives 
well  in  this  locality.  Mr.  Bull  may  well  be 
said  to  be'the  pioneer  in  the  development  of 
the  land  in  this  region.  He  received  from  the 
agricultural  department  at  Washington  sixteen 
pounds  of  French  tuzel  seed  wheat,  sowed  it 
on  his  grounds;  it  yielded  a  bountiful  return 
and  in  three  years  he  was  able  to  furnish  seed 
to  all  the  parties  renting  his  lands;  and  it  may 
be  truthfully  said  that  from  that  first  sixteen 
pounds  of  wheat  nearly  all  of  the  wheat  grown 
in  this  valley  has  been  produced. 


Mr.  Bull's  enterprise  in  these  lines  has  not 
only  brought  prosperity  to  himself,  but  has 
given  employment  to  many  others,  and  has 
greatly  advanced  the  material  welfare  of  the 
community.  He  may  well  be  called  a  public 
benefactor,  for  through  his  efforts  the  Mesilla 
valley  has  become  the  leading  fruit-producing 
portion  of  New  Mexico.  He  has  not  only 
engaged  in  the  raising  of  grain  and  fruits,  but 
for  some  years  has  been  a  successful  wine  and 
grape-brandy  manufacturer,  whose  products 
have  become  justly  celebrated,  and  he  now  has 
in  storage  thousands  of  gallons  of  choice  wine 
of  the  vintage  of  1883  and  the  years  following. 
He  also  has  fine  wine  of  his  own  bottling, 
which  was  manufactured  in  1879.  This  he 
keeps  only  to  share  with  his  friends,  who  also 
partake  with  him  of  his  own  choice  brandy, 
made  from  distilling  sour  wine. 

Notwithstanding  the  fact  that  Mr.  Bull  has 
reached  his  sixty-ninth  year  he  is  still  an  ex- 
ceedingly well  preserved  man,  whose  appear- 
ance indicates  that  he  has  not  passed  his  fifty- 
fifth  year.  He  possesses  a  determined  will  and  a 
strong  mind,  which  have  been  important  fac- 
tors in  his  successful  career.  He  has  had  a 
wide  experience  and  has  become  thoroughly 
acquainted  with  men  and  affairs.  He  is  known 
throughout  the  Territory  of  New  Mexico,  and 
all  who  know  him  have  for  him  the  highest 
regard. 

When  a  boy  Mr.  Bull  was  a  strong  ad- 
mirer of  Henry  Clay,  but  on  the  dissolution  of 
the  Whig  party  he  espoused  the  cause  of  the 
Democracy,  and  has  since  been  one  of  the 
strong  adherents  of  the  Jeffersonian  faith.  He 
has  long  been  a  recognized  power  in  his  party, 
exercising  a  strongly  felt  influence  in  its  be- 
half and  doing  much  to  promote  its  interests. 
He  is  a  brave,  outspoken  man,  fearlessly  ad- 
vocating his  own  views,  yet  ever  ready  to  ac- 
cord to  others  the  same  right  that  he  reserves 
for  himself.  He  was  very  active  and  gave 
freely  of  his  means  to  advance  the  first  can- 
vass at  the  time  of  President  Cleveland's  nom- 
ination in  1884,  and  is  still  one  of  the  stalwart 
friends  of  the  chief  executive,  an  advocate  of 


560 


HISTORT  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


a  fearless  and  unbiased  policy  which  has  been 
followed  by  the  man  who  is  yet  found  in  the 
White  House.  Mr.  Bull  has  never  been  a 
politician  in  the  sense  of  office-seeking,  but 
at  the  urgent  solicitation  of  many  friends  and 
his  party  he  accepted  the  position  of  Sheriff, 
and  also  that  of  County  Commissioner,  one  of 
the  most  important  offices  in  the  county;  but 
it  was  only  that  he  might  be  of  use  in  further- 
ing some  measures  that  he  believed  would 
greatly  benefit  the  community.  He  is  now 
President  of  the  Board  of  Regents  of  the  New 
Mexico  College  of  Agriculture  and  Mechanical 
Arts,  and  is  deeply  interested  in  the  upbuild- 
ing of  that  institution. 

In  1852  was  celebrated  the  marriage  of 
Thomas  J.  Bull  and  Miss  Frances  D.  La  O,  a 
native  of  the  State  of  Chihuahua.  She  has 
been  to  him  a  most  excellent  companion  and 
helpmeet  on  life's  journey,  and  for  forty-three 
years  they  have  now  traveled  earth's  pilgrim- 
age side  by  side,  sharing  with  each  other  the 
joys  and  sorrows,  the  adversity  and  prosperity, 
which  are  the  common  lot  of  all.  They  have 
had  five  children:  Josephine,  who  died  at  the 
age  of  one  year;  Charles  F.,  who  is  in  business 
with  his  father;  Alexander,  who  was  married 
and  located  near  his  father,  but  lost  his  life  in 
a  railroad  accident,  while  his  wife  also  died, 
leaving  two  children,  who  now  reside  with 
their  grandparents;  John,  who  died  at  the  age 
of  a  year  and  a  half,  and  Sarah,  who  died  at 
the  age  of  two  years.  Thus  the  home  has 
had  its  sorrows.  He  and  his  wife  are  now 
residing  in  a  comfortable  and  commodious 
dwelling,  one  of  many  that  he  has  erected,  and 
we  join  with  their  many  friends  in  the  hope 
that  the  remainder  of  their  days  will  be  a 
period  of  unalloyed  happiness. 


>-T*AMES    K.    LIVINGSTON  is  the  pro- 
m      prietor   of   the    Alameda,    a    beautiful 
jtj      ranch  used  as  a  winter  resort  and  pleas- 
antly located  one  mile  from  Las  Cruces. 
It  comprises  seventeen  acres  of  rich  land   and 
is  under  a  high  state  of  cultivation,  planted  to 


fruit  and  sowed  to  alfalfa.  The  genial  pro- 
prietor raises  his  own  fruits  and  vegetables  and 
cans  them  for  winter  use,  so  that  the  table  is 
always  supplied  with  a  great  variety.  He  also 
raises  fine  poultry  and  keeps  Jersey  cows,  and 
the  place  is  supplied  with  all  the  appointments 
that  go  to  provide  for.  the  comfort  and  pleasure 
of  the  guests.  The  residence  is  spacious  and 
well  ventilated  and  tastefully  furnished.  The 
doors,  windows  and  lumber  of  the  adobe  annex 
building  were  brought  from  Chicago,  having 
been  used  in  the  Woman's  Building  at  the 
World's  Columbian  Exposition.  The  house 
appears  to  be  in  a  bower  of  roses,  for  on  each 
side  are  planted  luxurious  rose  bushes,  sending 
their  green  sprays  far  up  the  walls,  while  the 
blossoms  give  forth  their  fragrance  to  the  air. 
Standing  guard  of  the  lawn  are  grand  old  shade- 
trees,  making  the  house  with  its  broad  veran- 
das a  bower  of  comfort  and  delight.  Here  Mr. 
Livingston  and  his  estimable  wife  dispense  to 
their  guests  the  most  liberal  hospitality.  This 
beautiful  resort,  supplied  with  all  the  comforts 
of  a  modern  home,  was  established  by  our  sub- 
ject in  1892.  It  is  located  in  the  lovely  Mesilla 
valley,  the  most  beautiful  and  fertile  valley  of 
New  Mexico.  The  altitude,  3,800  feet,  is  a 
happy  medium  between  the  sea  level  and  high 
altitudes.  Here  can  be  found  a  very  dry  and 
aseptic  air,  and  a  maximum  of  sunshine  and 
minimum  of  cloud,  while  the  soil  is  light,  por- 
ous and  dry. 

Dr.  A.  F.  McKay,  of  Chicago,  Illinois,  cor- 
responding secretary  of  the  World's  Congress 
of  Medico-Climatology  and  editor  of  American 
Climates  and  Resorts,  says  in  his  report  on  Las 
Cruces  in  the  November  (1894)  number  of  that 
journal:  "The  Alameda  is  not  asanifarium,  it  is 
not  a  hospital,  and  it  is  not  a  hotel,  though 
the  transient  guest  is  welcomed;  but  it  is  an 
ideal  home  for  the  invalid  who  needs  more 
quiet  than  excitement,  more  good  food  than 
medicine,  and  more  home  feeling  than  can  be 
enjoyed  at  the  average  health  resort." 

Mr.  Livingston  is  a  native  of  Port  Jervis, 
New  York,  born  on  the  6th  of  April,  1850,  and 
is  a  direct  descendant  of  a  noble  old  English- 


til S TORT  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


Scotch  family  that  emigrated  to  the  New 
World,  settling  at  Clermont,  on  the  Hudson 
river,  and  becoming  one  of  the  prominent  Co- 
lonial families.  It  was  his  relative,  Chancelor 
Livingston,  first  Chief  Justice  of  the  United 
States,  who  administered  the  oath  of  office  to 
President  Washington.  Robert  A.  and  Philip 
Livingston,  two  of  the  great-uncles  of  our  sub- 
ject, were  prominent  statesmen,  signers  of  the 
Declaration  of  Independence,  and  were  men  of 
great  worth  to  the  country  in  the  most  trying 
period  of  its  history — that  era  which  witnessed 
the  birth  of  the  Republic  and  the  establish- 
ment of  the  new  government. 

The  grandfather,  James  K.  Livingston,  for 
whom  our  subject  is  named,  was  born  at  Cler- 
mont, New  York,  and  became  a  prominent 
lawyer.  He  died  in  1 876,  at  the  age  of  seventy- 
nine  years.  The  father  of  Mr.  Livingston  was 
born  in  Litchfield,  Connecticut,  near  the  home 
of  the  Beecher  family,  a  warm  friendship  ex- 
isting between  him  and  the  famous  represent- 
atives of  that  name.  He  married  Miss  Jane 
Fellows,  daughter  of  Judge  Fellows,  of  Pen- 
field,  New  York,  and  they  became  parents  of 
two  children,  a  daughter,  Sophia,  who  is  now 
the  wife  of  George  H.  Utter,  a  leading  and  in- 
fluential citizen  of  Silver  City,  New  Mexico, 
and  James  K. ,  of  this  review.  The  father  of 
this  family  died  in  1890,  at  the  age  of  sixty- 
nine  years.  His  good  wife  is  still  living,  at  the 
age  of  seventy-five,  and  is  beloved  by  all  who 
know  her. 

Mr.  Livingston  acquired  his  education  in 
the  high-school  of  Port  Jervis,  New  York,  and 
spent  his  early  manhood  in  the  East.  He  ar- 
rived in  New  Mexico  in  1881,  and  for  twelve 
years  was  land  agent  for  the  Atchison,  Topeka 
&  Santa  Fe  Railroad  Company.  He  aided  in 
laying  out  the  town  sites  along  the  line  of  that 
road,  and  was  the  general  agent  for  town  lots. 
In  1887  he  took  up  his  residence  at  Las  Cruces, 
and  continued  his  connection  with  the  com- 
pany until  1892,  when  he  became  the  proprie- 
tor of  beautiful  Alameda.  He  is  now  meet- 
ing with  marked  success  in  his  undertaking. 

The  domestic  relations  of  Mr.  Livingston 

36 


are  very  pleasant.  He  was  married  in  1883  to 
Miss  Elizabeth  Walker,  of  Saratoga  Springs, 
New  York,  and  they  have  two  children:  John 
Walker,  born  at  Saratoga  Springs,  in  1884; 
and  Sophia,  born  in  Santa  Fe,  in  1885. 

In  politics  Mr.  Livingston  is  a  Republican. 
He  is  a  member  of  the  New  Mexico  Bereau  of 
Immigration,  and  has  filled  all  the  offices  in 
the  Independent  Order  of  Odd  Fellows.  He 
is  a  citizen  of  the  highest  integrity,  a  gentle- 
man of  irreproachable  character,  and  he  and 
his  family  have  many  warm  friends. 


Sp- *  ON.  GRANVILLE  A.  RICHARD- 
1^\  SON  has  for  some  years  been  identi- 
^^r  fied  with  New  Mexico  and  its  history, 
and  its  marvelous  growth  and  devel- 
opment owes  not  a  little  to  his  efforts.  Edu- 
cational and  social  interests  have  been  pro- 
moted in  a  considerable  degree  by  him,  and 
the  business  activity  has  been  enlarged,  there- 
by advancing  the  material  welfare  of  the  Ter- 
ritory. He  is  to-day  one  of  the  most  eminent 
attorneys  and  statesmen  in  this  section,  and 
his  success  has  come  as  the  result  of  persistent 
effort  directed  in  the  line  of  an  honorable  pur- 
pose. He  began  life  in  obscurity  and  with 
no  capital  save  his  own  native  talents  has  risen 
to  an  honored  place  among  the  influential  citi- 
zens of  the  southwest.  His  life  fully  exempli- 
fies the  saying 

"  Honor  and  fame  from  no  condition  rise  : 
Act  well  your  part :  there  all  the  honor  lies." 

In  Hopedale,  Harrison  county,  Ohio,  Jan- 
uary 5,  1860,  Granville  A.  Richardson  was 
born.  His  parents  were  John  and  Louisa  (De 
Lany)  Richardson,  the  former  a  native  of 
Pennsylvania,  and  the  latter  of  the  Buckeye 
State.  Both  his  parents  were  of  Scotch-Irish 
ancestry,  with  a  slight  strain  of  French  blood. 
The  members  of  the  family  have  mostly  fol- 
lowed professional  careers,  many  able  repre- 
sentatives being  found  in  the  ranks  of  the  medi- 
cal fraternity,  but  the  father  and  paternal 
grandfather  of  our  subject  were  an  exception 
to  the  established  rule,  merchandising  having 


562 


HIS  TORT  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


been  their  business.  Four  of  the  brothers  of 
John  Richardson  were  physicians  and  met  with 
excellent  success  in  their  chosen  calling,  one  of 
them  having  long  been  a  professor  in  the  medi- 
cal college  of  Louisville,  Kentucky.  Dr.  Robert 
Richardson  for  some  time  engaged  in  practice 
and  then  accepted  the  professorship  of  chem- 
istry in  Bethany  College  with  Alexander  Camp- 
bell, founder  of  what  is  known  as  the  Christian 
or  Campbellite  Church.  He  was  afterwards 
for  many  years  President  of  the  Harrodsburg 
College,  at  Harrodsburg,  Kentucky.  The 
youngest  brother  of  John  Richardson  estab- 
lished a  very  extensive  jewelry  business,  being 
the  organizer  of  the  notable  firm  of  Richardson 
&  Mclntyre,  of  Pittsburg,  Pennsylvania.  He 
amassed  a  handsome  fortune  and  spent  his  last 
days  in  France. 

The  younger  generation  of  the  family, 
that  to  which  our  subject  belongs,  has  not  con- 
fined itself  so  exclusively  to  professional  life, 
yet  has  been  ably  represented  in  several  of  the 
learned  professions  as  well  as  in  commercial 
circles.  The  legal  profession  claims  several 
members, -including  the  late  Hon.  Nathaniel 
Richardson,  of  Wheeling,  West  Virginia,  and 
the  Hon.  Alexander  G.  Cochran,  of  St.  Louis, 
the  general  solicitor  of  the  Missouri  Pacific 
Railway  system,  both  being  first  cousins  of  our 
subject.  The  mother's  family  is  well  repre- 
sented in  military  circles.  She  had  two  broth- 
ers— Captain  C.  M.  and  Captain  Hayden  De 
Lany — the  remains  of  whom,  after  eventful 
and  stirring  careers  in  following  Grant  through 
the  civil  struggle,  and  later  in  the  regular  serv- 
ice with  Custer  and  others  in  the  West,  have 
found  rest  side  by  side  in  the  Evergreen  Cem- 
etery at  Los  Angeles,  California.  They  had 
been  students  at  West  Point  and  continued  as 
loyal  supporters  of  their  country  through  the 
most  trying  period  of  its  history  and  until  death 
ended  life's  labors. 

There  is  much  in  the  career  of  Granville  A. 
Richardson  that  is  of  intense  interest,  demon- 
strating what  can  be  accomplished  through  the 
pursuit  of  a  persistent  purpose.  When  he  was 
not  yet  six  weeks  old  his  parents  left  Hopedale 


and  traveled  westward,  making  the  journey 
on  the  Ohio  and  Mississippi  rivers  to  St. 
Louis,  and  then  across  the  State  of  Missouri 
to  where  the  present  city  of  Sedalia  now  stands. 
There  the  father  had  previously  purchased  a 
large  tract  of  land,  on  which  the  family  located, 
but  after  a  short  time  the  mother  died  and 
they  removed  to  Detroit,  Michigan.  There 
our  subject  began  his  education  in  the  public 
schools,  but  before  he  had  time  to  make  much 
progress  in  his  studies  the  father  took  his 
youngest  children,  Granville  and  his  sister,  to 
their  grandmother's  home  in  Pittsburg,  Penn- 
sylvania, where  the  boy  once  more  entered 
school,  continuing  there  for  two  years  when, 
the  family  having  removed  to  Hopedale,  Ohio, 
he  returned  to  the  city  of  his  nativity. 

In  the  meantime  the  war-cloud  had  burst 
on  the  country  and  one  of  the  most  sanguinary 
struggles  that  the  world  has  ever  witnessed  took 
place,  but  ail  this  was  over  now  and  the  father 
determined  to  return  to  his  farm  in  Missouri. 
Roswell's  future  attorney  therefore  spent  sev- 
eral years  in  work  in  the  fields  and  thereby 
secured  the  vigor  and  physical  development 
that  have  enabled  him  in  later  years  to  carry 
successfully  on  his  professional  labors.  After 
three  years  thus  passed  Mr.  Richardson  resolv- 
ed to  secure  a  better  education.  He  now  real- 
ized its  importance  as  a  preparation  for  life's 
struggles,  and  the  question  of  ways  and  means 
confronted  him. 

With  an  undaunted  purpose  and  courageous 
spirit  that  have  always  been  numbered  among 
his  characteristics  he  left  home  to  earn  the 
money  which  would  enable  him  to  pursue  a 
college  course.  The  East  he  believed  would 
furnish  him  a  better  field  of  labor,  and  in  con- 
sequence he  made  his  way  to  Rochester,  New 
York,  where  he  secured  employment  as  a  wrap- 
ping clerk  in  the  establishment  of  H.  H.  War- 
ner. For  two  years  he  remained  there,  and 
his  leisure  hours,  instead  of  being  spent  in  the 
pleasures  which  usually  attract  young  men  of 
that  age,  were  devoted  to  study,  until  he  had 
completed  the  regular  curriculum  of  the  high- 
school  course.  His  laudable  ambition,  how- 


HISTORT  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


563 


ever,  was  not  yet  satisfied,  and  he  opened  cor- 
respondence with  several  institutions  to  ascer- 
tain whether  "a  student  could  find  employ- 
ment and  at  the  same  time  carry  on  his  studies. " 
The  only  favorable  reply  the  boy  received  was 
from  President  W.  S.  Giltner,  of  Eminence 
College,  Eminence,  Kentucky,  who  responded 
that  ' '  if  you  will  come  here  I  will  see  what  I 
can  do  for  you. "  Upon  receipt  of  this  encour- 
aging reply  Mr.  Richardson  left  New  York  and 
started  for  Kentucky.  He  reached  Eminence 
the  ist  of  October  and  matriculated  as  a  stu- 
dent, at  the  same  time  paying  for  his  tuition 
by  caring  for  the  greenhouse  belonging  to  the 
institution,  and  the  college  grounds.  His  en- 
trance into  this  school  was  one  of  the  most  im- 
portant steps  of  his  life.  It  gave  him  a  new 
zest,  it  encouraged  and  inspired  him,  and  placed 
before  him  a  high  ideal  toward  which  he  has 
ever  striven.  The  atmosphere  of  the  school 
was  one  of  sympathy  and  high  intellectuality, 
and  from  President  and  Mrs.  Giltner  he  receiv- 
ed unstinted  kindness.  In  the  years  which 
have  since  passed  he  has  many  and  many  times 
spoken  of  their  goodness  to  the  poor  boy  and 
regards  them  with  the  most  heartfelt  gratitude. 
He  says  that  whatever  success  he  has  attained 
in  life  or  whatever  may  come  to  him  in  the  fu- 
ture is  due  to  the  kindness,  direction  and  in- 
fluence of  the  President  and  his  family  at  Emi- 
nence College.  This  institution  he  has  always 
regarded  as  ' '  home, "  and,  returning  to  it  again 
and  again  since  he  finished  the  college  course, 
he  has  always  found  the  latchstring  out,  and 
that  the  tie  of  friendship  which  was  formed  in 
his  boyhood  days  has  never  been  broken. 
Though  the  world  may  be  "cold  and  pitiless" 
he  found  an  oasis  of  love  and  kindness,  the 
memory  of  which  will  always  brighten  his  jour- 
ney through  life. 

Mr.  Richardson  continued  to  care  for  the 
greenhouse  and  grounds  until  his  senior  year  in 
college,  when  he  was  given  a  professorship  in 
the  preparatory  department.  In  1882  he  was 
graduated,  and,  having  determined  to  take  up 
the  study  of  law,  he  entered  the  University  of 
Michigan,  where  he  pursued  the  regular  law 


course  and  a  part  of  the  literary  special.  He 
continued  in  that  school  until  1883,  employing 
his  vacations  at  whatever  labor  would  yield 
him  an  honest  living,  working  sometimes  in  the 
harvest  field  and  sometimes  around  the  univer- 
sity. In  the  spring  of  1883  he  became  a  stu- 
dent in  the  law  office  of  Breckinridge  &  Shelby, 
of  Lexington,  Kentucky,  where  he  remained 
until  September  of  that  year,  when  he  accep- 
ted the  position  of  principal  of  the  city  schools 
at  Winchester,  Kentucky,  thus  serving  for  two 
years.  In  the  meantime  he  accumulated  suffi- 
cient means  to  enable  him  to  complete  his  law 
course  in  Ann  Arbor,  and  he  was  graduated  at 
the  famed  Michigan  University  on  the  ist  of 
July,  1886. 

Hon.  W.  C.  P.  Breckinridge  took  a  deep 
interest  in  Mr.  Richardson  during  the  few 
months  spent  in  his  office  at  Lexington,  and 
felt  confident  that  his  earnest  efforts  and  con- 
stant application  to  the  study  of  his  chosen 
profession  would  ultimately  bring  success,  and 
later,  on  Mr.  Richardson's  departure  for  the 
West,  presented  him  with  a  letter  of  endorse- 
ment, recommending  him  as  "in  every  sense 
of  the  word  a  gentleman;  a  very  laborious, 
diligent  and  intelligent  student  and  thoroughly 
reliable." 

Mr.  Richardson's  school  days  were  now 
over  and  he  had  crossed  the  bridge  that  separ- 
ates manhood  from  boyhood.  In  his  posses- 
sion was  a  diploma  from  the  law  department 
of  the  University  of  Michigan.  Commence- 
ment exercises  were  ended  and  he  was  now  to 
commence  life's  earnest  labors  and  face  its 
sterner  duties.  The  acquisition  of  an  education 
to  him  was  no  easy  task,  but  he  had  accom- 
plished it,  and  the  same  resolute  purpose  would 
enable  him  to  overcome  the  difficulties  and  ob- 
stacles which  one  must  inevitably  meet  as  they 
traverse  the  journey  which  leads  from  the 
cradle  to  the  grave. 

Thirty  days  after  his  graduation  at  the 
University  of  Michigan,  Mr.  Richardson  was 
admitted  by  the  Court  of  Appeals  of  Kentucky 
to  practice  law  in  that  State;  but  the  new  and 
rapidly  developing  Southwest  was  to  him  a 


564 


HIS  TORT  Of  NEW  MEXICO. 


more  attractive,  and  he  believed  would  prove 
a  better,  field;  so  he  made  his  way  hither,  reach- 
ing Lincoln,  New  Mexico,  in  September,  1886. 
His  cash  capital  consisted  of  only  a  few  dollars; 
but  his  supply  of  determination  was  unlimited. 
The  town  in  which  he  established  himself  con- 
tained about  600  inhabitants,  mostly  Mexicans, 
and  about  1 50  adobe  huts.  It  seemed  that  the 
young  man  might  have  come  here  to  bury  in- 
stead of  using  his  talents;  but  Mr.  Richardson 
was  sagacious  and  foresaw  the  future  growth 
and  prosperity  of  this  section  of  the  Territory; 
nor  was  his  foresight  at  fault.  He  found  here 
a  rich  field  of  labor;  and  as  the  years  have 
passed  he  has  secured  a  large  clientage  and  be- 
come one  of  the  best  known  members  of  the 
profession  in  New  Mexico. 

He  practiced  in  Lincoln  for  two  years,  part 
of  the  time  alone  and  part  of  the  time  as  a 
member  of  a  firm.  His  worth  and  ability  were 
recognized  by  his  fellow  townsmen  and  the 
Democracy  of  this  section  chose  him  for  their 
leader  in  the  fall  of  1888.  He  cast  his  first 
presidential  vote  for  Grover  Cleveland  in  1884, 
had  always  been  a  warm  advocate  of  Demo- 
cratic principles,  and  in  consequence  was  made 
chairman  of  the  Democratic  Central  Commit- 
tee, of  Lincoln  county.  His  able  leadership 
and  managerial  powers  brought  success  to  the 
party,  and  with  one  exception  every  candidate 
on  the  ticket  was  elected.  In  April,  1889,  Mr. 
Richardson  left  Lincoln,  taking  up  his  residence 
in  Roswell,  New  Mexico,  on  the  i6th  of  that 
month.  He  is  the  pioneer  lawyer  not  only  of 
this  place  but  of  all  Chaves  county.  His  ability 
as  attorney  has  won  him  much  prominence. 
He  is  a  deep  thinker,  a  logical  reasoner,  and 
possesses  a  broad,  comprehensive  mind  and 
keen  powers  of  perception,  that  enable  him 
clearly  and  accurately  to  analyze  a  case,  while 
his  oratory  and  excellent  command  of  English 
enables  him  to  present  his  cause  with  a  force 
that  carries  conviction  with  it.  He  has  one 
of  the  best  law  libraries  in  the  Pecos  valley, 
and  since  1890  has  served  as  the  attorney  at 
Roswell  for  all  the  companies  now  engaged  in 
the  development  of  this  valley. 


His  political  course  is  above  reproach,  and 
he  has  the  confidence  of  his  party  and  the  re- 
spect of  the  opposition.  In  1890  he  was  nom- 
inated by  the  Democracy  to  represent  in  the 
Territorial  Senate  the  district  composed  of 
Lincoln,  Chaves  and  Eddy  counties,  and  a 
large  majority  gave  him  the  election.  When 
he  became  a  member  of  the  Assembly  the 
counties  of  Lincoln,  Chaves  and  Eddy  had  just 
been  formed  and  much  legislation  for  this  dis- 
trict was  necessary.  He  succeeded  in  passing 
what  is  known  as  the  current  expense  bond 
bill,  which  was  primarily  intended  for  the  finan- 
cial relief  of  Lincoln,  Chaves  and  Eddy  coun- 
ties. As  a  leader  of  the  Democratic  minority 
in  the  Senate,  he  also  led  the  fight  for  the  pas- 
sage of  the  present  school  law,  against  the  op- 
position of  Thomas  B.  Catron,  at  that  time 
the  champion  of  the  legislative  arena.  He  la- 
bored for  weeks  to  have  this  bill  explained  and 
finally  succeeded  in  securing  its  passage.  He 
did  most  effective  service  in  the  interests  of 
this  section  of  the  Territory,  and  has  ever  been 
devoted  to  its  best  interests. 

Confidence  reposed  in  him  by  his  party  is 
demonstrated  by  the  fact  that  in  May,  1892, 
when  he  was  absent  from  the  city,  he  was 
elected  to  represent  the  Democratic  party  for 
the  Territory  of  New  Mexico  at  the  Democratic 
National  Convention  which  convened  in  Chi- 
cago in  1892.  In  this  convention  his  support 
was  given  Hon.  Horace  Boies,  then  Governor 
of  Iowa,  for  the  presidency,  hoping  to  secure 
the  nomination  of  a  Western  man  who  was 
capable  of  a  policy  of  government  large  enough 
for  the  East,  West,  North  and  South.  At  that 
convention,  at  the  close  of  that  powerful  pro- 
test of  the  Hon.  Bourke  Cochran,  of  New 
York,  protesting  against  the  nomination  of 
Grover  Cleveland,  Mr.  Richardson  made  a  mo- 
tion to  adjourn,  it  being  then  two  o'clock  in 
the  morning,  and  the  convention  having  been 
in  session  since  the  early  afternoon  of  the  day 
before.  This  motion  was  seconded  by  the  Hon. 
William  C.  Owen,  on  behalf  of  Kentucky,  and 
on  behalf  of  Ohio  by  the  distinguished  Farley, 
ex-mayor  of  Cleveland;  and  had  it  not  been 


HISTORT  OF  NB  W  MEXICO. 


565 


for  the  influence  and  persuasion  of  Lieuten- 
ant Governor  Sheean,  of  New  York,  and 
the  Hon.  Bourke  Cochran,  urging  Richard- 
son to  withdraw  his  motion,  the  defeat  of 
Grover  Cleveland  would  have  been  accom- 
plished. 

Mr.  Richardson  has  been  connected  with 
various  official  positions  aside  from  politics,— 
interests  that  have  been  of  great  benefit  to  the 
city  and  country.  He  has  for  some  time  been 
a  member  of  the  American  Academy  of  Politi- 
cal and  Social  Science  of  Philadelphia;  is  vice- 
president  of  the  Territorial  Fair  Association, 
and  was  appointed  by  the  Governor  of  New 
Mexico  to  represent  the  Territory  at  the  ' '  Cot- 
ton States  and  International  Exposition  "  now 
in  session  at  Atlanta,  Georgia.  Mr.  Richard- 
son is  a  member  of  the  Board  of  Immigration 
of  New  Mexico.  He  was  recently  appointed 
a  member  of  the  Board  of  Regents  of  the  Ag- 
ricultural College  of  New  Mexico,  located  at 
Las  Cruces,  being  the  youngest  man  on  the 
board.  His  earnest  desire  to  advance  the  edu- 
cational interests  of  the  Territory  and  his  ener- 
getic efforts  to  serve  his  people  and  protect 
their  interests  in  all  things  peculiarly  fits  him 
for  this  position. 

It  would  be  difficult  to  find  a  man  who  has 
done  more  for  Roswell  and  the  Pecos  valley 
than  Mr.  Richardson.  His  name  is  insepar- 
ably connected  with  the  history  of  this  region. 
He  has  given  liberally  of  his  time,  money  and 
energies  to  beautifying  the  town  of  Roswell, 
and  to  advancing  all  local  enterprises  which  are 
calculated  to  promote  commercial  activity. 
He  may  well  be  numbered  among  those  who 
have  laid  the  foundation  for  this  enterprising 
little  city  and  has  indeed  been  an  important 
factor  in  the  development  of  the  valley.  He 
was  one  of  the  organizers  of  the  Bank  of  Ros- 
well, and  has  served  as  a  member  of  the  board 
of  directors  since  its  establishment  in  1890. 
He  has  twice  served  as  president  of  the  South- 
eastern New  Mexico  and  Pecos  Valley  Fair  As- 
sociation. The  duties  connected  with  this  po- 
sition are  now  laborious,  but  he  carried  the 
work  forward  with  an  energetic  and  deter- 


mined hand.  He  was  the  originator  and 
promoter  of  the  entire  scheme.  In  1892  he 
advanced  the  idea  of  having  a  fair  for  the  pur- 
pose of  exhibiting  the  natural  resources  and 
agricultural  products  of  the  Pecos  valley.  The 
plan  was  favored  by  the  citizens  and  produ- 
cers of  the  country,  and  several  prominent  men, 
including  W.  S.  Prager,  Nathan  Jaffa  and  oth- 
ers, rallied  to  his  aid  and  decided  to  try  the 
experiment.  They  left  their  own  business  in- 
terests to  visit  the  various  homes  in  the  valley, 
gathering  products  for  display  and  arousing  the 
interests  of  the  farmers,  and  after  three 
months'  work  in  this  .line  they  met  their  re- 
ward in  the  grand  success  which  attended 
their  first  fair. 

In  1893  the  Territorial  Legislature  author- 
ized the  Agricultural  College  of  Las  Cruces, 
New  Mexico,  to  locate  a  branch  experimental 
station  of  that  institution  in  the  Pecos  valley. 
Accordingly  a  committee  was  appointed  by  the 
board  of  regents  to  visit  the  valley  and  decide 
upon  a  suitable  location.  Mr.  Richardson  took 
great  interest  in  the  projected  school,  and  when 
the  committee  visited  the  valley  he  made  the 
long  and  tedious  stage  trip  from  Roswell  to 
Eddy  and  return,  and  assisted  in  making  a 
proper  selection  for  the  station  near  the  town 
of  Roswell. 

Mr.  Richardson  has  attained  to  an  eminent 
position  in  political,  legal,  educational  and  so- 
cial circles,  yet  is  still  a  young  man.  All  that 
he  has  and  is  in  life  he  owes  to  his  own  efforts. 
His  career  is  most  commendable,  and  has  won 
him  the  friendship  and  high  regard  of  all  with 
whom  he  has  been  brought  in  contact.  The 
indefatigable  zeal  and  energy  which  brought 
to  him  his  education  and  has  secured  his 
present  success  will  gain  him  still  higher 
honors  in  the  future,  and  New  Mexico  may 
well  be  glad  to  number  him  among  her 
adopted  sons. 

On  the  22d  of  November,  1893,  was  cele- 
brated the  marriage  of  our  subject  and  Miss 
Nina  Turner,  of  Evart,  Michigan,  daughter  of 
James  W.  Turner,  They  have  one  son,  Dono- 
van M. 


566 


HISTORY  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


EUGH  McGINN,  superintendent  of  the 
works  of  the  Crescent  Coal  Company 
at  Gallup,  New  Mexico,  is  a  practiced 
and  experienced   miner,  whose  thor- 
ough familiarity  with  the  business  in  all  its  de- 
tails well  fits  him  for  his  present  responsible 
position.     The  record  of  his  life  is  as  follows: 

A  native  of  Scotland,  he  was  born  in 
Lanarkshire,  on  the  i8th  of  June,  1848,  and 
when  eighteen  years  of  age  bade  adieu  to 
friends  and  native  land,  for  he  was  about  to 
sail  for  the  New  World,  where  he  had  re- 
solved to  seek  a  home  and  fortune. 

Mr.  McGinn  crossed  the  Atlantic  in  1866, 
locating  first  in  Pittsburg,  Pennsylvania.  In 
his  native  land,  he  had  worked  in  the  coal  and 
iron  mines,  and  on  reaching  the  Keystone 
State  he  secured  employment  in  the  coal 
mines  of  Pennsylvania,  where  he  continued 
his  labors  for  twelve  years.  At  that  time  he 
took  charge  of  the  construction  work  for  the 
Cambria  Iron  Company,  serving  in  that  posi- 
tion for  six  months,  when  he  was  made  super- 
intendent at  the  Armeville  mines  on  the  Balti- 
more &  Ohio  Railroad,  at  Suterville,  Pennsyl- 
vania. He  had  also  been  in  the  service  of  the 
Westmoreland  Gas  &  Coal  Company,  and  for 
two  years  was  with  the  Altona  Coal  &  Coke 
Company,  severing  his  connection  with  that 
concern  in  1888. 

It  was  at  this  date  that  Mr.  McGinn  sought 
a  home  in  the  Southwest.  He  came  to  New 
Mexico,  and  for  one  year  was  employed  by  the 
Monera  Coal  &  Coke  Company,  when  he  was 
promoted  to  the  position  of  mine  superintend- 
ent. He  was  afterwards  offered  a  position  by 
the  Crescent  Coal  Company  of  Gallup,  New 
Mexico,  which  he  accepted,  and  now  as  super- 
intendent has  charge  of  their  vast  business. 
Mr.  McGinn  has  a  thorough  and  practical 
understanding  of  the  business  and  considers 
no  detail  too  small  and  unimportant  to  be  be- 
neath his  notice.  He  watches  over  everything 
connected  with  the  business,  and  this  has  been 
one  of  the  important  factors  in  his  success. 
His  efficiency  and  faithfulness  have  enabled 
him  to  command  good  positions,  and  his  let- 


ters of  commendation  from  former  employers 
show  him  to  be  a  man  of  great  ability  in  this 
line. 

George  F.  Huff,  who  is  at  the  head  of  the 
Altona  Coal  &  Coke  Company,  and  is  Con- 
gressman at  large  from  Pennsylvania,  both  in 
his  letter  of  commendation  and  subsequent 
private  correspondence,  gives  evidence  of  the 
fact  that  he  has  unlimited  confidence  in  Mr. 
McGinn,  both  as  a  mining  expert  and  as  a 
friend.  Our  subject  certainly  has  made  a  suc- 
cess of  his  work  in  Gallup,  and  has  the  trust 
and  confidence  of  his  employers  and  the  re- 
spect of  those  who  serve  under  him.  While 
in  the  East,  in  order  to  further  perfect  him- 
self for  his  chosen  work,  he  learned  telegraphy, 
which  was  an  essential  qualification  for  the 
work  in  that  section  of  the  country. 

While  living  in  the  Keystone  State  Mr.  Mc- 
Ginn was  united  in  marriage  with  Miss  Anna 
O'Neil,  by  whom  he  has  had  ten  children.  He 
is  both  a  Mason  and  an  Odd  Fellow,  and  is 
now  Chief  Patriarch  of  the  Encampment  in 
Gallup.  He  is  a  man  of  fine  physique,  large 
and  powerful,  and  by  nature  is  warm-hearted 
and  generous,  his  kindly  disposition  winning 
him  many  warm  personal  friends. 


>^ULIUS  H.  GERDES,  the  pioneer 
•  clothing  merchant  of  Santa  Fe,  was 
/•  1  born  in  Germany,  August  23,  1847.  He 
was  educated  in  his  native  land,  served 
one  year  in  the  German  army,  and  came  to 
America  in  1869,  obtaining  a  clerkship  in  Bal- 
timore. After  remaining  there  a  year  and  a 
half  he  came  to  Santa  Fe,  and  for  the  follow- 
ing three  years  was  a  clerk  in  the  general  mer- 
cantile store  of  Johnson  &  Koch.  In  1873 
Mr.  Gerdes  opened  the  only  exclusive  men's 
furnishing-goods  house  in  the  city,  commencing 
with  a  $1,500  stock,  in  a  room  15x15  feet, 
fronting  on  the  plaza.  After  a  time,  as  his 
business  increased,  he  was  obliged  to  have 
more  room,  and  moved  to  the  brick  store  on 
the  corner  of  Gasper  avenue  and  San  Fran- 
cisco street,  his  store  room  being  eighty- five 


HIS  TORT  OF  NE  W  MEXICO. 


567 


feet  deep.  Mr.  Gerdes  remained  there  sixteen 
years,  meeting  with  a  constantly  increasing 
trade.  In  1894  he  removed  to  the  Catron 
block,  where  he  has  a  store  25  x85  feet,  filled 
with  a  full  and  carefully  selected  stock  of  men's 
goods.  In  1890  he  opened  a  general  mercan- 
tile store  at  Cerrillos,  and  to  these  establish- 
ments he  gives  his  entire  attention,  not  allow- 
ing his  mind  to  be  occupied  with  outside  mat- 
ters, thus  being  able  to  keep  himself  thoroughly 
informed  on  prices,  styles  and  the  attractive 
arrangement  of  his  stores. 

Mr.  Gerdes  was  married  in  September, 
1874,  to  Miss  Julie  Kreuz,  a  native  of  Bavaria, 
Germany.  She  came  to  America  when  a  child, 
and  was  reared  in  Wisconsin.  In  political 
matters,  Mr.  Gerdes  affiliates  with  the  Repub- 
lican party,  but  he  is  not  a  politician.  He  has 
erected  a  fine  residence  in  Santa  Fe,  where 
they  are  surrounded  by  the  comforts  he  has 
secured  by  his  own  unaided  efforts.  He  is  a 
pleasant  and  agreeable  business  man,  and  richly 
deserves  the  success  which  he  has  acquired. 


*-|-*     EWIS    KENNON,   A.    M.,   M.   D.,   a 

|  retired  physician,  residing  in  Silver 
^^^  City,  is  the  oldest  member  of  the 
profession  now  in  the  Territory  of 
New  Mexico,  and  is  a  man  of  fine  educational 
attainments.  He  was  born  in  Augusta,  Georgia, 
on  the  1 2th  of  January,  1829,  descending  from 
ancestors  who  left  their  home  in  Yorkshire, 
England,  and  crossed  the  Atlantic  to  the  Col- 
ony of  Virginia,  during  the  reign  of  King  James 
I.  They  were  among  the  first  settlers  of  the 
Old  Dominion,  and  were  prominent  in  the 
early  history  of  the  country,  participating  in 
the  events  which  clustered  about  the  birth  of 
the  new  Republic,  aiding  in  the  Revolutionary 
war,  while  one  of  the  number  (grandfather  of 
the  Doctor)  served  on  the  staff  of  General  La 
Fayette,  and  was  seriously  wounded  in  the  bat- 
tle of  Brandywine.  After  the  war  he  carried 
on  an  extensive  business  as  a  tobacco  planter. 
Lewis  Kennon,  the  Doctor's  father,  was 


born  in  Virginia  in  1774,  and  when  a  young 
man  removed  to  Georgia,  where  from  1808 
until  1812  he  carried  on  a  large  plantation. 
He  afterward  held  the  position  of  midshipman 
in  the  United  States  Navy.  His  wife  bore  the 
maiden  name  of  Rhoda  Chadwick,  and  was 
also  a  native  of  Georgia.  Three  sons  were 
born  to  Lewis  and  Rhoda  Kennon,  the  Doc- 
tor, Charles  Henry  and  Robert  P.  The  last 
mentioned  became  a  Lieutenant  in  the  Union 
army,  and  died  soon  after  the  close  of  the  war. 

Our  subject,  the  second  son,  acquired  his 
education  in  the  William  and  Mary  College,  of 
Virginia,  being  graduated  at  that  well-known 
institution  in  the  class  of  1846.  In  1852  he 
came  to  New  Mexico,  as  Assistant  Surgeon  of 
the  United  States  Army,  and  for  some  years 
traveled  all  over  the  Territory.  In  1 86 1  he  went 
on  a  trip  to  the  Old  World,  visiting  London  and 
Paris  and  continued  his  residence  in  Europe, 
studying  medicine,  until  1863.  He  opened  an 
office  in  Santa  Fe  on  his  return  to  New  Mex- 
ico, and  there  he  engaged  in  the  successful 
practice  of  his  profession  for  twenty  years, 
after  which  he  came  to  Silver  City,  where  he 
has  since  resided.  His  skill  and  ability  were 
widely  recognized  by  the  members  of  the  pro- 
fession, all  of  whom  honor  and  esteem  him  for 
his  genuine  worth.  He  is  now  living  retired 
at  the  Sisters'  Hospital.  His  life  has  been  well 
and  worthily  spent,  largely  given  to  the  benefit 
of  others. 

The  Doctor  was  married  in  1860,  to  Miss 
Mary  A.  Brown,  a  native  of  Ireland,  and  to 
them  were  born  the  following  children:  Lewis, 
John,  Lamy,  Winfred,  Anthony  and  Alice,  now 
the  wife  of  Dr.  Robert  E.  Smith,  of  Los  Ange- 
les, California.  The  mother  of  this  family  has 
been  called  to  the  home  beyond  this  life,  and 
the  children  are  now  all  settled  in  life.  In  re- 
ligion the  Doctor  is  an  adherent  of  the  Catholic 
faith.  He  is  the  Nestor  of  the  medical  profes- 
sion in  New  Mexico,  and  is  very  widely  and 
favorably  known,  his  life  having  been  such  as 
to  command  the  highest  regard  and  confidence 
of  all  with  whom  he  has  been  brought  in 
contact. 


568 


HISTORY  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


aAPTAIN  JOHN  L.  BULLIS,   of  the 
Twenty-fourth  Infantry,  was  assigned 
to  duty  as  Acting  Indian  Agent  of  the 
Pueblo  and  Jicarilla   Indians  by  the 
War  Department  June  17,  1893. 


DAVID  WALKER,  Sheriff  of 
Eddy  county,  New  Mexico,  is  a  native 
of  Mississippi,  born  on  the  ist  of  Feb- 
ruary, 1858.  His  father,  Professor 
Robert  L.  Walker,  was  a  native  of  the  Old 
Dominion.  After  having  arrived  at  years  of 
maturity  the  latter  wedded  Miss  Mary  Hayes, 
a  native  of  Mississippi,  and  they  located  near 
Sardis,  where  the  birth  of  our  subject  occurred, 
and  there  made  their  home  until  1860,  when 
they  removed  to  Denton  county,  Texas.  Two 
years  later  the  father  departed  this  life,  and 
the  mother  then  returned  with  her  family  to 
the  State  of  her  nativity,  where  she  was  a  sec- 
ond time  married,  becoming  the  wife  of  J.  M. 
Hess,  a  farmer  and  stock-raiser. 

The  family  again  removed  to  Texas,  tak- 
ing up  their  residence  near  San  Antonio,  where 
the  subject  of  this  review  acquired  his  educa- 
tion. He  gave  his  services  to  the  work  of  the 
home  until  twenty-two  years  of  age,  when  he 
began  business  in  his  own  interest.  At  that 
time  the  principal  industry  of  southwestern 
Texas  was  stock-raising,  and  therefore  Mr. 
Walker  turned  his  attention  to  that  business, 
which  he  followed  for  some  time.  In  1879  he 
was  engaged  on  the  trail  and  for  three  years 
made  periodical  trips  to  Dodge  City,  Kansas, 
with  cattle,  that  being  the  best  shipping  point. 
In  1882  he  removed  to  Pearsall,  Texas,  where 
the  family  had  located  in  the  meantime,  and 
hired  to  his  stepfather,  who  was  engaged  in 
the  livery  business,  for  about  eight  months. 
On  the  expiration  of  that  period  he  gave  his 
attention  to  the  cattle  business  until  he  had 
an  opportunity  to  exchange  his  stock  for  an  in- 
terest in  a  lumber-yard,  and  he  followed  the 
new  industry  for  a  year.  At  this  time  he  also 
owned  an  interest  in  considerable  town  prop- 


erty, which  was  traded  for  a  large  band  of 
horses. 

In  1884  Mr.  Walker  started  with  his  stock 
for  New  Mexico.  He  stopped  for  the  winter 
at  Brady  City,  where  he  lost  many  of  his 
horses  through  the  intense  cold  weather,  while 
many  more  were  stolen,  reducing  the  number 
to  about  one-half  of  the  original  lot.  In  1885 
the  family  came  to  Lincoln  county  (now  Eddy 
county),  settling  thirty  miles  west  of  the  pres- 
ent town  of  Eddy.  They  prospered  for  four 
years,  making  money  rapidly  by  dealing  in 
horses.  In  the  meantime  they  bought  more 
land,  which  they  still  own.  These  ranches, 
comprising  560  acres,  are  in  Eddy  county, 
about  fifteen  miles  apart.  Mr.  Walker  con- 
tinued upon  the  ranch  until  1894,  when  he  was 
elected  to  his  present  position  as  county  Sheriff, 
and  removed  to  Eddy.  He  had  also  served  as 
county  Assessor  for  four  years,  being  elected  to 
that  position  in  1890. 

The  lady  who  now  bears  the  name  and 
shares  the  fortunes  of  Mr.  Walker,  was  in  her 
maidenhood  Miss  Emma  Avant,  a  native  of 
Texas.  They  have  two  children, — Robert  and 
Marion.  Mr.  Walker  is  a  member  of  the  Ma- 
sonic and  Knights  of  Pythias  orders.  He  is  a 
true  Southern  gentleman,  warmhearted  and 
hospitable,  and  is  a  wide-awake,  enterprising 
busines  man,  whose  perseverance  and  energy 
have  overcome  the  difficulties  in  his  path,  and 
he  has  steadily  worked  his  way  upward  until 
he  is  comfortably  well  fixed,  has  made  for  him- 
self an  enviable  reputation,  and  won  the  re- 
spect of  those  with  whom  business  or  social 
relations  have  brought  him  in  contact. 


HE  JAFFA-PRAGER  COMPANY.- 
This  company,  now  doing  business  in 
Roswell,  New  Mexico,  is  one  of  the 
leading  commercial  concerns  in  this 
section  of  the  State,  handling  dry  goods,  gro- 
ceries, hardware,  furniture,  hides,  wool,  and 
anything  that  might  be  included  under  the 
head  of  general  merchandising,  and  was  estab- 
lished in  the  decade  of  the  '8os. 


HISTORY  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


569 


Nathan  Jaffa  and  W.  S.  Prager  first  entered 
into  business  relations  as  general  merchants  in 
the  Pecos  valley  in  1886,  at  which  time  Roswell 
was  only  a  ranch,  and  they  were  unable  to  se- 
cure a  building  here  in  which  to  establish  a 
store,  so  were  compelled  to  locate  at  the  old 
Chisum  ranch  five  miles  south  of  Roswell,  and 
await  the  construction  of  a  store  building  at 
this  point.  They  placed  their  goods  in  a 
small  building  at  Chisum  ranch  and  began 
doing  business  there,  and  in  the  course  of  six 
months  they  removed  to  Roswell,  where  they 
opened  a  store  with  a  $12,000  stock  of  goods, 
which  was  brought  to  this  valley  and  hauled 
from  Chisum  ranch  to  Roswell  with  ox  teams, 
there  being  no  railroads  in  this  portion  of  the 
Territory.  Their  first  store  was  an  adobe 
building,  about  25x50  feet,  and  here  they 
soon  became  known  as  enterprising,  progres- 
sive merchants  and  received  from  the  public  a 
liberal  patronage. 

Business  was  begun  at  this  point  by  Jaffa, 
Prager  &  Company  and  continued  under  that 
name  until  1890,  when  an  organization  was 
effected  and  the  business  was  incorporated  un- 
der the  name  of  the  Jaffa-Prager  Company, 
with  a  capital  stock  of  $100,000,  its  officers 
being  S.  H.  Jaffa  of  Trinidad,  Colorado,  as 
president;  W.  S.  Prager,  one  of  the  members 
of  the  original  firm,  vice-president;  and  Nathan 
Jaffa,  secretary  and  treasurer.  The  firm  con- 
tinued uninterrupted  in  business  without  any 
change  until  the  spring  of  1895,  when  a  re-or- 
ganization was  effected  under  the  same  name, 
and  the  following  officers  were  chosen  :  W. 
S.  Prager,  president;  H.  N.  Jaffa,  vice-presi- 
dent; and  N.  Jaffa,  secretary  and  treasurer. 

The  Jaffa-Prager  Company  now  stands 
among  the  highest  and  most  substantial  firms 
of  the  Southwest  and  is  well  known  through- 
out this  Territory.  For  more  than  four  years 
it  has  had  the  exclusive  trade  of  all  the  princi- 
pal cattle  companies  within  the  radius  of  one 
hundred  miles.  It  now  carries  a  stock  valued 
at  about  $60,000,  and  is  one  of  the  most  ex- 
tensive mercantile  concerns  in  New  Mexico, 
their  building  covering  more  than  15,000 


square  feet,  exclusive  of  a  warehouse  25  x  198 
feet, — probably  the  largest  in  the  Territory. 
Any  concern  which  promotes  commercial 
activity  is  a  benefit  to  the  community,  and  the 
Jaffa-Prager  Company  has  been  an  important 
element  in  the  upbuilding  of  this  section.  Its 
members  are  progressive,  public-spirited  men 
who  unreservedly  give  their  support  to  all  in- 
terests calculated  to  benefit  Roswell  and  the 
Pecos  valley. 


QATHAN  JAFFA,  widely  and  promi- 
nently known  as  one  of  the  most  suc- 
cessful and  energetic  business  men  of 
the  Southwest,  is  a  native  of  Ger- 
many, born  December  28,  1863.  His  father 
was  a  schoolteacher  and  under  his  direction  our 
subject  received  his  early  training.  At  the  age 
of  fourteen  he  left  his  native  country  and 
crossed  the  Atlantic  to  America,  going  first  to 
Trinidad,  Colorado,  where  some  of  his  rela- 
tives were  living.  He  there  sought  and  ob- 
tained a  situation,  making  that  city  his  home 
for  about  four  years.  On  the  expiration  of 
that  period  he  came  to  New  Mexico,  settling  at 
Las  Vegas,  where  he  took  charge  of  the  mer- 
cantile establishment  of  Jaffa  brothers.  There 
he  remained  for  two  years,  when  he  removed 
to  Albuquerque,  and,  associating  himself  with 
W.  S.  Prager,  he  came  to  Roswell,  where 
these  gentlemen  established  the  Jaffer-Prager 
Company,  in  general  mercantile  business.  Suc- 
cess attended  the  new  enterprise  from  the  be- 
ginning. Its  interests  were  carefully  guarded 
by  the  members  of  the  firm,  who  are  men  of 
excellent  business  and  executive  ability  and 
the  firm  has  built  up  the  largest  trade  in  the 
valley. 

Mr.  Jaffa  was  united  in  marriage  with  Miss 
Essie  Strauss,  daughter  of  a  prominent  mer- 
chant of  Trinidad,  Colorado.  The  lady  is  a 
native  of  the  Empire  State,  and  came  with  her 
parents  to  Colorado  during  her  girlhood  days. 
Two  children  grace  the  union  of  our  sub- 
ject and  his  wife,  namely:  Julia  and  Eleanor. 


57° 


HISTORY  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


Mr.  Jaffa  is  devoted  to  the  best  interests  of 
Roswell,  to  its  development  and  upbuilding, 
and  was  chairman  of  the  first  town  board. 
The  rapid  growth  of  such  a  city  is  due  to  the 
enterprise  of  such  men  as  our  subject,  a  man 
who  instead  of  being  deterred  by  obstacles 
steadily  and  persistently  pushes  aside  the  bar- 
riers that  obstruct  his  path  until  he  has  reached 
the  desired  goal.  He  has  advanced  his  busi- 
ness step  by  step  and  his  present  high  position 
is  self-achieved.  He  owes  his  eminence  to  his 
own  efforts,  and  he  is  a  most  illustrious  type  of 
a  self-made  man. 

He  is  an  active  member  of  Roswell  Lodge, 
No.  1 8,  Free  and  Accepted  Masons,  and  Co- 
lumbia Chapter,  No.  7,  and  served  two  years  as 
Master  of  the  lodge.  In  educational  matters 
he  has  always  taken  the  deepest  interest,  and 
is  president  of  the  Board  of  Education  of  the 
public  schools  and  president  of  the  Board  of 
Regents  of  the  New  Mexico  Military  Institute. 


'ILLIAM  S.  PRAGER  is  a  native  of 
the  Keystone  State.  He  was  born 
in  Pittsburg  on  the  2gth  of  Novem- 
ber, 1858,  and  comes  of  a  family 
that  has  always  followed  mercantile  pursuits. 
His  father  was  born  in  Europe  and  came  to 
America  during  his  youth. 

The  gentleman  whose  name  heads  this 
sketch  attended  the  schools  of  his  native  city 
until  fourteen  years  of  age,  when,  with  a  spirit 
of  restlessness  and  love  of  adventure  common 
to  boys,  he  ran  away  from  home  and  made  his 
way  to  the  West,  locating  in  Trinidad,  Colo- 
rado, in  1873,  with  just  enough  money  to  pay 
for  a  night's  lodging  and  a  day's  board.  But 
the  energetic  boy  was  not  to  be  discouraged, 
and  with  a  resolute  purpose  and  undaunted 
courage — characteristics  that  have  marked  his 
whole  business  career — he-  sought  and  ob- 
tained a  position  in  the  store  of  Jaffa  Broth- 
ers. Since  that  time  he  has  been  connected 
with  the  firm  in  one  capacity  or  another.  For 
four  years  he  continued  his  residence  in  Trini- 


dad,  and  then  went  to  Las  Vegas,  New  Mex- 
ico, to  take  charge  of  the  store  of  Jaffa  Broth- 
ers at  that  point.  In  the  interests  of  the  same 
firm  he  subsequently  removed  to  Albuquerque, 
and  while  living  in  that  city  entered  into  part- 
nership with  N.  Jaffa,  forming  the  company 
now  known  as  the  Jaffa-Prager  Company,  and 
establishing  the  well-known  mercantile  house 
of  this  city,  a  history  of  which  is  given  on  a 
preceding  page. 

In  1891  was  consummated  the  marriage  of 
Mr.  Prager  and  Miss  Hallie  Mendenhall,  a 
native  of  Missouri,  who  for  some  years  prior 
to  her  marriage  had  resided  in  Las  Vegas  and 
Roswell,  New  Mexico.  They  have  had  two 
daughters,  Stephana  and  Irene,  the  latter  of 
whom  is  deceased. 

Socially,  Mr.  Prager  takes  a  deep  and  abid- 
ing interest  in  Masonry,  and  is  a  valued  mem- 
ber of  the  fraternity.  He  was  the  first  Wor- 
shipful Master  under  dispensation  and  char- 
ter, is  the  first  and  present  High  Priest  of  the 
Royal  Arch  Chapter,  the  first  and  present  Em- 
inent Commander  of  the  Commandery,  and  is 
also  a  Knight  Templar  and  is  the  President  of 
the  Roswell  Club.  He  has  been  honored  with 
various  positions  of  public  trust,  and  has  ever 
been  true  to  the  confidence  reposed  in  him. 
In  1889,  when  Lincoln  county  was  divided  by 
act  of  the  Legislature,  and  became  Lincoln, 
Chaves  and  Eddy  counties,  Mr.  Prager  was 
appointed  one  of  the  commjttee  to  organize 
Chaves  county.  When  the  idea  was  conceived 
of  holding  the  Southeastern  New  Mexico  and 
Pecos  Valley  Fair  he  was  chosen  as  its  Secre- 
tary, and  subsequently  its  President,  and  has 
always  held  the  position  of  Secretary  of  the 
Roswell  Park  Association. 

Such  is  the  biography  of  one  of  the  repre- 
sentative citizens  of  New  Mexico,  who  has 
reached  the  eminent  position  he  now  occupies 
entirely  by  his  own  unaided  efforts,  his  firm- 
ness of  purpose  and  undoubted  integrity.  He 
has,  without  the  aid  of  capital  or  influential 
friends  at  the  beginning  of  his  career,  passed 
on  the  highway  of  life  many  men  who  were 
more  advantageously  endowed.  He  has  won 


HISTORY  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


57' 


the  confidence  of  the  people  of  his  adopted 
home,  and,  being  entrusted  by  them  with  po- 
sitions of  honor,  he  has  so  conducted  his  official 
interests  as  to  win  the  esteem  of  all. 


aAPTAIN    JASON  W.   JAMES  is  the 
representative   of   the    Roswell   Land 
and  Water  Company,  in  the  city  of 
Roswell,  and   also   has  charge  of  all 
the   interests  of  J.  J.  Hagerman,  in  the  upper 
Pecos   country,  who   owns  thousands  of  acres 
of  the  finest  farming  lands  in  this  beautiful  val- 
ley.    The   Captain  is  a  native  of  Missouri,  his 
birth  having  occurred  in  La  Fayette  county, 
in  1842.    On  the  homestead  farm  he  was  reared 
while   his  education  was  acquired  at  Waverly, 
Missouri. 

Mr.  James  was  a  young  man  of  nineteen 
years  at  the  time  of  the  breaking  out  of  the 
Civil  war.  True  to  the  principles  and  institu- 
tions of  that  section  of  the  country  in  which  he 
was  reared,  he  joined  the  Southern  army,  on 
the  nth  of  May,  1861,  under  Captain  C.  J. 
Kirtley.  He  served  for  one  year  in  Tennessee 
and  Mississippi,  and  during  the  remainder  of 
the  time  in  the  West,  participating  in  the 
battles  of  Carthage,  Oak  Hills,  Lexington,  Pea 
Ridge,  Farmington,  luka,  Corinth,  Springfield, 
Sand  Springs,  Hartsville  and  others.  During 
most  of  the  time  he  was  in  the  artillery  serv- 
ice, and  was  gunner  at  the  battle  of  Elkhorn, 
where  he  had  eleven  men  killed  on  his  gun. 
He  was  commanding  a  company  of  cavalry 
under  General  Buckner  at  the  close  of  the  war. 
When  the  war  was  over  Captain  James  in- 
tended to  leave  his  native  land  and  go  to  South 
America,  but  through  the  intervention  of  one 
high  in  authority  he  was  granted  a  pardon 
without  his  asking,  and  in  1865  located  in 
Bastrop,  Louisiana,  engaging  in  the  hardware 
business  until  1869,  when,  selling  out,  he  turn- 
ed his  attention  to  cotton-raising  in  northern 
Louisiana,  which  he  followed  up  with  fair  suc- 
cess until  1874.  During  two  years  of  that 
time,  however,  he  was  ill.  He  next  engaged 
in  railroad  work,  which  he  followed  most  of 


the  time  from  1874  until  1893,  being  engaged 
in  grading  in  Texas,  and  in  timber  work  in 
Mississippi  for  the  Mississippi  Valley  Railroad. 
In  1893  he  was  living  in  Vicksburg,  Mississippi, 
and  came  on  a  visit  to  his  old  friend,  Captain 
Lea,  of  Roswell,  with  whom  he  had  served  in 
the  army,  part  of  the  time  being  in  Captain 
Lea's  command.  He  has  always  taken  a  great 
interest  in  the  subject  of  irrigation,  and  spent 
the  year  1874  in  Colorado,  studying  the  sys- 
tem. His  knowledge  and  liking  for  this  branch 
of  improvement  was  noted  by  Mr.  Hagerman, 
who  offered  him  the  responsible  position  which 
he  now  fills.  He  is  also  in  charge  of  the  busi- 
ness of  the  Roswell  Land  and  Water  Company, 
and  his  capability  and  fidelity  are  well  known. 
He  is  ever  thorough  in  his  work,  and  carries 
forward  to  the  best  of  his  ability  whatever  he 
undertakes.  • 

On  the  1 7th  of  January,  1866,  the  Captain 
was  united  in  marriage  with  Miss  Mary  Hender- 
son, a  native  of  North  Carolina.  They  have 
no  children  of  their  own,  but  have  three  adopt- 
ed children,  on  whom  they  bestow  a  loving 
care  and  attention.  Their  home  is  one  of  the 
finest  in  Roswell,  tastefully  furnished  and  sup- 
plied with  all  the  comforts  that  go  to  make  life 
worth  the  living.  It  is  noted  for  its  hospitality, 
and  is  a  favorite  resort  of  the  many  friends  of 
the  Captain  and  his  wife,  who  are  most  highly 
esteemed  people. 

The  Captain  is  a  Mason  in  high  standing, 
and  takes  great  interest  in  the  growth  of  that 
order,  while  his  own  life  typifies  the  benevolent 
spirit  on  which  the  ancient  order  was  founded. 
He  was  made  a  Master  Mason  at  Bluff  Springs, 
Arkansas,  and  became  a  member  of  the  Vicks- 
burg Royal  Arch  Chapter  and  Magnolia  Com- 
mandery,  No.  2,  at  Vicksburg,  Mississippi;  but 
his  membership  is  now  with  the  different  lodges 
in  Roswell.  Wherever  he  is  known  he  is  held 
in  high  regard,  and  in  all  the  relations  of  life 
he  has  been  found  true  and  faithful  to  the  trust 
reposed  in  him.  Captain  Lea,  who  has  known 
him  long  and  intimately,  spoke  of  him  in  this 
way:  "Mr.  James  is  the  bravest  man  I  ever 
knew,  and  a  high-toned,  cultured  gentleman." 


573 


HIS  TORT  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


ON.  CHARLES  A.  KEITH,  Judge  of 
the  Probate  Court  of  Chaves  county, 
was  born  in  May  view,  LaFayette 
county,  Missouri,  on  the  2jth  of  No- 
vember, 1871,  and  is  of  Scotch  descent.  His 
father,  William  Keith,  was  a  native  of  Scot- 
land, born  March  25,  1838.  The  grandfather 
bore  the  name  of  Charles  Keith,  and  the  great- 
grandfather was  John  Keith,  a  descendant  of 
Alexander  Keith,  the  renowned  Scotch  philoso- 
pher and  a  representative  of  one  of  the  old 
and  noble  families  of  that  kingdom.  Charles 
Keith  served  in  the  English  army  and  fought 
against  Napoleon,  serving  under  Wellington, 
and  participating  in  the  memorable  battle  of 
Waterloo.  He  had  a  brother,  John,  who  was 
in  the  Peninsular  campaigns  against  the  same 
general  and  who  fell  in  the  engagement  at  Sal- 
amanca,. Spain,  a  short  time  before  Napoleon's 
banishment  to  St.  Helena.  Charles  Keith 
married  Miss  Elizabeth.  Wallace,  who  belonged 
to  another  old  Scotch  family  of  historic  fame. 
Others  of  his  ancestors  on  the  Keith  side  were 
connected  with  some  of  the  Scottish  lords  who 
nocked  to  the  standard  of  Charles,  the  pre- 
tender, and  upon  his  downfall  their  property 
was  confiscated  and  they  fled  to  Germany. 

Charles  Keith  emigrated  with  his  family  to 
Canada  about  1856  and  there  spent  his  re- 
maining days.  He  was  accompanied  by  his 
son,  William  P.,  the  father  of  our  subject,  who 
at  that  time  was  eighteen  years  of  age.  While 
living  in  Canada  he  was  united  in  marriage 
with  Miss  Annie,  daughter  of  William  Gum- 
ming, who  had  formerly  lived  in  Murrayshire, 
Scotland.  He  carried  on  milling  for  thirteen 
years  in  the  British  domain,  and  then  emi- 
grated to  LaFayette  county,  Missouri,  locating 
at  Lexington  in  March,  1870.  The  following 
year  he  took  charge  of  the  Mayview  Mills,  of 
which  he  was  proprietor  until  1881,  since  which 
time  he  has  been  engaged  in  farming  and  fruit- 
raising.  He  is  a  successful,  capable  and  thor- 
oughly reliable  business  man,  who  is  still  living 
in  Missouri.  The  marriage  of  Mr.  and  Mrs. 
William  Keith  was  celebrated  November  7, 
1865,  and  to  them  have  been  born  four  chil- 


dren,   who   are  yet  living,  namely  :  William, 
John,  Isabella  and  Charles. 

The  last  named  attended  the  public  schools 
of  his  native  county,  and  in  1888  entered  the 
law  department  of  the  Missouri  State  Uni- 
versity, .where  he  was  graduated  on  the  com- 
pletion of  the  two-years  course,  in  the  month 
of  June,  1891.  He  then  went  to  Salisbury, 
Missouri,  and  for  two  years  was  Commandant 
of  cadets  at  the  Salisbury  Academy,  also  read 
law  in  the  office  of  W.  S.  Stockwell.  In  the 
spring  of  1893  he  came  to  the  Territory  of 
New  Mexico,  locating  in  Roswell.  In  Novem- 
ber, 1894,  he  was  elected  Judge  of  the  Pro- 
bate Court  of  the  county,  in  which  position  he 
is  now  acceptably  and  creditably  serving.  In 
the  spring  of  1895  , he  entered  into  partner- 
ship with  Judge  Richardson,  and  has  built  up 
a  large  practice,  which  he  well  deserves.  He 
is  a  young  man,  but  has  won  a  reputation  that 
man}'  an  older  practitioner  might  well  envy. 
He  is  careful  and  conscientious  in  the  service 
rendered  his  clients,  and  his  success  in  the 
general  practice  has  been  in  a  large  measure 
due  to  his  distinct  and  comprehensive  knowl- 
edge of  law  and  to  his  careful  investigation 
and  preparation  of  cases  prior  to  appearing  in 
the  court  room. 

On  the  2Oth  of  June,  1894,  Mr.  Keith  was 
united  in  marriage  with  Miss  Rosa  Hutchins 
Smith,  a  daughter  of  Wesley  L.  Smith,  a  na- 
tive of  Missouri,  born  in  Mayview,  They 
have  one  child,  Naidine,  who  was  born  June 
22,  1895.  Mr.  Keith  is  a  prominent  and 
valued  member  of  the  Knights  of  Pythias 
fraternity,  and  is  now  serving  as  Chancelor 
Commander  of  Columbus  Lodge,  No.  22,  of 
Roswell.  He  is  a  genial  gentleman,  popular 
with  a  large  circle  of  friends,  and  in  this 
volume  well  deserves  representation. 


/TX  ELVIN  G.  PADEN,  M.   D.,  is  suc- 
•  •    cessfully  engaged  in  the  practice  of 

y  J[  J     medicine  at  White  Oaks,  and  is  one 
of  the  eminent  members  of  the  pro- 
fession in  the  Territory.     He  has  always  been 


HISTORY  OF  NE  W  MEXICO. 


S73 


a  progressive  physician,  constantly  improving 
upon  his  own  and  others'  methods,  and  gaining 
new  inspiration  for  his  work  from  the  perform- 
ance of  each  day's  duties. 

The  Doctor  is  a  native  of  West  Virginia, 
his  birth  having  occurred  in  Wetzel  county,  on 
the  4th  of  February,  1851.  Upon  a  farm  he 
was  reared  and  his  early  educational  privileges 
were  those  afforded  by  the  common  schools 
and  private  tutors.  His  literary  education 
was  completed  at  the  age  of  twenty-one,  and 
when  twenty-four  years  of  age  he  took  up  the 
study  of  medicine.  His  career  has  been  some- 
what eventful  and  is  certainly  an  interesting 
one,  filled  with  many  unusual  experiences. 
With  the  love  of  adventure  and  freedom  from 
home  restriction,  characteristic  of  boyhood,  he 
ran  away  from  home  at  the  age  of  seventeen 
years,  and  went  to  sea.  By  way  of  New  York, 
crossing  the  isthmus  of  Panama,  he  went  to 
California  and  subsequently  to  British  Colum- 
bia. After  some  months  spent  on  the  Pacific 
slope,  passing  through  the  experiences  common 
in  those  early  days  in  that  region,  he  sailed  for 
Liverpool,  England,  going  around  Cape  Horn, 
and  after  remaining  in  Europe  three  months 
he  returned  to  America.  His  mind  had  been 
broadened  by  travel,  and  in  the  dear  school  of 
experience  he  had  learned  many  valuable  les- 
sons. He  now  realized  the  importance  of  edu- 
cation, and  returning  home  once  more  applied 
himself  diligently  to  his  studies.  On  leaving 
school  he  again  crossed  the  continent  to  Cali- 
fornia, stopping  first  at  Napa,  in  the  Napa  val- 
ley, where  he  had  a  brother  engaged  in  the 
practice  of  medicine.  A  year  and  a  half  later 
he  went  to  Gainesville,  Texas,  where  he  con- 
tinued for  eight  months.  During  all  this  time 
he  studied  medical  works.  In  1880  he  arrived 
in  White  Oaks,  being  well  prepared  by  his 
natural  abilities  and  thorough  investigating  for 
the  practice  of  his  chosen  profession.  How- 
ever it  was  the  gold  excitement  that  induced 
him  to  locate  here,  and  during  the  first  few 
months  after  his  arrival  he  engaged  in  any 
work  that  he  could  obtain.  Soon,  however, 
the  smallpox  broke  out  and  his  services  there- 


fore were  in  constant  demand.  He  was  very 
successful  in  handling  the  dread  disease,  which 
at  once  gave  him  a  standing  with  the  towns- 
people. He  made  some  money,  and,  by  the 
help  of  friends,  in  1883  went  to  Louisville, 
Kentucky,  where  he  completed  a  course  of 
medicine  in  the  Louisville  Medical  College. 

When  the  lectures  were  over  the  Doctor 
returned  to  his  home,  but  in  1884  he  again 
went  to  Louisville,  continuing  in  that  college 
until  he  graduated,  in  1886,  taking  the  gold 
medal  for  surgery,  although  the  class  was  a 
very  large  one.  The  Doctor  has  been  suc- 
cessful in  his  practice,  not  only  in  a  financial 
way  but  also  gaining  the  confidence  of  the  peo- 
ple among  whom  he  lives.  He  also  carries  on 
the  only  drug  store  in  the  place.  He  is  a 
member  of  the  Examining  Board  of  Pharmacy 
for  New  Mexico. 

In  1886  the  Doctor  returned  to  his  native 
State,  where  he  was  united  in  marriage  with 
Miss  Belle  Williams,  who  was  born  in  West 
Virginia.  They  now  have  two  children, — 
Brent  and  Melvin. 


WILLIAM  T.  JOYNER,    M.   D.— 

Among  the  members  of  the  medical 
profession  in  New  Mexico,  whose 
skill  and  ability  have  gained  them 
prominence,  is  this  gentleman,  who  is  now  suc- 
cessfully engaged  in  practice  in  Roswell.  His 
entire  life  has  been  spent  in  the  South,  and  he 
is  numbered  among  the  native  sons  of  Arkansas, 
his  birth  having  occurred  in  the  city  of  Little 
Rock,  on  the  8th  of  September,  1867.  His 
paternal  grandfather  also  was  a  physician,  but 
the  Doctor's  father  was  a  merchant  and  planter 
of  Arkansas. 

The  boyhood  and  youth  of  Dr.  Joyner  were 
passed  on  the  old  home  plantation,  and  his 
primary  education  was  supplemented  by  a 
course  in  the  University  of  Arkansas.  He  en- 
tered the  medical  department  in  1885,  and  was 
graduated  in  1889,  his  preceptor  being  Major 
Bentley,  professor  of  surgery  in  the  medical 
department  of  the  Arkansas  University,  and  an 


574 


HISTORY  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


army  surgeon  of  wide  repute.  Afterward  he 
opened  an  office  in  Little  Rock,  and  served  as 
County  Physician  for  two  years,  and  his  merit 
and  efficiency  was  recognized  and  rewarded  by 
a  liberal  and  general  practice. 

In  March,  1892,  Dr.  Joyner  arrived  in 
Roswell.  He  believed  that  a  new  country 
would  be  a  better  field  of  labor  for  a  young 
man  with  a  reputation  to  make,  and  in  conse- 
quence sought  a  home  in  the  Territory  of  New 
Mexico.  He  was  not  long  in  establishing  here 
a  good  practice,  which  has  steadily  and  con- 
stantly increased,  as  his  skill  and  ability  have 
been  demonstrated  by  the  excellent  results 
which  have  followed  his  labors.  He  is  yet  a 
young  man  and  the  future  holds  forth  bright 
promises.  He  is  a  member  of  the  New  Mex- 
ico Medical  Society  and  of  the  American  Med- 
ical Association. 

The  Doctor  is  a  well-known  member  of  the 
Masonic  Lodge  of  Roswell,  and  also  belongs  to 
the  order  of  Knights  of  Pythias. 

In  March,  1895,  was  celebrated  his  marriage 
to  Miss  Mary  E.  Lea,  daughter  of  Judge  F.  H. 
Lea,  of  Roswell,  an  accomplished  and  cultured 
young  lady,  whose  friends  throughout  the  com- 
munity are  many.  The  Doctor  possesses  a 
genial,  pleasant  disposition  and  an  affable  man- 
ner that  makes  him  a  popular  citizen,  while 
his  genu  ine  worth  wins  him  high  regard. 


BRANCIS  G.    TRACY.— One    of    the 
most    enterprising    business    men    of 
Eddy  is  the  senior  member  of  the  firm 
of  Tracy  &  McEwan,  dealers  in  farm 
machinery,  seeds,   vehicles,  etc.      He  is  also  a 
member  of   the  firm   of  McLenathen  &  Tracy, 
who  carry  on  a  real-estate   and  insurance  busi- 
ness.     He  belongs  to  that  class  of  wide-awake, 
progressive  men  who  become  valued  citizens  in 
any  community  and  who  are  promoters  of  com- 
mercial activity.      He  was  born  on  the  6th  of 
February,    1863,    on    Long    Island,    but    was 
reared  in    New    York  city.      His  father,    Rev. 
U.  T.  Tracy,  was  a  native  of  New  York  city, 
and  for  a  number  of  years  engaged  in  the  work 


of  the  ministry  in  the  Empire  State,  but  is  now 
living  in  Eddy,  New  Mexico. 

The  gentleman  whose  name  heads  this  re- 
view acquired  his  education  in  St.  Paul's 
School  of  Concord,  New  Hampshire,  being 
graduated  at  that  institution  with  the  class  of 
1 88 1 .  He  then  became  a  student  in  Columbia 
College,  of  New  York,  where  he  pursued  a 
three-years  course,  completing  the  work  of  the 
junior  year.  The  close  study  and  confinement 
of  the  school  room  impaired  his  health  and  he 
was  obliged  to  abandon  his  text-books  and 
seek  a  change  to  outdoor  life.  In  consequence 
he  went  to  Long  Island,  where  he  engaged  in 
farming.  He  desired,  however,  to  seek  a  home 
in  the  West,  and  learned  of  the  beautiful  val- 
ley of  the  Pecos. 

Mr.  Tracy  then  came  to  New  Mexico  and 
entered  the  service  of  the  Pecos  Valley  Irriga- 
tion Company,  with  which  he  was  connected 
during  his  residence  in  Roswell  and  in  Eddy, 
having  charge  of  the  management  of  the  North- 
ern Canal.  He  remained  with  that  company 
until  1893,  when  he  formed  the  existing  part- 
nership with  Mr.  McLenathen,  and  began  the 
real-estate  and  insurance  business.  This  he 
has  since  continued  with  good  success,  and  in 
1895  ne  entered  into  partnership  with  Mr.  Mc- 
Ewan in  the  line  of  business  above  described. 
They  have  succeeded  in  building  up  a  large 
trade  and  their  success  is  certainly  well  merit- 
ed. Mr.  Tracy  is  an  indomitable  worker,  at- 
tending strictly  to  his'  business  interests  and  is 
one  of  the  most  liberal  and  reliable  young  men 
of  Pecos  valley,  highly  esteemed  by  all  with 
whom  business  or  social  relations  have  brought 
him  in  contact. 


"^•j*    B.  MATHEWS. — Among  those  whose 
J      residence  in  the  Pecos  valley  has  been 
/•I      of  benefit  to  the  community  is  the  gen- 
tleman whose  name  introduces  this  re- 
view.     In  the  events  which  have  made  up  the 
history  of  New  Mexico,  he  has  borne  an  im- 
portant part,  and  upon  his  record  there   falls 
no  shadow  of  wrong  or  suspicion  of  evil.      He 


HISTORY  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


575 


is  honored  and  esteemed  by  all  who  know  him 
and  is  now  one  of  the  leading  agriculturists  and 
cattle-raisers  of  Roswell. 

Mr.  Mathews  was  born  in  Woodbury,  Can- 
non county,  Tennessee,  on  the  5th  of  May, 
1847,  and  is  a  son  of  Walter  and  Anna  (Ash- 
ford)  Mathews,  the  former  being  a  farmer.  The 
parents  spent  their  entire  lives  in  Tennessee, 
and  our  subject  acquired  his  education  in  the 
district  schools  of  the  neighborhood,  his  privi- 
leges being  somewhat  meager,  for  just  as  he 
was  about  to  enter  school  in  Nashville  the  Civil 
war  broke  out  and  his  plans  were  in  conse- 
quence changed. 

At  the  very  commencement  of  the  struggle, 
Mr.  Mathews  enlisted,  at  McMinnville,  Ten- 
nessee, as  a  member  of  Company  M,  Fifth 
Tennessee  Cavalry,  and  served  until  the  war 
was  over,  when,  in  August,  1865,  he  was  dis- 
charged at  Pulaski,  Tennessee.  He  partici- 
pated in  the  battle  of  Murfreesboro  and  several 
minor  engagements,  and  was  very  fortunate  in 
that  he  was  never  wounded.  When  the  war 
was  over  he  returned  to  his  home  in  Tennes- 
see, where  he  continued  until  the  spring  of 
1867,  when  he  located  in  Gilpin  county,  Col- 
orado, and  began  mining.  He  followed  that 
pursuit  until  the  winter  of  1867,  when  he  ar- 
rived in  New  Mexico,  taking  up  his  residence 
in  Elizabethtown,  Taos  county,  where  he  en- 
gaged in  mining  for  five  years,  running  a  claim 
for  an  English  company.  On  leaving  that 
portion  of  the  Territory,  he  came  to  the 
Pecos  valley,  locating  on  a  tract  of  land 
three  miles  northeast  of  Roswell,  which  he 
farmed  for  two  years.  He  then  went  into  the 
mountains,  seventy-five  miles  west  of  Roswell, 
near  Lincoln,  New  Mexico,  driving  some  cat- 
tle from  the  valley  to  the  mountain-side,  which 
furnished  excellent  pasturage.  He  secured  a 
situation  as  salesman  in  a  mercantile  establish- 
ment of  Lincoln,  owned  by  the  firm  of  Dolan 
&  Riley,  and  after  a  time  was  admitted 
to  a  partnership  in  the  business,  in  1877. 
There  he  continued  until  the  Lincoln  county 
war  closed  the  establishment. 

The  difficulty  thus  named   and  which  has 


become  a  matter  of  history  was  caused  by 
cattle-stealing.  At  that  time  the  heaviest 
cattle  owner  in  this  section  of  the  Territory  was 
John  Chisum,  who  owned  a  ranch  and  range 
in  the  Pecos  valley,  near  the  present  location 
of  Roswell,  and  who  associated  himself  with  a 
Mr.  McSwain,  a  lawyer  of  Lincoln  county. 
There  arose  an  enmity  between  them  and  an- 
other cattle  company,  known  as  J.  J.  Dolan  & 
Company,  on  account  of  the  latter  invariably 
anticipating  the  Chisum  Company  in  securing 
contracts  to  supply  the  Government  troops  at 
Fort  Stanton  with  beef,  which  was  done 
through  the  shrewd  and  energetic  efforts  of 
John  H.  Riley,  a  member  of  the  firm,  who 
would  make  trips  to  Washington  and  secure 
the  contracts.  The  Chisum  Company,  par- 
ticularly John  S.  Chisum,  became  very  angry 
and  threatened  to  "  kill  them  all."  This  was 
the  principal  cause  of  the  war.  However,  the 
direct  precipitation  of  the  affair  was  claimed  to 
have  been  brought  about  in  this  way: 

A  cattle  company  by  the  name  of  L.  G. 
Murphy  &  Company  was  dissolved  by  the 
death  of  the  junior  member,  Mr.  Fritz,  whom 
Murphy  claimed  owed  him  $30,000.  Fritz's 
estate  consisted  of  only  his  $10,000  insurance. 
This  was  collected  by  Mr.  McSwain,  who  re- 
fused to  turn  over  the  money  to  the  claimant 
because  it  would  pass  into  the  hands  of  J.  J. 
Dolan  &  Company  in  payment  of  a  debt  owed 
by  Fritz  to  them.  Mr.  Dolan  and  J.  B. 
Mathews  of  this  sketch  then  went  to  Las 
Cruces.  As  soon  as  they  left  McSwain  disap- 
peared with  the  money,  but  the  bookkeeper  of 
Dolan  &  Company  followed  him  to  Las  Vegas 
and  brought  him  back  on  the  charge  of  em- 
bezzlement. The  Dolan  Company  secured  a 
writ  of  attachment  against  McSwain's  property, 
including  some  cattle  and  a  store,  and  the 
lawyer  gathered  a  crowd  to  resist  the  officers 
attaching  his  property,  among  whom  was  the 
noted  "Billy,  the  Kid."  When  the  sheriff 
and  assistants  arrived  at  the  store  they  found 
an  armed  band  awaiting  them.  The  crowd 
made  signs  of  resistance,  but  finally  allowed  the 
officers  to  appraise  the  stock.  This  done,  the 


576 


HIS  TORT  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


next  thing  was  to  levy  on  the  cattle  interests 
of  McSwain.  They  were  in  another  locality, 
probably  a  hundred  miles  away,  and  the  sher- 
iff, Mr.  Brady,  deputized  Mr.  Mathews  to  go 
over  there  and  attach  the  cattle,  furnishing 
him  with  several  assistants.  On  reaching  his 
destination  he  found  the  headquarter  ranch 
full  of  ruffians,  including  "the  Kid"  and  his 
accomplices,  all  ready  to  resist  Mr.  Mathews. 
He  remained  in  the  neighborhood  that  night 
and  the  following  morning  entered  the  cabin, 
but  the  men  had  all  gone  and  had  probably 
driven  the  cattle  off  with  them.  Word  was 
sent  to  the  sheriff,  who  commanded  Mr.  Ma- 
thews to  follow,  and  sent  twenty  men  to  his 
assistance. 

After  following  them  some  distance  and 
killing  one  of  their  party  the  others  were  ar- 
rested. Mr.  Mathews  left  two  men  with  the 
cattle  and  went  into  the  town,  where  he  found 
forty  soldiers  who  "  the  Kid  "  said  were  going 
to  arrest  Mr.  Mathews  and  his  assistants.  When 
our  subject  and  his  partner  reached  the  Mc- 
Swain building  they  were  commanded  to  halt, 
but  Mr.  Mathews  told  them  that  he  was 
Deputy  Sheriff,  and  he  succeeded  in  passing 
them  and  went  to  the  store  where  other  sol- 
diers were  also  stationed.  A  large  force  of 
men  were  sent  to  arrest  the  deputy  and  his  as- 
sistants, but  the  sheriff,  who  was  in  town, 
commanded  them  to  lay  off  their  arms,  which 
they  refused  to  do.  Mr.  Mathews  then  com- 
manded his  posse  to  fire,  but  before  they  could 
do  so  the  others  threw  down  their  arms. 

The  affair  was  then  to  be  settled  in  court, 
which  was  to  convene  on  the  ist  of  April.  It 
was,  however,  postponed  for  a  week,  and  the 
sheriff,  accompanied  by  Mr.  Mathews  and  a 
friend,  started  down  the  street  to  give  notice 
of  this  fact.  They  had  gone  only  a  few 
blocks  when  a  noisy  crowd  appeared  behind 
and  began  firing,  from  behind  a  wall.  In  the 
first  volley  the  sheriff  was  killed  and  the 
friend  wounded.  All  the  town  turned  out  and 
the  battle  was  soon  on.  Mr.  Mathews  and  his 
followers  drove  the  opposing  crowd  into  Mc- 
Swain's  house,  in  which  were  that  lawyer,  his 


wife  and  another  lady,  and  thirty-six  armed 
men.  The  firing  was  continued  on  both  sides 
until  night,  when  they  fired  the  McSwain  resi- 
dence. Some  were  killed,  others  escaped  and 
others  were  captured.  This  was  the  only 
real  engagement  of  the  Lincoln  county  war, 
and  twenty-five  men  were  killed.  The  mur- 
derers were  finally  all  captured  and  con- 
demned, the  last  one  to  be  brought  to  pun- 
ishment being  "Billy,  the  Kid."  McSwain 
was  killed  in  the  engagement  at  the  time 
of  the  firing  of  his  house,  and  about  the 
same  time  John  Chisum  left  for  Chicago, 
where  he  died.  He  had  been  the  instigator  of 
all  the  troubles  that  had  occurred,  employing 
men  to  kill  the  cattle-owners  whom  he  thought 
interfered  with  his  business. 

The  course  which  Mr.  Mathews  followed 
during  this  trying  period  was  a  most  courage- 
ous and  commendable  one.  He  fearlessly  dis- 
charged the  duties  devolving  upon  him,  count- 
ing not  the  personal  cost,  and  it  was  largely 
through  his  efforts  that  the  matter  was  termi- 
nated so  as  to  preserve  the  interests  of  those 
who  were  on  the  side  of  right. 

When  the  war  was  over,  Mr.  Mathews 
entered  into  partnership  with  James  J.  Do- 
Ian.  He  then  sold  all  his  cattle  and  mer- 
cantile interests  at  and  near  Lincoln  and  then 
went  to  the  Penyasco,  a  place  in  Lincoln 
county  in  the  Sacramento  mountains,  and 
founded  the  Penyasco  Cattle  Company,  in 
1885.  For  seven  years  he  filled  the  responsi- 
ble position  of  manager,  for  one  year  was 
assistant  manager,  and  in  1893  left  the  moun- 
tains and  took  up  his  residence  in  Roswell,  in 
order  that  he  might  give  his  children  better 
educational  privileges.  Shortly  after  his  arri- 
val here  the  Pecos  Irrigation  and  Improvement 
Company,  learning  through  his  many  friends 
of  his  ability  and  capacity  as  a  manager, 
placed  him  in  charge  of  its  principal  farm,  the 
Chisum  ranch  and  orchard,  which  he  now  car- 
ries on.  He  still  has  his  cattle  interests  in 
Lincoln  county. 

In  1883  Mr.  Mathews  was  joined  in  wed- 
lock with  Miss  Dora  Bates,  with  whom  he  be- 


HISTORT  OF  NE  W  MEXICO. 


577 


came  acquainted  while  she  was  visiting  in  the 
Territory.  They  now  have  three  children, — 
Edith  Thornton,  Ernest  Houston  and  Cora. 
Mr.  Mathews  is  a  man  of  high  character,  in- 
flexible integrity  and  sterling  worth,  and  his 
public  and  private  life  are  alike  above  reproach. 
Ever  fearless  and  true  in  defense  of  what  he 
believes  to  be  right,  he  is  honored  and  esteem- 
ed by  all,  and  with  pleasure  we  present  to  our 
readers  the  record  of  his  career. 


*w  "*  ON.  JUAN  DELOS  REYES  SANTI- 
l^™\  STEVAN. — The  unostentatious  rou- 
\  ,r  tine  of  private  life,  although  vastly 
more  important  to  the  welfare  of  the 
community,  has  not  figured  to  any  extent  in 
the  pages  of  history  and  biography  of  public 
men.  But  the  names  of  men  who  distinguish 
themselves  by  the  possession  of  those  qualities 
of  character  which  mainly  contribute  to  the 
success  of  private  life  and  to  the  public  stabil- 
ity, enjoying  the  respect  and  confidence  of 
those  around  them,  should  not  be  allowed  to 
perish.  Their  example  is  more  valuable  to  the 
majority  of  readers  than  that  of  heroes,  states- 
men and  writers,  as  they  furnish  means  for  the 
subsistence  for  the  many  whom  they  in  their 
useful  careers  employ. 

Mr.  Santistevan  is  a  native  of  New  Mexico, 
and  one  of  her  most  honored  sons.  He  was 
born  at  Las  Truches,  near  Santa  Fe,  January 
6,  1833,  and  is  a  son  of  Jose  Manuel  and 
Rosalie  (Medina)  Santistevan.  In  1840  the 
family  removed  to  Taos  county,  locating  in  the 
village  of.  Taos.  The  father  had  learned  the 
carpenter's  trade  during  his  earlier  years,  but 
through  most  of  his  life  followed  farming. 
Their  home,  near  Taos,  called  the  Loma,  was 
erected  by  the  father  and  there  both  he  and 
his  wife  died.  He  passed  away  March  17, 
1852,  and  his  remains  were  interred  in  the 
church  Fernandiz  at  Taos.  The  mother  died 
in  1879,  and  is  buried  in  the  American 
cemetery  near  Taos. 

The  life  of  our  subject,  taken  in  its  entirety, 
is  remarkable.  Born  of  very  poor  parents  and 

37 


having  no  school  advantages,  he  has  risen  by 
his  own  exertions  to  a  prominent  place  in  the 
financial  world.  His  educational  privileges 
consisted  of  only  two  terms'  attendance  at 
the  country  schools,  but  by  his  persistence,  ex- 
perience and  energy  he  has  gained  an  excellent 
business  education.  The  language  of  his 
childhood  was  that  of  Spain,  but  he  now 
speaks  the  English  tongue  very  fluently. 

From  the  age  of  fifteen  years  he  has  been 
dependent  entirely   upon    his   own    resources. 
He  secured  a  situation  in  a  store  of  Smithtown 
as  errand  boy  and  afterward   entered  the  em- 
ploy of  Wootton  &  Williams,  general  merchants 
of  Taos,    with    whom   he  remained    until   the 
fall  of  1852.      All  of  his   earnings  went  to  his 
parents  except   just  enough  to  clothe  himself, 
and  his  wages,  amounting  to  $200,  were   then 
invested  in   a  tract   of  land  near  Taos,  which 
still  remains  undivided.      During   the    fall    of 
1852  and  the  summer  of   1853   he   clerked  for 
Solomon  Benthner,  and  in  the  autumn   of  the 
latter  year  he  secured  a  position  as  salesman 
for  Peter  Joseph  in  the  building  which  he  now 
occupies  as   a  store  and  bank.      His  employer 
died  in  1862,  and  the  following  year  Mr.  Santi- 
stevan was  engaged  in  settling  up  Mr.  Joseph's 
estate    in    connection     with    Kit    Carson,    the 
famous  trapper  and  guide.      He  was  a  trusted 
and  faithful  employee  of  Mr.  Joseph,  and  dur- 
ing his  service  for  that  gentleman  he  had  saved 
about  $I,IOO.      While  settling  up   the   estate 
he  also  engaged  in  the  purchase  of  wool  and 
freighting  it  to  St.  Louis.      This  proved  a  very 
profitable  transaction.      He  then  entered  into 
partnership   with   Messrs.    Goodman   &  Fried- 
man,   conducting   a  general   mercantile   store 
until  1855,  when  this  connection  was  discon- 
tinued and  the  firm  of   Santistevan,  St.  Vrain 
&  Hurst  was  formed,  the  senior  partner  invest- 
ing  $800,    Mr.     St.    Vrain   $4,000,     and    Mr. 
Hurst    $  1,000.      In    1868    the    second   named 
withdrew,  and  in  1869  the  remaining  partners 
divided  their  business.      Mr.   Santistevan  has 
since  been   alone  in  every  business  enterprise 
in  which  he  is  concerned.      The   only  bank  in 
Taos  county  was  founded  by  him  in  1881.      It 


578 


HISTORT  OF  NE  W  MEXICO. 


is  a  private  institution,  capitalized  for  $50,000 
and  is  one  of  the  firmest  financial  concerns  in 
the  Territory,  while  its  honorable  business 
policy  commands  the  confidence  of  all.  It  has 
a  large  patronage,  which  is  certainly  well  de- 
served. Mr.  Santistevan  has  varied  interests 
in  Taos  county,  where  nearly  all  his  property 
is  located.  He  is  now  extensively  engaged  in 
the  sheep-raising  business,  having  at  this  time 
about  20,000  head. 

In  his  political  views  our  subject  is  a  stal- 
wart Republican,  and  has  virtually  been  the 
leader  of  his  party  in  Taos  county  for  many 
years.  He  has  been  honored  with  a  number  of 
offices,  having  served  as  Probate  Judge  for  two 
terms,  and  as  County  Commissioner  for  one 
term.  He  also  acted  as  chairman  of  the  Board 
of  School  Directors  for  two  terms,  and  did  all 
in  his  power  to  promote  the  cause  of  edu- 
cation. He  has  twice  been  a  member  of  the 
Territorial  Legislature,  having  served  in  the 
lower  house  for  one  term  and  in  the  Senate  for 
one  term,  where  he  gave  his  support  to  all  meas- 
ures which  he  believed  would  advance  the  best 
interests  of  the  community.  For  fourteen 
years  he  was  the  efficient  and  capable  Post- 
master of  Taos,  and  he  has  three  times  taken 
the  United  States  census,  once  of  the  central 
district  and  twice  of  the  entire  county. 

Turning  from  the  public  to  the  private  life 
of  Mr.  Santistevan  we  note  that  in  1870  was 
celebrated  his  marriage  to  Miss  Justita  San 
Dobal,  a  native  of  Taos.  Her  death  occurred 
on  the  6th  of  April,  1 894,  and  her  remains 
were  interred  in  the  American  cemetery  near 
Taos.  They  have  a  family  of  six  children  who 
are  yet  living — Raphalita,  Jacintita,  Perfecta, 
Cirila,  Marguerita,  and  Victoriana.  They  also 
had  one  son,  who  died  in  infancy,  and  Virginia, 
a  daughter,  is  also  deceased.  The  children 
have  been  provided  with  good  educational 
privileges,  having  all  attended  the  convent  of 
the  Sisters  of  Loretto. 

In  May,  1895,  our  subject  and  his  daugh- 
ters took  a  trip  to  California,  viewing  many  of 
the  scenes  of  beauty  and  interest  in  that 
State.  His  entire  life  has  been  passed  in  this 


Territory,  and  his  devotion  to  the  public  wel- 
fare and  his  promotion  of  business  interests 
has  done  much  for  the  upbuilding  of  the  com- 
munity with  which  he  is  connected. 


>^r»OHN    J.     KEEGAN,    one    of    Gallup's 

•  best  citizens,  is  a  native  of  Virginia, 
A  1  the  place  of  his  birth  being  Alexandria, 
the  date  April  6,  1856.  His  primary 
education,  obtained  in  the  common  schools, 
was  supplemented  by  a  course  in  Georgetown 
College,  and  he  was  thus  well  fitted  for  the 
practical  and  responsible  duties  of  life.  At  the 
age  of  eighteen  he  bade  adieu  to  home  and 
friends  and  started  on  a  trip  through  some  of 
the  Southern  States,  visiting  North  and  South 
Carolina,  Georgia  and  Alabama.  He  had  pre- 
viously learned  telegraphy,  and  was  in  the  em- 
ploy of  the  Southern  &  Atlantic  Telegraph 
Company,  being  stationed  at  various  offices 
between  Washington,  District  of  Columbia, 
and  New  Orleans. 

In  1880  Mr.  Keegan  came  to  New  Mexico, 
locating  in  Santa  Fe,  where  he  entered  the 
employ  of  the  Government,  as  a  civilian  oper- 
ator. He  was  also  at  Silver  City,  remaining 
there  some  months,  and  then  spending  short 
periods  in  other  places.  He  eventually  located 
at  Wallace,  where  he  remained  for  six  years. 
In  1887  Mr.  Keegan  went  to  Coolidge,  New 
Mexico,  as  a  relief  agent  along  the  Santa  Fe 
system,  and  the  following  year  he  established 
there  a  saloon  and  restaurant,  which  he  con- 
ducted for  three  years,  from  1888  to  1891, 
when  he  came  to  Gallup. 

Mr.  Keegan  has  since  been  a  resident  of 
this  city,  and  is  one  of  its  well-known  business 
men.  He  owns  his  own  business  block  and 
residence,  and  conducts  his  business  in  a  way 
that  commands  respect.  In  his  social  rela- 
tions he  is  connected  with  the  Knights  of  Py- 
thias fraternity,  his  membership  being  with 
Gallup  Lodge,  No.  13,  Knights  of  Pythias. 

In  1884  Mr.  Keegan  led  to  the  marriage 
altar  Miss  Jennie  Boulton,  a  native  of  Missouri, 
born  in  the  city  of  St.  Louis.  She  removed, 


HIS  TORT  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


579 


however,  with  her  parents  to  Trinidad,  Colo- 
rado, where  she  was  living  at  the  time  of  her 
marriage.  Three  children  have  been  born  of 
the  union  of  our  subject  and  his  wife,  two  sons 
and  a  daughter,  Willie,  John  and  Hazel. 


KABORN  T.  GRAY  controls  very 
large  business  interests  in  the  Salado 
valley,  and  is  a  man  of  prominence 
whose  success  has  been  achieved  en- 
tirely through  his  own  efforts.  The  career  of 
him  whose  name  heads  this  record  illustrates 
most  forcibly  that  success  is  assured  to  those 
who  possess  ambition,  indefatigable  energy, 
steadfastness  of  purpose  and  integrity.  Through 
these  qualities  Mr.  Gray  has  won  a  place 
among  the  representative  business  men  of  this 
section  of  the  Territory. 

He  was  born  in  Coosa  county,  Alabama,  on 
the  3ist  of  October,  1851,  but  the  days  of  his 
childhood  and  youth  were  passed  in  Louisiana, 
his  home  being  in  Claiborne  county,  near 
Homer.  On  attaining  his  majority  he  left  that 
State  and  crossed  the  Mississippi  -into  Texas, 
locating  near  Dallas,  where  for  some  time  he 
carried  on  agricultural  pursuits.  In  1880  he 
located  in  Cooke  county  of  the  Lone  Star  State, 
living  north  of  Gainesville  until  1884.  That 
year  witnessed  his  arrival  in  New  Mexico,  and 
he  has  since  been  identified  with  the  develop- 
ment and  material  interests  of  this  Territory. 

Our  subject  took  up  his  residence  ten  miles 
south  of  the  present  village  of  Gray,  on  Little 
creek,  and  there  lived  for  three  years,  when  he 
removed  to  his  present  home,  which  is  con- 
veniently situated  about  twelve  miles  west  of 
Lincoln,  five  miles  northwest  of  Fort  Stanton, 
and  nine  miles  east  of  Nogal. 

In  1872  Mr.  Gray  was  united  in  marriage 
with  Miss  Sarah  Glenn,  who  resided  near 
Dallas,  Texas.  The  lady,  however,  is  a  native 
of  Georgia,  and  their  marriage  has  been  blessed 
with  a  family  of  six  children,  four  sons  and  two 
daughters.  In  connection  with  his  home,  Mr. 
Gray  owns  96oacres  of  good  land  in  the  Salado 
Valley,  this  being  practically  all  the  bottom 


land  in  the  valley.  There  he  successfully  en- 
gages in  the  raising  of  horses,  cattle  and  sheep 
in  large  numbers,  and  this  business  has  proved 
to  him  a  very  profitable  one.  He  also  has  ex- 
tensive coal  interests,  carries  on  a  general  mer- 
chandise store,  which  has  proved  a  paying 
investment,  and  is  serving  as  Postmaster  of 
Gray.  He  is  a  progressive,  public-spirited  citi- 
zen, deeply  interested  in  the  welfare  of  his 
adopted  Territory  and  gives  his  hearty  support 
and  co-operation  to  movements  or  enterprises 
calculated  to  prove  of  public  benefit. 


*y    •*  ON.   LAWRENCE  S.  TRIMBLE.- 

1^\    To  probably  no   one  citizen  of  Albu- 
_^  r    querque  can  the  biographist  refer  with 
a  greater    degree    of    respect  and  ad- 
miration than   to   the  honored  and  venerable 
gentleman   whose   name   introduces  this  para- 
graph,— a  man  full  of  the  high  honors  which  an 
enlightened  public  has  had  to  bestow,  one  who 
made  his  life  a   power    for    the    good  and  the 
right,  and  one  whose   ability  and  acquirements 
are  of  distinguished  order. 

A  native  of  Fleming  county,  Kentucky,  the 
date  of  our  subject's  birth  was  1825.  His 
father,  James  Trimble,  was  born  in  South 
Carolina,  and  upon  reaching  maturity  he  was 
united  in  marriage  to  Miss  Harriet  Treplett,  in 
Fleming  county,  taking  up  their  abode  on  a 
farm,  which  they  reclaimed  and  made  to  blos- 
som as  the  rose.  There  they  passed  the  resi- 
due of  their  lives,  reared  their  three  sons, — 
Lawrence  S.,  William  and  Alfred, — according 
to  the  high  principles  of  honor,  integrity  and 
industry,  with  which  they  were  themselves  so 
strongly  imbued.  The  mother  was  originally 
a  member  of  the  Baptist  Church,  but  in  later 
years  she  became  identified  with  the  faith  of 
the  Christian  Church,  of  which  she  remained 
a  zealous  and  devoted  adherent  until  her  life's 
end.  The  father  passed  into  the  life  eternal 
at  the  age  of  seventy-three  years,  and  the 
mother  lived  to  attain  the  venerable  age  of 
seventy-six. 

Lawrence  S.  Trimble,    the  immediate  sub- 


58° 


HIS  TORT  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


ject  of  this  review,  was  the  oldest  of  the  three 
children,  two  now  surviving.  He  received  his 
preliminary  educational  discipline  in  the  com- 
mon schools,  and  such  was  the  inherent 
strength  and  determination  of  his  character 
that  he  early  decided  upon  the  vocation  which 
he  should  adopt  as  his  life  work.  Having 
thus  defined  the  path  along  which  should  be 
his  line  of  effort,  he  began  the  essential  disci- 
pline by  entering  the  law  office  of  Hon.  Fran- 
cis Hord,  at  Maysville,  Ky. ,  where  he  devoted 
himself  assiduously  to  reading  law  under  that 
able  preceptor.  He  finally  entered  the  Lexing- 
ton Law  School,  where  he  graduated  in  1845. 

Mr.  Trimble  at  once  entered  vigorously 
upon  the  practice  of  his  chosen  profession,  lo- 
cating at  Paducah,  in  his  native  State.  Here 
he  secured  a  large  and  representative  clientage 
as  his  talents  and  acquirements  became  known, 
and  here  he  remained  until  1879.  It  is  clearly 
essential  that  we  should  here  revert  to  the  more 
salient  points  which  marked  his  career  during 
this  interval.  In  1849  he  was  elected  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Legislature  of  Kentucky,  and  in 
1856  was  chosen  as  Judge  of  the  First  Judicial 
District  of  the  State, — in  each  of  which  incum- 
bencies he  proved  his  capacity  for  the  discharge 
of  the  higher  public  duties  of  citizenship.  His 
strong  judicial  acumen  and  keen  discrimination 
in  regard  to  legal  ethics  merited  and  received 
due  recognition. 

In  1865  still  higher  honor  was  conferred 
upon  Judge  Trimble  by  his  native  State,  since 
he  was  then  elected  as  a  member  of  the  Thirty- 
ninth  Congress,  serving  during  that  crucial 
epoch  which  marked  the  transition  or  recon- 
structive period  in  the  semi-prostrate  South, 
whose  industries  and  homes  had  been  thrown 
into  chaotic  condition  by  the  fearful  ravages  of 
the  Civil  war.  In  this  important  office  our 
subject  served  with  such  signal  fidelity  and  suc- 
cess that  he  was  thrice  elected  to  Congress 
from  his  district.  He  had  cast  his  first  ballot 
in  support  of  the  Democratic  party,  and  ever 
after  maintained  a  stanch  allegiance  to  its  prin- 
ciples, but  during  the  trying  hours  leading  up 
to  our  nation's  great  fratricidal  conflict  he  op- 


posed secession  with  all  the  loyal  ardor  of  his 
nature,  using  his  influence  at  all  times  and  oc- 
casions toward  maintaining  the  supremacy  of 
the  stars  and  stripes  and  perpetuating  an  in- 
tegral union.  He  was  one  of  thirty-three 
Democrats  in  Congress  who  voted  against  the 
impeachment  of  President  Johnson  and  op- 
posed the  Republican  measures  of  reconstruc- 
tion. When  other  of  the  Southern  States 
finally  seceded,  he  was  largely  instrumental  in 
causing  Kentucky  to  maintain  its  allegiance  to 
the  Union.  In  the  Presidential  campaign  of 
1856  he  supported  the  candidacy  of  Hon. 
Stephen  A.  Douglas,  and  held  preferment  as 
one  of  the  Presidential  Electors  from  Kentucky, 
in  which  State  Breckenridge,  the  secession 
candidate,  was  defeated. 

While  still  a  resident  of  his  native  State 
Judge  Trimble  rendered  the  same  valuable  serv- 
ice in  another  line, — the  building  of  the  New 
Orleans  &  Ohio  Railroad  through  the  State  to 
Tennessee.  He  was  president  of  this  corpor- 
ation for  a  number  of  years,  the  line  being  now 
a  part  of  the  Huntington  system.  He  was  the 
owner  of  considerable  Kentucky  real-estate, 
and  his  interests  there  were  of  wide  extent. 

Failing  health,  superinduced  by  asthma, 
with  which  he  was  severely  afflicted,  finally 
rendered  it  necessary  for  Judge  Trimble  to  seek 
a  climatic  change  in  order  to  secure  relief. 
With  this  object  in  view  he  came  to  Albuquer- 
que in  1879,  taking  up  his  abode  in  the  old 
town,  as  the  present  city,  originally  known  as 
New  Albuquerque,  had  not  been  more  than 
projected  at  that  time, — no  railroad  having 
touched  the  locality  as  yet.  Our  subject  was 
a  man  of  too  energetic  a  nature  to  sit  with 
folded  hands  and  he  forthwith  became  prom- 
inently identified  with  the  Territory  which  he 
had  determined  to  make  his  home, — bending 
every  effort  to  aid  in  its  advancement  and  that 
of  the  county  and  the  new  city  which  sprung 
into  being  and  enlisted  his  most  lively  interest. 
In  1880  he  prevailed  upon  his  nephew,  W.  L. 
Trimble,  to  locate  at  Albuquerque,  and  here 
they  have  been  associated  in  quite  extensive 
building  enterprises,  as  well  as  in  other  im- 


HISTORT  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


portant  business  undertakings.  They  conduct 
the  leading  livery  and  transfer  business  of  the 
city,  operating  two  large  and  finely  equipped 
stables.  They  have  ever  accorded  tangible  aid 
to  every  public  enterprise,  and  our  honored 
subject  has  given  a  helping  hand  to  every 
church  organization  in  the  town  regardless  of 
denomination,  having  contributed  liberally  to 
their  maintenance. 

Since  taking  up  his  residence  here  Judge 
Trimble  has  used  his  influence  in  public  affairs, 
having  strenuously  favored  the  admission  of 
the  Territory  to  Statehood,  and  having  been  a 
member  of  the  Constitutional  Convention 
which  formulated  a  State  constitution.  Had 
his  admonition  been  heeded  the  Territory  would 
now  (1895)  have  become  the  State  of  New 
Mexico,  and  he  still  hopes  to  see  the  consum- 
mation of  his  desires  in  this  direction. 

Our  subject  has  a  fine  ranch  of  200  acres, 
located  a  few  miles  east  of  the  city,  and  there 
he  spends  a  portion  of  his  time.  With  one  of 
his  old  and  cherished  Kentucky  horses  he  rides 
about  the  city  and  its  environs,  viewing  with 
pleasure  and  satisfaction  the  wonderful  growth 
and  development  of  the  town  whose  inception 
he  witnessed  and  whose  progress  he  has  noted  in 
detail.  In  his  fraternal  relations  he  is  identified 
with  the  Independent  Order  of  Odd  Fellows 
and  the  Masonic  order,  havingbecome  a  member 
of  the  former  in  1845  and  the  latter  in  1847. 

Judge  Trimble  has  now  reached  the  Psalm- 
ist's span  of  threescore  years  and  ten,  and  still 
retains  intact  his  mental  powers  and  a  wonder- 
ful physical  vigor.  A  man  of  broad  mentality 
and  of  conspicuous  public  experience,  he  has 
ever  retained  that  generous  sympathy  and 
kindly  nature  which  are  so  typical  of  the  sons 
of  Kentucky,  and  it  may  well  be  said  of  him 
that  none  knew  him  save  to  honor. 


aHARLES  W.    KENNEDY,  a  promi- 
nent coal-miner  and  business   man  of 
New  Mexico,  residing  at  Albuquerque, 
is   a   native   of  the   State  of   Illinois, 
having  been  born  in  Fulton  county,  on  August 


7,  1851.  His  father  was  born  in  Brown  coun- 
ty, Ohio,  and  when  our  subject  was  yet  a  child 
the  family  removed  from  Illinois  to  Kansas, 
where  the  father  was  intimately  identified  with 
the  stirring  events  and  excitement  which  at- 
tended the  early  history  of  that  Territory  in 
the  days  leading  up  to  its  admission  to  the 
Union.  The  father  was  a  stanch  supporter  of 
the  cause  of  the  Free-soil  party,  and  he  lent 
effective  aid  in  holding  Kansas  in  line  upon  the 
vexed  questions  of  the  day.  When  the  late 
Civil  war  was  inaugurated  and  called  for  the 
support  of  all  patriotic  men,  he  joined  the 
Union  forces  and  was  made  Major  of  the 
Twelfth  Regiment  of  Kansas  Volunteer  In- 
fantry, and  in  that  distinguished  office  served 
his  country  valiantly.  The  mother  of  our  sub- 
ject, nee  Alzina  Blandon,  was  a  native  of  Illi- 
nois, and  her  death  occurred  when  Charles, 
her  only  child,  was  but  two  years  old.  After 
a  lapse  of  some  years  the  father  consummated 
a  second  marriage,  of  which  three  children 
were  born.  The  father  lived  to  attain  a  ven- 
erable age,  dying  in  1889,  at  the  age  of  eighty- 
one  years. 

In  1872  our  subject  came  West  to  Color- 
ado, where  he  engaged  in  furnishing  ties  for 
the  Santa  Fe  railroad,  during  the  construction 
of  which  he  held  large  contracts,  and  followed 
that  line  of  enterprise  until  the  road  was  com- 
pleted. In  1 884  he  became  interested  in  the 
coal-mining  industry  of  New  Mexico,  securing 
valuable  holdings  at  Gallup.  He  has  since 
been  prominently  concerned  in  the  develop- 
ment of  the  extensive  mines  in  that  locality, 
being  now  the  vice-president  and  general  man- 
ager of  the  Crescent  Coal  Company,  one  of  the 
most  prominent  corporations  of  the  sort  in  the 
Territory.  The  company  employs  a  large  force 
of  operatives,  and  the  output  of  the  mines 
reaches  an  average  aggregate  of  25,000  tons 
per  month.  The  coal  is  semi-bituminous  in 
composition  and  is  of  pronounced  commercial 
value.  The  mines  operated  by  the  company 
are  five  in  number  and  compose  a  part  only  of 
those  operated  in  the  celebrated  Gallup  coal 
fields.  The  supply  is  practically  inexhaustible. 


552 


HISTORY  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


The  mines  furnish  supplies  to  the  various  lines 
of  railroad,  and  the  company  have  a  large 
market  for  their  products  in  California,  and  a 
very  considerable  local  trade  throughout  New 
Mexico. 

Mr.  Kennedy  is  one  of  the  charter  members 
of  the  Commercial  Club,  and  he  is  esteemed  as 
one  of  the  leading  business  men  of  the  Terri- 
tory, one  whose  success  has  been  notable  and 
whose  liberality  has  been  pronounced. 

Mr.  Kennedy  became  a  resident  of  Albu- 
querque in  1882  and  has  since  continued  as 
one  of  her  active  and  progressive  business 
men,  ever  ready  to  accord  assistance  and  lend 
his  influence  to  all  measures  and  enterprises 
tending  to  conserve  the  higher  interests  of  the 
city  and  the  welfare  of  the  public.  He  has 
also  been  prominently  concerned  in  stock-rais- 
ing. In  his  political  adherence  he  has  long 
been  identified  with  the  Democratic  party,  but 
he  now  holds  himself  independent  in  his  views. 

On  June  13,  1881,  Mr.  Kennedy  was  united 
in  marriage  to  Miss  Marian  E.  Nees,  and  they 
have  one  child,  Mabel,  who  was  born  in  Albu- 
querque. 


@EORGE    B.    BARBER.— Success  in 
any  calling  is  an  indication  of  close 
application,  industry  and  faithfulness. 
There  are  few  professions  more  hon- 
orable and  few  which  offer  better  opportunities 
than  does  that  of  the   law   for  the  display  of 
character,   sterling   worth    and    ability.      Mr. 
Barber  is  classed  among  the  leading  attorneys 
of  Lincoln,  New  Mexico,  and  is  an  able  and  just 
advocate.      His  life  record  is  as  follows: 

A  native  of  Virginia,  Mr.  Barber  was  born 
at  Fredericksburg,  on  the  28th  of  May,  1854, 
and  when  three  years  of  age  was  taken  by  his 
parents  to  what  was  known  as  the  Northwest 
Territory,  the  family  locating  in  Mjlwaukee, 
Wisconsin,  of  which  city  his  father  was  one  of 
the  founders.  There  George  was  reared  to 
manhood,  the  days  of  his  boyhood  and  youth 
being  passed  in  an  uneventful  manner.  He 
acquired  his  literary  education  in  Milwaukee, 


passing  through  the  ward  and  high  schools  of 
that  city,  and  subsequently  studied  civil  en- 
gineering, becoming  quite  proficient  in  that 
line.  Going  to  Dakota,  he  was  engaged  with 
Senator  Frank  Pettigrew,  on  the  survey  of 
Government  lands  in  that  Territory.  There 
sprang  up  a  warm  personal  friendship  between 
the  Senator  and  his  assistant,  and  their  high 
regard  for  each  other  still  continues. 

The  exposure  of  that  life  in  the  rigorous 
climate  of  Dakota  caused  Mr.  Barber's  health 
to  become  impaired,  and  in  1875  he  came  to 
New  Mexico  with  the  hope  that  in  its  balmy 
climate  he  might  be  benefited.  He  located 
first  in  Colfax  county,  New  Mexico,  and  on  ac- 
count of  his  health  engaged  in  no  business  for 
a  year.  In  1877  he  moved  to,  and  began  sur- 
veying in,  Lincoln  county,  and  has  located  for 
settlers  two-fifths  of  the  choice  land  embraced 
within  the  old  boundaries  of  the  county.  De- 
siring to  enter  the  professional  field  of  labor, 
however,  he  began  the  study  of  law  with  Judge 
Ira  E.  Leonard,  of  Lincoln,  in  1880,  and  after 
two  years  of  close  application  and  diligent  re- 
search he  was  admitted  to  the  bar,  on  the  28th 
of  October,  1882,  the  present  Governor  Thorn- 
ton being  one  of  his  examiners.  The  building 
up  of  a  practice  by  a  young  lawyer  is  generally 
slow;  but  merit  usually  brings  its  reward;  and 
so  in  the  course  of  time  Mr.  Barber  began  to 
be  recognized  as  an  attorney  of  superior  force 
and  ability.  In  1892  he  became  District  At- 
torney for  the  counties  of  Lincoln,  Chaves  and 
Eddy,  in  the  Fifth  Judicial  District,  and  filled 
that  office  until  1895,  ranking  as  a  hard  and 
effective  prosecutor.  As  a  lawyer  he  is  noted 
for  his  care,  skill  and  faithfulness  to  his  clients. 
He  devotes  himself  almost  exclusively  to  his 
profession,  and  while  his  comprehensive  and 
well  trained  mind  and  large  experience  and 
knowledge  of  men  fit  him  for  doing  any  work 
ably,  it  is  as  an  advocate  that  he  is  most  con- 
spicuous, his  appeals  to  court  and  jury  being 
often  masterpieces  of  oratory. 

His  abilities,  however,  are  by  no  means 
limited  to  one  line  of  endeavor.  In  1885  he 
organized  the  Three  Rivers  Land  and  Cattle 


HISTORT  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


583 


Company,  but  sold  out  there  in  1889,  since 
which  time  he  has  been  engaged  in  the  cattle 
business  on  his  own  account,  on  the  west  side 
of  the  White  Mountains.  His  interests  are  all 
in  Lincoln  county,  and  his  home  in  Lincoln  is 
the  most  beautiful  residence  in  the  place.  He 
is  esteemed  by  his  business  associates  and  has 
many  warm  personal  friends. 


^ /'EFF  N.  MILLER,  general  manager  of 
•  the  Pecos  Valley  railroad,  living  in 
A  J  Eddy,  New  Mexico,  was  born  in  Troy, 
Miami  county,  Ohio,  May  6,  1857,  and 
attended  the  public  schools  of  his  native  place 
until  eighteen  years  of  age.  When  a  youth  of 
eleven  he  took  up  the  study  of  telegraphy,  and 
at  the  early  age  of  thirteen  he  had  mastered 
the  profession.  He  spent  his  vacation  in  work- 
ing in  the  railroad  office  of  Troy,  and  at  twenty 
years  of  age  he  left  his  old  home  for  Jefferson, 
Texas,  where  he  occupied  the  position  of  cash- 
ier for  the  Texas-Pacific  Railroad  Company. 
He  had  served  in  that  capacity  only  four 
months,  when  he  was  promoted,  becoming  sec- 
retary to  the  general  superintendent  of  the 
road  at  Marshall,  Texas.  He  discharged  the 
duties  of  that  position  for  two  years,  and  then 
became  secretary  in  the  service  of  the  president 
and  vice-president  of  the  road,  which  position 
he  occupied  in  all  for  thirteen  years.  During 
that  time  he  also  discharged  the  duties  of  as- 
sistant general  manager,  and  his  fidelity  and 
trustworthiness  were  above  question,  winning 
him  the  commendation  of  his  superior  officers, 
while  his  thorough  reliability  gained  him  the 
respect  of  those  over  whom  he  had  charge. 

On  the  building  of  the  Pecos  Valley  rail- 
road, Mr.  Miller  was  chosen  as  its  general  su- 
perintendent, and  in  February,  1892,  was 
made  general  manager,  which  position  he  now 
occupies  with  headquarters  at  Eddy.  He  is 
also  a  director  of  the  company,  and  every  de- 
tail is  within  his  grasp.  He  has  a  keen  and 
comprehensive  mind  and  quick  intellect,  which 
enables  him  to  readily  understand  a  situation 


and  has  been  of  great  benefit  to  him  in  his 
business  career. 

Mr.  Miller  has  also  been  a  promoter  of  va- 
rious other  enterprises  which  have  advanced 
the  material  welfare  of  the  community.  He  is 
now  general  manager  of  the  Eddy  Electric 
Light  &  Ice  Company,  and  general  manager 
of  the  Eddy  Water  Works.  He  was  the  dis- 
coverer of  the  water  which  is  three  and  a  half 
miles  north  of  the  city  and  superintended  the 
construction  of  the  wells.  He  also  had  charge 
of  the  construction  of  the  seventy-five  miles  of 
railroad  between  Eddy  and  Roswell. 

On  the  27th  of  September,  1882,  was  sol- 
emnized the  marriage  of  Mr.  Miller  and  Miss 
Nellie  Crane,  a  native  of  Troy,  Ohio,  and  a 
most  estimable  lady,  who  in  her  new  home  has 
won  many  friends.  Mr.  Miller  is  very  promi- 
nent in  Masonic  circles,  being  a  Scottish-rite 
Mason,  having  attained  to  the  thirty-second 
degree  in  Charleston,  South  Carolina.  He  is 
also  a  member  of  Commandery  No.  6,  Knights 
Templar,  of  Dallas,  Texas;  of  Hella  Temple, 
of  Dallas,  and  Trojan  Lodge,  Knights  of  Pyth- 
ias, of  Troy,  Ohio.  When  a  man  follows  with 
indefatigable  energy  any  pursuit  for  which  his 
tastes  and  inclinations  fit  him,  he  wins  success, 
and  this  Mr.  Miller  has  done.  He  is  a  natural 
railroad  man,  very  quick  to  put  into  action  his 
convictions  and  a  tireless  worker.  Pleasant 
and  agreeable,  he  has  endeared  himself  to  all 
associates,  and  is  highly  regarded. 


>-j*OHN  FRANKLIN,  District  Attorney  for 
m  Eddy  and  Chaves  counties  and  a  mem- 
A  J  ber  of  the  bar  of  Eddy,  .New  Mexico, 
was  born  in  Columbus,  Mississippi,  Oc- 
tober 1 6,  1870,  but  spent  his  early  boyhood  in 
Arkansas.  His  father,  Dr.  S.  W.  Franklin, 
was  also  a  native  of  Mississippi,  and  served  as  a 
surgeon  in  the  Civil  war.  In  1872  he  removed 
his  family  to  Hot  Springs,  Arkansas,  where  he 
now  resides  and  practices  his  profession.  The 
ancestry  of  the  family  were  closely  identified 
with  the  growth  and  history  of  New  York  city. 
The  great-grandfather  of  our  subject  owned 


HIST 'OR T  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


large  landed  interests  there,  and  the  place  now 
included  in  Franklin  Square  was  a  part  of  his 
property,  and  was  named  in  his  honor. 

The  gentleman  whose  name  introduces  this 
review  was  educated  in  the  schools  of  Hot 
Springs  and  in  the  University  of  Mississippi, 
located  in  Oxford,  where  he  pursued  a  four- 
years  course.  He  then  entered  the  University 
of  Virginia,  remaining  in  that  institution  for 
seven  months,  when  he  went,  in  response  to 
an  invitation,  to  deliver  the  annual  address  be- 
fore the  literary  societies  of  the  University  of 
Mississippi  at  Oxford,  that  State,  in  1890. 
From  that  place  he  went  to  New  York  city, 
where  he  pursued  the  study  of  law  in  an  attor- 
ney's office  for  one  year,  and  then  came  to  the 
West,  being  admitted  to  the  bar  in  New  Mex- 
ico. After  locating  in  Eddy  he  was  elected 
twice  to  the  office  of  City  Attorney,  and  in 
1895  was  appointed  District  Attorney. 


aHARLES    WILSON,   a   popular    and 
highly  respected  citizen   of    Roswell, 
was  born  in  the  county  of  Kent,  Eng- 
land,  on  the  gth   of   January,    1856. 
His  father  was  a  merchant  in  the  city  of  Lon- 
don and  one  of  the  oldest  established  business 
men  in   the  world's  metropolis.     The  son  ac- 
quired  his   education   near  that  city,   but  re- 
ceived   no    business   training    in    his    father's 
store,    his    mercantile    experience    all    having 
come  to  him  after  he  had  found  a  home  in  the 
New  World. 

In  1 88 1  Mr.  Wilson  bade  adieu  to  home 
and  friends  and  sailed  for  America,  taking  up 
his  residence  in  Texas,  where  he  was  occupied 
in  sheep  ranching  until  1883.  Mr.  Wilson  then 
left  the  Lone  Star  State  for  Mexico,  where  he 
was  engaged  in  raising  cotton.  He  followed 
that  industry  for  a  year  and  a  half  and  was 
quite  successful.  He  then  returned  to  Texas 
and  again  began  raising  sheep.  He  carried  on 
the  business  in  Menard  county,  where  he  made 
his  home  until  1889,  when  he  sold  his  sheep 
and  property  and  removed  to  the  Pecos  Valley 
in  New  Mexico. 


On  his  arrival  in  Roswell  Mr.  Wilson  en- 
tered into  partnership  with  Mr.  Williamson 
and  formed  the  Pecos  Valley  Mercantile  Com- 
pany, conducting  a  good  store  until  1891,  when 
he  sold  this  business  to  his  partner  and  opened 
a  hardware  store,  in  which  he  is  now  associ- 
ated with  his  brother  under  the  firm  name  of 
Wilson  Brothers.  The  junior  member  is  Mr. 
Frank  Wilson,  who  came  to  Texas  in  1887 
and  accompanied  our  subject  to  this  Territory. 
For  ten  years  he  followed  the  life  of  a  sailor 
and  holds  a  Master's  certificate  of  the  English 
Board  of  Trade. 

Mr.  Wilson  was  married  in  England  just 
before  coming  to  Roswell.  He  is  an  honored 
member  of  the  Masonic  fraternity,  serving  as 
Master  of  the  blue  lodge  in  Roswell.  'His  busi- 
ness career  is  a  creditable  one.  He  has  ever 
followed  an  honorable  business  policy  that 
commands  the  admiration  of  all,  and  by  his 
straightforward  dealing  and  courteous  treat- 
ment of  his  customers  he  has  won  a  liberal 
patronage,  which  he  well  merits,  while  his  ex- 
cellencies of  character  have  gained  him  numer- 
ous personal  friends. 


ICHARD  C.  TROEGER,  prominent 
as  a  factor  in  the  development  of  the 
mining  interests  of  Sierra  county, 
whose  impress  has  been  beneficially 
felt  in  all  public  affairs,  is  now  the  manager  of 
the  Good  Hope  Bonanza  Mining  Company, 
with  headquarters  at  Hillsboro:  the  mine  is  lo- 
cated near  the  town.  Mr.  Troeger  first  took 
it  as  a  prospect,  and  has  since  developed  it 
until  it  is  now  one  of  the  rich-paying  gold 
mines  of  this  locality.  It  also  contains  a  small 
quantity  of  silver  and  copper.  Its  production 
has  already  reached  the  sum  of  $1,500,000, 
and  its  supply  seems  inexhaustible.  A  good 
mill  is  run  in  connection  with  the  mine,  which 
has  not  only  been  an  excellent  source  of  income 
to  our  subject,  but  has  also  promoted  the  ma- 
terial welfare  of  the  community.  Mr.  Troeger 
is  also  connected  with  the  Eloro  mine,  which 
is  now  in  the  first  stage  of  development,  and 


HISTORT  OF  NE  W  MEXICO. 


585 


gives  excellent  indication  of  being  a  rich  pro- 
ducer, the  yield  already  being  valued  at  the 
sum  of  $25,000.  Of  these  mines  Mr.  Troeger 
is  sole  manager  and  an  extensive  stockholder, 
and  throughout  this  locality  he  has  the  reputa- 
tion of  being  one  of  the  best  informed  and  most 
successful  mining  men  of  New  Mexico. 

On  the  8th  of  January,  1860,  in  Wisconsin, 
our  subject  was  born.  He  is  of  German  line- 
age, and  a  son  of  Frederick  William  and  Wil- 
helmina  (Colditz)  Troeger,  who  emigrated 
from  the  Fatherland  to  Wisconsin,  but  subse- 
quently took  up  their  residence  in  Chicago, 
where  they  remained  until  1876.  In  that  year 
they  went  to  Kansas,  where  the  father  died  in 
1887,  at  the  age  of  sixty-three  years. 

Our  subject  was  the  third  in  a  family  of 
six  children.  During  his  early  childhood  he 
was  taken  by  his  parents  to  Chicago,  where  he 
acquired  his  literary  education  and  served  an 
apprenticeship  as  civil  engineer.  Determining 
to  make  a  home  in  the  South,  he  came  to  the 
Territory  of  New  Mexico  in  1879,  locating  in 
Las  Vegas,  where  he  worked  at  any  pursuit 
which  would  yield  him  an  honest  living.  He 
had  only  $i.  18  in  his  pocket  at  the  time  of  his 
arrival.  For  nine  months  he  remained  in  Las 
Vegas,  and  then  went  on  a  trip  to  Fort  Win- 
gate,  after  which  he  engaged  in  prospecting  and 
mining  in  the  Magdalena  mountains.  In  1881 
he  came  to  the  Black  Range  in  Sierra  county, 
and  is  now  one  of  the  pioneer  miners  of  this 
section  of  the  Territory.  He  first  located  at 
Chloride,  and  then  went  to  Kingston  at  the 
time  of  the  excitement  there.  He  prospected, 
made  a  location,  and  for  a  time  had  charge  of 
the  Iron  King  mine.  He  also  aided  in  survey- 
ing the  town  of  Kingston. 

Subsequently,  Mr.  Troeger  went  East  for 
a  short  time,  and  on  his  return  to  New  Mexico 
established  himself  in  Hillsboro,  where  he  be- 
came one  of  the  owners  of  the  Good  Hope 
Bonanza  mine,  which  he  has  since  operated, 
meeting  with  success  in  his  undertakings.  He 
now  has  a  pleasant  residence  in  Hillsboro,  and 
in  addition  to  his  mining  properties  is  interest- 
ed in  several  land  enterprises,  and  has  become 


one  of  Sierra  county's  most  prominent  and  in- 
fluential citizens.  In  politics  he  is  a  stalwart 
Republican,  and  is  now  chairman  of  the  County 
Republican  Central  Committee.  He  was  also 
chairman  of  the  committee  which  arranged  for 
the  splendid  exhibit  of  Sierra  county  minerals 
at  the  World's  Columbian  Exposition  in  Chi- 
cago in  1893.  He  was  the  designer  of  the 
Miners'  Cabin,  which  was  built  of  Sierra  min- 
erals, and  attracted  so  much  attention  during 
the  fair;  and  to  him  is  due  the  credit  of  the 
interesting  and  successful  exhibit  of  the  county. 
An  award  was  given  for  the  Miners'  Cabin,  and 
he  also  received  an  award  on  his  own  private 
collection  of  mineral  specimens. 

Mr.  Troeger  is  a  man  of  domestic  tastes, 
and  in  1890  was  happily  married  to  Miss  Katie 
E.  Lynch,  a  native  of  Darlington,  Wisconsin. 
Two  bright  boys  have  come  to  bless  their 
home, — Richard  Glenford  and  Roy  Clinton. 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  Troeger  have  many  warm  friends, 
and  their  home  is  noted  for  its  hospitality. 
Sierra  county  owes  much  of  its  prosperity  and 
progress  to  him,  and  he  stands  to-day  among 
its  foremost  citizens,  honored  and  esteemed  for 
his  well-spent  life. 


'ILLIAM  H.  WEED,  one  of  the  most 

progressive  and  enterprising  business 
men  of  New  Mexico,  who  has  worked 
his  way  upward  from  humble  sur- 
roundings to  a  position  of  wealth  and  afflu- 
ence, was  born  in  New  York  city,  on  the  22d 
of  May,  1823,  and  remained  there  until  he  had 
attained  his  majority.  The  West,  however, 
proved  to  him  a  more  attractive  field  of  opera- 
tion, and  in  1846  he  went  to  Independence, 
Missouri,  engaged  in  freighting  from  that  place 
to  Santa  Fe,  New  Mexico,  until  1848,  and  that 
year  witnessed  his  arrival  in  St.  Louis,  where 
he  continued  for  about  a  year,  going  thence  to 
California.  Starting  from  St.  Joseph,  Mis- 
souri, he  traveled  by  way  of  Fort  Laramie  and 
the  Humboldt  river  to  the  Pacific  slope.  This 
was  the  time  of  the  gold  excitement  in  that 
State,  and  he  hoped  to  rapidly  acquire  a  for- 


586 


HISTORT  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


tune.  He  at  first  engaged  in  mining  on  the 
north  fork  of  the  American  river,  but  shortly 
afterward  engaged  in  merchandising  in  Sacra- 
mento, where  he  remained  until  1852. 

In  that  year  Mr.  Weed  went  to  the  Isthmus 
of  Panama  and  engaged  in  the  transportation 
business  from  Panama  to  Cruces  and  Gorgona, 
and  owned  boats  on  the  Chagres  river  until 
1854.  In  that  year  he  again  went  to  Cali- 
fornia and  once  more  resumed  mining,  but  sub- 
sequently engaged  in  trading  for  several  years 
through  that  State,  Oregon  and  Washington, 
and  later  through  Arizona,  New  Mexico  and 
Texas  :  was  trading  and  contracting  most  of 
the  time.  He  then  went  to  the  Pan-Handle 
of  Texas,  where  he  embarked  in  merchandis- 
ing in  1873.  He  also  laid  out  the  town  of  Mo- 
beetie,  was  instrumental  in  securing  the  organi- 
zation of  the  county,  was  elected  at  that  time  as 
County  Commissioner,  and  during  his  service 
built  the  court-house. 

Mr.  Weed  has  resided  in  White  Oaks  since 
March,  1882.  He  arrived  here  with  $20,000 
worth  of  goods  and  kept  freight  trains  of  goods 
coming  constantly.  His  store  was  called  the 
"big  new  store,"  for  it  was  larger  than  any 
other  mercantile  establishment  in  the  locality. 
From  the  beginning  his  enterprise  was  at- 
tended with  a  phenomenal  success,  his  sales 
amounting  to  the  immense  sum  of  $326,000 
the  first  year,  while  his  trade  extended  through- 
out the  Pecos  valley,  and  included  Chaves  and 
Eddy  counties.  Mr.  Weed  purchased  lumber 
immediately  on  his  arrival  at  this  place,  and  on 
the  1 5th  of  April  had  his  store  building  com- 
pleted and  his  goods  in.  His  first  year's  trad- 
ing amounted  to  $126,000  with  Gross,  Black- 
well  &  Company,  of  Las  Vegas.  He  owned 
the  freighting  outfit  which  he  used,  and  carried 
on  the  largest  business  ever  transacted  in  this 
part  of  the  Territory. 

Mr.  Weed  has  also  been  largely  interested 
in  the  promotion  and  development  of  mining 
interests,  and  owns  considerable  mining  prop- 
erty in  the  vicinity  of  White  Oaks.  His  prop- 
erty of  this  character  is  quite  extensive,  and  he 
has  varied  business  interests  all  over  the  Ter- 


ritory, including  a  very  fine  store  in  San  Pedro, 
New  Mexico,  which  he  opened  in  1889.  He 
has  obtained  an  ample  fortune  through  his  own 
exertions,  and  his  career  is  an  illustration  of 
the  fact  that  persistent  work  and  earnest  ap- 
plication is  sure  of  its  reward.  He  is  widely 
known  in  this  section  of  the  country,  and  his 
honorable  business  career  and  many  social 
qualities  have  gained  him  a  large  circle  of 
friends. 


ILLIAM  G.  URTON  is  a  represent- 
ative of  the  cattle  interests  of  New 
Mexico,  and  now  makes  his  home 
in  the  city  of  Roswell.  He  de- 
scends from  an  old  Southern  family,  his  birth 
having  occurred  in  Hampshire  county,  Virginia, 
on  the  27th  of  January,  1843.  His  parents, 
William  and  Martha  Urton,  for  many  years  re- 
sided in  the  Old  Dominion.  Under  the  parent- 
al roof  our  subject  spent  the  days  of  his  child- 
hood, in  the  public  schools  acquired  his  educa- 
tion, and  remained  in  the  State  of  his  nativity 
until  after  he  had  attained  his  majority,  when 
he  decided  to  seek  a  home  in  the  West.  He 
was  then  a  young  man  of  twenty-five  years. 
Bidding  adieu  to  his  old-time  friends,  he  start- 
ed for  Missouri,  taking  up  his  residence  in  Cass 
county,  where  he  remained  until  1884. 

That  year  witnessed  the  arrival  of  Mr.  Ur- 
ton in  the  Territory  of  New  Mexico.  He  lo- 
cated at  Cedar  Canyon,  and  has  since  been 
identified  with  the  cattle-raising  interests  of 
this  section.  He  was  one  of  the  organizers  of 
the  Cass  Land  &  Cattle  Company,  which  was 
formed  in  Missouri,  but  operates  in  New  Mexi- 
co. This  company  has  its  headquarters  at 
Cedar  Canyon,  on  the  Pecos  river,  and  owns 
4,000  acres  of  land  in  this  vicinity,  and  about 
25,000  head  of  cattle.  For  the  past  nine  years 
Mr.  Urton  has  been  its  manager,  and  his  su- 
perior business  and  executive  ability  have 
brought  success  to  the  undertaking.  He  fully 
understands  the  needs  and  requirements  of  the 
cattle  business,  and  his  efficient  business  man- 


HISTORT  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


5*7 


agement  is  demonstrated  by  the  prosperity  that 
has  attended  his  efforts. 

On  the  1 6th  of  March,  1875,  Mr.  Urton 
was  united  in  marriage  with  Miss  Maria  A. 
Worrell,  at  Pleasant  Hill,  Missouri.  The  lady 
is  the  cultured  daughter  of  Jesse  P.  and  Re- 
becca (Cooley)  Worrell,  who  emigrated  to  Mis- 
souri in  1857.  Their  union  has  been  blessed 
with  two  sons,  William  Cooley  and  Benjamin 
Worrell.  Mr.  Urton  has  lately  removed  into 
the  town  of  Roswell  for  the  purpose  of  edu- 
cating his  sons.  He  has  always  taken  an  active 
part  in  the  upbuilding  of  the  Territory,  and  is 
pre-eminently  a  public-spirited  man,  ever  found 
in  the  front  rank  of  every  enterprise  calculated 
to  promote  the  general  welfare.  Socially  he 
is  connected  with  the  Masonic  fraternity,  be- 
longing to  the  blue  lodge  of  Roswell. 


<u 


•»ILLIAM  I.  CHURCH,  auditor,  cash- 
ier and  general  freight  and  passenger 
agent  of  the  Pecos  Valley  Railroad, 
now  living  in  Eddy,  has  throughout 
his  entire  life  been  connected  with  the  railroad 
service.  Personally,  he  is,  in  his  business  and 
social  relations,  a  most  delightful  companion, 
courteous  to  all  and  at  the  same  time  a  man 
of  force  and  keen  tact.  Quick  to  solve  intri- 
cate business  problems  and  to  judge  their  mer- 
its accurately,  he  has  justly  won  the  responsi- 
ble position  which  he  is  now  filling  in  a  most 
creditable  manner. 

Mr.  Church  was  born  on  the  15th  of  July, 
1863,  in  Antioch,  Monroe  county,  Ohio,  and 
acquired  the  greater  part  of  his  education  in 
Sabina,  Ohio.  In  1870  the  family  removed  to 
Ottawa,  Kansas,  but  subsequently  returned  to 
Sabina,  where  our  subject  learned  telegraphy, 
taking  up  the  profession  at  a  very  early  age. 
When  a  youth  of  thirteen  he  was  competent  to 
handle  the  office  at  Sabina,  and  in  fact  did  so 
for  three  months,  while  his  uncle,  who  was 
the  regular  operator,  was  away.  He  contin- 
ued his  residence  in  that  place  and  his  con- 
nection with  the  railroad  office  for  three  years, 
and  then  accepted  a  position  at  Washington 


Court  House,  Ohio,  where  he  remained  for  one 
year,  as  freight  clerk  and  operator.  His  prac- 
tice during  this  time  had  made  him  very  effi- 
cient, and  he  was  competent  to  fill  a  more  im- 
portant position. 

In  1880  Mr.  Church  went  to  Galveston, 
Texas,  in  the  employ  of  the  Western  Union 
Telegraph  Company  as  an  operator,  in  which 
capacity  he  served  for  five  years.  He  was 
then  promoted  to  the  position  of  night  mana- 
ger of  the  office,  and  acceptably  served  as  such 
for  seven  years.  It  was  about  this  time  that 
his  friend,  Mr.  Miller,  superintendent  of  the 
Pecos  Valley  Railroad,  wanting  a  competent 
man  in  the  auditor's  and  cashier's  department, 
offered  the  position  to  Mr.  Church,  who  ac- 
cepted it,  acting  as  clerk  in  these  departments 
until  August,  1894,  when  he  was  made  general 
freight  and  passenger  agent.  A  year  later  the 
duties  of  auditor  and  cashier  were  added,  with 
a  corresponding  increase  in  salary,  and  he  now 
has  charge  of  a  large  and  important  branch  of 
the  business  of  many.  His  rise  has  been  rapid, 
but  he  has  been  a  hard  worker  and  his  promo- 
tion has  come  to  him  as  the  reward  of  faithful 
and  meritorious  service. 

While  in  Galveston,  Mr.  Church  was  made 
a  Mason  and  took  the  Royal  Arch  degrees.  He 
also  belongs  to  the  Knights  of  Pythias  frater- 
nity. On  the  i6th  of  January,  1881,  he  was 
joined  in  wedlock  with  Miss  Mary  Rinker,  a 
native  of  Galveston,  Texas,  and  they  have  one 
child, — Ingram,  born  June  29,  1884. 


*ir  •*  ON.  CHARLES  METCALFE  SHAN- 

[\  NON,  United  States  Collector  of  In- 
1  ,r  ternal  Revenue  for  the  district  of 
New  Mexico  and  Arizona,  was  born 
near  Lexington,  La  Fayette  county,  Missouri, 
August  7,  1851,  and  is  of  Irish  descent.  His 
ancestors  located  in  America  previous  to  the 
Revolutionary  war.  His  grandfather  and  father 
were  both  born  in  Kentucky.  John  Shannon, 
our  subject's  father,  was  raised  in  his  native 
place,  and  was  there  married  to  Miss  Elizabeth 
Metcalfe,  a  native  also  of  Kentucky  and  a 


588 


HISTORY  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


descendant  of  an  old  and  prominent  Southern 
family,  her  uncle  having  been  one  of  Ken- 
tucky's able  Governors.  After  their  marriage, 
in  1838,  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Shannon  moved  to 
Missouri.  Six  children  were  born  to  them  in 
that  State,  of  whom  three  are  now  living. 
The  father  was  killed  in  a  cyclone  in  1879,  at 
the  age  of  sixty-four  years,  and  the  mother 
still  survives,  aged  seventy-one  years. 

Charles  M.  Shannon,  their  fifth  child  in 
order  of  birth,  received  his  education  in 
Missouri  and  Kentucky.  In  1871  he  came  to 
New  Mexico,  where  he  taught  school  for  a 
short  time,  and  afterward  engaged  in  prospect- 
ing and  mining,  becoming  what  might  be  call- 
ed a  mountaineer.  In  that  occupation  he  not 
only  gained  robust  health,  but  a  wide  acquaint- 
ance with  the  country  and  its  resources.  Mr. 
Shannon  is  now  largely  interested  in  copper 
mines  near  Clifton,  Arizona.  In  company 
with  his  brother,  Baylor  Shannon,  he  owns  a 
large  stock  ranch  near  Silver  City,  New 
Mexico. 

Mr.  Shannon  styles  himself  a  born  Demo- 
crat, and,  like  most  Southerners,  is  ardent  in 
his  allegiance  to  his  party,  and  has  rehdered  it 
efficient  aid  at  every  opportunity.  He  has 
served  one  term  in  the  Arizona  Legislature, 
and  in  1893  he  received  from  President  Cleve- 
land the  appointment  to  his  present  office,  that 
of  United  States  Collector  of  Revenue  for  the 
Territories  of  New  Mexico  and  Arizona.  He 
is  a  member  of  the  Democratic  National  Com- 
mittee for  Arizona.  With  Mr.  Newman,  our 
subject  owned  and  managed  the  newspaper 
called  the  "34."  It  had  worked  so  hard  for 
Democracy  that  the  county  was  carried  by 
that  party  by  thirty-four  majority,  the  county 
having  been  previously  Republican  for  many 
years,  and  in  honor  of  the  event  they  gave 
their  paper  that  name.  Later,  Mr.  Shannon 
was  connected  with  the  Lone  Star,  published 
at  El  Paso,  Texas,  and  from  1884  to  1887 
edited  the  Southwest  Sentinel,  at  Silver  City, 
New  Mexico.  In  that  way  he  wielded  a  wide 
influence  in  behalf  of  his  party. 

Mr.  Shannon  was  married  at  Dallas,  Texas, 


in  1885,  to  Miss  Mollie  Betterton,  a  native  of 
Virginia  and  a  daughter  of  W.  J.  Betterton, 
also  a  native  of  that  State.  The  family  have 
long  been  residents  of  the  South.  In  his 
social  relations,  Mr.  Shannon  is  a  Knight 
Templar  Mason. 


ILLIAM  H.  COSGROVE,  who  is 
now  serving  as  Receiver  of  Public 
Moneys  in  the  Roswell  land  office, 
to  which  position  he  was  appointed 
in  1893,  is  a  native  of  Missouri,  his  birth 
having  occurred  in  Jackson  county,  on  the  28th 
of  November,  1843.  His  father  settled  at  In- 
dependence, Missouri,  about  the  year  1836, 
and  was  a  blacksmith  by  trade. 

Our  subject  acquired  his  education  in  In- 
dependence, Missouri,  and  when  sixteen  years 
of  age  left  that  place.  Shortly  afterward,  how- 
ever, he  returned,  making  it  his  home  until 
about  1 86 1,  when  he  went  to  Montana  in 
search  of  employment.  He  has  traveled  quite 
extensively  over  this  country,  particularly  the 
region  west  of  the  Mississippi,  and  has  gained 
the  wide  knowlege  and  broader  views  that 
travel  and  its  attending  experiences  bring. 

On  coming  to  New  Mexico  in  1874  Mr. 
Cosgrove  located  in  Santa  Fe,  where  he  re- 
mained for  four  years.  He  then  came  to  the 
ranch  on  which  is  now  located  the  town  of 
Roswell,  and  assisted  his  brother  who  had 
taken  a  contract  to  carry  the  mail  from  Las 
Vegas,  New  Mexico,  via  Fort  Stanton,  to 
Mesilla,  New  Mexico,  a  distance  of  about  425 
miles.  Over  that  Territory  there  were  few 
houses,  no  railroads  and  no  towns.  While  thus 
engaged  Mr.  Cosgrove  established  a  store  in 
Roswell.  He  had  acquired  his  capital  through 
industry  and  frugality,  and  now  made  a  judi- 
cious investment  of  it. 

On  the  expiration  of  the  mail  contract,  Mr. 
Cosgrove  went  to  the  East,  where  he  remained 
for  a  year,  and  then  returned  to  again  enter 
mercantile  life.  For  a  number  of  years  he 
carried  on  business  alone,  and  then  entered 
into  partnership  with  John  W.  Poe  and  J.  S. 


HISTORY  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


589 


Lea,  under  the  firm  name  of  Poe,  Lea  &  Cos- 
grove.  This  firm  carried  on  a  successful  busi- 
ness until  1892,  when  the  store  was  sold.  Mr. 
Cosgrove  had  formerly  been  appointed  Post- 
master of  Roswell,  which  position  he  held  for 
nine  consecutive  years,  discharging  his  duties  in 
a  most  creditable  and  painstaking  manner.  In 
1893  he  was  appointed  and  has  since  accept- 
ably served  as  receiver  of  public  moneys  in  the 
land  office  in  Roswell. 

On  the  28th  of  April,  1884,  in  Roswell, 
was  celebrated  the  marriage  of  Mr.  Cosgrove 
and  Miss  Sarah  Tucker,  of  Jasper  county, 
Missouri.  Two  children  grace  this  union, — 
Ella  and  Inez.  Our  subject  is  very  prominent 
in  Masonic  circles,  being  both  a  Knight  Temp- 
lar and  Scottish  Rite  Mason.  From  the  age 
of  sixteen  years  he  has  been  dependent  entirely 
upon  his  own  resources,  and  the  success  he  has 
achieved  is  the  just  reward  of  his  own  labors. 
He  has  seen  the  rapid  and  steady  rise  of  Ros- 
well from  an  unincorporated  town  to  one  of 
the  thriving  cities  of  the  Territory,  and  has 
ever  borne  his  part  in  the  work  of  development 
and  progress.  He  is  a  man  of  kindly  disposi- 
tion and  pleasant  manner  who  has  won  the 
warm  friendship  of  nearly  all  with  whom  he 
has  been  brought  in  contact. 


ICHARD  F.  BARNETT  is  one  of  the 
prominent  business  men  of  Roswell, 
New  Mexico,  and  with  a  determined 
will  and  resolute  purpose  carries  for- 
ward to  successful  completion  whatever  he  un- 
dertakes. He  is. a  promoter  of  the  agricultural 
and  stock-raising  interests  of  this  section  of  the 
Territory,  and  is  a  representative  of  that  class 
of  citizens  whose  well  directed  efforts  not  only 
benefit  himself  but  have  materially  advanced 
the  welfare  of  the  community. 

Mr.  Barnett  is  a  native  of  Mississippi.  He 
was  born  in  Leake  county,  November  19,  1860, 
and  during  his  early  childhood  accompanied  his 
parents  to  the  Indian  Territory,  the  family  locat- 
ing in  the  Cherokee  Nation,  where,  having  ar- 
rived at  years  of  maturity,  our  subject  engaged 


in  stock  dealing.  Hearing  such  favorable  ac- 
counts of  the  Pecos  valley  he  resolved  to  seek 
a  home  in  this  region,  where  he  arrived  in  the 
spring  of  1887.  He  took  up  his  residence  in 
Roswell  and  resumed  stock  dealing.  He  also 
opened  a  livery  stable  at  the  same  place  where 
he  now  carries  on  business,  and  after  two  years 
admitted  to  partnership  James  Sutherland. 
This  connection  continued  for  five  years,  when 
Mr.  Sutherland  sold  his  interest  to  J.  H.  De- 
vine,  who  is  now  Mr.  Barnett's  partner  in  the 
livery  and  feed  business.  His  stable  is  well 
equipped  with  horses  and  carriages,  and  his 
earnest  desire  to  please  his  customers  and  his 
honorable  dealing  has  secured  to  him  a  liberal 
patronage. 

Before  the  railroad  was  built  from  Eddy  to 
Roswell,  in  1894,  a  distance  of  eighty-five 
miles,  the  firm  of  Barnett,  Devine  &  Company 
owned  a  stable  in  the  former  town  and  ran  a 
daily  stage  line  between  the  two  places,  also 
carrying  the  mail  for  several  years.  For  effi- 
ciency, promptness  and  reliability  the  service 
was  unequaled  anywhere  in  the  Territory.  This 
firm  now  carries  the  mail  and  runs  a  stage  line 
between  Roswell  and  Lincoln,  the  county  seat 
of  Lincoln  county,  sixty-five  miles  west  of  Ros- 
well. In  this  as  in  every  other  business  rela- 
tion Mr.  Barnett  shows  a  thorough  knowledge 
of  his  business  and  how  it  should  be  conducted, 
and  his  well  directed  efforts  are  therefore 
crowned  with  success. 

Upon  his  good  farm  two  miles  east  of  the 
town,  Mr.  Barnett  is  engaged  in  raising  mules 
and  hogs,  believing  the  latter  to  be  one  of  New 
Mexico's  chief  sources  of  income,  for,  as  he 
says,  alfalfa  is  about  all  that  is  needed  to  raise 
hogs,  and  alfalfa  grows  most  abundantly,  need- 
ing little  cultivation.  He  also  has  a  forty  acre 
orchard  of  apple  trees,  including  some  fine 
varieties,  which  yield  luxuriantly.  His  landed 
possessions  aggregate  about  1,200  acres  in 
Chaves  county.  He  was  one  of  the  promoters, 
and  is  a  stockholder  in  the  Pecos  Valley  Indus- 
trial Company,  with  an  organized  capital  of 
three  hundred  thousand  dollars,  organized  for 
the  purpose  of  constructing  an  irrigation  ditch 


590 


HISTORY  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


from  the  Pecos  river,  forty  miles  above  Roswell, 
and  bringing  under  cultivation  some  ten  thou- 
sand acres  of  fine  land.  This  movement  is  one 
specially  beneficial  to  the  Pecos  Valley,  largely 
promoting  its  fertility.  As  a  stockholder  in  the 
Roswell  National  Bank,  he  is  a  promoter  of  the 
sound  financial  interests  of  the  valley  and  is 
widely  recognized  as  one  of  the  successful  and 
reliable  business  men  of  the  Territory.  He 
has  been  the  architect  of  his  own  fortunes  and 
has  builded  wisely  and  well. 

The  pleasant  home  of  Mr.  Barnett  is  gra- 
ciously presided  over  by  the  lady  who  since  1891 
has  shared  his  name  and  fortunes.  In  her 
maidenhood  she  was  Miss  Lizzie  Higginbotham, 
and  the  wedding  was  celebrated  in  Louisana. 
They  have  two  children,  a  son  and  daughter. 
Mr.  Barnett  is  a  Knight  Templar  Mason,  hold- 
ing membership  in  the  blue  lodge,  chapter  and 
commandery  of  Roswell. 


aHARLES  M.  CREAMER,  the  leading 
druggist  of  Santa  Fe,  was  born  in 
Ohio,  November  15,  1855  His 
father,  Joseph  K.  Creamer,  was  a 
native  of  Germany  and  came  to  America  when 
seventeen  years  of  age,  locating  in  Ohio.  He 
was  married  there  to  Miss  Ellen  O'Shay,  a  na- 
tive of  Ireland.  They  subsequently  moved  to 
Indiana,  where  Mr.  Creamer  was  engaged  in 
coal-mining  until  i86r.  In  that  year  he  en- 
listed for  service  in  the  late  war,  entering  Com- 
pany F,  Twenty-sixth  Indiana  Volunteer  Infan- 
try, served  through  the  entire  struggle,  and  re- 
turned home  at  its  close  in  broken  health,  and 
died  in  1872.  His  wife  had  departed  this  life 
shortly  after  the  birth  of  their  second  child. 

At  eight  years  of  age  Charles  M. ,  the  sub- 
ject of  this  sketch,  began  to  earn  his  own  liv- 
ing, and  in  the  fullest  sense  of  the  word  may 
be  called  a  self-taught  man.  In  1 872  he  began 
to  learn  the  drug  business  in  Louisville,  Ken- 
tucky, which  occupation  he  has  ever  since  fol- 
lowed. September  17,  1880,  Mr.  Creamer 
arrived  in  New  Mexico,  to  accept  the  position 
of  clerk  in  the  drug  house  of  C.  F.  A.  Fisher, 


of  the  firm  of  Myer  Brothers,  of  St.  Louis,  the 
largest  wholesale  drug  firm  in  the  West.  In 
1883  he  purchased  a  half  interest  in  the  busi- 
ness in  Santa  Fe,  and  in  the  following  year 
became  sole  owner  of  the  stock.  Mr.  Creamer 
has  been  interested  in  various  other  enterprises, 
but  has  made  the  drug  business  his  leading  oc- 
cupation. 

In  political  matters,  he  is  an  ardent  Demo- 
crat, and  for  eight  years  has  been  a  member  of 
the  Democratic  county  central  committee,  also 
chairman  of  the  board  of  County  Commission- 
ers. Since  serving  as  chairman  of  the  county 
p  central  committee  he  has  never  lost  a  battle, 
and  it  was  under  his  management  that  the  first 
straight  Democratic  ticket  in  the  county  was 
elected.  He  still  takes  a  deep  interest  in  poli- 
tics, and  has  attended  all  the  conventions  of 
his  party  in  the  Territory. 

Mr.  Creamer  was  married  June  14,  1883, 
to  Miss  Ella  McCarr,  of  Springfield,  Ohio. 
They  have  one  son,  Charles  M.,  born  in  Santa 
Fe.  He  is  now  eight  years  of  age,  and  has 
served  as  Page  in  the  Territorial  Legislature, 
having  been  the  youngest  page  in  that  body. 
The  wife  and  mother  died  April  22,  1890. 
May  8,  1891,  Mr.  Creamer  was  united  in  mar- 
riage with  Miss  Augusta  Schlacter,  a  native  of 
Switzerland.  They  have  two  children,  Joseph 
K.  and  Sophia  Maria.  The  family  are  mem- 
bers of  the  Catholic  Church,  and  Mr.  Creamer 
is  President  of  the  local  order  of  the  Catholic 
Knights  of  America,  in  which  he  has  served  as 
a  delegate  to  the  national  convention. 


QRASTUS  W.  PARKER,   superintend- 
ent   and    part    owner    of    the    South 
Homestake  mine  at  White  Oaks,  is  a 
native  of  the  Empire  State.      He  was 
born  in  Dansville,  Livingston  county,  Septem- 
ber 28,   1843,  and   is  a  son   of  James  H.    and 
Cherrille  (Wells)  Parker.      The  ancestry  on  the 
mother's  side  were  noted  and  prominent  New 
York  people.      Her  grandfather  was  agent   for 
the     Holland   Land  Company,    which   owned 
large  tracts  of  land  in  New  York,  and  he  also 


HIS  TORT  OF  NE  W  MEXICO. 


59 ' 


served  as  Governor  of  Connecticut.  When 
our  subject  was  three  years  of  age  the  family 
started  for  California,  but  the  mother  was  taken 
ill  and  this  caused  their  location  in  St.  Louis, 
Missouri. 

It  was  in  the  latter  city  that  Erastus  W. 
acquired  his  education,  in  the  common  and  high 
schools  there,  and  subsequently  pursued  his 
studies  in  Center  College,  Boyle  county,  Ken- 
tucky. From  1860  until  September,  1862,  he 
was  a  midshipman  in  the  United  States  Navy 
and  cruised  along  the  Atlantic  coast ;  also  made 
one  trip  through  the  blue  waters  of  the  Med- 
iterranean. In  the  latter  part  of  1862,  he  was 
in  the  express  business  from  St.  Louis,  Mis- 
souri, to  New  Orleans,  connected  with  Parker's 
Express,  on  the  Mississippi  and  tributaries, 
and  also  from  New  York  City  to  New  Orleans, 
on  the  Luwa  Nawda  Express  line,  by  ocean. 
He  was  agent  of  these  companies  until  1865, 
when  the  business  was  sold  to  what  is  now  the 
Adams  Express  Company. 

In  1866  Mr.  Parker  was  united  in  marriage 
with  Miss  Emmeline  Brown,  daughter  of  Judge 
Morris  Brown,  a  prominent  attorney  of  New 
York  and  one  of  the  attorneys  in  the  famous 
"Tweed  ring"  case.  Three  sons  have  been 
born  to  them:  James  H.,  a  graduate  of  the 
School  of  Mines  of  Golden,  Colorado;  Frank 
W. ,  and  Morris  B.,  a  graduate  of  the  Mis- 
souri School  of  Mines,  at  Rolla,  that  State. 

Upon  his  marriage  Mr.  Parker  purchased  a 
vineyard  on  Lake  Keuka,  in  New  York,  fifty 
miles  north  from  Elmira,  where  he  lived  until 
1872.  At  that  time  he  entered  into  a  connec- 
tion with  the  National  Express  &  Stage  Com- 
pany, operating  in  all  the  Southern  States  and 
Territories.  As  superintendent  he  had  entire 
charge  of  the  business,  with  headquarters  at 
St.  Louis.  The  headquarters  of  the  company 
was  at  Atchison,  Kansas. 

In  his  official  capacity  Mr.  Parker  made 
frequent  trips  over  the  company's  routes  and 
while  on  a  tour  of  inspection  of  the  line  from 
Vinita  in  the  Indian  Territory  to  Las  Vegas, 
New  Mexico,  he  became  attracted  toward 
White  Oaks.  Such  rich  specimens  of  gold  ore 


were  shown  him  that  he  concluded  to  investi- 
gate for  himself  and  see  whether  all  was  as  re- 
ported. He  took  a  team  and  drove  to  the  camp, 
and  being  satisfied  with  what  he  saw  he  located 
claims  (1879)  in  the  Jicarillas.  He  brought  to 
Lincoln  county  the  first  artesian-well  outfit,  in- 
tending to  operate  it  in  placer  mining.  He 
interested  with  him  such  men  as  Judge  John 
Hancock,  of  Austin,  Texas,  Erastus  Wells, 
Rolla  Wells,  Thomas  Howard,  John  W.  Harri- 
son and  E.  S.  Chester,  of  St.  Louis,  and  J.  W. 
Parker,  of  Atchison,  Kansas,  who  came  with 
him  to  White  Oaks  the  following  years.  Be- 
lieving that  the  South  Homestake  mine  would 
prove  a  profitable  investment  they  concluded 
to  abandon  the  Jicarillas  and  operate  the 
former  at  White  Oaks.  Through  C.  Ewing 
Patterson,  an  attorney  at  White  Oaks,  and  our 
subject,  an  option  was  obtained  on  this  mine. 
The  company  subsequently  purchased  it,  erected 
a  stamp  mill  and  equipped  the  mine  with  the 
latest  improved  machinery  and  facilities.  The 
original  owners  were  Erastus  Wells,  J.  W. 
Parker,  E.  S.  Chester,  T.  W.  Heman,  William 
Watson,  C.  Ewing  Patterson,  E.  W.  Parker 
and  John  A.  Wilson.  The  present  owners  are 
Rolla  Wells,  son  of  Erastus  Wells,  who  is  now 
deceased ;  John  W.  Harrison  and  E.  W.  Parker. 
Our  subject  lives  in  White  Oaks  and  has 
the  general  management  of  the  entire  mining 
interests  at  this  place,  and  has  done  much  for 
the  development  of  the  business  in  this  section 
of  the  Territory.  He  is  deeply  interested  in 
New  Mexico's  progress  and  improvement  and 
is  a  worthy  adopted  son  of  the  Territory. 
Fraternally  he  is  connected  with  the  Masonic 
order,  and  is  a  social,  genial  gentleman  who 
has  many  friends. 


*•   *  ON.  WILLIAM  c.  MCDONALD  is 

|r^    one  of  the   pioneers  of  the  town  of 

^f    White  Oaks,  Lincoln  county,    having 

been  identified  with  its  progress  and 

upbuilding  for  fifteen  years.      He  came  here  in 

the  spring  of  1880  and  found   a  largely  unde- 

veloped   region.       In  a  great   measure  it  was 


592 


HISTORY  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


still  in  its  primitive  condition,  but  his  charac- 
teristic energy  has  been  largely  devoted  to  its 
upbuilding,  and  White  Oaks  owes  not  a  little  of 
her  advancement  to  his  indefatigable  efforts. 

Mr.  McDonald  was  born  in  New  York,  on 
the  25th  of  July,  1858,  and  spent  the  days  of 
his  boyhood  and  youth  in  the  usual  manner  of 
farmer  lads.  His  elementary  education,  ac- 
quired in  the  common  schools,  was  supple- 
mented by  a  course  in  Cazenovia  Seminary. 
He  made  his  home  at  the  place  of  his  birth 
and  taught  school  for  three  years  after  com- 
pleting his  own  education.  At  the  same  time 
he  took  up  the  study  of  law,  for  it  was  his  de- 
sire to  enter  the  legal  profession.  In  the  spring 
of  1880  he  bade  adieu  to  friends  and  family  and 
started  westward,  thinking  that  on  the  broad 
plains  of  the  region  beyond  the  Mississippi  he 
would  have  better  opportunities  for  more  rapid 
advancement.  He  made  his  way  to  Fort 
Scott,  Kansas,  where  he  had  acquaintances 
living,  and  remained  there  for  a  short  time. 
Court  being  in  session  at  the  time,  he  concluded 
to  undertake  an  examination  for  admission  to 
the  bar,  which  he  passed  successfully  and  was 
now  an  acknowledged  lawyer.  He  had  been 
in  Fort  Scott  only  a  short  time  when  he  heard 
of  the  mining  excitement  at  White  Oaks,  New 
Mexico,  and  came  to  this  place  His  capital 
was  very  limited,  but  he  had  a  knowledge  of 
surveying  and  civil  engineering  which  now 
came  into  good  play  in  this  region,  which  was 
just  being  opened  up  to  civilization.  He  car- 
ried on  business  along  those  lines  for  ten  years, 
when  in  1890  he  accepted  the  position  of  man- 
ager of  the  Carrizozo  Cattle  Company,  an  En- 
glish syndicate,  owning  a  very  large  ranch 
eleven  miles  southwest  of  White  Oaks.  He 
has  since  continued  in  this  capacity,  and  his 
long  service  well  indicates  his  fidelity  to  duty, 
his  capable  management  and  the  confidence 
and  trust  reposed  in  him.  Although  he  has 
never  engaged  in  the  practice  of  law,  his 
knowledge  of  it  has  proved  beneficial  in  his 
business  interests. 

Mr.  McDonald  is  a  leading  and  influential 
citizen  and  was  honored  by  an  election  to  the 


Twenty-ninth  Territorial  General  Assembly,  as 
the  representative  from  Lincoln  county.  On 
the  3  ist  of  August,  1891,  he  led  to  the  mar- 
riage altar  Mrs.  Frances  J.  McCourt,  and  they 
now  have  a  bright  and  interesting  little  daugh- 
ter, Frances,  born  August  13,  1892. 


eDWARD  H.  HARLOW,  division  fore- 
man for  the  Atlantic  &  Pacific  Rail- 
road Company,  is  located  at  Gallup, 
one  of  the  divisions  of  the  road.      He 
is  a  native    of  Wisconsin,    the   birthplace   of 
many  representative  and  sterling  citizens  whose 
lives  partake  of   the  hardy  ruggedness  of  the 
northern  climate,  and  to  this  class  belongs  our 
subject.      He    was    born    in    Janesville,    Rock 
county,  on  the  ist  of  September,   1856,  and  is 
a  son  of  E.  G.  Harlow,  a  native  of  the  Empire 
State.      His  mother  bore  the  maiden  name  of 
Fannie    Howe,    and    was    also    born    in    New 
York. 

Our  subject  began  his  education  in  the  pub- 
lic schools  of  Janesville,  which  he  completed 
in  Trinity  Church  parish  school  of  that  place. 
In  1873  he  made  his  way  to  the  metropolis  of 
the  Northwest, — Chicago, — and  served  an  ap- 
prenticeship in  the  Northwestern  railroad  shops. 
There  his  faithful  service  and  efficiency  won 
him  promotion  and  he  at  length  became  gang 
foreman  on  the  road.  In  1887  he  left  Chicago, 
going  to  Harvard,  Illinois,  where  he  was  em- 
ployed in  the  roundhouse  as  foreman,  still  in 
the  employ  of  the  Northwestern  Company. 
His  labors  in  that  place  were  continued  for 
fifteen  months,  on  the  expiration  of  which 
period  he  accepted  the  position  of  gang  fore- 
man at  Topeka,  Kansas,  in  the  main  shops  of 
the  Atchison,  Topeka  &  Santa  Fe  Railroad. 
He  had  been  there  only  a  short  time  when  he 
accepted  the  position  of  division  foreman  at 
Wallace,  New  Mexico,  for  the  same  road,  and 
was  promoted  to  the  more  responsible  position 
of  general  foreman  at  Raton.  Going  to  Al- 
buquerque, he  was  employed  in  the  machine 
shops,  where  his  superior  mechanical  ability 
soon  won  for  him  the  position  of  shop  foreman. 


HISTORT  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


593 


In  1893  he  removed  to  Gallup  and  was  made 
division  foreman,  which  position  he  is  now  ac- 
ceptably filling.  He  is  a  thorough  railroad 
man,  careful  and  painstaking,  who  in  his  work 
carries  out  the  motto,  "Whatever  is  worth 
doing  at  all  is  worth  doing  well."  He  believes 
that  neither.time  nor  expense  should  be  spared 
in  securing  perfection,  and  requires  good  work- 
manship of  those  over  whom  he  has  charge. 

Mr.  Harlow  has  been  twice  married.  He 
wedded  Miss  Cynthia  Lucas,  who  died  and  was 
buried  at  Westville;  and  later  he  led  to  the 
marriage  altar  Miss  Annah  Cummings,  of  Janes- 
ville,  Wisconsin.  They  now  have  two  inter- 
esting children:  Philip  Leon  and  Edward 
George. 

Mr.  Harlow  is  a  Mason,  belonging  to  the 
blue  lodge  at  Gallup,  and  the  chapter  and  com- 
mandery  at  Albuquerque.  He  also  holds  mem- 
bership in  the  Odd  Fellows  Society  at  Austin, 
Illinois,  and  the  Ancient  Order  of  United 
Workmen  at  Albuquerque.  He  is  now  Master 
of  the  blue  lodge  at  Gallup,  and  District  Deputy 
Grand  Master  of  the  Territory.  His  life  has 
been  well  and  worthily  spent,  and  character- 
ized by  a  strict  adherence  to  duty.  As  a  busi- 
ness man  he  is  thoroughly  reliable,  and  is  a 
gentleman  of  genuine  worth  whose  many  ex- 
cellencies have  won  him  high  regard  among 
his  business  associates  and  other  acquaintances. 


>-j>  UDGE  N.  B.  LAUGHLIN.— "  No  spe- 
4  cies  of  writing  seems  more  worthy  of 
A  j  cultivation  than  biography, "  says  Lang- 
horn.  It  yields  in  point  of  interest 
and  profit  to  no  other  study,  and  the  student  of 
human  nature  finds  his  greatest  delight  in  ex- 
amining into  the  life  and  history  of  a  self-made 
man,  in  analyzing  those  principles  which  have 
made  such  a  one  pass  many  on  the  highway  of 
life  and  attain  a  position  of  prominence  in  the 
community.  The  gentleman  of  whom  we 
write  belongs  to  that  class  who  have  forced 
aside  the  barriers  that  obstruct  the  way  until 
now  he  stands  within  that  charmed  circle,  rich 
in  honor  and  wealth, — a  devoted  son  of  his 

38 


adopted  State.  Judge  Laughlin,  of  Santa  Fe, 
has  gained  his  eminent  position  through  indus- 
try and  ability,  and  to-day  he  is  serving  as  As- 
sociate Justice  of  the  Supreme  Court  and  Judge 
of  the  First  Judicial  Court  for  the  counties  of 
Santa  Fe,  Taos,  Rio  Arriba  and  San  Juan. 

A  native  of  Illinois,  he  was  born  at  Grand 
Tower,  Jackson  county,  on  the  24th  of  July, 
1844,  and  is  descended  from  Scotch-Irish  an- 
cestors who  in  search  of  liberty  sought  a  home 
in  the  New  World  prior  to  the  struggle  for 
American  independence.  His  maternal  great- 
grandfather, Allen  Henson,  was  an  active  par- 
ticipant in  the  war  of  the  Revolution,  and, 
serving  in  the  command  of  General  Nathaniel 
Greene,  participated  in  the  battles  of  Brandy- 
wine,  Germantown  and  others  of  that  time. 
He  also  participated  in  the  wars  against  the 
Indians,  and  on  three  different  occasions  was 
scalped  by  the  red  men!  His  family  became 
residents  of  east  Tennessee  in  the  early  his- 
tory of  the  State  and  were  prominent  in  its 
development.  His  son,  George  Washington 
Greene  Henson,  the  maternal  grandfather  of 
Judge  Laughlin,  emigrated  from  Roane  county, 
Tennessee,  to  Illinois,  locating  on  the  east 
bank  of  the  Mississippi  river  in  Jackson  county, 
in  the  early  part  of  the  present  century.  The 
experiences  of  pioneer  life  then  became  familiar 
to  him,  for  this  was  at  a  time  when  the  keel- 
boat  and  flatboat  were  the  only  known  means 
of  navigation  on  the  Mississippi  river,  and  the 
wild  Indians  had  full  possession  of  all  that  part 
of  the  country.  Old  Kaskaskia  was  at  that 
time  the  principal  trading  and  business  point 
in  southern  Illinois,  for  these  were  Territorial 
days;  and  it  may  be  truly  said  of  these  pioneer 
families  of  the  great  Mississippi  river  bottoms 
and  its  dense  and  massive  forests  in  their  prime- 
val days,  that: 

Oft  did  the  harvest  to  the  sickle  yield; 

Their  furrow  oft  the  stubborn  glebe  has  broke; 
How  jocund  did  they  drive  their  team  a-field  ! 

How  bowed  the  woods  beneath  their  sturdy  stroke! 

The  Laughlins  were  also  numbered  among 
the  honored  pioneers  of  that  State,  the  Judge's 
grandfather,  Henry  Laughlin,  removing  from 


594 


HISTORT  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


Kentucky  to  Randolph  county,  Illinois,  about 
1805.  There  on  the  ist  of  March,  1810, 
Garland  Laughlin,  the  father  of  our  subject, 
was  born.  With  his  parents  he  went  to  Jack- 
son county,  and  after  attaining  his  majority 
engaged  in  farming  and  trading  by  flatboat, 
making  trips  to  New  Orleans  in  the  winter  sea- 
son, a  distance  of  i,  100  miles. 

In  Jackson  county,  Illinois,  was  celebrated 
his  marriage  to  Miss  Jane  Henson,  daughter  of 
G.  W.  G.  Henson,  and  by  their  union  were 
born  six  children,  of  whom  the  Judge  is  the 
fourth  in  order  of  birth.  The  mother  died 
in  1851,  and  in  1859  Garland  Laughlin  re- 
moved to  Randolph  county,  Arkansas,  where 
they  resided  during  the  late  war,  going  then 
to  Perry  county,  Missouri,  where  his  death 
occurred  in  1867. 

Belonging  to  a  Southern  family  and  reared 
among  the  institutions  of  the  South,  the  Laugh- 
lins  were  true  to  their  teachings  and  training 
and  were  represented  in  the  late  war  by  E.  G. 
Laughlin,  the  eldest  brother  of  our  subject, 
who  enlisted  in  the  Confederate  service  in  1 86 1 , 
as  a  member  of  Trigg's  battery,  of  General 
Hardee's  division.  This  battery  was  one  of 
the  first  that  opened  fire  at  the  battle  of  Shiloh, 
and  there  he  was  wounded  on  the  second  day 
of  the  engagement.  He  was  afterward  trans- 
ferred to  the  Trans-Mississippi  Department, 
was  again  wounded  at  the  battle  of  Pleasant 
Hill,  Louisiana,  and  was  finally  paroled  at 
Shreveport,  that  State,  in  June,  1865.  The 
following  year  he  returned  to  Illinois  and  his 
death  occurred  in  Doniphan  county,  Missouri, 
in  1878. 

It  is  with  pleasure  that  we  turn  our  atten- 
tion to  the  life  record  of  Judge  Laughlin,  for 
it  is  well  worthy  a  place  on  the  pages  of  his- 
tory. He  was  given  the  name  of  Napoleon 
Bonaparte  in  honor  of  an  uncle  of  that  name 
and  on  account  of  the  great  admiration  the 
family  had  for  the  eminent  French  general. 
With  the  name  he  seems  to  have  acquired 
some  of  the  military  tendencies  of  that  com- 
mander, for  though  only  twenty  years  of  age 
at  the  time  of  the  war  he  enlisted,  in  June, 


1864,  in  the  Confederate  army  as  a  member 
of  Company  H,  Fifteenth  Missouri  Cavalry, 
which  was  commanded  by  Colonel  Timothy 
Reeves,  doing  provost  duty  at  Jacksonport, 
Arkansas,  and  thence  accompanying  General 
Price  on  his  last  raid  through  Missouri  and 
Kansas.  He  participated  in  the  battles  of 
Pilot  Knob,  Big  Blue,  West  Port,  and  New- 
tonia,  Missouri;  Dry  Creek,  Kansas,  and  at 
the  close  of  the  war,  in  June,  1865,  was  paroled, 
at  Jacksonport,  Arkansas. 

Various  things  combined  to  prevent  Judge 
Laughlin  from  obtaining  educational  advan- 
tages in  his  youth, — ill  health,  the  loss  of  his 
mother  at  six  years  of  age,  the  vicissitudes  of 
war  and  the  want  of  public  schools;  and  at 
the  age  of  twenty-three  years  he  was  unable  to 
read  or  write  his  name  !  At  this  point  in  his 
life,  most  young  men  would  have  succumbed 
to  the  force  of  circumstances  and  the  stern  de- 
cree of  fate,  that  seemed  at  the  time  insur- 
mountable. An  orphan  boy,  with  no  means, 
no  education  and  worst  of  all  with  a  heritage 
of  ill-health,  so  much  so  that  he  could  perform 
little  manual  labor, — with  such  prospects  for 
the  future,  the  prediction  for  his  elegy  well 
might  have  been: 

"A  heart  once  pregnant  with  celestial  fire; 
*  *  *  #  *  * 

But  knowledge  to  their  eyes  her  ample  page, 
Rich  with  the  spoils  of  time  did  ne'er  unroll; 

Chill  penury  repressed  their  noble  rage, 
And  froze  the  genial  current  of  the  soul." 

But  such  was  not  the  case.  The  excitement 
of  the  war  being  over,  the  innate  self  reliant 
and  ambitious  spirit  that  had  lain  dormant, 
strengthened  and  fertilized  by  rough  experience 
with  the  world,  began  to  germinate  and  take 
deep  root.  It  was  then  that  he  began  to  con- 
sider his  circumstances.  ' '  Dipped  into  the  fu- 
ture as  far  as  human  eyes  could  see,"  he  saw 
that  an  education  was  the  pre-requisite  for  fu- 
ture success.  He  attended  a  country  school 
for  two  winters  and  fed  a  farmer's  stock  for 
his  board;  and  afterward,  with  his  small  earn- 
ings saved,  he  entered  Bryant  &  Stratton's 
Commercial  College  in  St.  Louis,  and  was 


HISTORT  OF  NE  W  MEXICO. 


595 


graduated  there.  Not  satisfied  with  this  edu- 
cation, he  entered  the  Missouri  State  Uni- 
versity, and  was  graduated  at  that  institution 
in  the  regular  course,  with  the  degree  of  Bach- 
elor of  Philosophy,  in  the  class  of  1875,  and 
remained  in  the  law  department  there  one 
year.  During  the  six  years  he  remained  at 
the  university,  he  attended  to  the  business  of 
the  Students'  Boarding  Club  in  payment  of 
his  board,  and  worked  on  farms  and  in  stores 
during  vacations  and  holidays  for  money  for 
clothing,  books  and  incidental  expenses. 

He  located  at  Dallas,  Texas,  where  he  was 
admitted  to  the  bar  in  1876.  The  untiring 
perseverance  and  commendable  ambition  that 
characterized  his  entire  life,  secured  him  his 
education  and  made  him  a  man  of  ripe  scholar- 
ship and  broad  general  information.  He  suc- 
cessfully engaged  in  the  practice  of  law  in 
Dallas  until  1879,  when  ill  health  forced  him 
to  make  a  trip  to  the  Rocky  mountains,  and  on 
horseback  he  traveled  across  the  Llano  Esta- 
cado  to  Santa  Fe,  New  Mexico, — a  distance  of 
about  1,000  miles, — where  he  has  since  re- 
mained. 

The  Judge  spent  the  first  three  years  of 
his  residence  in  New  Mexico  in  mining  camps, 
where  he  was  three  times  elected  Recorder  for 
the  district.  In  1880  he  was  elected  to  the 
'  lower  house  of  the  Territorial  Legislature 
and  was  again  nominated  to  that  position  in 
1882,  but  met  defeat  at  that  time.  The  same 
year  he  was  admitted  to  practice  at  the  Santa 
Fe  bar,  and  was  exclusively  engaged  in  the 
prosecution  of  his  profession  until  appointed  to 
his  present  position.  His  retirement  from  of- 
ficial life  was  only  for  a  brief  period,  for  men 
of  worth  and  ability  were  needed  for  office,  and 
in  1 886  he  was  again  elected  a  member  of  the 
upper  house  of  the  Legislature,  and  during 
that  session  was  nominated  by  the  Governor 
and  confirmed  as  Attorney  General  .for  the 
Territory;  but  a  misunderstanding  arose  be- 
tween Judge  Laughlin  and  the  Governor  con- 
cerning the  policy  and  management  of  certain 
public  institutions  of  the  Territory.  Both  gen- 
tlemen possessed  decided  opinions,  and  the 


Governor,  declined  to  issue  the  commission, 
and  Mr.  Laughlin  was  deprived  of  the  position 
to  which  he  had  been  lawfully  appointed  and 
confirmed  by  he  Governor  and  the  Legislative 
Council.  In  1892  he  was  nominated  by  his 
party  for  the  upper  house  of  the  Legislature 
but  failed  of  election.  In  1891  he  was  ap- 
pointed by  the  Governor  and  confirmed  by  the 
Legislative  Council  as  a  member  of  the  board 
of  Penitentiary  Commissioners  for  the  manage- 
ment of  the  New  Mexico  penitentiary,  and  was 
again  appointed  in  1893,  serving  nearly  four 
years  as  a  member  and  secretary  of  that  board. 
He  resigned  when  appointed  to  his  present 
position,  after  earnest  and  effective  labor  that 
largely  secured  the  present  high  standing  of 
that  public  institution,  which  in  point  of  per- 
fection equals  that  of  any  State  in  the  Union. 

In  July,  1894,  Judge  Laughlin  was  ap- 
pointed by  President  Cleveland  as  Associate 
Justice  of  the  Supreme  Court,  and  Judge  of 
the  First  Judicial  District  Court,  and  in  this 
position  gives  general  satisfaction  by  the  fair- 
ness of  his  rulings,  his  respect  and  courtesy 
toward  the  members  of  the  profession,  his 
promptness  and  dispatch  of  business  and  in 
his  efforts  to  arrive  at  the  truth  and  justice  of 
the  cause  at  bar.  As  an  Appellate  Judge  his 
opinions  are  short,  terse  and  directly  to  the  is- 
sues involved,  his  entire  efforts  being  to  inter- 
pret the  law  without  fear  or  favor  to  any  one 
or  to  any  issue,  and  every  ruling  and  decision 
are  made  by  him  regardless  of  anything  except 
the  law  and  the  facts  in  that  particular  case. 
His  motto  is,  "Be  just  and  fear  not,"  and  it 
may  be  truthfully  said  of  him  that  in  all  of  his 
public  acts  he  lives  up  to  it  in  letter  and 
spirit. 

As  a  practitioner  in  the  courts  of  New 
Mexico,  in  both  civil  and  criminal  cases  of 
importance,  Judge  Laughlin  has  been  very 
successful;  also  in  the  United  States  Court 
of  Private  Land  Claims,  wherein  he  secured 
the  confirmation  of  many  large  Spanish  grants. 
He  has  given  much  time  and  study  to  the  his- 
tory and  research  of  Spanish  and  Mexican 
jurisprudence  on  this  subject  and  has  been 


596 


HISTORT  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


well  repaid  therefor.  He  has  always  en- 
deavored to  state  clearly  and  positively  a  law 
or  a  fact  to  a  judge  or  jury,  and  has  therefore 
always  retained  the  respect  of  the  various 
courts  before  whom  he  has  practiced. 

In  1883  Judge  Laughlin  was  happily  mar- 
ried to  Miss  Katie  Kimbrough,  of  Dallas, 
Texas,  an  accomplished  and  talented  lady,  a 
native  of  East  Tennessee.  By  this  union 
there  are  two  daughters, — Ruth  and  Helen, — 
the  delight  and  sunshine  of  the  home.  Mrs. 
Laughlin  descended  from  English  ancestors 
who  settled  in  Virginia  at  an  early  day,  where 
they  accumulated  large  estates  and  were 
large  slaveholders  in  ante-bellum  days;  but 
their  fortunes  were  swept  away  by  the  war,  as 
were  the  fortunes  of  thousands  of  others  in  that 
sorely  afflicted  part  of  our  common  country; 
and  her  people,  like  others,  after  the  close  of 
the  desperate  conflict,  sought  the  West  in  quest 
of  new  fortunes,  and  to  forget,  if  possible, 
memories  and  treasures  lost,  never  to  be  re- 
gained. The  Judge  says  he  regards  his  mar- 
riage as  the  most  successful  event  of  his  life, 
and  he  takes  great  pleasure  in  the  comforts 
and  refinement  of  his  home,  caring  little  for 
the  social  world  beyond  its  walls.  The  so- 
ciety of  his  accomplished  wife  and  their  daugh- 
ters is  his  "  haven  of  rest." 

Judge  Laughlin  is  and  has  been  a  life-long 
Democrat,  is  thoroughly  devoted  to  the  prin- 
ciples of  "true  Democracy,"  and  has  contrib- 
uted much  of  his  time  and  ability  and  of  his 
means  to  the  succees  of  his  party  in  all  of  the 
Territory.  He  has  always  been  faithful  and 
earnest  in  advocating  its  cause  whenever  and 
wherever  called  for  his  aid,  and  in  success  or 
in  defeat  says  his  party  "has  always  treated 
him  well. "  He  is  a  devoted  admirer  of  Grover 
Cleveland,  and  of  "true  Democracy  as  ex- 
pounded and  practiced  by  him;"  and  he  be- 
lieves that  Mr.  Cleveland's  unimpeachable  in- 
tegrity of  character,  his  steadfastness  of  pur- 
pose, his  devotion  to  principles  of  his  party, 
his  loyalty  and  patriotism  to  his  country,  will 
serve  to  all  the  future  and  be  pointed  to  as  an 
example  and  as  one  of  the  fathers  of  the  Dem- 


ocratic party;  and  will  stand  out  in  future  his- 
tory in  bold  relief  as  one  of  America's  greatest 
presidents  and  patriots  and  as  one  of  the  great- 
est statesmen  of  his  day  and  generation;  and 
that  by  his  good  judgment  and  courage  he  has 
brought  about  many  reforms  in  his  party  and 
brought  out  many  examples  worthy  to  be  em- 
ulated and  followed  by  the  youth  of  this  and 
future  generations.  In  the  progressive  and 
successful  career  which  has  culminated  in  his 
present  eminent  social  and  official  position, 
Judge  Laughlin  has  won  the  admiration  and 
appreciation  of  a  host  of  friends  and  the  re- 
spect and  confidence  of  the  community  at 
large,  and  has  furnished  to  the  struggling 
youth  of  our  country  a  most  impressive  and 
encouraging  example  of  what  may  be  accom- 
plished by  industry,  integrity  and  sobriety,  a 
will  power  and  a  determination  to  succeed  in 
the  face  of  apparently  insurmountable  ob-. 
stacles;  and  whatever  he  has  acomplished  it  is 
just  to  say  has  been  by  a  devotion  exclusively 
to  one  thing, — the  profession  of  law, — and  poli- 
tics as  an  incident  only.  He  is  now  in  the 
prime  of  life,  in  the  full  vigor  of  manhood, 
fully  blessed  with  health,  happiness  and  pros- 
perity, and  judging  by  the  past  his  career  of 
usefulness  has  only  begun. 


*w  "*  ON.  LUIS  M.  C.  DE  BACA,  of  So- 
I'^k  corro,  New  Mexico,  is  one  of  the 

^r  wealthy  and  influential  citizens  of  this 
place.  He  was  born  in  Santa  Fe 
county,  New  Mexico,  August  19,  1834,  and  is 
a  representative  of  the  distinguished  Baca  fam- 
ily of  this  Territory. 

Matthew  Mauricio  C.  de  Baca,  his  father 
was  born  in  Penya  Blanca,  Bernalillo  coun- 
ty, New  Mexico,  in  the  year  1784.  He 
married  Guadalupe  Montoya,  who  bore  him 
five  children,  of  which  number  two  are  now 
living.  His  life  was  passed  as  a  farmer  and 
stock-raiser,  and,  like  the  majority  of  the  fam- 
ily of  which  he  was  a  representative,  he  was 
prosperous  and  wealthy.  He  died  in  1854,  in 
the  seventieth  year  of  his  age.  His  wife  was 


HISTORY  OF  NE  W  MEXICO. 


597 


fifty  at  the  time  of  her  death.     They  were  de- 
vout Catholics. 

Their  son,  Luis  M.  C. ,  whose  name  graces 
this  article,  was  their  first  born.  He  was  ed- 
ucated at  Santa  Fe,  Taos,  New  Mexico,  and 
Durango,  old  Mexico,  and  after  completing  his 
schooling  engaged  in  merchandising  at  Santa 
Fe.  There  he  was  also  for  a  number  of  years 
agent  for  Jose  Chavez.  In  1875  he  turned 
his  attention  to  the  sheep  industry,  which  was 
at  that  time  a  very  profitable  business,  and  in- 
vested largely  in  it  both  in  New  Mexico  and  in 
California.  He  confined  his  operations  in  Cal- 
ifornia to  Monterey  county,  and  became  well 
and  favorably  known  there.  At  one  time  he 
had  as  high  as  thirteen  thousand  sheep.  His 
annual  sales  of  wool  amounted  to  about  25,- 
ooo  pounds,  netting  him  each  year  in  the 
neighborhood  of  $5,500.  From  time  to  time 
he  has  acquired  real  estate  in  different  parts  of 
the  county  in  which  he  lives  and  is  to-day 
ranked  with  the  heaviest  taxpayers  of  Socorro 
county. 

Mr.  Baca  was  married  in  1854  to  Miss  Ra- 
mona  Armijo,  daughter  of  General  Armijo. 
They  had  three  children,  all  dying  in  infancy, 
and  in  1863  Mrs.  Baca  also  departed  this  life. 
In  1869  he  wedded  Miss  Maria  Ines  Trujillo, 
daughter  of  Jesus  Trujillo,  and  the  children  of 
this  union,  two  in  number,  also  died  in  in- 
fancy, and  soon  after  the  mother  died  too.  In 
1888  Mr.  Baca  married  for  his  third  wife  Mrs. 
Tomasita  Garcia  de  Baca.  Mr.  Baca  has 
reared  and  educated  a  young  man  by  the  name 
of  Maximiliano  Torres,  who  is  now  nineteen 
years  of  age. 

Politically  the  subject  of  our  sketch  has  all 
his  life  been  an  ardent  Republican.  When  the 
great  Civil  war  broke  out  he  joined  the  Union 
forces,  was  made  a  Major  of  the  Third  Mexi- 
can Volunteer  Militia,  and  in  that  capacity 
rendered  the  Government  valuable  service, 
participating  in  the  engagements  at  Fort  Craig, 
El  Canyon  del  Apache  and  at  Valverde,  and 
thus  aided  in  driving  the  Confederate  forces 
outside  the  boundaries  of  the  Territory.  His 
service  to  the  Government  during  that  period 


cannot  be  overestimated.  He  not  only  took 
part  in  the  above  named  engagements  but  also 
he  was  efficient  in  organizing  the  regiments. 
He  raised  seven  companies  for  his  own,  the 
Third  Regiment,  and  two  companies  for  the 
Second  Regiment,  besides  aiding  in  organizing 
companies  for  other  regiments.  Throughout 
his  whole  service  he  was  alive  with  patriotic 
zeal,  and  to  his  enthusiasm  was  due  much  of 
the  success  which  the  Mexico  forces  attained. 
Mr.  Baca  served  two  years  as  Indian  agent  at 
Gila,  where  he  successfully  managed  the  Sioux, 
and  he  also  served  two  terms  as  Probate  Judge 
of  Socorro  county,  being  also  a  member  of  the 
New  Mexico  bar.  During  his  early  experi- 
ence as  a  stock  man  he  met  with  many  losses 
from  attacks  by  the  Indians.  In  1880  the 
Apache  Indians  made  a  raid  upon  his  herders 
and  killed  eight  men  and  stole  no  less  than 
10,000  sheep.  For  this  loss  he  has  filed  claim 
to  the  amount  of  $20,000  against  the  Govern- 
ment. The  claim,  however,  has  never  been 
adjusted.  Mr.  Baca  is  now  in  his  old  age. 
His  life  has  been  so  conducted  throughout  that 
he  has  won  many  friends,  and  he  is  justly  en- 
titled to  the  high  esteem  in  which  he  is  held. 
Just  at  the  time  that  the  sketch  of  Mr.  Baca 
was  going  to  press,  the  end  of  his  life  came, 
and  happened  in  the  following  manner:  On 
July  3Oth,  1895,  a  big  washout  occurred  at 
Socorro  and  his  residence  was  partly  destroyed; 
and  he  moved  up  to  Park  City,  three  miles 
west  of  Socorro;  there  he  lived  for  two  months, 
after  which  time  he  commenced  to  fail,  his 
principal  trouble  being  epilepsy,  symptoms  of 
which  he  had  shown  for  about  one  year.  This 
time  it  was  accompanied  by  a  terrible  bloody 
dysentery,  which  lasted  for  twenty-two  days, 
the  last  six  days  confining  him  to  his  bed.  He 
died,  on  October  16,  1895,  at  five  o'clock,  a. 
m.,  praying,  as  a  good  Christian,  the  words  of 
the  creed  being  his  last  words,  and  was  buried 
the  next  day,  in  the  Catholic  cemetery,  ac- 
companied by  the  Catholic  Societies  of  the 
Ladies  of  the  Sacred  Heart,  and  the  Catholic 
•Knights  of  St.  Michael.  Speeches  were  made 
at  his  grave,  by  the  most  distinguished  citizens 


HISTORT  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


of  Socorro;  as,  Judge  J.  J.  Trujillo,  one  of  the 
most  distinguished  orators  in  New  Mexico; 
Mr.  J.  M.  Chavez,  ex-county  clerk;  Hon.  S. 
C.  Castillo,  the  acting  school  superintendent 
of  Socorro  county,  and  Mrs.  A.  Cortesy,  in  be- 
half of  the  Ladies  of  the  Sacred  Heart. 

After  the  burial  the  family  received  reso- 
lutions of  condolence  from  both  societies,  as 
follows: 

IN  MEMORY  OF  L.    M.  C.    DE  BACA. 

Resolutions  of  condolence  adopted  by  the 
members  of  the  Ladies  of  the  League  of  the 
Sacred  Heart: 

WHEREAS,  the  angel  of  death  has  extended 
its  wings  on  our  society  and  has  taken  away 
from  our  midst  one  of  our  most  appreciated 
brothers,  we  desire  to  express  our  sympathy 
to  the  family  of  the  deceased. 

Resolved,  That  being  the  will  of  the  Al- 
mighty to  remove  from  our  midst  our  esteemed 
brother,  we  submit  ourselves  to  his  will. 

Resolved,  That  as  we  are  sorry  for  its  loss 
we  submit  to  the  One  who  disposes  of  all. 

Resolved,  That  in  the  death  of  our  brother 
we  suffer  an  irreparable  loss,  and  that  we  all 
sincerely  sympathize  with  his  bereaved  wife 
and  family  in  this  hour  of  affliction. 

Resolved,  That  a  copy  of  these  resolutions 
be  inserted  in  our  official  proceedings,  and 
another  copy  sent  to  the  family  of  the  de- 
ceased. Respectfully, 

JOSEFA  ORTEZ, 
EMILIA  T.  DE  BACA, 
CARTALA  CORTESY. 

Committee, 

Similar  resolutions  were  passed  by  the  so- 
ciety of  Catholic  Knights  of  St.  Michael  and 
presented  to  the  family. 


ON.  ALFRED  B.  ELLIOTT  stands 
in  the  front  rank  among  the  leading 
members  of  the  bar  of  New  Mexico, 
and  is  now  successfully  engaged  in 
practice  in  Hillsboro.  Widely  known  and  hon- 
ored by  his  many  acquaintances,  we  feel  as- 
sured that  the  record  of  his  life  will  prove  of 
interest  to  many  of  our  readers. 

Mr.  Elliott  is  a  native  of  Rutherford  county, 
Tennessee,  born  on  the  23d  of  July,  1830.     He 


has  descended  from  Scotch-Irish  ancestors 
who  early  located  in  the  South  and  became 
influential  and  prominent  citizens.  His  ma- 
ternal grandfather,  Samuel  Bowman,  was  a 
Major  in  the  Revolutionary  war.  The  pater- 
nal grandfather  of  our  subject  was  a  native  of 
North  Carolina,  and  when  a  young  man  pur- 
chased a  large  tract  of  land  in  Tennessee.  He 
then  returned  to  his  native  State  to  make 
preparations  for  the  removal  of  his  family  to 
his  new  home,  and  while  acting  as  Major  of 
militia  in  a  field  muster  received  a  sunstroke 
which  terminated  his  life.  He  was  a  very  large 
man,  weighing  nearly  300  pounds. 

His  son,  James  Elliott,  the  father  of  our 
subject,  was  the  eldest  of  the  family,  and  car- 
ried out  his  father's  intentions,  removing  with 
his  mother  and  other  children  to  the  new  pur- 
chase on  Stone  river,  near  Florence,  Tennes- 
see. The  land  was  subdivided  among  the 
heirs,  and  he  became  a  prominent  farmer  of 
that  State,  where  he  added  to  his  possessions, 
acquiring  900  acres  of  valuable  land.  He  was 
numbered  among  the  honored  pioneers  and 
leading  citizens  of  that  locality.  By  trade  he 
was  a  millwright,  erected  a  number  of  mills 
and  did  other  work  in  that  line,  but  was  mostly 
engaged  in  agricultural  pursuits,  and  his  in- 
dustry and  well  directed  efforts  won  him  sig- 
nal success.  He  married  Miss  Adaline  Bow- 
man. In  the  war  of  1812  he  faithfully  de- 
fended his  country,  serving  under  General 
Jackson  as  a  private.  He  was  afterward 
Captain  of  the  militia.  He  died  in  the  forty- 
first  year  of  his  age,  the  date  being  October, 
1836;  and  his  widow  for  many  years  was 
given  a  pension  in  recognition  of  his  services, 
while  his  son,  Judge  ElliotJ:,  obtained  a  land 
warrant  for  his  mother  on  account  of  his 
father's  services.  Mrs.  Elliott  survived  her 
husband  for  about  fifty  years,  reaching  the  ad- 
vanced age  of  eighty-three  years,  when  she 
died,  March  9,  1886.  She  was  one  of  the  pio- 
neer ladies  of  Rutherford  county,  Tennessee, 
where  she  spent  nearly  her  entire  life.  She 
was  a  most  estimable  woman,  greatly  loved 
throughout  the  entire  community  where  she 


HISTORY  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


599 


had  so  long  resided,  and  possessing  great  amia- 
bility of  character.  She  held  membership  in 
the  Presbyterian  Church,  and  by  her  marriage 
became  the  mother  of  nine  children,  of  whom 
only  three  are  now  living. 

Alfred  Bowman  Elliott  was  the  seventh 
child.  He  acquired  his  early  education  in  his 
native  town,  later  purchased  his  studies  in 
Irving  College,  and  subsequently  entered  Union 
University  at  Murfreesboro.  In  1850  he  re- 
moved to  Texas  and  took  up  the  study  of  law 
under  his  oldest  brother,  Samuel  N.  Elliott. 
The  following  year  he  joined  Captain  Henry 
McCulloch's  company  of  Texas  Rangers,  the 
Captain  being  a  life-long  friend  of  Samuel  N. 
Elliott,  and  did  service  on  the  frontier,  fight- 
ing the  Comanche  Indians.  When  this  duty 
was  discharged  Mr.  Elliott  returned  to  his  na- 
tive State  and  attended  the  Lebanon  Law 
School,  and  in  July,  1852,  he  was  licensed  to 
practice  law.  He  afterward  attended  the  same 
law  school  another  session,  and  then  read  law 
in  Murfreesboro,  Tennessee,  up  to  January  I, 
1854,  when  he  entered  upon  the  practice  of 
his  profession  in  that  city.  He  won  success 
at  the  bar,  and  thus  continued  his  labors  until 
after  the  breaking  out  of  the  Civil  war.  Be- 
ing a  Union  man  and  in  the  midst  of  those 
who  favored  secession,  he  resolved  to  leave 
that  locality. 

Accordingly  the  Judge  removed  to  Cali- 
fornia, and  after  some  time  spent  in  San  Fran- 
cisco and  Sacramento,  he  went  to  Virginia 
City,  Nevada,  where  he  continued  his  legal  la- 
bors from  1 86 1  until  1 870.  The  war  being  now 
over  and  the  country  once  more  at  peace,  Mr. 
Elliott  returned  to  Rutherford  county,  Tennes- 
see, and  for  some  years  was  engaged  in  prose- 
cuting war  claims  for  loyal  men  who  lost  their 
property  during  the  sanguinary  struggle.  These 
duties  frequently  called  him  to  Washington, 
District  of  Columbia.  After  a  time  he  returned 
to  Virginia  City,  Nevada,  where  he  was  en- 
gaged in  his  chosen  business  until  1884.  He 
also  took  a  prominent  part  in  political  af- 
fairs, and  his  recognized  worth  and  ability 
called  him  to  public  office,  he  being  twice 


elected  a  member  of  the  Nevada  Legislature, 
serving  as  a  member  of  the  Territorial  Legis- 
lature of  1864  and  of  the  State  Legislature  in 
1867. 

While  in  Virginia  City,  Nevada,  Mr.  El- 
liott had  been  appointed  by  Governor  Brown- 
low  to  the  position  of  District  Judge,  but  de- 
clined to  accept  the  office,  as  his  views  were 
not  in  accord  with  the  Governor's  administra- 
tion. Prior  to  the  war  he  had  been  a  Whig, 
and  during  that  eventful  period  in  our  country's 
history  was  a  national  Union  man.  After  the 
war  he  stood  by  President  Andrew  Johnson, 
and  has  since  associated  with  the  Democracy, 
but  is  very  independent  in  his  political  views, 
holding  himself  free  to  support  whomsoever  he 
pleases,  regardless  of  party  affiliations. 

In  1884  Judge  Elliott  arrived  in  Hillsboro, 
New  Mexico,  where  he  has  since  resided,  con- 
tinuously engaged  in  the  practice  of  law.  He 
stands  high  as  a  thoroughly  read  lawyer,  is 
distinguished  for  his  ability  in  analyzing  a  case, 
for  untiring  devotion  to  his  clients'  interests, 
and  for  a  quickness  of  perception  that  is  un- 
usual. As  a  speaker  he  is  convincing,  ready 
and  not  easily  surprised,  and  is  noted  for  clear- 
ness of  statement  and  facility  of  logical  and 
concise  expression.  From  a  financial  stand- 
point his  life  has  been  a  successful  one,  and  in 
addition  to  his  practice  he  now  has  valuable 
mining  interests  and  a  home  at  Hillsboro.  He 
is  identified  with  the  best  interests  of  the  town, 
and  is  spoken  of  as  one  of  the  best  and  most 
honorable  citizens  of  the  community.  In  re- 
ligious belief  he  is  a  Presbyterian,  is  a  pleasant 
and  agreeable  gentleman,  and  his  social  man- 
ner and  upright  life  has  won  him  popularity. 


*y    *  ON.  SIMON  BOLIVAR  NEWCOMB, 

|r^    a  prominent  member  of  the  bar  of  the 

r    Territory,  was  born  in  Wallace,  Nova 

Scotia,    March    9,    1838.      He    is  of 

English  ancestry,  being  the  sixth  in  the  direct 

line    of  descent   bearing   the  name  of  Simon 

Newcomb.     The  father   of   Judge  Newcomb, 

Simon  Newcomb,  a  native  of  Nova  Scotia,  was 


6oo 


HIS  TORT  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


born  in  the  year  1800.  He  married  Miss 
Phebe  Huestis,  a  native  of  his  own  town.  He 
enjoyed  superior  educational  advantages  in  his 
youth,  studied  navigation,  and  was  made  cap- 
tain of  a  vessel.  He  and  his  brother,  Thomas, 
both  commanded  ships,  and  both  suffered 
shipwreck.  The  former  was  lashed  to  the  mast 
for  eight  days,  and  at  the  end  of  that  time  was 
rescued  !  His  brother  endured  thirteen  days  of 
suffering,  lashed  to  a  mast,  and  was  rescued  at 
the  end  of  that  time!  After  this  disaster  at 
sea,  Captain  Newcomb  embarked  in  mercantile 
pursuits,  and  in  1839  removed  to  Texas.  His 
wife  died  there,  and  he  was  unfortunate  in 
business,  losing  all  his  property.  He  returned 
to  Canada  and  began  life  over  again,  first  as  a 
school-teacher,  and  then  as  clerk  of  one  of  the 
courts. 

Judge  Newcomb  is  the  only  child  of  his 
parents,  and  after  the  death  of  his  mother  was 
given  to  the  care  of  his  maternal  grandfather. 
His  father  was  married  a  second  time,  and  died 
in  1870.  The  Judge  received  both  his  literary 
and  legal  education  in  Canada,  passed  his  law 
examinations  at  Osgood  Hall,  and  was  admitted 
to  practice  both  as  an  attorney  and  barrister. 
He  devoted  himself  to  his  profession  in  Canada 
from  1 86 1  to  1869,  and  then  removed  to 
Toledo,  Ohio.  In  1867  he  had  been  united  in 
marriage  to  Miss  Alice  McDonald,  a  native  of 
the  Dominion  of  Canada.  Two  years  later 
she  gave  birth  to  her  first  child,  and  also  gave 
up  her  own  life;  the  infant  died  and  the  Judge 
was  doubly  bereft.  At  this  time  his  cousin, 
James  Newcomb,  was  Secretary  of  State  in 
Texas;  he  invited  our  subject  to  come  to  the 
Lone  Star  State,  offering  him  the  position  of 
chief  clerk  of  the  Land  Office,  which  he  ac- 
cepted. In  May,  1871,  he  was  appointed 
Judge  of  the  El  Paso  District  by  Governor 
Davis  of  Texas,  and  entered  upon  the  dis- 
charge of  his  duties  at  El  Paso  immediately 
thereafter.  This  office  he  filled  very  accept- 
ably for  three  years.  He  then  practiced  law 
for  a  short  time,  and  in  April,  1875,  came  to 
Las  Cruces.  Here  for  the  past  twenty  years 
he  has  been  prominently  identified  with  many 


of  the  important  legal  cases  in  all  of  the  courts 
of  the  Territory.  He  is  a  man  of  much  more 
than  ordinary  ability,  and  of  liberal  attain- 
ments. Politically  he  gives  his  undivided  al- 
legiance to  the  Republican  party.  In  1880  he 
was  elected  a  member  of  the  Territorial  Coun- 
cil, and  for  eight  years  he  served  as  District 
Attorney;  during  a  part  of  the  latter  term  the 
district  included  the  counties  of  Lincoln,  Grant 
and  Donna  Ana,  and  his  services  were  of  great 
value  in  the  prosecution  of  the  many  criminals 
who  were  apprehended. 

Judge  Newcomb  was  happily  married  in 
November,  1884,  to  Miss  Abbie  J.  Reed,  a 
native  of  Nova  Scotia.  Two  daughters  have 
been  born  of  this  union,  Bessie  S.  and  Alice  J. 
Our  subject  is  a  prominent  member  of  the  Ma- 
sonic order,  being  the  oldest  Grand  Master  in 
his  jurisdiction.  He  is  a  member  of  the  blue 
lodge,  chapter  and  commandery,  and  has  at- 
tained the  thirty-second  degree  of  the  Scottish 
Rite.  He  has  taken  an  active  interest  in  de- 
veloping the  agricultural  interests  of  New  Mex- 
ico, giving  special  attention  to  the  growing  of 
small  fruits,  planting  of  orchards  and  vineyards; 
also  interested  in  the  cattle  business  since  1 882. 
A  man  of  the  strictest  integrity,  he  is  held  in 
the  highest  regard  by  the  members  of  the  bar 
of  the  Territory,  and  by  his  fellow-citizens  at 
Las  Cruces. 


aOLONEL    JOHN    D.    BRYAN,   the 
present  Register  of  the  United  States 
Land     Office     at   Las    Cruces,    New 
Mexico,    is    a    native    of    Kentucky, 
born  in  Lincoln  county,  and  is  fifty-eight  years 
of  age.      His  grandfather,    David   Bryan,   was 
one  of    the    brave    pioneers    who   went    with 
Daniel  Boone  to  Kentucky,   settling  on   land 
near  Lexington.     The  father  of  the  Colonel, 
William  H.    Bryan,  was  born  there  in    1803, 
and  on  reaching  maturity  wedded  Miss  Eliza- 
beth Clark,  a  native  of  Virginia.      He  followed 
farming  and  stock-raising  throughout  his  entire 
life,   and  passed  away  in   1861,   at  the   age  of 
fifty-eight  years.     His  wife  survived  him   and 


HISTORT  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


60 1 


died  in  the  seventy-second  year  of  her  age; 
they  were  consistent  members  of  the  Christian 
Church.  They  reared  a  family  of  seven  chil- 
dren who  grew  to  maturity,  four  still  living. 

Colonel  Bryan,  their  fifth  child,  was  edu- 
cated at  Center  College,  in  Danville,  Ken- 
tucky, at  which  he  graduated  in  1859.  On 
the  breaking  out  of  the  Civil  war  he  enrolled 
his  name  with  those  of  his  people,  becoming 
a  member  of  the  Confederate  army  under 
General  Breckenridge,  and  participated  in 
some  of  the  most  hotly  contested  battles.  At 
Shiloh  he  was  severely  wounded  by  a  ball  in 
the  hip  while  bravely  fighting,  and  for  several 
months  was  in  the  hospital;  later  he  became  a 
member  of  the  Sixth  Confederate  Cavalry  and 
was  commissioned  First  Lieutenant,  serving 
under  General  Bragg  in  Tennessee;  took  part 
in  the  battles  of  Stone  river  and  Perryville, 
and  was  with  Morgan  on  his  raid  through  Indi- 
ana and  Ohio,  being  at  Greenville  when  that 
brave  commander  was  killed.  With  others 
our  prisoner  was  captured  and  held  a  prisoner 
of  war  for  ten  months,  at  the  end  of  which 
time  he  succeeded  in  making  his  escape.  He 
was  commissioned  Lieutenant  Colonel  and  was 
raising  a  battalion  of  cavalry  when  General 
Lee  surrendered  and  the  war  closed.  He  was 
a  brave  soldier  and  efficient  officer,  doing  all  in 
his  power  for  the  cause  which  he  had  espoused. 

When  the  war  was  over  he  returned  to  his 
home  and  took  up  the  study  of  law.  In  a 
short  time  he  was  admitted  to  practice  in  the 
courts  of  Bullitt,  Simpson  and  Jefferson 
counties,  Kentucky,  and  in  the  first  named 
served  for  three  years  as  Prosecuting  Attorney. 
In  1883  he  left  Jefferson  county,  coming  to 
Las  Cruces,  and  successfully  engaged  in  the 
practice  of  his  profession  for  a  number  of  years, 
both  in  the  courts  and  in  the  land  depart- 
ment. On  the  1 6th  of  February,  1894, 
Colonel  Bryan  received  from  President  Cleve- 
land the  appointment  of  Register  of  the 
United  States  Land  Office  at  Las  Cruces,  a 
position  he  is  now  ably  filling.  His  depart- 
ment embraces  the  counties  of  Donna  Ana, 
Grant,  Sierra,  a  large  part  of  Socorro  county 


and  a  portion  of  Lincoln  county.  Since  com- 
ing to  Las  Cruces,  the  Colonel  has  become 
fully  identified  with  the  country  and  has  in- 
vested largely  in  lands.  He  makes  his  home 
in  Las  Cruces  and  has  a  ranch  located  between 
that  city  and  the  College  grounds,  a  valuable 
tract  of  great  promise. 

In  1873  was  celebrated  the  marriage  of 
Colonel  Bryan  and  Miss  Mary  J.  Bowman,  of 
Bullitt  county,  Kentucky.  She  is  a  daughter 
of  George  W.  Bowman,  of  that  county,  and 
by  her  marriage  to  our  subject  has  become  the 
mother  of  two  sons, — John  B.  and  Joseph  M., 
— both  of  whom  are  now  students  in  the 
Agricultural  College.  The  family  holds  a  high 
position  in  social  circles  and  are  adherents  of 
the  Catholic  faith. 

As  will  be  inferred,  Colonel  Bryan  is  a 
stanch  Democrat,  having  always  cast  his  bal- 
lot with  that  party,  and  his  influence  and  sup- 
port are  always  given  in  its  behalf.  He  is  an 
effective  public  speaker,  and  during  political 
campaigns  his  voice  is  often  heard  in  support 
of  the  men  and  measures  of  the  Democracy. 
He  receives  the  confidence  and  esteem  of  all 
who  know  him  and  is  a  man  of  the  highest 
reliability. 


(D 


AJOR  W.  H.  H.  LLEWELLYN 

Among  those  who  are  leading  repre- 
sentatives of  the  mining  interests  of 
New  Mexico  is  this  gentleman,  now 
residing  in  Las  Cruces.  Although  his  home  is 
now  in  the  southern  part  of  this  great  Union, 
he  was  born  in  one  of  the  far  Northern  States, 
his  birth  having  occurred  in  Green  county, 
Wisconsin,  on  the  9th  of  September,  1851. 
The  family  is  of  Welsh  origin,  and  was  founded 
in  America  by  Dr.  Joseph  Llewellyn,  the  great- 
grandfather of  our  subject,  who  emigrated  from 
Wales  to  Westmoreland  county,  Virginia.  His 
son,  Joseph  Llewellyn,  the  Major's  grandfather, 
was  born  in  Washington  county,  Virginia,  and 
spent  his  entire  business  career  as  a  practicing 
physician.  He  served  in  the  war  of  1812,  and 
lived  to  the  very  advanced  age  of  ninety-two 


602 


HISTORY  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


years.      His  son,  Joseph   Llewellyn,  was  born 
in  Morgantown,  West  Virginia,  in  1810. 

The  last  named  was  the  father  of  our  sub- 
ject. He  became  an  architect  and  stair-builder. 
He  married  Miss  Louisa  Fry,  a  native  of 
Watertown,  Jefferson  county,  New  York,  and 
a  daughter  of  W.  H.  Fry,  of  Connecticut,  who 
served  as  a  Lieutenant  in  the  war  of  1812,  and 
participated  in  the  battle  of  Sackett's  Harbor. 
He  was  also  the  inventor  of  the  pawl  and 
ratchet  that  in  sawmills  runs  the  log  back  to  be 
reset  for  another  cut.  Before  the  time  of  his 
invention  each  log  had  to  be  run  back  by  hand, 
and  his  machine  therefore  proved  of  great  bene- 
fit in  the  sawmill  trade.  He  was  also  at  one 
time  proprietor  of  the  old  United  States  Hotel 
at  Watertown,  New  York. 

In  1848  Joseph  Llewellyn  removed  with  his 
family,  then  consisting  of  wife  and  three  chil- 
dren, to  Monroe,  Green  county,  Wisconsin, 
and  on  the  breaking  out  of  the  great  Civil  war 
he  offered  his  services  to  the  Government,  and 
joined  the  Second  Kansas  Cavalry,  in  which 
regiment  he  served  throughout  the  whole  of  the 
great  struggle,  valiantly  defending  the  Union 
cause.  After  the  war  he  removed  to  Iowa  and 
subsequently  removed  to  Wisner,  Nebraska;  he 
now  resides  at  Neligh,  Nebraska,  at  the  age  of 
eighty- five  years.  His  wife  departed  this  life 
in  1874.  They  were  members  of  the  Baptist 
Church,  and  had  a  large  circle  of  warm  friends. 
Of  the  six  children  born  to  them,  all  are  yet 
living. 

William  Henry  Harrison  Llewellyn  was  the 
fourth  child  of  the  family  and  was  educated  in 
the  common  schools  of  Wisconsin,  and  at  the 
Tabor  (Iowa)  College.  In  1866,  when  little 
more  than  fifteen  years  of  age,  he  left  his  home 
and  went  to  Montana,  where  he  engaged  in 
prospecting  for  gold  and  had  the  honor  of  strik- 
ing the  first  pick  into  the  soil  at  Trinity  Gulch. 
He  mined  there  for  a  year,  meeting  with  good 
success,  and  then  sold  this  claim,  after  which 
he  engaged  in  mining  in  Deer  Lodge  county, 
and  in  other  places  in  the  Territory  of  Mon- 
tana for  seven  years.  He  had  for  his  compan- 
ions old  and  experienced  miners,  but  the 


knowledge  of  the  young  man  often  equaled 
theirs,  and  in  some  cases  proved  better.  He 
left  Montana  and  went  to  Omaha,  Nebraska, 
where  he  was  engaged  in  various  pursuits,  in- 
cluding land  speculation.  He  was  also  for 
three  years  collector  of  the  McCormick  Reaper 
Company,  and  was  then  appointed  special 
agent  of  the  department  of  justice  under  the 
administration  of  President  Hayes. 

In  the  spring  of  1881,  Major  Llewellyn 
came  to  New  Mexico  as  Indian  agent  for  the 
Mescalero  Apache  Indians,  located  in  Lincoln 
county,  New  Mexico.  The  following  year  he 
was  made  agent  for  the  Jicarilla  tribe,  which 
was  stationed  in  the  northwest  part  of  the  Ter- 
ritory, but  in  1883  he  removed  them  to  the 
Mescalero  reservation.  He  held  the  position 
of  Indian  agent  for  five  years,  and  was  signally 
successful  in  that  work.  In  1885  he  removed 
to  Las  Cruces  and  formed  a  law  partnership 
with  Colonel  Rynerson  and  Wade.  Subse- 
quently he  was  for  some  years  the  Western 
live-stock  agent  for  the  Santa  Fe  Railroad, 
with  headquarters  at  Denver,  Colorado,  con- 
tinuing in  that  capacity  for  eight  years,  or  un- 
til the  first  of  January,  1894.  He  then  re- 
signed his  position  with  the  railroad  to  take 
charge  of  the  Inter-Republic  Gold  &  Silver 
Mining  &  Milling  Company,  owning  mines  and 
placers  near  Hillsboro,  New  Mexico.  They 
have  3,000  acres  of  placer-mining  field  and 
gold-bearing  quartz  mines.  Of  this  company 
the  Major  is  quite  a  heavy  stockholder,  and  is 
serving  as  president  and  manager.  They  are 
now  making  a  tunnel  2,700  feet  long  and  are  suc- 
cessfully running  a  ten-stamp  mill.  The  ore 
yields  from  $8  to  $10  of  gold  per  ton  and  the 
metal  is  very  easily  separated.  The  mines  are 
very  valuable  and  it  is  expected  will  produce 
good  yields  soon.  The  Major  is  also  largely  in- 
terested in  lands  and  extensively  engaged  in  hor- 
ticultural pursuits  in  the  Mesilla  valley.  He 
has  a  very  nice  home  at  Las  Cruces,  and  the 
residence  is  surrounded  by  thirteen  acres  of 
land.  The  beautiful  lawn  and  the  house  em- 
bowered in  trees  forms  a  pretty  picture  which 
adds  to  the  -attractive  appearance  of  this  place. 


HISTORY  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


603 


Presiding  there  with  grace  and  dignity  is 
the  estimable  wife  of  our  subject,  who  in  her 
maidenhood  was  Miss  I.  M.  Little,  a  native  of 
Ohio  and  a  daughter  of  Isaac  Little,  of  that 
State.  Their  wedding  was  celebrated  in  1886, 
and  has  been  blessed  with  an  interesting  fam- 
ily of  seven  children,  namely:  Clinton  B., 
Morgan,  Louise  F. ,  Gladys,  Ida  May,  William 
and  Stanley. 

The  Major  is  a  prominent  Republican,  was 
a  delegate  to  the  national  convention  of  his 
party  in  1884,  and  is  a  member  of  the  execu- 
tive committee  of  the  National  Republican 
League.  He  is  thoroughly  informed  on  the 
issues  of  the  day,  and  can  give  an  intelligent 
reason  for  the  faith  that  is  in  him.  Socially, 
he  is  a  Knight  Templar  Mason,  and  also  be- 
longs to  the  Independent  Order  of  Odd  Fel- 
lows. He  is  a  man  of  broad  and  varied  ex- 
perience, capable  in  business  and  an  influential 
citizen  who  well  deserves  mention  in  the  his- 
tory of  the  Territory. 


>TJAMES  MALONEY  is  a  dealer  in  furni- 
m      ture,     glassware,     queensware,    lamps, 

n  ¥  general  hardware  and  undertaking  sup- 
plies. He  is  a  worthy  representative 
of  the  commercial  interests  of  Gallup,  and  a 
prosperous  business  man  who  owes  his  success 
entirely  to  his  own  well  directed  efforts.  He 
was  born  in  Clinton,  Hunterdon  county,  New 
Jersey,  March  9,  1851.  The  family  removed 
to  Fall  River,  when  he  was  only  four  years  of 
age,  and  thence  to  Jersey  City,  where  they 
lived  five  years.  The  father  was  forced  into 
Confederate  service  during  the  Civil  war,  went 
to  the  front,  as  a  member  of  the  Sixth  Louis- 
iana Tigers,  and  as  a  carpenter  in  New  Or- 
leans, and  died  in  1864,  from  the  effects  of 
hardships  incurred. 

On  leaving  his  native  State  our  subject 
went  to  the  White  mountains  of  New  Hamp- 
shire, where  he  remained  for  nine  years,  work- 
ing in  the  lumber  business  in  the  employ  of 
Joy,  Henry  &  Baldwin,  which  firm  furnished 
supplies  to  railroads.  Subsequently  he  went 


to  Minnesota,  where  he  had  charge  of  the 
strong  box,  and  was  account-keeper  for  a  con- 
cern, furnishing  supplies  for  a  lumber  camp. 
Ten  months  of  life  on  the  western  frontier  sat- 
isfied him,  and  he  returned  to  the  old  Granite 
State,  where  he  continued  until  1879.  In 
that  year  he  removed  to  Colorado,  where  he 
engaged  in  prospecting  for  gold.  He  spent 
about  $i,  100  during  that  trip,  but  met  with  no 
success  in  his  mining  venture.  He  next  en- 
tered the  employ  of  Charles  Wells,  contractor 
on  the  Denver  &  Rio  Grande  Railroad,  and 
was  afterward  appointed  time-keeper  on  ac- 
count of  his  good  penmanship  and  quick  cal- 
culation of  figures,  holding  that  position  for 
three  months. 

On  the  expiration  of  that  period,  Mr.  Ma- 
loney  came  to  New  Mexico  for  the  purpose  of 
working  on  the  Atlantic  &  Pacific  Railroad, 
but  secured  instead  a  position  on  the  Santa  Fe 
road,  where  he  remained  for  three  months. 
After  a  residence  in  Albuquerque  for  a  short 
time  he  came  to  Gallup,  in  1881,  but  failed  in 
his  endeavor  to  secure  work  at  this  place. 
Some  time  afterward  he  obtained  a  position  as 
a  miner  in  the  mines,  where  a  fall  of  rock  in- 
jured him,  and  forced  him  to  abandon  all  work 
for  several  months.  Mr.  Maloney  next  em- 
barked in  the  saloon  business,  but  was  not 
very  successful  in  that  enterprise,  for  he  did 
not  like  the  trade.  In  consequence  he  sold  out 
and  went  to  Albuquerque,  where  he  secured  a 
position  as  fireman  on  the  Atlantic  &  Pacific 
Railroad,  continuing  in  that  work  for  five 
months.  Believing  that  trading  with  the  In- 
dians would  prove  a  profitable  business,  he 
opened  a  sort  of  trading  post  at  Sanders,  New 
Mexico,  where  he  remained  for  one  year,  and 
then  returned  to  Gallup.  He  engaged  in  pros- 
pecting for  coal,  locating  a  mine  and  develop- 
ing it  as  much  as  his  means  would  allow. 
When  his  funds  were  exhausted  and  he  was 
forced  to  seek  other  employment  he  obtained 
a  situation  as  section  foreman,  serving  in  that 
capacity  for  a  year.  Mr.  Maloney  then  once 
more  returned  to  the  mine,  and  spent  all  that 
he  had  in  its  development.  Thus  he  worked 


604 


HISTORT  OF  NE  W  MEXICO. 


until  he  sold  the  mine  to  the  Aztec  Company. 
He  built  the  grade  to  the  Catalpa  mine  and 
acted  as  mine  foreman  for  six  months.  The 
succeeding  year  was  passed  in  Gallup,  where 
he  was  a  silent  partner  in  a  saloon. 

Mr.  Maloney,  on  embarking  in  the  furni- 
ture business,  was  associated  with  a  partner, 
but  two  years  ago  bought  out  his  interest,  and 
has  since  been  sole  proprietor.  He  now  has  a 
large  and  well  selected  stock  of  goods  and  en- 
joys an  excellent  trade,  which  from  the  begin- 
ning has  been  constantly  increasing.  He  owns 
the  brick  building  in  which  his  store  is  located, 
the  structure  being  113  by  20  feet,  and  in  ad- 
dition has  several  other  good  buildings  in  Gal- 
lup, which  stand  as  monuments  to  his  thrift  and 
enterprise. 

He  is  now  serving  as  Notary  Public.  He 
arrived  in  Gallup  with  only  $1.50  in  his  pock- 
et, not  knowing  that  he  had  this  even,  but  ac- 
cidentally finding  it  in  an  old  vest!  With  this 
as  a  nucleus  he  has  gathered  together  a  hand- 
some competence,  which  is  a  just  reward  of  his 
labors. 

The  lady  who  now  bears  the  name  of  Mrs. 
Maloney  was  in  her  maidenhood  Miss  Sarah 
Barney.  They  now  have  two  children:  Mave, 
nine  years  of  age;  and  James,  three  years  old. 


aHARLES  W.  GREENE.— -There  is 
probably  not  a  man  in  the  Territory 
of  New  Mexico,  who  has  done  more 
for  its  upbuilding,  promotion  and 
improvement  during  the  past  fifteen  years 
than  this  gentleman,  who  has  truly  been  an 
important  factor  in  the  work  of  public  progress. 
For  some  years  connected  with  newspaper 
circles  of  the  Territory,  through  the  columns  of 
his  journals  he  has  striven  to  advance  its  in- 
terests and  to  aid  in  its  material  welfare.  He 
is  by  no  means  a  man  of  local  reputation.  A 
representative  American  citizen,  he  is  known 
throughout  the  nation  and  has  been  connected 
with  several  large  and  important  business  en- 
terprises. He  has  a  reputation  in  commercial 
life  for  thorough  reliability,  conscientious  en- 


deavor and  commendable  enterprise  that  com- 
mands the  respect  and  admiration  of  all. 

Mr.  Greene  is  a  native  of  Providence,  Rhode 
Island,  born  March  14,  1839,  and  is  a  son  of 
Duty  and  Amy  (Kenyon)  Greene.  The  father 
was  a  blacksmith  and  farmer.  The  family  was 
founded  in  America  in  1642  by  John  Greene,  a 
native  of  Lancashire,  England,  among  whose 
descendants  was  numbered  the  noted  Nathaniel 
Greene  of  Revolutionary  fame.  Our  subject 
attended  the  public  schools  until  thirteen  years 
of  age.  From  that  time  to  the  present  his  life 
has  been  one  of  constant  activity,  in  a  field  as 
large  as  the  country,  and  of  unusual  variety. 
He  began  by  carrying  papers,  having  pur- 
chased a  large  route  in  his  native  city.  A  year 
in  the  blacksmithing  shop  stimulated  his 
natural  taste  for  mechanics  and  a  year  as  as- 
sistant bookkeeper  in  an  iron  store  taught  him 
business  methods.  Between  the  ages  of  six- 
teen and  twenty-one  years  he  had  a  practical 
experience  of  farm  life  on  his  father's  home 
farm  in  northeastern  Connecticut.  Always 
and  everywhere  the  father  inculcated  the  valu- 
able lesson  "that  a  man  can  do  anything  he 
tries;"  and  to  this  may  be  largely  due  his  readi- 
ness in  undertaking  so  many  various  employ- 
ments. In  the  winters  for  three  years  of  this 
period  he  taught  school. 

On  attaining  his  majority  Mr.  Greene  went 
to  Pennsylvania,  and  was  a  teacher  in  the 
schools  of  Bedford,  for  the  season  of  1 860-61. 
He  conducted  a  normal  class  in  that  place 
during  the  summer  of  1861,  which  he  suspend- 
ed in  October  to  respond  to  the  country's  call 
for  troops,  enlisting  in  Company  B,  Twelfth 
Connecticut  Infantry,  as  a  private  on  Novem- 
ber 1 1.  After  six  months  in  the  ranks  he  was 
promoted  to  be  Commissary  Sergeant,  and  at 
the  end  of  another  six  months  was  detailed  to 
the  railway  service.  Here  his  abilities  won  him 
advancement  step  by  step,  until  he  was  dis- 
charged from  his  regiment  to  become  superin- 
tendent of  the  military  railroads  of  the  Gulf 
Department  under  Captain  E.  A.  Morse,  assis- 
tant quartermaster.  Operations  were  con- 
ducted on  a  very  extensive  scale,  the  railway 


HIS  TORT  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


605 


service  including  the  management  of  shipyards, 
sawmills,  machine-shops  and  other  business  en- 
terprises. There  were  over  3,000  men  em- 
ployed in  these  departments  under  Mr.  Greene's 
superintendency  in  1863.  In  the  winter  of 

1864  he  went  with  General  Canby  on  his  expe- 
dition to    Mobile,    where    he    was    placed    in 
charge  of  the  railway  department  including  the 
Mobile  &   Ohio  and  Mobile  &  Great  Northern 
Roads,  with  the  expectation  of  building  as  the 
armies    should    move    from    that   place.     The 
war,  however,  soon  closed. 

As  his  country  no  longer  needed  his  aid 
Mr.  Greene  entered  the  service  of  the  Mobile 
&  Ohio  Railroad,  and  secured  the  transfer  of 
the  northern  division  of  the  road  to  that  com- 
pany, conducting  the  negotiations  for  funds 
and  superintending  the  building  of  the  road 
from  Corinth  to  Columbus.  In  the  fall  of 

1865  he   left  the  railway  service,  and  began 
business  as  a  dealer  in  agricultural  implements 
in    Columbus,    Kentucky,   introducing   modern 
and  improved  machines  into  the  interior  of  the 
South.     Three  successive  failures  of  crops  led 
to  hard   times  among  the  farmers  and  brought 
embarrassment   to   the  business  in   which  Mr. 
Greene  was  engaged. 

Removing  to  Jackson,  Tennessee,  in  1869, 
he  there  engaged  in  fruit  farming.  He  be- 
came Secretary  of  the  West  Tennessee  Fair 
Association,  taking  an  active  part  in  its  organi- 
zation and  practically  conducting  it  for  three 
years.  This  was  one  of  the  most  successful 
ever  organized  in  the  South,  and  proved  an 
important  element  in  advancing  agricultural  in- 
terests in  that  locality.  In  1872  he  founded 
the  American  Farmers'  Advocate,  a  publica- 
tion which  was  widely  circulated  as  the  organ 
of  the  National  Agricultural  Congress,  which 
was  organized  in  the  fall  of  1872  in  St.  Louis, 
when  he  was  chosen  as  its  Secretary.  He 
held  this  position  three  years,  when  what  was 
popularly  known  as  the  "  farmers'  movement  " 
was  in  active  progress.  Annual  conventions 
were  held  during  that  time  at  Indianapolis  and 
Atlanta.  He  took  an  active  part  in  organizing 
farmers'  associations  in  different  parts  of  the 


country,  and  did  much  toward  keeping  the 
agricultural  interests  abreast  with  the  rapid 
progress  being  made  in  other  lines  of  en- 
deavor. 

In  the  summer  of  1873  Mr.  Greene  re- 
moved to  Jacksonville,  Illinois,  with  the  ob- 
ject of  establishing  the  National  Crop  Re- 
porter, upon  plans  suggested  and  partially  for- 
mulated by  Professor  Maury.  The  panic  of 
that  year  caused  parties  there  to  break  their 
engagements,  and  he  transferred  the  business 
to  Indianapolis.  Weekly  summaries  were  fur- 
nished to  the  associated  press  and  given  gen- 
eral circulation.  This  was  the  first  publication 
to  gather  such  reports,  now  so  common.  The 
business  depression  which  followed  that  year 
made  the  work  extremely  difficult,  and  publi- 
cation was  suspended  in  July,  1874.  Mr. 
Greene  was  afterward  employed  as  a  commer- 
cial writer  on  the  Indianapolis  papers  until,  in 
1875,  he  was  made  State  Centennial  Agent  to 
assist  in  organizing  the  exhibit  for  the  Centen- 
nial celebration  of  America's  independence. 
An  appropriation  of  $5,000,  which  the  State 
had  made,  was  wholly  inadequate  for  such  an 
exhibit.  That  the  State  made  a  creditable 
exhibit  Was  due  almost  entirely  to  the  labors 
and  efforts  of  our  subject,  who  personally  can- 
vassed all  but  three  counties  in  Indiana,  de- 
livering addresses  and  securing  subscriptions  to 
the  amount  of  $19,000.  He  had  charge  of  the 
Indiana  State  building  during  the  exposition, 
and  spent  the  following  fall  and  winter  in  gath- 
ering exhibits  for  a  permanent  exposition, 
which  it  was  intended  to  establish  in  Philadel- 
phia, going  to  that  city  in  charge  of  the  arti- 
cles he  had  secured.  He  was  soon  chosen  as 
President  of  the  Exhibitors'  Association.  When 
Congress  demanded  the  return  of  the  $1,500,- 
ooo  which  had  been  loaned  the  Centennial 
Exposition  Company,  and  which  the  Perma- 
nent Exposition  Company  hoped  would  be 
transferred  to  it,  the  latter  decided  to  discon- 
tinue. At  the  request  of  the  exhibitors  the 
exposition  was  placed  under  the  management 
of  Mr.  Greene  about  the  middle  of  June,  arid 
was  conducted  with  such  success  that  it  was 


6o6 


HIS  TORT  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


continued  during  the  entire  season.  Owing  to 
a  change  in  the  directory  he  severed  his  con- 
nection with  the  management  in  October, 
1877,  and  returned  to  Indianapolis,  where  his 
family  was  then  living.  For  a  year  he  was 
connected  with  newspapers  and  other  publica- 
tions in  that  city. 

In  the  autumn  of  1878  he  became  identified 
with  the  West,  locating  in  Wichita,  Kansas, 
where,  in  connection  with  J.  W.  Robbins,  an 
afternoon  daily  paper,  the  Wichita  Herald, 
was  established.  Some  months  later  he  located 
in  Anthony,  Kansas,  where  he  published  the 
Anthony  Journal  until  the  winter  of  1880. 
During  that  year  one  of  the  hottest  county- 
seat  wars  that  Kansas  has  ever  known  was 
carried  on  between  the  cities  of  Anthony  and 
Harper,  and  Mr.  Greene  was  chairman  of  the 
county  committee  in  behalf  of  Anthony. 
Changes  in  the  rules  of  the  Land  Department 
by  which  land  publications,  from  which  the 
paper  derived  its  chief  support,  were  discontin- 
ued, influenced  Mr.  Greene  to  dispose  of  his 
interest  in  Kansas. 

He  came  to  New  Mexico,  accepting  the 
management  of  the  Santa  Fe  New  Mexican, 
published  in  Santa  Fe  and  then  owned  by  the 
Santa  Fe  Railroad  Company.  It  was  a  five- 
column  daily,  doing  a  business  of  about  $6,000 
a  year  at  the  time  that  he  assumed  control, 
but  under  his  management  the  business  had  a 
phenomenal  increase  to  more  than  $60,000 
annually.  A  job  and  bindery  department  was 
added  and  the  company  secured  the  Territorial 
printing.  A  change  of  railway  management 
made  the  service  unsatisfactory  and  Mr.  Greene 
resigned  in  September,  1882.  He  next  estab- 
lished a  weekly  paper  at  Lake  Valley,  New 
Mexico,  called  the  Lake  Valley  Herald,  and 
another  at  Kingston, — the  Kingston  Tribune, 
but  as  the  mines  failed  in  that  locality  and 
made  business  unprofitable  both  offices  were 
combined  and  removed  to  Deming,  where  the 
Denning  Tribune  was  established,  its  publica- 
tion being  continued  for  two  years.  A  period 
ot  financial  depression  had  settled  down  all 
over  the  Territory  and  it  involved  much  labor 


with  no  profit.  During  the  legislative  session 
of  1882-3,  he  was  appointed  a  member  of  a 
commission,  in  connection  with  General  E.  L. 
Bartlett  and  Santiago  Valdez,  to  compile  the 
laws  of  the  Territory.  Mr.  Greene  devoted  a 
year  to  this  work,  having  practically  entire 
charge  of  the  publication.  He  was  also  man- 
ager of  the  "  Tertio-Millennial  "  exposition  at 
Santa  Fe  in  the  fall  of  1882.  This  was  very 
largely  advertised,  and  the  history  of  the  Ter- 
ritory was  illustrated  by  tableaux. 

During  the  time  he  was  conducting  the 
weekly  papers  he  devoted  his  energies  largely 
to  studying  the  material  resources  of  the  Ter- 
ritory, visited  the  principal  mining  districts, 
and  became  thoroughly  conversant  with  the 
varied  and  extensive  natural  resources.  New 
Mexico  owes  to  him  a' debt  of  gratitude  for  his 
untiring  and  indefatigable  labors  in  her  behalf. 
He  has  studied  and  placed  before  the  public 
her  resources,  in  many  ways  has  secured  emi- 
gration to  this  Territory  and  has  been  actively 
instrumental  in  the  settlement  of  various  sec- 
tions, as  well  as  bringing  large  capital  invest- 
ments. 

In  the  fall  of  1886  Mr.  Greene  removed  his 
printing  office  from  Deming  to  El  Paso,  Texas, 
and  established  a  daily  evening  paper  called 
the  Evening  Tribune.  In  May,  1887,  an  in- 
terest in  mining  was  developed  in  St.  Louis 
and  some  of  the  Eastern  cities,  and,  leaving 
his  paper  in  charge  of  his  foreman,  who  after- 
ward purchased  ,it,  our  subject  undertook  the 
promotion  of  mining  enterprises,  devoting  near- 
ly a  year  thereto.  He  was  successful  in  found- 
ing five  companies,  but  finally  joined  with 
others  in  the  purchase  of  an  option  of  the  Iron 
King  mine,  of  Kingston,  New  Mexico,  which 
had  been  "  fixed  for  sale,"  and  in  this  way  not 
only  lost  everything  that  he  had  previously 
made  but  found  himself  several  thousand  dol- 
lars in  debt! 

On  the  ist  of  January,  1888,  he  went  again 
to  El  Paso,  Texas,  arriving  with  only  $2  in  his 
pocket!  Without  yielding  to  discouragement, 
he  took  heart  and  began  anew.  After  working 
on  the  force  of  the  Tribune  of  that  city  for  a 


HISTORY  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


607 


few  months,  he  became  a  member  of  the  staff 
on  the  Santa  Fe  New  Mexican,  then  owned  by 
Colonel  Max  Frost,  and  under  the  auspices  of 
the  paper  commenced  a  further  study  of  the 
Territory,  continuing  his  investigations  princi- 
pally in  the  southeast  portion.  In  1888,  in 
association  with  Pat  F.  Garrett  and  Charles 
B.  Eddy,  he  undertook  the  promotion  of  the 
Pecos  Irrigation  and  Investment  Company, 
afterward  merged  into  The  Pecos  Company. 
He  succeeded  in  enlisting  the  aid  of  Chicago 
capitalists,  secured  the  organization  of  the 
company,  and  carried  forward  a  successful 
business,  from  which  he  realized  a  handsome 
commission.  He  acted  as  manager  of  the  com- 
pany until  J.  J.  Hagerman,  one  of  the  stock- 
holders, assumed  general  control.  Then  Mr. 
Greene  opened  an  office  in  Chicago  to  promote 
irrigation  enterprises.  He  was  the  first  to 
make  a  special  business  of  such  brokerage.  He 
devoted  nearly  one  year's  time  and  about 
$15,000  to  the  business  before  getting  any 
noticeable  returns,  but  in  1891  the  business 
grew  rapidly  and  attained  large  proportions  in 

1892.  In  1891  he  moved  his  office  from   Chi- 
cago  to   New  York,  and  spent  a  large  part  of 
the  following  year  in  Europe,  promoting  the 
interests  of  the   Bear  Valley   Irrigation  Com- 
pany,  at   Redlands,  California.      He  obtained 
$2, 500,000  capital  for  the  enterprise,  but  while 
in  Europe  the  mismanagement  of  the  company 
led  to  embarrassments.    He  went  to  California, 
and  assumed  the  presidency  of  the  company, 
taking  direct  management   in  the  hope  of  sav- 
ing for  the   shareholders  an  enterprise  of  the 
highest  merit.    Complications  within  the  direc- 
tory,   however,    combined    with  the  panic  of 

1893,  made  success  impossible,  and  the  com- 
pany went  into  the  hands  of  receivers  in  De- 
cember, 1893. 

Mr.  Greene  now  returned  to  New  Mexico, 
taking  personal  charge  of  his-personal  invest- 
ments and  undertakings  in  the  Territory,  but 
the  financial  depression  of  the  past  two  years 
has  largely  affected  that  business,  so  that  his 
large  holdings  there  have  greatly  depreciated 
in  value.  In  October,  1894,  he  made  a  con- 


tract with  the  Bear  River  Irrigation  Company 
of  Utah  to  undertake  the  sale  of  its  lands,  and 
to  this  end  established  an  office  in  Chicago, 
where  he  is  now  located.  He  possesses  supe- 
rior powers  as  a  manager,  and  his  executive 
ability  is  of  a  high  order.  He  possesses  inde- 
fatigable energy,  untiring  perseverance,  and  a 
determination  that  overcomes  all  obstacles  and 
difficulties.  His  life  history  most  happily  illus- 
trates what  may  be  attained  by  faithful  and 
continued  effort  in  carrying  out  an  honest  pur- 
pose. He  has  been  a  promoter  of  the  agricul- 
tural, the  railway,  the  journalistic,  the  mining 
and  the  irrigation  interests  of  this  country,  and 
has  rendered  valuable  service  to  each  and  all 
of  these  important  lines  of  business.  He  is 
pre-eminently  a  public-spirited  man,  thoroughly 
American  in  thought  and  feeling. 

Mr.  Greene  has  been  twice  married.  Dur- 
ing the  war  he  was  married,  in  New  Orleans, 
November  11,  1863,  to  Miss  Cordelia  Titus,  of 
the  Crescent  City,  who  died  November  II, 
1864.  After  the  war,  in  Columbus,  Kentucky, 
he  was  again  married,  in  October,  1866,  his 
second  union  being  with  Mrs.  Orilla  S.  Reed. 
He  has  four  children:  Albert  D. ;  Fannie  A., 
widow  of  Theodore  W.  Spencer,  of  Cincinnati, 
Ohio;  Charles  W.;  and  Lillian,  wife  of  W.  T. 
Gilmore,  of  Eddy,  New  Mexico. 

His  political  support  is  given  the  Republican 
party,  but  he  has  had  no  ambitions  for  political 
preferment. 


**w—*  ON.  JUAN  JOSE  BACA,  one  of  So- 

lf\    corro's  prominent  merchants  and  one 

[  _P    of  New  Mexico's  widely  known  native 

sons,  was  born  in  Socorro,  July   18, 

1843,    a    descendant  of    Baltazar    Baca,   who 

came  from  Spain  to  New  Mexico  in  the  early 

settlement  of  the  Territory. 

Baltazar  Baca  was  our  subject's  great-grand- 
father. He  aided  in  the  conquest  of  this  coun- 
try and  for  service  rendered  received  from  the 
king  of  Spain  a  land  grant  comprising  some 
five  or  six  thousand  acres  located  in  what  is 
now  Valencia  county.  Grandfather  Juan  Dio- 


6o8 


HIS  TORT  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


nisio  Baca  was  born  on  this  property,  as  also 
was  Pedro  A.  Baca,  the  father  of  our  subject. 
They  were  all  stock-raisers  and  men  of  ability 
and  influence  in  the  Territory.  In  the  work 
of  driving  back  the  warlike  Indians  that  so  fre- 
quently made  raids  on  the  frontier  settlers,  the 
Bacas  took  an  active  part,  serving  officially  in 
the  various  campaigns  against  the  red  men. 
Mr.  Baca's  father  was  also  largely  interested 
in  merchandising,  and  for  nine  terms,  a  period 
of  eighteen  years,  served  as  Judge  of  Probate 
of  the  county,  which  at  that  time  covered  the 
territory  now  embraced  in  the  counties  of  Donna 
Ana,  Socorro,  Lincoln,  Chaves,  Eddy,  Grant, 
Sierra  and  Valencia.  He  was  a  man  of  great 
influence  and  had  a  character  that  was  in  every 
way  above  reproach. 

Juan  Jose  Baca  was  the  fourth  born  in  a 
family  of  seven  children,  only  three  of  whom 
are  now  living.  He  received  a  Spanish  edu- 
cation, and  in  1866  engaged  in  business  for 
himself  as  a  raiser  of  sheep  and  cattle,  in  which 
enterprise  he  has  ever  since  been  interested. 
Early  in  life  he  also  engaged  in  merchandising. 
His  first  store  was  in  San  Pedro,  where  he  re- 
mained one  year.  Then  he  came  to  Socorro, 
and  here  for  twenty-eight  years  he  has  been  a 
prominent  factor  in  business  circles.  Before 
the  building  of  the  railroads  he  hauled  all  his 
goods  from  St.  Louis  and  Kansas  City.  The 
first  of  these  long  and  hazardous  journeys  he 
made  when  he  was  a  boy  of  only  fourteen 
years.  Goods  in  those  days  were  purchased 
at  St.  Louis,  shipped  to  Kansas  City  and  from 
there  hauled  by  ox  teams  to  New  Mexico,  the 
trip  to  Kansas  City  and  back  occupying  five 
months.  The  teamsters  camped  wherever 
night  overtook  them  and  were  not  infrequently 
.subject  to  attack  from  the  Indians.  On  one 
of  these  trips,  in  1867,  when  near  Fort  Dodge, 
the  merchandise  train  was  attacked  by  Co- 
manche  Indians  and  three  men  were  killed  and  a 
number  of  horses  and  oxen  driven  off.  The 
merchants  of  to-day  who  ..do  business  by  rail 
and  telegraph  have  little  conception  of  the 
dangers  and  hardships  undergone  by  the  brave 
pioneers  of  New  Mexico.  Notwithstanding 


the  many  hardships  and  difficulties  which  he 
encountered,  Mr.  Baca  prospered  in  his  opera- 
tions and  is  now  the  owner  of  a  vast  amount 
of  property,  being  rated  as  one  of  the  rich  men 
of  his  county.  He  has  erected  a  number  of 
buildings  in  Socorro,  owns  large  tracts  of  land 
and  also  has  extensive  mining  interests.  He 
has  a  valuable  coal  mine,  located  sixteen 
miles  east  of  Socorro,  the  vein  of  which  is  four 
and  a  half  feet  thick,  the  coal  being  bitumi- 
nous and  a  good  article.  Mr.  Baca  helped  to 
organize  the  Mexican  Coal  Company,  and  has 
been  president  of  this  organization  since  it  was 
formed. 

When  the  Civil  war  was  precipitated  upon 
the  country  Mr.  Baca  was  a  lad  of  only  sixteen 
years;  but  young  as  he  was  he  volunteered  his 
service  and  was  made  a  Second  Lieutenant  of 
the  Territorial  militia.  As  such  he  participated 
in  the  battle  at  Fort  Craig.  In  1881-2  he  was 
Probate  Judge  of  the  county.  In  1883  he  was 
elected  Mayor  of  the  city  of  Socorro,  and  in 
1889  was  elected  a  member  of  the  Territorial 
Senate.  While  a  member  of  that  honorable 
body  he  introduced  the  bill  to  establish  a  school 
of  mines  at  Socorro.  As  a  result  a  fine  build- 
ing has  recently  been  erected  for  the  purpose 
and  soon  a  school  will  be  opened,  which  will 
be  supplied  with  all  modern  improvements  and 
appliances  and  will  be  under  the  management 
of  competent  instructors.  In  1893  Mr.  Baca 
was  appointed  by  Governor  Prince  as  Major  of 
of  the  Territorial  militia.  This  honorable  po- 
sition he  now  holds.  Besides,  he  is  now  an 
active  member  of  the  Board  of  Regents  of  the 
School  of  Mines,  having  been  appointed  as 
such  officer  three  years  ago  by  His  Excellency 
L.  Bradford  Prince,  which  appointment  was 
confirmed  by  the  Senate  of  the  Territory  of 
New  Mexico. 

Mr.  Baca  and  his  family  are  all  strong  ad- 
herents to  the.  Catholic  faith,  and  for  nine 
years  he  has  been  President  of  the  Catholic 
Knights  of  San  Miguel. 

March  4,  1866,  Mr.  Baca  was  united  in 
marriage  to  Miss  Francisquita  Miera,  a  native 
of  New  Mexico  and  a  daughter  of  Juan  N.  Mie- 


HISTORY  OF  NE  W  MEXICO. 


609 


ra,  a  descendant  of  one  of  the  first  Spanish 
families  of  the  Territory.  They  have  eleven 
children,  all  born  in  Socorro.  The  eldest, 
Guadalupe,  is  now  the  wife  of  Edward  For- 
tune. The  eldest  son,  Felipe,  is  married  and 
settled  in  Socorro.  Dominica  is  the  wife 
of  Mr.  Santa  Cruz  Castillo,  of  Socorro,  New 
Mexico,  who  is  now  the  actual  School  Super- 
intendent of  the  county.  Salomon  G. ,  also 
married,  is  assisting  his  father  in  the  store. 
The  other  children  are  all  at  home,  and  are  as 
follows:  Isabel,  Nepomuceno,  Emilio,  Angel- 
ina, Juan  Jose,  Jr.,  Paula  and  Lucas. 


EON.  NASARIO  GONZALES,  a  de- 
scendant of  one  of  the  oldest  families 
of  New  Mexico,  a  native  of  the  Ter- 
ritory, and  for  many  years  one  of  her 
most  successful  merchants,  ranchers  and  public 
men,  was  born  in  Bernalillo,  August  10,  1818. 
Tradition  relates  that  the  ancestors  of  the  fam- 
ily came  from  Spain  at  the  time  of  the  con- 
quest of  the  country.  Our  subject's  great- 
grandfather was  Fernando  Gonzales,  his  grand- 
father Miguel  Gonzales,  and  his  father  Miguel 
Antonio  Gonzales.  They  had  large  land  pos- 
sessions. His  father  married  Lugorada  Gar- 
cia, a  native  of  Santa  Fe,  and  she  was  also 
descended  from  an  old  and  prominent  family, 
her  grandfather  Garcia  having  been  a  member 
of  the  Parliamentary  Assembly  and  a  man  of 
intelligence  and  ability.  Her  father  was 
Nasario  Garcia.  Miguel  and  Lugorada  Gon- 
zales  had  eight  children,  of  whom  three  sur- 
vive. The  father  died  at  the  age  of  seventy- 
eight  years,  and  the  mother  died  at  the  age  of 
seventy  years. 

Nasario  Gonzales,  their  eldest  child,  re- 
ceived his  education  in  private  schools  in  his 
native  land,  and  also  obtained  a  good  Spanish 
education.  He  married  Maria  Rita  Baca,  born 
on  her  father's  ranch  at  Cienega,  New  Mexico, 
and  she  is  also  descended  from  one  of  the  early 
Spanish  families.  She  is  a  daughter  of  Fran- 
cisco Baca  y  Terras.  A  tract  of  land  had  been 
granted  to  General  Juan  Pacz  Huertado,  which 

t9 


was  handed  down  from  father  to  son  and  by 
purchase  became  the  property  of  the  Bacas. 
Mrs.  Gonzales  inherited  a  portion  of  the  tract, 
and  our  subject  afterward  bought  out  the  re- 
maining heirs,  and  became  the  sole  owner  of 
the  estate.  Still  later  he  divided  it  among  his 
children.  Mr.  Gonzales  farmed  the  property 
many  years,  raised  his  family  there,  and  still 
resides  on  the  place.  During  the  war,  when 
wool  was  worth  sixty  cents  a  pound,  Mr.  Gon- 
zales owned  14,000  sheep.  He  was  also  a 
member  of  the  mercantile  firm  of  Perea  & 
Company,  at  that  time  the  largest  firm  in  New 
Mexico.  They  owned  several  stores,  one  hav- 
ing been  located  at  Santa  Fe,  on  the  corner 
where  the  Claire  Hotel  now  stands.  During 
the  Civil  war,  when  the  Territory  was  invaded 
by  the  Confederate  army,  the  stores  were  de- 
stroyed, from  which  they  lost  about  $150,000, 
and  they  had  many  mule  teams,  which  were 
also  taken.  Mr.  Gonzales  has  owned  as  many 
as  1, 200  head  of  cattle  at  one  time,  and  has 
also  acquired  much  valuable  real  estate  in  Santa 
Fe.  While  on  his  ranch  he  planted  an  orchard 
and  some  of  his  fruit  was  of  such  fine  quality 
that  it  was  exhibited  at  the  Centennial  exhibi- 
tion, to  aid  in  displaying  New  Mexico's  wonder- 
ful productiveness  in  that  direction. 

Mr.  Gonzales  has  been  a  life-long  Demo- 
crat, and  during  his  history  has  been  active 
and  prominent  in  the  public  offices  of  the  Ter- 
ritory. He  served  two  terms  in  the  Legisla- 
ture, three  terms  as  Commissioner  of  his  coun- 
ty, and  has  been  influential  with  his  fellow- 
countrymen  in  all  of  the  interests  of  New 
Mexico. 

Nasario  and  Maria  Rita  Baca  de  Gonzales 
have  had  eight  children,  seven  now  living, 
namely:  Andres  Clifas,  now  Mrs.  Jerman 
Pino;  Manuela,  was  married,  deceased  at  the 
age  of  twenty-five  years,  and  left  five  children; 
Francisco  B. ;  Avelina,  wife  of  Andres  C.  de 
Baca,  who  is  a  descendant  of  one  of  the  con- 
querors of  the  country;  Carlota,  now  Mrs. 
Amado  L.  Baca,  and  Gertrudes,  wife  of  Manuel 
S.  Rael.  There  are  now  fifty  grandchildren 
and  two  great-grandchildren.  Mr.  and  Mrs. 


HISTORT  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


Gonzales,  with  their  numerous  family,  are 
members  of  the  Catholic  Church,  and  are 
people  of  wide  acquaintance  and  of  high  re- 
spectability. 


aAPTAIN  SMITH  H.  SIMPSON,  who 
has  won  his  title  through  honorable 
service  on  the  frontier,  and  is  num- 
bered among  the  pioneers  of  the  Taos 
valley,  was  born  in  New  York  city,  May  8, 
1836.  His  father,  Charles  Henry  Simpson, 
was  also  a  native  of  the  Eastern  metropolis, 
and  there  engaged  in  business  as  a  commission 
merchant.  His  wife  was  born  in  the  city  of 
Philadelphia,  and  both  parents  died  of  cholera 
in  1849,  their  remains  being  interred  in  one  of 
the  cemeteries  of  New  York.  The  paternal 
grandfather  of  our  subject  was  a  Revolutionary 
soldier,  and  was  with  Washington  on  the  mem- 
orable night  when  he  crossed  the  icy  waters  of 
the  Delaware  to  win  the  victory  that  came  to 
the  patriot  army,  at  Trenton,  New  Jersey,  the 
following  day.  After  the  war  he  was  granted 
a  pension  in  recognition  of  his  services.  His 
wife  was  a  Miss  M.  A.  Williams,  and  they  too 
died  and  were  buried  in  New  York. 

At  the  age  of  thirteen  years  the  Captain 
was  apprenticed  to  James  H.  Chilton,  a  chem- 
ist of  his  native  city,  but  after  three  months' 
service,  as  he  did  not  like  the  business,  he  left 
his  employer  and  started  out  to  make  his  own 
way  in  the  world.  He  first  went  to  Philadel- 
phia, thence  to  Pittsburg,  and  later  to  New 
Orleans,  where  he  engaged  as  clerk  in  the 
Quartermaster's  department  in  the  supply  navy 
yard.  He  remained  there  until  1852,  and  on 
leaving  the  Crescent  City,  he  went  to  St.  Louis, 
Missouri,  and  subsequently  to  St.  Joseph. 
Here  he  met  Upton  T.  Lendrum,  chief  clerk  for 
Major  Samuel  Dusenberry,  Chief  Quarter- 
master for  New  Mexico.  He  was  given  the 
position  of  second  clerk  in  the  Major's  service 
and  came  to  this  Territory,  locating  at  Santa 
Fe,  where  he  continued  to  discharge  the  du- 
ties of  his  position  from  September,  1853,  un- 
til October,  1854. 


At  the  breaking  out  of  the  Ute  war  in  1855, 
he  enlisted  as  Commissary  Sergeant  for  a  pe- 
riod of  six  months  and  served  throughout  the 
campaign,  being  discharged  in  July,  1855. 
From  this  time  until  August,  1857,  he  was  con- 
nected with  the  headquarters  and  ran  a  Gov- 
ernment express,  riding  all  over  the  West.  In 
September,  1857,  he  went  to  the  city  of  Mex- 
ico, where  he  remained  until  February,  1858. 
Going  to  Brownsville,  Texas,  at  that  time,  he 
took  a  steamer  for  New  Orleans,  and  shortly 
afterward  returned  to  his  native  city  on  a 
visit. 

While  there  Captain  Simpson  met  an  old 
friend,  A.  W.  Reynolds,  of  the  United  States 
army,  with  whom  he  engaged  as  clerk,  going 
to  Fort  Snelling.  He  was  afterward  sent  to 
Leavenworth,  Kansas,  with  a  steamer  laden 
with  supplies  for  the  quartermaster's  depart- 
ment. Again  coming  to  New  Mexico,  he 
served  as  second  clerk  under  Captain  William 
Van  Bukleen,  at  Santa  Fe,  until  1859,  but 
continued  his  residence  in  that  city  until  the 
following  year.  During  his  trip  to  Taos  in 
1855,  he  was  much  impressed  with  the  beauty 
of  the  valley,  its  splendid  advantages,  natural 
resources  and  invigorating  atmosphere  and 
now  determined  to  make  it  his  home.  Accord- 
ingly he  removed  to  a  farm  near  Taos,  where 
he  carried  on  agricultural  pursuits  and  stock- 
raising  until  1862-3.  In  that  year  the  Navajo- 
Apache  war  broke  out  and  he  entered  the  serv- 
ice as  Captain  of  spies  and  scouts.  He  went 
through  the  entire  war,  which  continued  until 
1865,  and  was  then  ordered  to  Arizona,  where 
he  was  on  duty  until  September,  1866.  In 
both  the  Northern  and  Southern  armies  dur- 
ing the  Civil  war  were  many  heroes, — men 
who  faced  danger  and  death  for  duty's  sake; 
but  their  service  was  never  more  arduous 
than  that  of  the  men  who  were  on  the  fron- 
tier and  had  to  face  a  foe  more  given  to 
wily  than  honorable  warfare.  Captain  Simp- 
son sustained  a  number  of  wounds  in  his 
service  against  the  Indians. 

In  September,  1866,  the  Captain  was 
mustered  out  at  Albuquerque,  and  returned 


HISTORT  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


6n 


to  the  Taos  country,  where  he  again  resumed 
farming  and  stock-raising,  continuing  those 
business  interests  until  1872,  at  which  time  he 
engaged  in  the  land-grant  business,  in  loaning 
money,  etc.  His  interests  are  nearly  all  in 
Taos  county.  He  is  connected  with  the  Naci- 
miento,  Cebello,  Chama,  Los  Luceros  and 
Aguajes  grants,  besides  owning  farms  in  the 
valley  and  considerable  stock.  At  the  time 
when  Kit  Carson,  as  Indian  agent  from  1859  to 
62,  was  stationed  at  Taos,  Captain  Simpson 
served  as  his  confidential  clerk,  and  was  with 
him  in  1855  at  the  Lincoln,  Saguache,  Cocho- 
tope  and  Arkansas  river  fights  and  through 
the  Navajo  campaign  in  1864.  The  last  words 
of  that  hero  were,  "Tell  Simpson  and  Tom 
Boggs  that  I  wish  to  be  buried  at  Taos."  They 
carried  out  his  wishes,  and  through  the  efforts 
of  Captain  Simpson  a  monument  was  erected 
by  the  Carleton  Grand  Army  Post,  No.  3,  of 
Santa  Fe,  New  Mexico,  over  his  grave,  while 
each  year  the  mound  under  which  he  lies  is 
decorated  with  beautiful  flowers  by  the  family 
of  Mr.  Simpson,  assisted  by  the  citizens  of 
Taos. 

In  1 867  was  celebrated  the  marriage  of 
Miss  Josefa  Valdez,  and  to  them  were  born 
six  children, — Annie,  Henry,  Stefana,  Maggie, 
Rofelita  and  Samuel.  The  family  is  one  of 
prominence  in  the  community,  its  members 
holding  a  high  position  in  social  circles.  Our 
subject  is  the  only  member  of  the  Grand  Army 
living  in  Taos  county,  and  is  a  National  mem- 
ber from  New  Mexico. 

His  loyalty  as  a  citizen  has  ever  been 
above  question  and  he  is  a  public-spirited 
man,  devoted  to  all  that  pertains  to  the  welfare 
and  upbuilding  of  the  community.  He  is  of 
a  kindly  disposition,  pleasant  and  genial  in 
manner,  and  though  of  Northern  birth  posses- 
ses that  true  and  warmhearted  hospitality  for 
which  the  citizens  of  the  South  are  so  justly 
noted.  He  is  especially  courteous  to  the 
strangers  who  visit  Taos,  taking  great  pains  to 
make  their  visit  a  pleasant  one,  and  in  show- 
ing them  the  points  of  interest  connected  with 
this  historic  old  town. 


EMETRIO  CHAVEZ,  a  prominent 
business  man  of  Donna  Ana  county, 
residing  at  Mesilla,  is  a  native  son  of 
the  Territory  of  New  Mexico.  His 
birth  occurred  in  Valencia  county,  on  the  22d 
of  December,  1851.  He  is  of  Spanish  ances- 
try, belonging  to  the  distinguished  old  family 
of  that  name,  whose  members  were  among  the 
first  settlers  of  the  Territory.  His  father, 
Manuel  Chavez,  was  born  in  Valencia  county, 
and  was  a  farmer  by  occupation.  He  married 
Miss  Atanacia  Lujan,  a  native  of  the  same  lo- 
cality, and  also  a  descendant  of  one  of  the 
honored  Spanish  families.  Demetrio  was  their 
only  child.  His  mother  died  when  he  was  two 
years  of  age,  after  which  his  father  entered 
college  and  became  a  priest,  having  charge  of 
several  parishes  in  New  Mexico.  He  was  a 
faithful  laborer  in  the  interests  of  the  church, 
in  whose  service  he  continued  up  to  the  time 
of  his  death,  which  occurred  in  1881,  at  the 
age  of  fifty-six  years. 

The  subject  of  this  review  was  reared  by 
his  grandmother  until  his  ninth  year,  when  he 
was  placed  in  St.  Michael's  College,  of  Santa 
Fe,  and  took  a  full  course,  there  pursuing  his 
studies  until  1865.  When  his  education  was 
completed  he  entered  upon  his  business  career 
as  a  clerk  in  Albuquerque,  whence  he  came  to 
Las  Cruces  and  secured  employment  with  Nes- 
tor Armijo,  with  whom  he  was  connected  for  .a 
year  and  a  half.  During  the  succeeding  five 
years  he  was  in  the  employ  of  Louis  Rosen- 
baum,  and  then  came  to  Mesilla,  where  he  se- 
cured a  clerkship  with  the  firm  of  Reynolds  & 
Griggs.  His  service  in  that  capacity  continued 
up  to  1877,  during  which  time  he  saved  about 
$500.  He  then  started  in  business  for  himself, 
investing  what  capital  he  had  and  going  in  debt 
to  the  extent  of  $5,000,  but  from  the  beginning 
he  met  with  flattering  success,  and  was  able  to 
pay  for  his  stock  as  his  notes  matured.  As 
time  passed  he  continued  to  prosper  and  be- 
came the  owner  of  a  large  and  paying  business, 
which  he  still  conducts.  His  store  rooms, 
which  cover  an  area  of  75  x  i  50  feet,  are  filled 
with  a  well-selected  stock  of  general  merchan- 


6l2 


HISTORT  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


disc,  and  his  courteous  treatment  of  his  pa- 
trons and  his  honorable  dealing  has  enabled  him 
to  secure  and  retain  a  very  extensive  trade.  In 
addition  to  his  other  property  he  owns  several 
hundred  acres  of  land  and  a  fine  residence,  all 
of  which  he  has  acquired  in  a  most  honorable 
and  praiseworthy  way,  through  strict  attention 
to  business  and  capable  management. 

In  his  political  associations,  Mr.  Chavez  is 
a  Democrat,  and  on  that  ticket  has  been  three 
times  elected  Probate  Judge  of  the  county.  He 
was  also  elected  and  served  for  one  term  as 
Treasurer  of  the  county,  and  was  re-nominated, 
but  fraud  at  the  election  kept  him  from  the 
position.  By  the  appointment  of  Governor 
Thornton  he  was  made  one  of  the  regents  of 
the  New  Mexico  College  of  Agriculture  and 
Mechanic  Arts,  and  by  the  board  of  that  insti- 
tution was  elected  secretary  and  treasurer,  a 
position  he  is  now  satisfactorily  filling.  He  is 
a  man  of  fine  business  talents  and  of  the  strict- 
est reliability,  while  his  well-spent  life  has  gain- 
ed him  unqualified  regard. 

In  1 88 1  Mr.  Chavez  was  united  in  marriage 
with  Miss  Louisa  Gunsales,  who  was  born  in 
Mesilla.  They  have  eight  children:  Manuel 
R. ,  Maria  A.,  Candelaria,  Louisa,  Josefa,  Ade- 
lina,  Pomposa  and  Demetrio, — all  born  in 
Mesilla.  The  family  are  adherents  of  the 
Catholic  faith  and  are  very  highly  esteemed. 


D.  SWOPE,  M.  D.,  a  lead- 
ing  member  of  the  medical  profession, 
located  in  Deming,  New  Mexico,  is 
a  native  of  Kentucky.  He  was  born 
in  Henderson,  Henderson  county,  on  the  5th 
of  November,  1864.  The  family  to  which  he 
belongs  is  of  German  lineage,  and  was  early 
established  by  ancestors  who  emigrated  to  Penn- 
sylvania prior  to  the  Revolution.  His  father, 
Morgan  Swope,  was  also  born  in  Henderson 
county,  Kentucky,  and  both  he  and  his  father 
were  successful  planters  of  that  section.  He 
married  Miss  Louisa  M.  Flanders,  a  native  of 
St.  Lawrence  county,  New  York,  and  they 
with  their  youngest  son  now  reside  in  Deming, 


where  they  have  come  for  the  benefit  of  the 
climate,  the  father  and  son  being  affected  with 
lung  trouble. 

The  Doctor,  who  is  the  eldest  of  their 
family  of  three  children,  was  educated  in  the 
high  school  of  his  native  town,  and  having  de- 
termined to  make  the  pratice  of  medicine  his 
life  work  he  entered  the  University  of  Louis- 
ville, at  which  he  was  graduated  in  March, 
1887,  with  the  degree  of  M.  D.  He  began  the 
practice  of  his  chosen  profession  in  Kentucky, 
and  in  1895  came  to  New  Mexico.  There  is 
a  consumptive  tendency  in  his  family,  and  his 
knowledge  of  the  prevalence  and  contagious 
nature  of  this  disease  in  the  Mississippi  valley 
has  caused  him  to  select  this  region  as  best  suit- 
ed to  discourage  the  development  of  this  dis- 
ease. He  therefore  opened  an  office  and  began 
practice  in  Deming,  one  of  the  most  beautiful 
and  delightfully  situated  towns  in  New  Mexico". 
He  formed  a  partnership  with  Dr.  Carl  Hagen, 
and  they  have  since  built  up  a  large  practice, 
coming  from  the  best  families  of  the  community. 
Their  territory  is  extensive,  having*  sometimes 
to  attend  patients  as  far  as  100  miles  distant. 
Both  members  of  the  firm  are  practitioners  of 
skill  and  and  ability,  well  worthy  the  liberal 
patronage  which  has  come  to  them. 

December  26,  1889,  Dr.  Swope  was  mar- 
ried to  Miss  Sudie  L.  Weaver,  a  native  of 
Henderson,  Kentucky,  and  a  daughter  of  Al- 
bert Weaver,  one  of  the  old,  prominent  tobacco 
dealers  of  that  town.  The  Doctor  and  his 
wife  have  many  warm  friends  in  this  com- 
munity, although  their  residence  here  is  of 
short  duration,  and  their  home  is  noted  for  its 
true  Southern  hospitality. 

The  Doctor  has  had  the  honor  of  being 
president  of  the  Kentucky  Medical  Association: 
is  a  member  of  the  American  Public  Health 
Association,  and  a  member  of  the  Kentucky 
State  Medical  Society.  He  is  engaged  in  gen- 
eral practice,  but  h*as  made  the  treatment  of 
lung  diseases  a  special  study,  and  has  written 
several  valuable  papers  on  this  subject.  To- 
day he  occupies  a  position  in  the  front  rank 
among  medical  practitioners  in  this  section  of 


HISTORT  OF  NE  W  MEXICO. 


6,3 


New  Mexico.  He  votes  with  the  Democracy, 
but  gives  little  attention  to  political  affairs,  his 
time  and  energies  being  devoted  to  his  practice. 
He  has  that  true  love  of  his  profession  without 
which  there  can  be  no  success  in  any  work, 
and  is  destined  fo'r  still  greater  prosperity  in 
the  future. 


BREDERICK  PAUL  MUELLER,  who 
was  numbered  among  the  successful 
merchants  of  Taos,  came  to  America 
in  1852.  He  was  a  native  of  Berlin, 
Prussia,  born  in  1826,  and  while  in  that  coun- 
try he  acquired  his  education  and  served  in  the 
army  in  accordance  with  the  laws  of  the  land. 
His  father  was  a  Surgeon  of  the  German  army. 
On  coming  to  America,  Frederick  Paul 
Mueller  enlisted  in  the  Western  army  and  was 
with  Kit  Carson  on  his  expedition  on  the  fron- 
tier. He  served  for  three  years,  and  in  1855 
engaged  in  merchandising  in  Taos,  where  he 
remained  up  to  the  time  of  his  death,  which 
occurred  on  the  i6th  of  January,  1881.  His 
remains  were  interred  in  the  American  ceme- 
tery near  that  place.  He  was  a  man  of  en- 
terprise and  superior  business  ability,  and  by 
his  well  directed  efforts  acquired  a  handsome 
property.  He  married  Miss  Theodore  Bau- 
bian,  a  native  of  Mora,  New  Mexico,  and  they 
had  three  children,  all  of  whom  are  yet  living, 
namely:  Albert  G. ,  Frederick  P,  and  Eleanore 
L. ,  who  is  now  the  wife  of  Vincent  Mores. 
The  first  named  now  carries  on  the  business 
which  was  established  by  his  father,  and  is  one 
of  the  progressive  and  enterprising  merchants 
of  Taos.  He  was  born  on  the  9th  of  Septem- 
ber, 1864,  in  Mora,  New  Mexico,  and  when  a 
child  of  six  years  was  sent  to  St.  Michael's  Col- 
lege, at  Santa  Fe,  where  he  remained  for  about 
five  years. 

After  leaving  school  he  entered  upon  his 
business  career  as  an  employe  of  the  firm  of 
Specleberg  Brothers  at  Santa  Fe.  He  served 
as  cashier  in  the  store,  also  as  salesman,  ac- 
ceptably filling  those  positions  for  four  years. 
Upon  his  father's  death  he  and  his  brother 


bought  out  his  partner's  interest,  and  in  June, 
1895,  Albert  became  sole  proprietor,  while 
Frederick  went  to  old  Mexico.  The  former  now 
has  a  large  and  well  appointed  establishment 
and  is  doing  a  good  business.  In  1891  he  was 
made  manager  for  the  Springer  Mercantile  and 
Banking  Company,  having  charge  of  their  in- 
terests for  twenty  months. 

In  May,  1891,  was  celebrated  the  marriage 
of  Mr.  Mueller  and  Miss  Catherine  Berry,  of 
Tres  Piedras,  Taos  county,  and  a  native  of 
White  Plains,  New  York.  They  have  two  in- 
teresting children, — Mary  T.  and  Harry  Cecil. 
In  his  business  and  social  relations,  Mr.  Muel- 
ler is  a  most  delightful  companion,  courteous  to 
all  and  at  the  same  time  a  man  of  force  and 
keen  tact.  He  is  now  recognized  as  one  of  the 
representative  and  prominent  citizens  of  Taos, 
and  by  those  who  know  him  is  held  in  high  es- 
teem. 


BRANK  I.  GIVEN,  M.  D.,  a  success- 
ful practicing  physician  of  Hillsboro, 
New  Mexico,  is  a  native  of  the  far-off 
State  of  Maine.  He  was  born  in  the 
town  of  Wales,  on  the  24th  of  April,  1861, 
and  comes  of  Scotch  ancestry,  who  were  early 
settlers  of  Newcastle,  Maine.  His  forefathers 
were  for  many  years  seafaring  men,  principally 
owners  and  masters  of  merchant  ships.  The 
Doctor's  father,  Joseph  M.  Given,  was  born  at 
the  family  homestead  in  Wales,  and  inherited 
the  old  farm  on  which  the  days  of  his  child- 
hood and  youth  were  passed.  He  was  joined 
in  wedlock  with  Miss  Mary  Ann  Frost,  a  na- 
tive of  Monmouth,  Maine.  They  have  spent 
their  entire  lives  in  the  State  of  their  nativity, 
and  both  have  attained  to  the  age  of  fifty-five 
years.  Consistent  members  of  the  Methodist 
Church,  they  are  honored  citizens  of  the  town 
in  which  they  reside,  and  all  who  know  them 
hold  them  in  high  regard.  The  Doctor  is  their 
only  child.  After  attending  the  common 
schools,  he  entered  the  Monmouth  Academy, 
and  subsequently  pursued  his  studies  in  the 
Wesleyan  Seminary.  Wishing  to  enter  the 


614 


HISTORT  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


medical  profession,  he  became  a  student  in  the 
Maine  Medical  College,  and  the  Bellevue  Hos- 
pital Medical  College  of  New  York  city,  grad- 
uating at  the  latter  institution  on  the  i  5th  of 
April,  1886.  He  now  had  an  excellent  theo- 
retical knowledge,  and  all  that  was  needed  was 
experience  to  make  him  an  able  member  of  the 
profession.  He  began  practice  in  Auburn, 
Maine,  and  afterward  lived  in  Philadelphia  for 
some  time,  being  connected  with  the  Medical 
Summary  of  that  city. 

On  account  of  his  wife's  health  the  Doctor 
determined  to  remove  to  the  South.  On  the 
ist  of  July,  1884,  he  had  wedded  Miss  Hattie 
W.  Blake,  of  Monmouth,  Maine.  Her  lungs 
being  somewhat  affected,  he  resolved  to  see 
whether  the  climate  of  New  Mexico  would  not 
prove  beneficial,  and  on  the  loth  of  February, 
1889,  they  arrived  in  Hillsboro.  Here  the 
Doctor  at  once  opened  an  office  and  began 
practice.  His  wife  was  gradually  benefited 
by  the  change,  and  is  now  in  the  enjoyment  of 
good  health.  They  have  two  children:  Guy 
Cumston,  aged  eight  years;  and  Paul  Joseph, 
a  little  lad  of  three  summers. 

The  Doctor  has  been  very  successful  in  his 
practice,  and  has  succeeded  in  building  up  a 
large  patronage.  He  is  energetic  and  capable, 
skilled  both  as  a  physician  and  surgeon,  and 
responds  as  readily  to  a  call  from  the  poor 
where  he  knows  that  there  will  be  no  pecuni- 
ary reward  for  his  services  as  from  the  rich. 
He  has  the  true  love  of  his  work  without  which 
there  can  be  no  success  in  business.  He  is  yet 
in  the  prime  of  life,  and  that  to  which  he  most 
aspires  is  to  enjoy  many  years  of  useful  and 
honorable  service  in  the  practice  of  his  noble 
calling. 

The  Doctor  is  a  valued  member  of  the 
Knights  of  Pythias  fraternity  and  the  Inde- 
pendent Order  of  Odd  Fellows,  while  in  poli- 
tics-he is  a  Republican.  He  interests  himself 
in  the  well-being  of  Hillsboro,  especially  her 
educational  affairs,  and  is  a  member  of  the 
School  Board.  He  is  a  member  of  the  Maine 
Medical  Association,  also  the  American  Medical 
Association,  and  is  a  United  States  Pension 


Examining  Surgeon  for  the  southwestern  part 
of  the  Territory  of  New  Mexico.  He  and  his 
wife  have  a  pleasant  home  in  Hillsboro,  and 
are  highly  esteemed. 


HOMAS  CASAD,  deceased,  who  was 
numbered  among  the  leading  and  in- 
fluential citizens  of  Mesilla,  was  born 
in  Ohio  in  1816,  of  French  parentage. 
His  grandfather  and  his  father  were  both  early 
settlers  in  the  Buckeye  State  and  resided  near 
Cleveland  when  the  beautiful  city  of  to-day 
was  little  more  than  a  village.  Later  they 
removed  to  Illinois,  where  they  were  engaged 
in  coal-mining  for  a  number  of  years. 

The  subject  of  this  notice  went  to  the 
Prairie  State,  where  he,  too,  carried  on  coal- 
mining. In  1848  he  was  united  in  marriage 
with  Miss  Sarah  Van  Winkle,  a  native  of  Illi- 
nois and  a  daughter  of  Ormsby  Van  Winkle, 
of  that  State.  By  a  former  marriage  Mr. 
Casad  had  three  children.  In  1864  he  re- 
moved with  his  family  to  Kansas  City,  and  a 
little  later  purchased  900  acres  of  land  near 
West  Port,  where  he  engaged  in  farming  for  a 
period  of  five  years.  In  1 869  he  sold  out  and 
removed  to  Santa  Ana,  in  Southern  Califor- 
nia, buying  2,000  acres  of  land  there.  On 
this  property  he  built  three  residences  and  im- 
proved and  farmed  the  place,  engaging  in  the 
cultivation  of  wheat  and  barley  up  to  1874. 
In  that  year  he  again  sold  and  came  to  Me- 
silla. Here  by  purchase  he  became  the  owner 
of  250  acres  of  land,  on  which  Mrs.  Casad  and 
her  family  still  reside.  He  built  a  flouring 
mill  at  Mesilla,  but,  not  being  satisfied  with 
the  water  power  at  this  place,  he  removed  the 
machinery  to  Chamerino,  where  he  built  a 
mill,  operating  the  same  up  to  the  time  of  his 
death.  He  also  purchased  a  tract  in  the 
Brazeto  land  grant,  consisting  of  11,000  acres 
of  land,  and  planted  at  his  home  in  Mesilla  a 
fruit  orchard,  but  was  not  permitted  to  live  to 
see  the  splendid  fruit  reach  the  perfection  that 
it  has  now  attained,  the  orchard  being  one  of 
the  finest  and  best  in  all  New  Mexico.  He 


HIS  TORT  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


6,5 


was  well  known  in  business  circles  and  was  an 
excellent  example  of  the  self-made  American 
citizen,  whose  success  was  due  to  his  own  en- 
ergy and  the  high  ideals  which  he  kept  con- 
stantly before  him. 

Mr.  Casad  was  an  honored  member  of  the 
Masonic  fraternity,  serving  as  Past  Master  of 
his  lodge.  In  all  the  walks  of  life  he  was  an 
upright  and  honorable  citizen,  and  in  his  fam- 
ily he  was  kind,  indulgent  and  faithful,  his 
death  causing  a  vacancy  in  the  household  which 
can  never  be  filled.  In  politics  he  was  a  stal- 
wart Republican,  warmly  advocating  the  prin- 
ciples of  the  party  of  liberty,  but  he  never 
sought  office,  preferring  to  give  his  entire  at- 
tention to  his  business.  He  departed  this  life 
on  the  8th  of  October,  1885,  at  the  age  of 
sixty-nine.  His  estimable  wife  has  since  care- 
fully and  systematically  managed  the  property, 
which  is  a  fine  estate.  In  addition  to  the  ex- 
tensive farm  there  is  a  twenty-acre  apple  or- 
chard and  a  fifteen-acre  peach  orchard,  while 
the  present  yield  is  estimated  at  $6,000. 

There  were  born  to  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Casad 
eleven  children,  of  whom  nine  are  living, 
namely:  Lenora,  wife  of  R.  J.  White,  a  resi- 
dent of  Bakersfield,  California;  Jennie,  wife  of 
N.  D.  Lane,  of  El  Paso,  Texas;  Maud,  wife  of 
W.  M.  Mandell,  of  Mesilla;  Humboldt,  who 
manages  the  farm;  Thomas,  Alice  and  Jessie, 
all  at  home;  Gertrude,  wife  of  J.  F.  Bennett, 
a  resident  of  Chihuahua;  and  Darwin,  who 
completes  the  family.  They  form  an  intelli- 
gent and  highly  respected  family,  well  deserv- 
ing of  mention  in  this  volume. 


EON.     GEORGE    CURRY,     President 
of    the    Legislative   Council    of  New 
Mexico,  was  born   in   Louisana  April 
3,    1862.      His  father,  George  Curry, 
was   a   Kentuckian  by  birth,  and  his  mother, 
nee   Clara    Modden,  was  a  native  of  Ireland. 
After  their  marriage  they  continued  to  reside 
in    Louisiana,   and  were   engaged  in  farming. 
When    the    great    Civil    war  was   precipitated 
upon  the   country,  Mr.  Curry  took  sides  with 


his  people  of  the  South,  enrolling  himself  in 
the  Confederate  army  as  a  private  soldier,  par- 
ticipated in  many  of  the  hard-fought  battles  of 
the  war,  and  for  meritorious  service  was  from 
time  to  time  promoted  until  at  the  close  of  the 
struggle  he  held  the  commission  of  Lieutenant 
Colonel  of  his  regiment.  After  the  close  of 
the  war  he  returned  to  the  peaceful  vocations 
of  life,  but  in  the  great  political  excitement  bf 
1872  he  was  killed.  His  wife  survived  him, 
and  in  1874  removed  with  her  family,  consist- 
ing of  four  sons  and  one  daughter,  to  Dodge 
county,  Kansas,  for  the  purpose  of  giving  her 
children  a  better  opportunity  for  prosperity  in 
that  young  and  rapidly  growing  portion  of  the 
country.  Three  years  later,  in  1877,  she  died. 

George  Curry,  the  eldest  child  in  the  family, 
was  only  ten  years  of  age  when  his  father  was 
murdered,  and  at  the  death  of  his  mother  he 
was  but  fifteen  years  old.  Previous  to  her 
death  he  had  rendered  her  all  the  assistance 
in  his  power  in  the  support  of  herself  and  the 
family,  having  begun  to  earn  his  own  living 
when  only  twelve  years  of  age,  first  as  a  farm 
laborer,  and  afterward  as  clerk  in  the  store  of 
R.  M.  Wright  &  Company.  In  speaking  of  the 
advantages  of  his  childhood  Mr.  Curry  says: 
"I  never  spent  but  six  months  in  school  in  my 
life,  but  as  my  mother  was  an  educated  woman 
she  helped  me  all  she  could." 

Our  subject  remained  with  R.  M.  Wright 
&  Company  until  1879,  at  which  time  he  came 
to  New  Mexico,  receiving  a  clerkship  in  a  post 
trader's  store.  From  1882  to  1885  Mr.  Curry 
was  employed  by  D.  W.  Stephens,  a  promi- 
nent merchant  of  Raton;  for  the  following  year 
he  was  manager  of  the  mercantile  business  of 
James  J.  Dolan  &  Company  at  Lincoln;  and 
about  that  time,  his  integrity  and  business 
ability  having  brought  him  to  the  front  in  polit- 
ical matters,  he  was  appointed  Deputy  Treas- 
urer of  that  county  during  the  years  of  1886-7. 
In  the  following  year  he  was  elected  County 
Clerk  and  Recorder  by  a  unanimous  vote.  In 
1890  Mr.  Curry  was  made  Assessor  of  the  coun- 
ty; in  1892  he  became  Sheriff;  in  1894  he  be- 
came a  member  of  the  mercantile  company  of 


6i6 


HISTORY  OF  NE  W  MEXICO. 


William  Riley  &  Company,  at  Picacho,  where 
he  is  still  in  business;  and  in  the  fall  of  1894, 
without  having  solicited  the  honor,  he  was 
elected  to  the  Territorial  Senate,  representing 
the  counties  of  Donna  Ana,  Grant,  Chaves 
and  Eddy.  Notwithstanding  a  number  of  the 
counties  are  Republican,  his  popularity  was 
such  that  he  carried  every  one,  received  the 
largest  majority  in  the  district;  and  when  the 
Senate  organized  he  was  elected  its  President. 
He  is  now  filling  that  trying  position  with 
marked  executive  ability,  showing  him  to  be  a 
level-headed,  well  informed  and  capable  pre- 
siding officer.  At  the  close  of  his  term  as 
President  of  the  Thirty-first  Territorial  Senate, 
Mr.  Curry  was  very  highly  complimented  by  both 
Democrats  and  Republicans,  and  was  presented 
with  an  expensive  gold  watch  and  chain  by  his 
constituents.  The  citizens  of  Santa  Fe,  appre- 
ciating the  honorable  and  manly  course  taken 
by  him,  prented  him  with  a  gold-headed  cane. 
Mr.  Curry  was  married  November  28,  1888, 
to  Miss  Rebecca  Sisneras,  a  native  of  New 
Mexico  and  a  descendant  of  one  of  the  oldest 
families  of  the  Territory.  They  have  three 
children, — Frank,  Charles  and  George.  Mr. 
and  Mrs.  Curry  have  a  good  home  at  Picachc . 
He  is  an  active  and  prominent  member  of  the 
Knights  of  Pythias,  and  for  several  terms  has 
held  the  office  of  Chancelor  Commander  in 
that  order,  to  which  he  attributes  much  of  his 
experience  as  a  parliamentarian.  Mr.  Curry 
is  a  striking  example  of  the  self-made  man, 
who  by  his  own  unaided  exertions  has  over- 
come the  great  disadvantages  of  lack  of  educa- 
tion- and  means,  and  has  become  one  of  the 
most  prominent  citizens  of  the  Territory  of  his 
adoption.  He  is  genial,  social  and  kindhearted, 
has  hosts  of  friends,  and  is  deeply  interested 
in  the  growth  and  prosperty  of  New  Mexico. 


QAX  L.    KAHLER,    the    present  ca- 
pable Sheriff  of  Sierra  county,  New 
Mexico,  residing  at  Hillsboro,   is  a 
native  of  Germany,  born  in   1815. 
He  acquired  his  education   in  his  native  land, 


and  at  the  age  of  fifteen  bade  adieu  to  friends 
and  country,  preparatory  to  his  emigration  to 
America.  Crossing  the  Atlantic  in  1873,  he 
located  in  Lincoln,  Nebraska.  He  was  but  a 
youth,  yet  he  had  resolved  to  win  a  fortune  in 
the  land  of  the  free,  where  all  avenues  of  life 
were  open  to  young  men  of  energy  and  deter- 
mination, where  wealth  depends  not  upon  in- 
heritance, but  comes  as  a  result  of  earnest  labor 
and  perseverance. 

For  six  years  Mr.  Kahler  was  engaged  in 
clerking  in  various  stores  in  Lincoln.  Subse- 
quently he  removed  to  Bloomington,  Franklin 
county,  where  he  embarked  in  business  on  his 
own  account,  establishing  a  restaurant  and  con- 
fectionery store.  He  has  been  a  resident  of  New 
Mexico  since  1 88 1,  becoming  one  of  the  pioneer 
settlers  of  what  is  now  Sierra  county.  He  lo- 
cated on  the  Rio  Grande,  near  Las  Palvinas, 
where  he  was  engaged  in  mining  and  farming. 
Procuring  land,  he  made  many  excellent  im- 
provements, and  erected  a  number  of  buildings 
thereon.  He  also  located  the  Silver  Cliff  mine, 
which  he  still  owns,  and  he  is  now  the  owner 
of  the  Bull  of  the  Woods,  the  Bonanza  and 
other  valuable  gold  mines,  which  have  yielded 
rich  returns,  and  will  continue  to  do  so.  They 
have  made  good  improvements  on  this  mining 
property,  and  have  taken  out  considerable 
gold.  A  car-load  of  ore  from  the  Bull  of  the 
Woods  mine  averages  $63  of  gold  to  the  ton  at 
the  Pueblo  Sampling  Works.  The  ore  is  mostly 
gold-producing,  but  also  yields  both  silver  and 
copper. 

Mr.  Kahler  still  owns  his  large  and  valuable 
farm,  on  which  he  has  planted  many  fruit-trees 
and. seeded  a  portion  of  it  to  alfalfa.  He  has 
made  it  one  of  the  rich  and  fertile  farms  of  the 
Territory,  and  obtains  a  ready  market  for  his 
products  in  the  mining  camps  in  this  county. 
He  also  has  a  herd  of  thoroughbred  Hereford 
cattle. 

On  attaining  his  majority,  Mr.  Kahler  iden- 
tified himself  with  the  Republican  party,  of 
which  he  has  since  been  a  stalwart  advocate, 
and  in  1894  was  placed  on  the  ticket  as  the 
candidate  for  County  Sheriff.  He  made  a  good 


HISTORY  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


617 


run,  was  triumphantly  elected,  and  entered 
upon  the  duties  of  his  office.  He  is  prompt 
and  fearless  in  the  discharge  of  his  duties,  and 
under  his  reign'  peace  and  good  order  prevail 
through  the  county;  and  there  are  only  three 
prisoners  in  the  county  jail.  His  name  brings 
a  sense  of  security  to  the  law-abiding  citizen 
and  of  fear  to  the  offender. 

Previous  to  his  election  to  office,  Mr. 
Kahler  had  for  four  years  been  the  popular 
landlord  of  the  Union  Hotel  of  Hillsboro.  He 
has  a  wide  and  favorable  acquaintance  through- 
out the  county  of  Sierra,  and  is  highly  spoken 
of  as  a  reliable  citizen.  A  man  deserves  not 
credit  for  the  success  he  has  achieved,  but  for 
the  way  he  gains  it  and  the  disposition  he 
makes  of  it.  Mr.  Kahler  has  always  pursued 
an  honorable,  straightforward  business  policy, 
and  his  life  is  an  exemplary  one. 


Sp- *  ON.   W.    E.    DAME,  one  of  the  most 

I'^^V    popular  citizens  of  Cerrillos,  was  born 

J  ,r    in  New  Hampshire,  April  21,  1858,  of 

Irish    ancestry.       They    were  among 

the  early  pioneers  of  New  England.    His  father, 

Matthew    Dame,    was    born    in    Derry,    New 

Hampshire.       He   married  Mary  S.  Holcomb, 

of    the     same     place,     and    they     had    four 

children.      Matthew  Dame  was  a  farmer  in  his 

native  State,  and  his  death  occurred  at  the  age 

of  fifty  years.       His  wife   departed  this  life  at 

the  age  of  forty-five  years. 

W.  E.  Dame,  only  survivor  of  the  family, 
was  educated  in  the  public  schools  of  Ports- 
mouth, New  Hampshire.  He  went  to  sea 
when  a  boy,  and  for  five  years  sailed  to  all 
parts  of  the  world,  having  been  promoted  to 
the  position  of  third  mate.  He  came  to  New 
Mexico  in  1879,  locating  in  the  town  where  he 
now  resides,  and  became  actively  engaged  in 
prospecting  and  mining.  Mr.  Dame  has  had 
all  the  experience  of  a  miner,  but  with  his 
varied  experience  he  acquired  the  knowledge 
of  the  expert  miner,  and  for  some  years  had 
charge  of  the  Cerrillos  Mining  Company's  prop- 
erty, which  contains  large  quantities  of  silver 


ore.  He  is  a  man  of  bright  intelligence, 
prompt  and  energetic  in  all  business  dealings, 
and  is  thoroughly  informed  in  the  affairs  of  the 
Territory  of  New  Mexico.  This  fact  being 
recognized  by  his  fellow  citizens,  he  was 
elected  to  represent  them  in  the  Legislative 
Assembly,  and  was  chosen  Speaker  of  the 
House,  in  which  position  he  gave  very  general 
satisfaction,  being  perfectly  impartial  in  his 
rulings.  To  his  credit  it  can  be  said  that  but 
one  of  his  rulings  have  been  referred  to  the 
House  and  reversed.  At  the  close  of  the  ses- 
sion his  constituents  bestowed  upon  him,  as  a 
mark  of  their  appreciation,  an  expensive  gold 
watch;  and  the  citizens  of  Santa  Fe,  appreci- 
ating his  manly  course,  gave  him  a  handsome 
cane.  Many  complimentary  and  congratula- 
tory remarks  were  made  with  reference  to  him 
from  both  sides  of  the  House. 

In  1886  Mr.  Dame  was  united  in  marriage 
with  Miss  Emma  Perry,  a  native  of  Pennsyl- 
vania. In  his  social  relations,  he  is  a  member 
of  the  Knights  of  Pythias  and  a  Chapter  and 
Commandery  Mason.  Mr.  Dame  is  also  a 
gifted  sportsman,  taking  great  delight  in  hunt- 
ing and  fishing,  and  many  a  bear  and  deer  has 
fallen  at  the  crack  of  his  unerring  rifle. 


ON.  JOSEPH  ARTHUR  ANCHETA, 

one  of  New  Mexico's  most  eloquent 
sons,  and  for  a  number  of  years  one 
of  her  prominent  lawyers  and  legis- 
lators, was  born  on  the  banks  of  the  Rio 
Grande  river  at  Mesilla,  Donna  Ana  county, 
New  Mexico,  July  21,  1865.  He  is  a  son  of 
Nepomucena  Ancheta,  a  refugee  from  old 
Mexico  during  the  Revolution  of  1856.  His 
wife  and  children  were  killed  and  all  his 
property  confiscated!  After  coming  to  this 
Territory  he  became  the  owner  of  the  Mullotos 
mine,  which  in  1888  he  sold  to  Haywood  & 
Hobart  for  $1,750,000.  He  also  owned  the 
Pacific  mine  at  Pinos  Altos,  which  sold  for 
$141,000  in  1886,  and  on  account  of  his 
wealth  he  was  called  Golden  Bull.  He  is  now 
retired  from  active  life,  residing  on  his  property 


6i8 


HIS  TORT  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


in  Grant  county.  Mr.  Ancheta  was  married 
in  this  Territory  to  Miss  Eulogia  Vernal,  and 
they  had  three  sons  and  four  daughters.  J.  R. 
Y.  Ancheta  was  killed  and  robbed  while  on  his 
way  to  Silver  City  with  bullion,  February  28, 
1877.  Leonard  Y.  was  a  Justice  of  the  Peace, 
and  while  trying  to  quell  a  disturbance  was 
shot  and  killed.  The  daughters  are:  Tilly, 
Rose,  Lillian  nnd  Luz. 

Joseph  Arthur  Ancheta  attended  Saint 
Michael's  College,  leaving  that  institution  in 
1882  with  a  commercial  diploma.  He  also 
spent  four  years  at  Notre  Dame  University, 
near  South  Bend,  Indiana,  graduating  in  the 
scientific  course,  and  he  also  received  the 
civil  engineer's  diploma  and  the  degree  of 
Bachelor  of  Laws.  Mr.  Ancheta  was  admitted 
to  the  bar  in  1886,  in  the  Supreme  court 
of  the  State  of  Indiana,  and  in  Decem- 
ber of  the  same  year  was  also  admit- 
ted to  the  bar  of  New  Mexico.  He  then  re- 
ceived the  appointment  of  District  Attorney  of 
the  Third  Judicial  District,  was  next  appointed 
by  the  Republican  party  to  represent  his  legis- 
lative district  in  the  Territorial  Session  of 
1889,  and  became  an  ardent  leader  in  behalf 
of  free  schools  and  other  important  measures. 
During  one  of  the  sessions  he  was  sitting  with 
his  back  to  a  sash  in  a  door  and  was  shot,  nine 
buckshots  entering  his  neck  and  shoulder!  As 
he  sprang  to  his  feet  a  ball  whizzed  by  his  ear! 
He  was  carried  to  St.  Vincent's  Hospital, 
where  for  some  time  his  life  was  despaired  of; 
but  owing  to  the  able  attention  of  Dr.  Sloan 
and  the  kind  nursing  of  the  Sisters  he  recover- 
ed, for  whom  he  now  entertains  the  greatest 
gratitude.  While  sick  at  the  hospital  his 
mind  was  greatly  harassed  on  account  of  the 
bills  which  he  wished  to  become  law,  and  he 
was  approached  by  others  to  relinquish  pledges 
he  held  from  other  members  to  vote  for  these 
bills.  Mr.  Ancheta  became  so  excited  that,  in 
spite  of  the  attendant's  efforts  to  keep  him,  he 
put  on  his  bloody  clothes,  as  he  could  not  pre- 
vail on  them  to  procure  others,  and  went  to 
the  Council.  He  made  a  strong  speech  in 
favor  of  the  passage  of  the  bill.  This  great 


effort  started  the  wounds  to  bleed  afresh,  and 
it  was  thought  that  he  would  surely  die;  but  he 
fell  asleep  and  slept  seven  hours,  and  awoke 
refreshed.  He  dates  his  rapid  recovery  from 
that  time.  A  reward  of  $30,000  was  offered 
by  the  Government  for  the  discovery  and  ar- 
rest of  the  perpetrators  of  the  crime;  but  they 
have  not  as  yet  been  discovered.  While  he 
was  ill  it  was  proposed  to  remove  a  portion  of 
the  skull  from  the  back  of  his  head,  and  put  in 
its  place  a  silver  plate;  but  Mr.  Ancheta  would 
not  consent  to  the  operation. 

The  bills  for  which  he  had  made  such 
great  effort  passed,  and  he  returned  to  Silver 
City  to  resume  his  law  practice.  But  his 
county  so  highly  esteemed  his  services  that  he 
was  re-elected  to  the  Council,  in  which  he  is 
now  serving  his  second  term.  His  seat  was 
claimed  by  another,  but  such  had  been  his 
services  and  such  his  majority  that  his  polit- 
ical opponents  gave  him  his  seat.  Although 
the  last  session  of  the  Council  has  been  a  very 
bitter  one,  Mr.  Ancheta  still  holds  his  own 
with  the  best  of  them,  and  is  considered  by 
many  as  the  most  eloquent  speaker  in  the 
Legislative  Council,  and,  what  is  better,  is 
considered  honorable  to  the  highest  degree. 
He  is  deserving  of  much  credit  for  the  manly 
part  he  has  taken  in  measures  of  such  vital  im- 
portance to  the  Territory,  of  which  he  is  so 
gifted  a  son.  He  enjoys  a  good  practice  at 
Silver  City,  where  he  owns  much  valuable 
property. 


aD.  FRANZ,  proprietor  of  the  leading 
hardware  store  of  Santa  Fe,  was  born 
in  Germany,  in  1825,  and  received  his 
education    in   his    native    land.       He 
came  to  the  Territory  of  New  Mexico  in  1846, 
first  working  as  a  clerk  in  Albuquerque,   later 
became  a  member  of  the  firm,  and  established 
a  branch  house  at  Los  Lunas,  of  which  he   be- 
came proprietor.      Mr.  Franz  continued  to  do 
a  successful  business  there  until  1870,  at  which 
time  he  sold  his  interest  to  Louis  Huning,  and 
removed  his  family  to  St.  Louis,  for  better  ed- 


HIS  TORT  OF  NE  W  MEXICO. 


619 


ucational  advantages.  He  opened  a  drug  store 
in  that  city,  and  later  embarked  in  the  whole- 
sale grocery  business,  under  the  firm  name  of 
Franz  &  Nasse.  The  firm  is  now  known  as 
Fink  &  Nasse,  Mr.  Franz  having  retired  from 
the  partnership.  In  1880,  when  the  railroad 
was  built  to  Sante  Fe,  he  became  a  prominent 
dealer  in  lumber  and  hardware,  doing  business 
at  Las  Vegas,  Albuquerque  and  Santa  Fe;  but 
in  1882,  he  concentrated  the  entire  business  at 
the  latter  place,  where  he  has  a  large  whole- 
sale and  retail  hardware  store.  By  close  ap- 
plication to  business  and  a  high  regard  for  in- 
tegrity, Mr.  Franz  has  made  a  marked  success 
in  life.  At  one  time  he  owned  a  ranch  near 
Albuquerque,  which  he  improved,  and  took 
pleasure  in  showing  New  Mexico's  productive 
powers  in  the  raising  of  grapes  and  a  variety  of 
fruits. 

In  1865,  at  Red  Bird,  Illinois,  Mr.  Franz 
was  united  in  marriage  with  Miss  Sophia  Diet- 
zel,  a  native  of  Germany,  and  they  have  ten 
children  living.  The  oldest  son,  Ernest  H., 
is  engaged  in  business  at  Luna,  New  Mexico. 
Another  son,  Edward  W. ,  who  has  been  man- 
ager of  the  hardware  business  since  1892,  is  a 
native  son  of  New  Mexico,  born  at  Los  Lunas, 
September  10,  1867,  and  was  educated  at  the 
Christian  Brothers'  College  at  St.  Louis.  When 
sixteen  years  of  age  he  entered  the  White 
Hardware  Company,  and  since  that  time  his 
life  has  been  constantly  devoted  to  the  hard- 
ware business.  After  remaining  a  year  and  a 
half  with  that  firm  he  spent  three  years  with 
his  father  at  Santa  Fe,  for  the  following  three 
years  he  was  head  clerk  in  the  store  of  Hors- 
full  &  Cameron,  at  Waco,  Texas,  and,  as  stated, 
came  to  Santa  Fe  in  1892,  to  take  charge  of 
the  business  here.  He  is  now  fully  identified 
with  the  affairs  of  the  city. 

Mr.  Franz  was  married  June  8,  1893,  to 
Miss  Margaret  Leftwich,  a  native  of  New  Or- 
leans and  a  daughter  of  John  A.  Leftwich. 
They  have  one  daughter,  Eugenia,  born  in 
Santa  Fe,  and  named  in  honor  of  her  uncle, 
Hon.  Eugene  A.  Fisk. 

E.  D.  Franz,  the  subject  of  this  sketch,  is 


a  Republican  in  his  political  views,  is  thor- 
oughly informed  upon  the  affairs  of  the  county, 
but  gives  his  attention  principally  to  his  busi- 
ness, and  is  spoken  of  at  Santa  Fe  as  one  of  her 
best  business  men.  The  store  has  a  wide  and 
favorable  reputation  throughout  New  Mexico. 


HOMAS  P.  GABLE,  Postmaster  of 
Sante  Fe,  and  one  of  her  most  pub- 
lic-spirited business  men,  was  born  in 
Platte  county,  Missouri,  March  11, 
1851.  He  is  of  German  ancestry,  who  were 
early  pioneers  in  Pennsylvania,  where  his  father, 
Barney  Gable,  was  born  in  1812.  When  a 
young  man  the  latter  moved  to  Tennessee,  and 
was  there  married  to  Miss  Mary  Henderson,  a 
native  of  that  State.  Soon  after  they  removed 
to  Platte  county,  Missouri,  and  in  1855  located 
on  a  farm  near  Leavenworth,  Kansas,  where 
they  resided  during  all  the  early  Kansas  excite- 
ment. Mr.  Gable  departed  this  life  in  1865, 
leaving  a  widow,  three  sons  and  a  daughter. 
The  mother  lived  to  the  age  of  seventy-five 
years.  They  were  members  of  the  Baptist 
Church,  and  Mr.  Gable  was  a  Democrat  in  his 
political  views. 

Thomas  P.  Gable,  their  fourth  child,  was 
educated  in  the  primitive  district  schools  and 
in  the  public  schools  of  Leavenworth.  After 
his  father's  death  he  began  to  make  his  own 
way  in  the  world,  and  for  six  years  was  a  clerk 
in  the  Leavenworth  postoffice.  He  then  em- 
barked in  the  manufacture  of  cigars,  doing  a 
wholesale  business  in  that  line  for  about  six 
years,  or  until  coming  to  New  Mexico  in  1881. 
At  Raton,  this  Territory,  Mr.  Gable  was  pro- 
prietor of  a  hotel  for  three  years.  In  1884  he 
came  to  Santa  Fe  to  embark  in  the  undertak- 
ing and  embalming  business,  which  he  has  since 
continued,  and  is  now  the  leading  undertaker 
in  the  city.  He  has  also  been  interested  in 
the  stock  business  and  mining,  still  continuing 
the  latter  occupation. 

In  political  matters  Mr.  Gable  has  been  a 
lifelong  Democrat.  In  1885  he  received  the 
appointment  of  Warden  of  the  penitentiary, 


620 


HISTORT  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


serving  in  that  position  two  years.  In  1889 
he  was  elected  a  member  of  the  Legislative 
Assembly,  and  had  the  honor  of  having  aided 
in  framing  and  in  the  passage  of  the  free-school 
bill,  thus  accomplishing  a  work  of  lasting  value 
to  the  Territory.  In  1894  President  Cleve- 
land appointed  him  Postmaster  of  Santa  Fe,  a 
position  which  he  is  now  filling  to  the  fullest 
satisfaction  of  the  patrons  of  the  office.  He 
has  experienced  and  reliable  assistants,  and  great 
pains  is  taken  to  competently  handle  the  mail 
and  obligingly  expedite  the  business  of  the  of- 
fice. Since  his  residence  in  Santa  Fe,  Mr. 
Gable  has  been  interested  in  the  improvement 
and  prosperity  of  the  city,  and  has  earned  for 
himself  the  reputation  of  being  one  of  her  most 
progressive  and  liberal  citizens. 

He  was  married  in  1875  to  Miss  Clara  Mc- 
Whirt,  a  native  of  Pennsylvania  but  reared 
and  educated  in  Leavenworth,  Kansas.  They 
have  three  children:  Willie  May,  now  Mrs. 
Adolph  Fisher,  residing  in  this  city;  Thomas 
P.,  whe  died  of  diphtheria  in  1890,  aged  fifteen 
years;  and  Sallie  B.,  at  home.  Mr.  Gable  is 
a  member  of  the  Masonic  fraternity  and  of  the 
Odd  Fellows,  having  passed  all  the  chairs  in 
the  latter,  and  is  now  serving  his  second  term 
as  Noble  Grand  of  the  order. 


HLFRED  E.  HOWELL,  who  is  promi- 
nently identified  with  the  mercantile 
interests  of  Socorro,  is  entitled  to  the 
space  that  has  been  accorded  him  in 
this  history.  He  is  a  native  of  the  State  of 
Arkansas,  born  at  Dardanelle,  April  5,  1850, 
descended  from  English  ancestry.  His  pater- 
nal great-grandfather  was  James  Howell,  who 
emigrated  from  England  to  the  United  States 
and  settled  in  Virginia,  where  his  name  was 
widely  known  and  highly  respected.  Jesse 
Howell,  his  son,  the  grandfather  of  our  subject, 
was  also  a  Virginian  by  birth.  He  married 
Miss  Nancy  Amery,  and  they  became  the  par- 
ents of  seven  children.  She  died  at  the  age  of 
forty-four  years,  and  he  lived  to  the  age  of 
sixty-three  years.  Their  son,  Ames  Amos  How- 


ell,  the  father  of  our  subject,  was  born  in 
Hawkins  county,  Tennessee,  August  10,  1818. 
There  he  grew  to  maturity,  and  was  united  in 
marriage  to 'Miss  Martha  Grelston,  who  also 
was  a  Tennesseean.  They  removed  to  Ar- 
kansas, and  Mr.  Howell  settled  at  Dardanelle, 
where  he  embarked  in  mercantile  trade  and 
where  he  still  resides,  an  old  and  highly  re- 
spected citizen.  He  and  his  wife  had  a  fam- 
ily of  thirteen  children,  eleven  of  whom  are  still 
living. 

Alfred  E.  Howell  is  the  second-born  of  the 
family.  He  received  his  education  in  the  com- 
mon schools  and  for  one  year  was  a  student  in 
a  college  in  Kentucky.  Having  decided  taste 
and  aptitude  for  pharmacy,  he  gave  his  atten- 
tion to  the  drug  business,  and  in  1876  he 
opened  a  drug  store  on  his  own  account,  in  his 
native  town.  A  victim  to  asthma,  he  was 
obliged  to  dispose  of  the  business  which  four- 
teen years'  industry  and  ability  had  estab- 
lished, and  seek  relief  from  the  disease  in  a 
change  of  climate.  Accordingly  he  came  to 
New  Mexico,  and  stopped  at  Las  Vegas,  where 
he  remained  three  months.  At  the  end  of  that 
time  he  came  to  Socorro,  and  purchased  the 
drug  business  of  Dorsey  &  Woodyard,  which 
he  has  conducted  with  gratifying  success. 
He  has  found  the  climate  all  that  could  be  de- 
sired and  is  entirely  free  from  his  old  tor- 
mentor. 

In  1 874,  Mr.  Howell  was  married  to  Miss 
Phebe  Bennett,  a  native  of  Lewisburg,  Ar- 
kansas. They  are  the  parents  of  nine  children, 
six  of  whom  are  living:  Sallie,  Haynes  A., 
Russell  B.,  Seth  D.,  Freddy  K.  and  Hazel. 
In  politics  Mr.  Howell  supports  the  issues  of 
the  Democratic  party.  He  is  a  member  of  the 
Masonic  order,  belonging  both  to  the  blue 
lodge  and  chapter,  and  of  the  Knights  of 
Pythias.  He  takes  a  laudable  interest  in  the 
educational  facilities  that  are  being  afforded 
the  youth  of  the  county,  and  has  frequently 
served  as  a  member  of  the  Socorro  School 
Board.  He  is  a  man  of  the  strictest  integrity, 
and  he  and  his  family  are  held  in  the  highest 
esteem  by  the  people  of  the  county. 


HIS  TORT  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


621 


HDOLPHE  DIDIER,  the  vineyardist 
and  wine  manufacturer  of  Belen,  Va- 
lencia county,  New  Mexico,  is  a  native 
of  France,  born  in  the  town  of  Gap, 
May  23,  1864,  and  is  a  son  of  French  parents. 
Mr.  Didier  was  reared,  educated  and  learn- 
ed the  wine  business  in  his  native  land,  and 
since  1888  has  been  engaged  in  his  present  busi- 
ness in  New  Mexico.  His  vineyard  and  winery 
at  Belen  were  started  at  an  early  date  by  a 
gentleman  by  the  name  of  Louis  Huning.  Un- 
der Mr.  Didier's  able  management,  and  with 
the  French  methods  which  he  has  introduced, 
he  is  conducting  the  enterprise  on  a  paying 
basis  and  has  already  established  an  enviable 
reputation  for  the  superiority  of  his  product. 
He  grows  seven  varieties  of  grapes  which  he 
uses  in  the  manufacture  of  his  wines,  makes  no 
less  than  six  different  kinds  of  wine,  and  now 
has  in  his  cellars  a  portion  of  the  vintage  of 
each  season  since  1888,  all  of  which  is  very 
fine  in  quality  and  recognized  as  far  superior  to 
other  wines  manufactured  in  New  Mexico. 
His  product  meets  with  a  ready  sale  through- 
out this  Territory,  Colorado  and  Mexico. 

Mr.  Didier  is  a  man  cf  family.  He  was 
married  in  Albuquerque  in  1886  to  Miss  Hor- 
tence  Martin,  a  native  of  France,  and  they 
have  three  children,  namely:  Ernest,  Meredez 
and  Mary,  all  born  in  Belen.  The  family  are 
all  members  of  the  Catholic  Church,  and,  po- 
litically, Mr.  Didier  affiliates  with  the  Republi- 
can party. 

As  a  citizen  and  business  man,  Mr.  Didier 
is  thoroughly  reliable.  He  has  made  a  wide 
acquaintance  in  New  Mexico  and  is  popular 
with  his  many  friends. 


OBERT  H.  COWAN,  who  is  recog- 
nized  as  one  of  the  pioneers  and  rep- 
resentative  business  men  of  the 
thriving  village  of  Springer,  Colfax 
county,  and  whose  life  is  one  whose  record  is 
one  of  adventure  and  yet  of  earnest  effort,  is 
particularly  deserving  of  consideration  in  this 
connection,  since  he  has  been  prominently 


identified  with  the  interests  of  New  Mexico  for 
a  long  term  of  years  and  has  seen  much  of  the 
wild  life  which  marked  the  earlier  stages  of  the 
Territory's  development. 

Our  subject  is  a  native  of  the  Old  Domin- 
ion State,  having  been  born  on  the  I5th  of 
October,  1839,  the  son  of  John  and  Mary 
(Graham)  Cowan,  the  former  of  whom  was  a 
native  of  bonny  Scotland,  whence  he  emigrated 
to  America  when  a  young  man,  settling  in  the 
State  of  Maryland,  where  he  was  united  in 
marriage  to  Mary  Graham,  who  was  also  a  na- 
tive of  Scotland.  He  was  connected  with  the 
coal-mining  industries  of  Maryland  and  Virginia 
and  was  a  man  of  no  little  ability.  They  be- 
came the  parents  of  four  daughters  and  three 
sons,  all  of  whom  still  survive.  The  mother 
died  when  our  subject  was  but  two  years  of 
age,  while  the  father  lived  to  attain  the  vener- 
able age  of  seventy-four  years. 

Robert  H.  Cowan,  the  immediate  subject 
of  this  review,  secured  his  educational  disci- 
pline in  Maryland  and  in  Wheeling,  Virginia 
(now  West  Virginia),  but  he  had  an  alert  men- 
tality and  a  spirit  for  adventure,  and  became 
anxious  to  try  his  mettle  in  the  wild  and  excit- 
ing life  of  the  far  West.  Accordingly,  when 
he  was  nineteen  years  of  age,  he  ran  away  from 
home,  in  company  with  another  lad  from  the 
same  neighborhood,  setting  forth  on  the  i8th 
of  February,  1858.  They  made  their  way  to 
St.  Louis,  Missouri,  where  they  remained  four 
weeks  and  then  hired  out  to  Colonel  Saint 
Vrain  to  assist  in  driving  his  ox  teams  across 
the  plains.  There  were  fifty  wagons  in  the 
train,  and  the  party  in  charge  numbered  in  all 
about  fifty-five  men,  all  of  whom  were  well 
armed  and  equipped.  The  train  consumed 
forty-nine  days  in  making  the  trip  from  St. 
Louis  to  Fort  Garland,  Colorado,  and  the  free 
and  untrammeled  life  was  greatly  enjoyed  by  our 
subject.  They  encountered  many  buffalo  en 
route  and  the  exhilarating  sport  of  hunting  the 
noble  animals,  now  so  nearly  extinct,  proved 
an  attractive  diversion.  Our  subject  remained 
with  the  outfit  at  Fort  Garland  and  for  many 
years  continued  in  the  employ  of  Colonel  Saint 


622 


HIS  TORT  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


Vrain.  During  the  latter  part  of  the  time 
that  he  was  thus  associated  he  had  charge  of 
the  train,  and  in  connection  it  is  interesting  to 
note  that  he  made  in  all  thirteen  round  trips 
across  the  plains  from  New  Mexico  to  the  Mis- 
souri river.  It  is  needless  to  say  that  within  . 
this  period  he  was  enabled  to  see  much  of  the 
dangers,  the  adventures  and  the  wild  life  that 
was  so  characteristic  of  the  pioneer  epoch  in 
the  West.  He  was  concerned  in  frequent  con- 
flicts with  the  Indians,  who  often  made  raids 
on  the  train  and  stole  the  cattle  and  supplies. 
In  such  cases  Mr.  Cowan  and  his  men  invari- 
ably pursued  the  savages  and  usually  succeeded 
in  recovering  the  stock. 

After  these  experiences  our  subject  for  a 
time  engaged  in  trading  with  the  Indians,  and 
later  was  in  the  employ  of  the  Grant  Company, 
being  in  charge  of  some  of  the  farms.  Subse- 
quently he  became  a  contractor  in  the  Govern- 
ment mail  service  and  for  four  years  was  en- 
gaged in  transferring  the  mail  from  Springer  to 
Elizabethtown  and  Taos  and  return.  Within 
this  time  his  stage  was  twice  "held  up"  by 
the  lawless  highwaymen,  with  which  this  sec- 
tion was  so  greatly  infested  at  that  period  in 
its  history.  On  one  of  the  occasions  noted  he 
was  compelled  to  surrender  the  express  box, 
which  contained  thirty-two  ounces  of  gold  dust. 
The  holders  of  the  booty  were  afterward  sur- 
prised and  killed  by  members  of  their  own 
party,  who  thus  wished  to  secure  to  themselves 
the  reward  which  had  been  offered  for  the  ap- 
prehension of  the  miscreants. 

It  was  in  the  year  1880  that  Mr.  Cowan 
came  to  Springer,  and  shortly  after  his  advent 
in  the  then  diminutive  settlement  he  effected 
the  purchase  of  the  business  of  the  pioneer 
liveryman  of  the  place,  and  in  this  line  of  en- 
terprise has  ever  since  been  engaged.  He  now 
conducts  the  leading  livery  of  the  town  and 
has  secured  a  representative  patronage  and  at- 
tained to  a  high  measure  of  success  by  reason 
of  his  fair  and  honorable  methods  and  the 
scrupulous  care  which  he  has  given  to  meeting 
the  demands  of  the  public.  In  1886  his  barn, 
with  its  contents,  was  destroyed  by  fire, — a 


large  quantity  of  hay  and  grain  being  burned, 
in  addition  to  fifty-two  head  of  horses.  Twenty- 
two  of  the  poor  animals  were  the  property  of 
our  subject  and  represented  a  complete  loss, 
the  building  alone  having  been  insured.  In  no 
wise  discouraged  by  his  misfortune,  Mr.  Cowan 
at  once  began  the  erection  of  his  present  fine 
stone  and  iron  building,  which  is  of  modern 
architectural  design,  45  x  1 20  feet  in  dimensions, 
with  truss  roof,  covered  with  iron,  the  entire 
structure  being  as  nearly  fire-proof  as  possible. 
The  stable  is  considered  to  be  one  of  the  best,  if 
not  the  best,  of  the  sort  in  the  entire  Territory, 
and  its  conveniences  and  facilities  are  such  as 
are  usually  to  be  found  only  in  the  more  metro- 
politan establishments  of  the  sort.  In  the 
gable  end  of  the  building  is  a  carved  inscrip- 
tion in  the  sandstone,  the  same  bearing  the 
name  of  our  subject  and  the  date  of  the  erec- 
tion of  the  building.  The  stable  is  not  only  to 
be  admired  from  a  utilitarian  standpoint,  but 
also  from  that  of  attractiveness,  since  the 
building  is  an  ornament  to  the  town  and  a 
credit  to  the  enterprising  spirit  of  its  proprie- 
tor. The  establishment  is  equipped  with  ex- 
cellent driving  horses  and  vehicles,  and  every 
equipage  turned  out  is  sure  to  give  satisfaction. 
Mr.  Cowan  controls  the  business  in  this  line  in 
Springer,  and  is  known  and  honored  as  one  of 
her  progressive  and  influential  citizens. 

In  the  year  1872  was  consummated  the 
marriage  of  our  subject  to  Miss  Delafina 
Padilla,  a  native  of  New  Mexico  and  a  daugh- 
ter of  Pedro  Padilla,  a  representative  of  one 
of  the  prominent  old  Spanish  families  of  the 
Territory,  and  noted  as  guide,  trapper  and  In- 
dian fighter.  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Cowan  became 
the  parents  of  one  daughter,  Lucinda,  who 
married  Frank  Catlin  and  had  two  sons, 
Robert  and  Frank.  She  died  in  the  twenty- 
second  year  of  her  age,  and  the  two  boys  are 
now  being  carefully  reared  by  their  grandfather, 
our  subject. 

Few  men  now  living  in  the  Territory  have 
seen  more  of  pioneer  life  than  has  Mr.  Cowan, 
who  is  yet  a  well  preserved  man,  active  and 
vigorous  and  ever  maintaining  a  lively  interest 


HISTORY  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


623 


in  the  growth  and  development  of  the  attrac- 
tive village  where  he  has  so  long  resided.  He 
is  highly  esteemed  in  the  community  and  is  one 
of  the  popular  business  men  of  Springer. 


'ILLIAM  L.  McCLURE  is  one  of 
the  leading  merchants  of  Taos.  He 
has  devoted  his  entire  life  to  mer- 
cantile interests  and  has  made  an 
untarnished  record  and  unspotted  reputation 
as  a  business  man, — upright,  reliable  and  hon- 
orable. In  all  places  and  under  all  circum- 
stance, he  is  loyal  to  truth,  honor  and  right, 
justly  valuing  his  own  self-respect  as  infinitely 
more  to  be  preferred  than  wealth,  fame  or 
position. 

On  the  6th  of  December,  1849,  in  Clayton, 
Indiana,  Mr.  McClure  was  born.  He  is  a  son 
of  William  P.  McClure,  who  was  of  Scotch 
descent,  and  was  a  native  of  Tennessee.  Hav- 
ing arrived  at  years  of  maturity  he  married 
Frances  J.  Buchanan,  a  native  of  Kentucky, 
and  in  1850  the  family  removed  from  their 
Indiana  home  to  Iowa,  locating  in  Mt.  Pleas- 
ant. After  some  years'  residence  there  they 
removed  to  Topeka,  Kansas. 

Our  subject  acquired  his  education-in  Mt. 
Pleasant,  Iowa,  gaining  a  good  practical  knowl- 
edge that  well  fitted  him  for  the  cares  and  re- 
sponsibilities of  life.  He  left  school  at  the  age 
of  eighteen  and  with  his  text-books  put  aside 
that  freedom  which  characterizes  one's  school 
days  to  assume  the  sterner  duties  that  come 
when  one  enters  on  a  business  career.  He 
began  clerking  in  his  father's  store  in  Topeka, 
Kansas.  Mr.  McClure,  Sr. ,  was  quite  well-to- 
do  and  was  also  engaged  in  the  lumber  busi- 
ness, having  yards  in  a  number  of  places  in 
Kansas.  In  1872  our  subject  assumed  the 
management  of  the  lumber  interests  in  Wichita, 
and  while  thus  engaged  his  father  removed  to 
Trinidad,  Colorado,  and  afterward  to  Taos, 
New  Mexico.  In  1877  he  left  Wichita  and 
came  directly  to  Taos,  where  he  joined  his 
father  in  business,  owning  a  half  interest  in  a 
general  store.  In  1879  he  became  sole  pro- 


prietor  and  has  since  carried  on  the  business 
alone.  He  has  a  well  selected  stock  of  goods, 
laving  studied  the  tastes  of  his  customers,  and 
by  his  honorable  dealing  and  courteous  treat- 
ment he  has  secured  a  liberal  and  well  de- 
served patronage.  His  father  died  in  Decem- 
ber, 1892,  and  was  buried  at  Santa  Fe;  but 
his  mother  is  still  living,  her  home  being  in 
Las  Vegas,  New  Mexico. 

Mr.  McClure  was  married  in  Pueblo,  Colo- 
rado, on  the  2Oth  of  April,  i8&2,  the  lady  of 
his  choice  being  Miss  Mary  Traver,  daughter 
of  A.  J.  Traver,  of  Pueblo.  They  have  a 
beautiful  home,  tastefully  and  richly  furnished 
and  containing  a  very  fine  collection  of  curios, 
in  which  Mrs.  McClure  is  deeply  interested. 
Our  subject  joined  the  Masonic  fraternity  in 
Wichita,  and  has  taken  the  chapter  degrees. 
He  has  the  confidence  and  respect  of  all  who 
know  him  and  his  well  spent  life  has  gained 
him  many  friends. 


R.  ZENOS  B.  SAWYER  has  con- 
tinued  in  the  practice  of  medicine  in 
Gallup  longer  than  any  other  physi- 
cian of  the  place,  having  located 
here  in  1883,  whither  he  removed  from  Albu- 
querque. He  is  doing  a  large  and  lucrative 
business,  which  is  constantly  increasing,  for 
his  skill  and  ability  have  been  demonstrated  by 
the  success  which  has  followed  his  labors. 

The  Doctor  was  born  in  Mentor,  Ohio,  on 
the  1 3th  of  November,  1852,  in  which  place 
his  father  had  located  when  it  was  a  mere 
hamlet  and  when  the  surrounding  country  was 
an  almost  unbroken  wilderness.  There  he  en- 
gaged in  the  practice  of  medicine  until  his 
death.  Our  subject  had  good  educational 
privileges,  attended  the  common  schools  of 
Mentor  and  then  entering  Hiram  College, 
where  he  completed  his  literary  course.  In 
1872  he  entered  Wooster  University  in  Cleve- 
land, Ohio,  and  on  the  completion  of  a  three 
years'  course  was  graduated  in  the  medical 
department  of  that  institution,  in  1875.  He 
entered  upon  the  practice  of  his  profession  in 


624 


HISTORY  OF  NE  W  MEXICO. 


connection  with  his  father  in  Mentor,  but  not 
enjoying  good  health  he  removed  to  Colorado, 
establishing  an  office  in  Georgetown.  There  he 
remained  for  three  years,  when  he  went  to  Al- 
buquerque, New  Mexico. 

The  Doctor  had  been  in  that  city  only 
three  months  when  he  was  elected  County 
Physician.  He  also  went  through  a  smallpox 
epidemic,  treating  in  all  100  cases  and  meeting 
with  excellent  success.  After  a  year  spent  in 
that  city  he  came  to  Gallup  in  1883,  and  is  now 
the  oldest  physician  in  years  of  continuous 
practice  here.  In  order  to  further  perfect  him- 
self in  his  chosen  calling,  Dr.  Sawyer  in  the 
fall  of  1895  went  to  Chicago,  and  took  a  post- 
graduate course  at  the  Polyclinic,  making  a 
specialty  of  obstetrics  and  diseases  of  women 
and  children.  He  continues  his  studies  and 
investigations  along  the  line  of  medical  science 
until  to-day  he  stands  as  a  most  able  represen- 
tative of  his  profession  and  his  business  is  a 
profitable  one.  The  Doctor  now  belongs  to 
Gallup  Lodge,  No.  13,  Knights  of  Pythias,  and 
is  also  a  member  of  the  Grand  Lodge  of  New 
Mexico.  Gallup  numbers  him  among  its  lead- 
ing citizens  who  is  actively  interested  in  the 
welfare  and  development  of  the  community, 
and  with  pleasure  we  present  to  our  readers  the 
record  of  his  career. 


QL.    PIERCE  is    numbered    among 
New    Mexico's    pioneers,    his    resi- 
dence in  Chaves  county  now  antedat- 
ing that  of  any  other  citizen.   Before 
Roswell  had  an  existence,  when  the  valley  was 
an  uncultivated  and  undeveloped  tract,  he  took 
up  his  residence  within  its   borders  and    has 
since  been  identified  with   all   measures  that 
have  been  calculated  to  prove  of  public  benefit 
and  to  advance  the  interests  of  the  community. 
Mr.  Pierce  is  a  native  of  Illinois,  his  birth 
having  occurred  in  Lincoln,  Logan  county,  on 
the  13th  of  August,  1839.      He  was  reared  on 
his  father's  farm  until  eighteen  years  of  age, 
when  his  parents  removed  to  the  town.   There 
he    continued   until  the  breaking  out    of   the 


Civil  war,  when,  true  to  the  principles  to  which 
he  had  been  educated,  he  responded  to  the 
call  for  troops  to  aid  in  crushing  out  the  rebel- 
lion which  threatened  the  life  of  the  Union, 
and  became  a  member  of  Company  B,  Second 
Illinois  Cavalry.  For  four  years  he  remained 
with  the  army  in  the  South  as  a  valiant  and 
faithful  soldier,  and  was  then  honorably  dis- 
charged, in  October,  1865,  being  mustered  out 
in  Springfield. 

For  two  years  Mr.  Pierce  continued  his 
residence  in  the  State  of  his  nativity  and  then 
removed  to  Missouri,  making  his  home  in  Bates 
county  for  five  years,  during  which  time  he 
was  employed  as  an  engineer.  In  January, 
1872,  he  left  Missouri  for  Waco,  Texas,  where 
he  worked  on  a  cattle  range  for  a  short  time. 
In  the  autumn  of  that  year  he  arrived  in  New 
Mexico,  coming  to  this  Territory  as  a  cowboy. 
He  located  in  the  valley  which  now  contains 
Roswell,  but  it  was  before  the  organization  of 
Chaves  county.  The  valley,  however,  was  an 
excellent  place  for  stock-raising,  furnishing 
fine  pasturage,  while  the  water  supply  was  un- 
limited. He  purchased  some  cattle  and  formed 
the  company  known  as  the  Pierce  &  Paxson 
Cattle  Company,  with  which  he  was  connected 
until  1 88 1,  when  he  sold  his  interest  and  lo- 
cated in  the  town  of  Roswell,  which  had  pre- 
viously been  established  and  which  has  since 
been  his  home.  He  then  turned  his  attention 
to  sheep-raising  but  followed  this  pursuit  for 
only  a  short  time,  when  he  again  sold  out  and 
became  a  member  of  the  Pierce  &  Lea  Cattle 
Company,  with  which  he  is  still  connected. 

In  1882  was  consummated  the  marriage  of 
our  subject  and  Mrs.  Ella  Calfee,  a  widow, 
who  had  formerly  been  a  resident  of  Missouri. 
They  now  have  one  son,  Milo  L. ,  who  was 
born  on  the  6th  of  August,  1891. 

Until  1892  Mr.  Pierce  was  the  owner  of 
480  acres  of  rich  and  valuable  land  near  Ros- 
well, all  under  a  high  state  of  cultivation,  but 
in  that  year  sold  out  to  the  Pecos  Irrigation 
and  Improvement  Company.  He  now  has 
considerable  valuable  real-estate  and  is  the 
owner  of  town  lots  and  business  houses  where 


HISTORT  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


625 


were  once  his  sheep  and  cattle  pens.  He  also 
has  a  meat  market  in  Roswell,  and  is  doing 
the  largest  business  of  the  kind  in  the  place. 
He  owes  his  success  entirely  to  his  own  efforts, 
and  every  dollar  that  he  has  has  come  to  him 
as  the  reward  of  his  honest  and  persistent  effort. 


EON.  A.  GUSDORF.— It  is  a  pleasant 
task  to  the  student  of  human  nature 
to  mark  those  qualities  of  personal 
merit  and  character  that  enable  their 
possessors  to  outstrip  in  the  race  of  life  those 
of  their  fellows  whose  start  was  seemingly  as 
favorable  as  their  own.  Entirely  through  his 
own  efforts  our  subject  has  worked  his  way 
steadily  upward.  He  belongs  to  that  class  of 
worthy  German-American  citizens  who  having 
sought  homes  in  the  New  World  have  adapted 
themselves  to  the  altered  surroundings  and 
customs,  improved  their  opportunities  and 
through  diligence  and  energy  achieved  success. 
Mr.  Gusdorf,  who  now  follows  merchan- 
dising at  the  Ranches  of  Taos,  in  Taos  county, 
was  born  in  Westphalia,  Germany,  and  at  the 
age  of  fifteen  crossed  the  Atlantic  to  the  United 
States,  landing  in  New  York  in  June,  1864. 
He  at  once  started  for  the  Southwest,  travel- 
ing by  rail  to  Hannibal,  Missouri,  thence  by 
steamer  to  Kansas  City,  and  by  the  ruder  and 
rougher  mode  of  stage  traveling  continued  on 
his  way  to  Santa  Fe.  In  this  city  he  secured 
a  position  in  the  employ  of  C.  Staffenberger, 
with  whom  he  remained  until  1868,  when,  with 
the  capital  he  had  acquired  through  industry 
and  frugality  he  established  a  store  at  Punaska, 
where  he  remained  for  three  years.  In  1871 
he  came  to  the  Ranches,  where  he  has  since 
continued.  He  owns  the  finest  store  in  Taos 
county,  its  modern  equipments  and  well-select- 
ed stock  making  it  an  establishment  that  would 
grace  many  an  Eastern  city.  His  courteous 
treatment  and  honorable  dealing  has  secured 
to  him  a  liberal  patronage,  which  is  well  de- 
served. Located  near  his  store  he  also  has 
the  only  steam  flouring-mill  in  the  county. 
For  a  time  he  engaged  in  business  in  Taos,  but 

40 


now  gives  his  entire  attention  to  his  interests 
nearer  home. 

Mr.  Gusdorf  is  a  very  progressive  citizen 
and  takes  a  deep  and  abiding  interest  in  all 
that  pertains  to  the  welfare  of  the  community. 

In  1872,  through  his  instrumentality,  a 
postomce  was  established  at  the  Ranches,  and 
from  the  beginning  he  has  served  as  Postmaster. 
He  was  also  County  Commissioner  for  one 
term,  and  in  1886  was  elected  to  the  Terri- 
torial Senate,  where  he  discharged  his  duties 
with  such  promptness  and  fidelity  that  he  was 
re-elected  in  1888  for  a  second  term.  He 
proved  an  able  legislator,  doing  all  in  his  power 
to  promote  the  best  interests  of  the  county. 
He  demonstrated  the  fact  that  fruit  could  be 
profitably  raised  in  this  region,  planting  the 
first  orchard  in  the  valley.  His  neighbors 
laughed  at  him,  but  his  orchard  was  soon  bear- 
ing, and  he  now  has  some  of  the  finest  speci- 
mens of  trees  that  can  be  found  throughout 
the  West. 

Returning  to  his  old  home  in  Prussia,  Mr. 
Gusdorf  was  united  in  marriage  with  Miss  Ber- 
tha Frazer,  and  they  have  three  children:  Elsie, 
Corinne  and  Melvin  Albert. 


ICHARD  L.  YOUNG  is  a  respected 
member  of  the  bar  of  New  Mexico, 
now  serving  as  Prosecuting  Attorney 
of  Donna  Ana  county,  and  possesses 
to  the  fullest  extent  those  qualities  which  go  to 
make  up  the  successful  advocate.  His  resi- 
dence is  in  Las  Cruces. 

He  was  born  in  the  State  of  Missouri  on 
the  1 6th  of  May,  1861,  and  is  of  English  line- 
age. His  grandfather,  William  Yates  Young, 
was  one  of  the  pioneer  settlers  of  Missouri, 
locating  there  during  the  Territorial  existence 
of  the  State  and  even  before  the  days  of 
steamboats.  The  waters  yielded  him  his  live- 
lihood. He  was  a  boatman  on  the  Missouri 
river,  making  many  voyages  in  the  pioneer 
days  to  the  city  of  New  Orleans.  He  lived  to 
be  seventy  years  of  age,  and  his  son  (Richard 
L.  Young's  father)  was  born  at  Franklin,  Mis- 


626 


HISTORT  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


souri,  in  1819.  He  was  reared  and  educated 
in  the  State  of  his  nativity  and  became  one  of 
the  prominent  merchants  of  Franklin.  He 
was  also  extensively  engaged  in  the  purchase 
and  sale  of  hemp  and  tobacco,  and  was  widely 
and  favorably  known  as  a  substantial  and  en- 
terprising business  man,  thoroughly  trust- 
worthy and  reliable.  His  death  occurred  in 
1870  at  the  age  of  fifty-one  years,  and  his 
wife  departed  this  life  in  1880.  They  were 
members  of  the  South  Methodist  Church,  and 
their  many  excellencies  of  character  won  the 
esteem  of  all  with  whom  they  were  brought  in 
contact.  Of  their  family  of  five  sons  and  four 
daughters  all  are  yet  living. 

Richard  L.  Young  is  the  fourth  son.  His 
education  was  obtained  in  his  native  State, 
and,  choosing  the  profession  of  law  as  a  life 
work,  he  began  studying  under  the  guidance 
of  the  law  firm  of  Waddell  &  Brown,  and  was 
admitted  to  the  bar  in  1888.  Immediately  he 
entered  upon  the  practice  of  his  chosen  pro- 
fession in  Missouri,  where  he  continued  his 
home  until  1893.  He  had  made  a  trip  to  New 
Mexico  in  1888,  and  remained  several  months 
looking  over  the  country  and  prospecting  for 
gold.  In  1889  he  returned  to  Missouri,  where 
he  engaged  in  law  practice  until  1893,  when 
he  established  a  law  office  in  Las  Cruces. 
Here  he  has  since  remained,  and  his  business 
career  has  been  one  of  good  success. 

In  connection  with  his  chosen  life  work 
Mr.  Young  has  also  entered  the  field  of  poli- 
tics and  has  become  quite  prominent  in  the 
ranks  of  the  Democracy  in  this  section  of  the 
State.  He  is  a  man  of  ability,  and  was  nomi- 
nated by  his  party  as  a  candidate  for  the  Ter- 
ritorial Legislature.  He  made  a  splendid  and 
highly  honorable  run  for  the  office,  but  there 
was  doubt  in  regard  to  the  result,  and,  not- 
withstanding the  canvassing  board  offered  him 
a  certificate  of  election  and  the  House  would 
have  seated  him,  he  declined  the  honor,  feel- 
ing that  while  any  doubt  existed  as  to  the  re- 
turns he  would  prefer  not  to  accept  the  posi- 
tion. It  was  a  dignified  and  honorable  course 
to  pursue,  and  in  this  age,  when  so  much  is 


said  about  corruption  in  politics,  it  is  a  pleas- 
ant thing  to  find  a  gentleman  who  is  possessed 
of  such  high  and  praiseworthy  character.  His 
manly  course  cannot  fail  to  win  the  admiration 
of  the  good  men  of  all  parties,  and  though  he 
has  no  legislative  honors  he  has,  what  is  far 
better,  his  own  self-respect  and  the  approval 
of  his  conscience.  In  February,  1895,  ne  was 
appointed  by  Governor  Thornton  to  the  posi- 
tion of  Prosecuting  Attorney  of  Donna  Ana 
county,  and  is  now  discharging  the'  duties  of 
that  office  in  connection  with  his  private  law 
practice. 

Since  coming  to  New  Mexico  Mr.  Young 
has  taken  a  lively  interest  in  the  development 
of  the  mineral  resources  of  the  State  and  is 
the  owner  of  what  will  probably  become  very 
valuable  mining  property.  He  is  a  stockholder 
in,  and  vice-president  and  manager  of,  the  Vir- 
ginia Sage  Mining  Company,  which  owns  gold 
mines  which  are  now  being  operated.  They 
are  located  near  the  Old  Abe  and  other  rich 
mines,  and  their  property  is  believed  to  be  as 
good  gold-mining  property  as  any  to  be  found 
in  this  locality.  The  ore  already  taken  out 
yields  $5  to  $12  per  ton  in  gold.  This  tunnel 
is  now  262  feet,  but  the  work  already  done  has 
been  in  search  of  the  main  lead,  and  the  indi- 
cations are  that  they  have  now  reached  it. 
The  company,  therefore,  is  expecting  large  re- 
sults. 

In  1 888  Mr.  Young  was  happily  married  to 
Miss  Susan  C.  Leedy,  a  native  of  Missouri  and 
a  daughter  of  Josiah  Leedy,  of  the  State  of 
Virginia.  They  have  one  son,  Gonnald  Wad- 
dell.  Mr.  Young  is  an  active  worker  in  the 
ranks  of  the  Democracy,  and  his  voice  and  in- 
fluence are  untiringly  given  to  the  support  of 
his  party.  He  is  a  member  of  the  Territorial 
Central  Democratic  Committee,  also  the  Coun- 
ty Central  Democratic  Committee,  and  his 
valued  services  in  the  ranks  of  his  party  are 
appreciated.  He  belongs  to  the  Masonic  fra- 
ternity and  is  a  man  of  sterling  worth,  while  as 
an  energetic,  upright  and  conscientious  lawyer 
he  is  destined  to  occupy  a  very  prominent  po- 
sition at  the  bar  of  New  Mexico. 


HISTORT  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


627 


ON.  ANASTACIO  BARELA,  one  of 
New  Mexico's  most  gifted  native  sons, 
was  born  in  Mesilla,  on  the  25th  of 
October,  1871,  and  is  of  Spanish  an- 
cestry. His  father,  Don,  Manuel  Barela,  was 
born  near  the  old  town  of  Albuquerque,  New 
Mexico,  in  1850,  and  the  grandfather,  Anas- 
tacio  Barela,  was  a  native  of  the  same  place. 
Both  did  a  large  and  remunerative  freighting 
business,  hauling  freight  from  Kansas  City  by 
team  to  New  Mexico.  The  father  was  a  man 
of  courage,  superior  intelligence  and  useful- 
ness, and  served  his  county  as  Probate  Judge, 
filling  the  office  with  credit  to  himself  and 
satisfaction  to  all  concerned.  He  married 
Rafaela  J.  Garcia,  a  native  of  New  Mexico, 
and  a  representative  of  the  noted  New  Mexico 
family  of  that  name.  In  1859  they  removed 
to  Mesilla,  where  lived  an  uncle  of  our  subject, 
Mariano  Barela,  who  was  the  owner  of  between 
thirteen  and  fourteen  thousand  acres  of  land. 
He  was  also  a  gentleman  of  much  influence 
and  ability,  and  was  for  sixteen  years  Sheriff 
of  Donna  Ana  county.  At  his  death  he  left 
his  large  estate  to  his  nephew,  Anastacio,  who 
is  now  sole  owner  and  manager  of  this  large 
property,  and  is  evincing  all  the  ability  and  in- 
tegrity of  his  honored  uncle. 

In  1880  Mr.  Barela  of  this  sketch  was  sent 
to  school  in  Springfield,  Illinois,  where  he  re- 
mained for  three  years.  He  then  entered  St. 
Michael's  College  at  Santa  Fe,  where  he  pur- 
sued his  studies  for  five  years,  and  was  then 
graduated  with  the  class  of  1888.  In  1891  he 
entered  the  Georgetown  Law  School,  in  that 
suburb  of  Washington,  District  of  Columbia, 
but  had  only  pursued  his  studies  in  that  insti- 
tution for  a  year  when  the  death  of  his  esteem- 
ed uncle  occurred,  and  he  was  obliged  to  re- 
turn to  his  home  to  take  charge  of  the  large 
estate  left  to  him.  He  is  now  a  wealthy  young 
man,  but  is  entirely  free  from  bombastic  pride 
or  ostentation,  and  his  genuine  worth  has  won 
him  many  friends. 

In  1892  Mr.  Barela  was  appointed  chief 
deputy  Collector  of  Donna  Ana  county,  and 
subsequently  was  elected  a  member  of  the  Ter- 


ritorial Legislature.  He  received  the  appoint- 
ment of  Clerk  of  the  Third  Judicial  District 
Court,  and  in  1894  was  nominated  by  the  Re- 
publican party  for  Clerk  of  the  Probate  Court. 
It  is  believed  that  he  was  elected  to  this  posi- 
tion, and  the  case  is  now  being  contested  in 
the  courts.  He  has  been  prominent  in  public 
affairs,  and  is  conceded  to  be  one  of  New  Mex- 
ico's most  prominent  sons.  He  is  now  a  young 
man  of  only  twenty-five  years,  but  has  already 
made  for  himself  a  brilliant  and  honorable  re- 
cord, while  the  future  holds  forth  great  prom- 
ises to  him.  In  manner  he  is  pleasant  and 
genial,  and  has  gained  a  host  of  warm  friends. 


>Y»UDGE  GIDEON  D.  BANTZ,  one  of 
m  the  Associate  Justices  of  the  Supreme 
at  1  Court  and  presiding  Judge  of  the  Third 
District  of  New  Mexico,  resides  at  Sil- 
ver City.  He  stands  at  the  head  of  his  pro- 
fession in  this  Territory,  having  few  equals  and 
no  superiors,  either  at  the  bar  or  on  the  bench. 
He  was  born  in  St.  Louis,  Missouri,  Septem- 
ber 19,  1854,  and  descended  from  German  an- 
cestors who  in  1690  left  the  Fatherland  and 
crossed  the  briny  deep  to  Maryland.  His 
father,  A.  S.  Bantz,  was  born  in  that  State, 
and  married  Miss  Isabella  Porter,  also  a  na- 
tive of  Maryland.  He  followed  mercantile 
pursuits  and  carried  on  a  successful  business. 
In  an  early  day  he  removed  to  St.  Louis, 
where  he  reared  his  family,  but  subsequently 
he  returned  to  his  native  State,  where  his 
death  occurred  at  the  age  of  sixty-five  years. 
His  widow  still  survives  him,  and  is  now  in  the 
sixty-fifth  year  of  her  age.  They  had  two 
sons  and  two  daughters,  and  the  latter  are 
both  living,  but  the  brother  of  our  subject  has 
passed  away. 

The  Judge  is  the  eldest  of  the  family.  He 
acquired  his  early  education  in  his  native  city 
and  determining  to  take  up  the  study  of  law 
and  fit  himself  for  the  legal  profession,  he  be- 
came a  student  in  the  office  of  Krum  &  Medill, 
prominent  attorneys  of  St.  Louis.  He  was 
afterward  graduated  in  the  law  department  of 


628 


HISTORT  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


the  Washington  University,  with  the  class  of 
June,  1877.  For  several  years  thereafter  he 
was  connected  with  the  publication  of  law 
journals,  and  in  1886  he  came  to  Silver  City, 
New  Mexico,  where  he  has  now  for  nine  years 
been  successfully  engaged  in  the  practice  of 
his  chosen  profession.  He  is  an  able  advocate, 
a  forcible,  earnest  speaker,  and  his  painstaking 
preparation  of  cases  and  his  devotion  to  his 
clients'  interests  have  won  him  a  liberal  pat- 
ronage. 

In  February,  1895,  Mr.  Bantz  was  ap- 
pointed to  his  present  position  as  Associate 
Justice  of  the  Supreme  Court  by  President 
Cleveland  and  entered  upon  the  duties  of  the 
office  on  the  ist  of  March.  It  is  his  aim  to  be 
absolutely  impartial  and  no  personal  feelings 
are  allowed  to  interfere  with  the  even-handed 
administration  of  justice.  He  has  thus  won 
"golden  opinions  from  all  sorts  of  people," 
and  the  appointment  is  one  that  is  pleasing  to 
the  general  public.  The  Judge  has  always 
been  an  active  and  ardent  Democrat,  and  since 
coming  to  New  Mexico  has  been  an  earnest 
worker  in  the  interests  of  his  party. 

In  1 884  Judge  Bantz  was  united  in  marriage 
with  Miss  Laura  McGee,  a  native  of  Kentucky, 
and  they  now  have  one  daughter,  Lucile.  The 
father  is  a  member  of  the  fraternity  of  the 
Knights  of  Pythias,  but  gives  his  entire  time 
and  attention  to  matters  pertaining  to  the  law. 


VATTELL  A.   OVERBAY,    Sheriff  of 
Union  county,  New  Mexico,  occupies 
a  position  of  importance  and  respon- 
sibility,   and    is    without    doubt    the 
right  man  in  the  right  place.    It  is  appropriate 
that  in  this  connection  some  personal  mention 
be  accorded  him,  and  the  following  facts  have 
been  gleaned  for  publication. 

Near  the  town  of  Schulenburg,  in  Fayette 
county,  Texas,  September  9,  1859,  Vattell  A. 
Overbay  was  born.  Dr.  Henry  Overbay,  his 
father,  a  native  of  the  State  of  Georgia,  had 
removed  to  Texas  some  years  previous  to  that 
date  and  had  there  married  Miss  Nina  Hender- 


son. She  was  born  in  Texas,  daughter  of  T. 
J.  Henderson,  and  in  that  State  passed  her  life 
and  died,  her  death  occurring  in  1869,  at  the 
age  of  thirty  years.  Their  union  was  blessed 
in  the  birth  of  six  children,  four  of  whom  are 
now  living,  V.  A.  being  the  second  in  order  of 
birth.  Dr.  Overbay  died  at  Schulenburg,  in 
the  year  1875.  For  twenty  years  he  was  an 
active  and  successful  medical  practitioner,  and 
during  this  time  acquired  a  large  amount  of 
property  in  Texas. 

The  subject  of  our  sketch  was  reared  in 
Texas  at  a  time  when  educational  advantages 
there  were  not  of  the  best.  On  attaining  his 
majority  in  1880,  he  left  home  and  embarked 
in  the  stock  business,  his  first  location  being 
at  Dodge  City,  Kansas.  The  following  year 
he  took  up  his  abode  in  New  Mexico,  and  in 
this  Territory  he  has  maintained  his  residence 
ever  since  and  has  given  his  attention  chiefly  to 
the  cattle  business.  For  five  years  he  has 
worked  for  the  Prairie  Cattle  Company  and 
for  some  time  was  foreman  of  one  of  the  outfits 
belonging  to  the  Dubuque  Cattle  Company. 
In  1886  he  took  a  band  of  2,500  cattle  to 
Wyoming.  After  his  marriage,  which  impor- 
tant event  occurred  in  1886,  he  and  his  wife 
settled  down  on  a  farm,  and  a  year  later  he 
took  a  land  claim  twenty-five  miles  south  of 
Clayton,  where  he  erected  buildings  and  made 
other  improvements  and  where  he  engaged  in 
raising  stock  on  his  own  account,  continuing 
thus  occupied  until  his  election  to  office. 

Politically,  Mr.  Overbay  has  always  been 
a  stanch  Democrat.  In  1894  he  was  placed 
in  nomination  by  the  Democratic  party  for  the 
office  of  County  Sheriff,  was  duly  elected  and 
has  entered  upon  the  discharge  of  his  impor- 
tant duties  as  such.  During  his  experience  in 
the  stock  business  he  was  all  over  this  part  of 
the  Territory  and  is  probably  as  familiar  with 
every  phase  of  the  country  as"  any  other  man 
in  the  county.  This  familiarity  with  the  county, 
together  with  his  more  than  ordinary  nerve  and 
courage,  renders  him  especially  fitted  for  the 
duties  of  Sheriff.  Union  county  has  new  and 
substantial  buildings.  The  Sheriff  and  hisfam- 


HIS  TORT  OF  NE  W  MEXICO. 


629 


ily  reside  in  the  jail,  where  he  has  charge  of 
the  county  prisoners,  and  he  has  his  office  in 
the  court-house. 

January  25,  1886,  Mr.  Overbay  was  united 
in  marriage  to  Miss  Nievasitas  Bargas,  a  na- 
tive of  New  Mexico  and  a  descendant  of  one  of 
the  old  families  of  the  Territory.  To  them 
have  been  born  six  children,  only  two  of  whom 
are  now  living, — Albert  and  Eliza. 


*y  '     INO  GARCIA    is    a    young    man    of 

C  marked  ability,  now  officially  serving 
I  ^  as  County  Assessor  of  Union  county, 
New  Mexico.  He  is  numbered  among 
the  native  sons  of  the  Territory,  his  birth  hav- 
ing occurred  in  Los  Alamos,  on  the  23d  of 
September,  1 869.  He  is  a  worthy  descendant 
of  the  noted  family  of  Garcia  that  has  been 
connected  with  the  history  of  this  Territory 
since  the  time  of  the  conquest.  The  family 
originated  in  Spain,  and,  having  crossed  the 
Atlantic  to  the  New  World,  located  first  at 
Jemes.  The  paternal  grandfather,  Vicent 
Garcia,  was  a  prominent  citizen  and  stockman. 
The  father,  Jose  Manuel  Garcia,  was  born  at 
Jemes,  and  having  arrived  at  years  of  matur- 
ity married  Miss  Maria  Montanya,  who  also 
was  born  in  the  Territory.  In  his  early  life  he 
was  engaged  in  freighting  from  Kansas  City, 
and  many  times  crossed  the  plains  when  it  was 
a  hazardous  undertaking  to  make  the  trip.  He 
had  various  encounters  with  the  Indians,  and 
on  several  occasions  narrowly  escaped  with  his 
life.  The  route  lay  across  an  uninhabited  re- 
gion, through  which  the  savages  roamed  at 
pleasure,  killing  and  plundering  the  white  set- 
tlers as  they  wished.  Mr.  Garcia  afterward 
turned  his  attention  to  stock-raising  and  now 
devotes  his  time  and  energies  to  that  pursuit. 
In  the  family  were  eight  children,  six  of  whom 
are  living,  and  the  family  residence  is  at  Tram- 
peras.  The  parents  and  children  are  members 
of  the  Catholic  Church,  and  are  people  of 
prominence  in  the  community. 

Lino  Garcia  is  the  eldest  child  and  was  ed- 
ucated in   St.    Mary's  College,  of   Mora,  New 


Mexico,  where  he  pursued  his  studies  for  three 
years,  completing  his  education  in  Las  Vegas. 
He  entered  upon  his  business  career  as  a  mer- 
chant in  Tramperas,  and  not  only  engaged  in 
that  undertaking  there,  but  also  served  as 
Postmaster.  In  his  political  views  he  has  al- 
ways been  a  Democrat,  manifesting  a  deep  in- 
terest in  all  that  is  calculated  to  promote  the 
growth  and  insure  the  success  of  his  party.  In 
the  fall  of  1894  he  was  elected  Assessor  of  the 
county,  and  his  personal  popularity  is  indicated 
by  the  fact  that  he  received  a  larger  majority 
than  any  candidate  on  the  ticket, — a  fitting 
compliment  to  his  integrity  and  ability.  This 
office  he  is  now  filling  in  a  most  acceptable 
manner,  and  no  word  of  condemnation  has 
been  heard  concerning  his  political  record. 

In  1892  Mr.  Garcia  led  to  the  marriage  al- 
tar Miss  Placinda  Vigil,  a  descendant  of  one 
of  the  prominent  families  of  the  Territory. 
They  had  one  child,  Amelia,  and  in  1893  the 
mother  departed  this  life.  The  following  year 
Mr.  Garcia  was  again  married,  his  second 
union  being  with  Miss  Isadora  Garcia,  a  sec- 
ond cousin.  He  has  a  farm  at  Tramperas, 
where  he  resides  when  not  in  office,  but  is  now 
an  esteemed  citizen  of  Louis.  He  is  an  intelli- 
gent and  capable  young  man,  a  creditable  son 
of  the  Territory,  and  the  future  probably  holds 
higher  honors  for  him.  His  career  reflects 
credit  upon  the  honored  family  whose  name 
he  bears,  and  no  one  is  more  worthy  of  high 
regard  than  this  progressive,  enterprising  and 
wide-awake  young  man. 


>-r*    E.    NICHOLS,   one    of   San   Marcial's 

«      most    successful    business    men,    who 

/•  1      came  to  the  town  in  1882,  is  a  native  of 

the  State  of  Maine,  born  at  Vassalboro, 

on  the  6th  of  July,  1854. 

In  both  his  paternal  and  maternal  lines  the 
family  is  of  old  English  ancestry,  who  early 
became  prominent  settlers  of  New  England, 
and  for  some  generations  have  resided  on  the 
old  homestead  at  Vassalboro,  where  our  sub- 
ject's father,  Stephen  Nichols,  was  born  April 


630 


HISTORY  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


30,  1831.  He  married  Miss  Louisa  Hobby,  a 
daughter  of  John  and  Phoebe  (Cook)  Hobby,  a 
granddaughter  of  Pennington  Hobby  and  a 
great-granddaughter  of  Reverend  William  Hob- 
by, a  Quaker  minister  who  also  emigrated  from 
England  to  the  Pine  Tree  State  and  became 
the  progenitor  of  the  family  of  that  name  in 
the  New  World.  Pennington  Hobby  wedded 
a  daughter  of  D.  Sylvester  Gardiner,  who  re- 
mained loyal  to  his  king  during  the  Revolu- 
tionary war  and  when  that  struggle  -was  over 
his  property  was  confiscated.  He  was  the 
founder  of  the  Gardiner  family  in  America. 
Mr.  Nichols'  parents  still  reside  on  the  old 
homestead  in  Maine.  They  hold  a  member- 
ship in  the  Society  of  Friends  and  are  very 
worthy  and  highly  respected  citizens  of  the 
community  in  which  they  have  spent  the  whole 
of  their  lives.  They  are  successful  farming 
people,  and  all  of  their  four  children  with  the 
exception  of  our  subject  still  reside  in  Maine. 
John  E.  Nichols,  whose  name  introduces 
this  review,  is  the  eldest  child  of  the  family  and 
was  educated  in  the  Oak  Grove  Seminary  at 
Vassalboro,  after  which  he  taught  school  for 
several  terms.  He  also  engaged  in  clerking 
and  bookkeeping  in  the  East.  In  1876  he 
came  West,  spending  a  portion  of  the  time  in 
Indian  Territory,  Texas  and  Colorado,  engaged 
in  the  occupations  of  clerking  and  bookkeeping, 
and  was  also  in  the  quartermaster's  department 
of  the  United  States  army,  until  1881,  at  which 
time  he  arrived  in  San  Marcial.  Here  he 
erected  a  barber  shop,  which  he  has  since  car- 
ried on  with  most  excellent  success;  but  in  1893, 
while  on  a  visit  to  his  relatives,  his  building, 
together  with  others  in  the  town,  was  destroyed 
by  fire.  He  at  once  rebuilt,  however,  and 
now  has  such  a  shop,  with  bath-rooms  and  of- 
fice, as  would  do  credit  to  any  city.  He  also 
has  rooms  to  rent,  which  are  very  pleasant  and 
always  occupied.  In  connection  with  his  other 
business  interests,  Mr.  Nichols  represents  sev- 
eral of  the  best  insurance  companies  in  the 
county,  doing  an  extensive  business  in  that 
line,  and  is  agent  for  considerable  town  prop- 
erty. In  1887  he  erected  his  pleasant  resi- 


dence, which  is  surrounded  by  beautiful  shade 
trees  of  his  own  planting,  and  there  he  and 
his  worthy  wife  delight  to  entertain  their  many 
friends. 

In  1885  was  celebrated  the  marriage  of  Mr. 
Nichols  and  Miss  Annie  Clifford,  a  native  of 
the  city  of  New  Orleans,  and  a  daughter  of 
Captain  James  Clifford,  of  the  United  States 
army,  who  has  rendered  the  Government  much 
valuable  service  throughout  the  Southwest. 
The  union  of  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Nichols  has  been 
blessed  with  three  children,  all  born  at  their 
home  in  San  Marcial.  Their  names  are: 
Louisa,  John  E.,  Jr.,  and  James  Stephen. 

With  the  Masonic  fraternity  Mr.  Nichols  is 
connected,  being  at  the  present  time  Treasurer 
of  the  Lodge  at  San  Marcial.  In  politics  he  is 
a  Republican,  and  takes  an  active  and  com- 
mendable interest  in  all  that  pertains  to  the 
wellbeing  of  his  town.  He  gives  his  business 
his  close  attention  and  is  numbered  among 
San  Marcial's  most  reliable  and  highly  es- 
teemed business  men,  while  fortunate  would  it 
indeed  be  for  his  town  had  she  any  more  such 
worthy  and  enterprising  citizens. 


HOMAS  WILLIS  COLLIER,  of  Ra- 
ton, New  Mexico,  was  born  in  Car- 
rollton,  Ohio,  April  22,  1844,  of 
American  parentage  and  English  lin- 
eage. He  was  educated  in  the  public  schools 
of  Cadiz,  Ohio.  His  father  was  publisher  of 
the  Cadiz  Republican,  and  Thomas  began  to 
set  type  for  that  paper  when  only  seven  years 
of  age,  and  since  that  time,  almost  without  ex- 
ception, he  has  devoted  his  life  to  the  news- 
paper business,  and  is  now  one  of  the  most 
capable  newspaper  men  in  the  Territory  of 
New  Mexico.  He  enlisted  as  a  private  in  the 
Sixteenth  Ohio  Regiment  of  Infantry  April  19, 
1 86 1,  under  the  first  call  for  troops  for  three 
months.  At  the  expiration  of  that  term  of 
service  he  enlisted  in  the  Eightieth  Ohio  Infan- 
try for  three  years,  or  during  the  war.  Mr. 
Collier  served  until  September,  1864,  when  he 
was  mustered  out  with  his  regiment,  having 


HISTORT  OF  NB  W  MEXICO. 


631 


filled  the  positions  of  First  Sergeant,  Second 
Lieutenant,  First  Lieutenant,  Adjutant  and 
Captain  of  Company  A. 

In  September,  1866,  Mr.  Collier  purchased 
the  Coshocton  (Ohio)  Age,  which  he  conducted 
until  April,  1881,  and  in  November  of  the  same 
year  purchased  the  Columbus  Sunday  Herald, 
publishing  that  paper  one  year.  From  1869 
to  1 88 1  he  served  as  Postmaster  of  Coshocton. 
In  November,  1882,  he  removed  to  Raton, 
New  Mexico,  where  he  has  engaged  in  the 
mercantile  business  for  three  years.  In  1885 
he  went  to  Santa  Fe,  New  Mexico,  to  publish 
the  Sante  Fe  Daily  and  Weekly  for  two  years, 
returning  to  Raton  in  1885,  and  since  that 
time  has  published  the  Raton  Range,  one  of 
the  oldest  newspapers  in  New  Mexico. 

Captain  Collier  was  married  April  14,  1864, 
to  Miss  Kate  Renhart,  a  native  of  New  Phila- 
delphia, Ohio.  They  have  one  daughter, 
Minnie  W.,  at  home.  In  1882  Captain  Collier 
assisted  in  organizing  Sedgwick  Post,  No.  2, 
Department  of  New  Mexico,  Grand  Army  of 
the  Republic,  and  for  three  years  was  its  Post 
Commander.  In  1895,  at  the  Twelfth  Annual 
Encampment,  he  was  unanimously  elected 
Department  Commander  of  New  Mexico, 
Grand  Army  of  the  Republic.  He  has  always 
been  an  active  member  of  this  patriotic  organi- 
zation, and  has  served  as  a  member  of  Depart- 
ment and  National  Councils  of  Administration 
and  Assistant  Adjutant  General  of  the  Depart- 
ment. The  family  reside  in  a  pleasant  home 
of  their  own  in  the  city  of  Raton. 


aHARLES  F.   HUNT,   Sheriff  of  Ber- 
nalillo  county,  New  Mexico,  has  been 
a  resident  of  this  Territory  for  more 
than  twenty  years.      During  this  time 
he  has  acquired  the  Spanish  language,   speak- 
ing it  as  fluently  as  the  English,  and  has  be- 
come thoroughly  identified  with  New  Mexico 
and  her  interests. 

Mr.  Hunt  is  a  native  of  Missouri,  born  May 
ii,  1857,  and  is  descended  from  English  and 
Scotch  ancestors,  who  were  among  the  early 


settlers  of  Virginia.    His  father,  Jonathan  Hunt, 
was  born  in    Kentucky,  and   his    mother,   nee 
Jane  Kelso,  in  Indiana.     After  their  marriage 
they  resided  in  Indiana  for  a  number  of  years 
and  from  there  went  to  Missouri.     She  died  in 
1893,  at  the  age  of  seventy-four  years.     An 
earnest  Christian,  a  devoted  member  of   the 
Methodist  Episcopal    Church,   a   faithful  wife 
and  an  indulgent  and  loving  mother,  her  mem- 
ory will  long   be   treasured.     Jonathan    Hunt 
was  a  merchant   for  many  years.      He   is  still 
living,  having  attained  his  seventy-ninth  year. 
During  the  war  he  was  a  strong  Union  man. 
He  became  identified  with  the  Republican  party 
when  it  was  first  formed  and  he  has  remained 
a  stanch  adherent  to  its  principles  ever  since. 
It  was  at  the  age  of  seventeen  years  that  the 
subject  of  our  sketch,  Charles  F.  Hunt,  came 
to  New  Mexico,  and  it  was  not  in  pursuit  of 
health  that  he  came  hither,  for  at  that  time  he 
weighed  no  less  than  175  pounds  and  was  the 
picture  of  health.      He  came  out  West  to  make 
his  own  way  in  the  world  and  grow  up  with  the 
country.      His  pleasant    home,   happy  family, 
and   the  prominent  position  to  which  he   has 
attained  are  all  evidences  of  the  fact  that  he 
has  succeeded  in  this.      On  his  arrival  here  he 
first  engaged  in  stock-raising,  a  profitable  busi- 
ness, as  his  stock  was  kept  on  the  free  ranges 
of  the  country.      Several  years  later  he  formed 
the   acquaintance  of  Judge  William  D.    Lee, 
Judge  of  the  District  Court,  from  whom  he  re- 
ceived the  appointment  of  Clerk  of  the  Court. 
This  position  he  filled  in  a  most  satisfactory 
manner  for  four  and  a  half  years.      In   1894 
Mr.  Hunt  was  the  choice  of  the   Republican 
party  for  Sheriff  of  Bernalillo  county,  was  duly 
elected,  and  has  since  entered  upon  the  duties 
of  his  office.      His  service  thus  far  has  been 
characterized  by  prompt  and  nervy  action  and 
he   gives    promise    of     becoming    one  of    the 
best  sheriffs  this  county  has   ever  had.      Not 
one  of  the  prisoners  arrested  have  so  far  been 
able  to  make  an  escape.      Mr.  Hunt  has  what 
few  men  possess,  namely,  a  commanding  per- 
sonal appearance,  and  this,   together  with  his 
many  most  estimable  qualities,  have  gained  for 


HIS  TORT  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


him  a  popularity  which  is  as  wide  as  his  ac- 
quaintance. 

Mr.  Hunt's  relation  with  Judge  Lee  did  not 
end  with  his  term  of  service  as  Clerk  of  the 
Court,  for  in  1879  he  married  the  Judge's  beau- 
tiful and  interesting  daughter,  Miss  Rosa.  They 
have  a  commodious  and  attractive  home  at 
No.  803  Tigeras  road,  Albuquerque,  and  their 
family  is  composed  of  five  children,  all  natives 
of  New  Mexico, — Ralph  Lee,  Mabel,  Charles 
V. ,  Margaret  and  Rosa. 


EON.   FRANK  A.  HUBBELL,  County 
Assessor  of    Bernalillo  county,    New 
Mexico,  is  a  native  son  of  the  Terri- 
tory and  is  descended  from  an  ances- 
try in  which   he  has  reason  to  take  pride,  his 
forefathers  having  figured  prominently  in  his- 
tory. 

Sandiago  L.  Hubbell,  his  father,  was  a 
United  States  soldier  in  the  Mexican  war  and 
came  to  New  Mexico  in  1848,  where  he 
was  soon  afterward  made  the  first  Sheriff  of 
Valencia  county.  He  was  for  some  years  en- 
gaged in  Government  contracts,  purchased 
large  droves  of  cattle  in  Mexico  and  brought 
them  to  New  Mexico,  selling  them  here;  and 
he  was  also  extensively  engaged  in  freighting 
in  the  time  when  it  was  most  profitable,  haul- 
ing goods  from  Kansas  City.  At  one  time  he 
owned  a  train  of  forty-eight  wagons,  with  four 
yoke  of  oxen  to  a  wagon,  and  so  large  was  the 
train  that  it  was  in  little  or  no  danger  from 
attacks  of  the  Indians  who  frequently  molested 
smaller  parties.  When  the  Civil  war  broke 
out  he  organized  a  company  and  was  made  its 
captain.  Later  in  life  he  was  a  merchant  and 
farmer.  He  died  February  5,  1885,  aged 
sixty-four  years.  He  was  descended  from  the 
English  and  traced  his  ancestry  back  through 
the  early  settlers  of  New  England  to  Richard 
I.  In  New  Mexico  he  married  Miss  Juliana 
Gutierrez,  the  daughter  of  Juan  N.  Guti- 
errez, a  descendant  of  the  Spanish  conquer- 
ors of  Mexico  and  a  representative  of  one  of 
New  Mexico's  most  distinguished  families. 


Her  mother  was  a  daughter  of  Francisco 
Chaves  de  Jobiel,  of  Las  Padillas,  one  of  the 
wealthiest  men  in  the  Territory.  They  had 
twelve  children,  of  whom  five  sons  and  two 
daughters  are  living.  The  mother  is  now 
sixty-two  years  of  age. 

Frank  A.  Hubbell  was  the  eighth  born  in 
this  family,  his  birth  occurring  in  Bernalillo 
county,  October  10,  1862.  He  was  educated 
at  St.  Michael's  College  at  Santa  Fe,  and  after 
leaving  college  engaged  in  the  mercantile  busi- 
ness at  St.  John's,  Arizona.  While  there  he 
served  as  Deputy  County  Sheriff,  and  he  also 
became  largely  interested  in  sheep-raising,  a 
business  which  he  has  continued  ever  since. 
For  several  years  past  he  has  resided  at  Albu- 
querque, where  now,  in  addition  to  his  other 
business,  he  is  largely  interested  in  real-estate 
transactions. 

September  15,  1888,  Mr.  Hubbell  married 
Miss  Trimada  Garcea,  daughter  of  Juan  and 
Libada  (Landavazo)  Garcea,  and  their  union 
has  been  blessed  in  the  birth  of  four  sons, 
namely:  James  L. ,  John  A.,  Frank  A.,  and 
Romand  G. 

Mr.  Hubbell  has  been  a  Republican  all  his 
life,  has  rendered  his  party  much  active  serv- 
ice and  has  been  honored  by  it  with  official 
preferment.  In  1890  he  was  elected  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Territorial  Legislature  and  in  1892 
a  member  of  the  Territorial  Senate.  In  1894 
he  was  elected  to  his  present  position,  that  of 
County  Assessor.  He  has  in  both  public  and 
private  life  shown  himself  to  be  a  capable, 
honorable  and  upright  citizen  and  as  such  is 
deserving  of  the  high  respect  which  is  accorded 
him. 


@W.   GUYER,   editor  of  the  Clayton 
News,  was  born  in  Cooper  county, 
Missouri,  February  10,  1857.    He  was 
reared  to  farm  life,  attending  winter 
sessions   of  the  public  schools  of  that  county 
until  1876,  when  he  passed  a  creditable  exam- 
ination  before   Superintendent   O.  F.  Arnold, 
and   began  teaching,  an   occupation  which  he 


HISTORT  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


633 


has  since  followed  with  the  exception  of  one 
year.  In  1877-8  he  attended  Clarksburg  Col- 
lege, taking  a  thorough  course  in  the  sciences, 
mathematics  and  Latin  and  German.  Mr. 
Guyer  then  taught  in  the  country  and  city  pub- 
lic schools  until  1885,  from  that  time  until 
1892  taught  in  the  schools  of  Texas,  and  in  the 
latter  year  was  called  to  the  charge  of  the  pub- 
lic schools  of  Clayton. 

In  1890  Mr.  Guyer  wrote  "The  Secret  of 
National  Decay  from  Egypt  to  America,"  and, 
not  being  able  to  place  it  satisfactorily  with 
publishing  companies,  he  took  charge  of  the 
Union  County  Democrat  in  the  summer  of 
1893.  With  the  aid  of  his  thirteen-year-old 
daughter  and  eleven-year-old  son,  he  published 
and  edited  the  Democrat  and  "The  Secret  of 
National  Decay  from  Egypt  to  America."  The 
Democrat  plant  then  passed  into  the  hands  of 
a  company,  and  the  name  of  the  paper  was 
changed  to  La  Union  del  Pueblo,  edited  by  the 
People's  Party  central  committee.  The  plant 
was  subsequently  leased  by  the  editor  of  the 
News,  and  the  name  again  changed,  from  La 
Union  del  Pueblo  to  the  Clayton  News,  which 
is  printed  one  half  in  English  and  one-half  in 
Spanish.  It  is  the  only  partly  Spanish  paper 
published  in  Union  county,  and  has  a  large 
circulation.  Professor  Lotten,  of  Yale  Uni- 
versity, who  has  reviewed  ' '  The  Secret  of  Na- 
tional Decay  from  Egypt  to  America,"  says  of 
it:  "  Mr.  Guyer  has  undertaken  to  teach  Bib- 
lical truth  in  a  very  practical  and  novel  way." 
The  Rocky  Mountain  Daily  News  says  of  it: 
"The  most  remarkable  addition  to  the  litera- 
ture of  unrest  is  G.  W.  Guyer's  '  Secret  of  Na- 
tional Decay  from  Egypt  to  America,'  pub- 
lished by  the  Union  Publishing  Company  of 
Clayton.  The  author  begins  with  the  land 
question,  and  fearlessly  arraigns  one  after  an- 
other of  our  public  institutions.  The  author 
quotes  not  copiously,  for  the  limits  of  his 
volume  do  not  permit  of  that,  but  with  effect. 
It  is  a  book  for  the  student  of  social  conditions, 
and  no  matter  how  widely  the  reader  may  differ 
from  the  author,  he  will  certainly  find  some- 
thing new  in  his  theories."  No  attempt  has 


yet  been  made  to  put  this  work  on  the  market. 
Mr.  Guyer  is  also  the  author  of  the  following 
volumes:  "The  Secret  of  National  Progress," 
"Language  Lessons,"  "Shall  We  Grade  Our 
Country  Schools?"  and  "How  to  Teach  Frac- 
tions. "  He  has  also  written  many  articles  for 
educational  journals. 


B.  BARINGER,  editor,  pub- 
lisher  and  owner  of  the  Raton  Re- 
porter,  founded  the  paper  in  April, 
1890,  and  continued  it  as  a  weekly 
until  January,  1894,  at  which  time  he  began 
its  issue  every  other  day,  and  it  is  claimed  by 
good  authority  that  it  is  the  only  paper  in  the 
United  States  published  in  that  way.  The 
Reporter  is  the  organ  of  the  Democratic  party 
in  Northeastern  New  Mexico,  and  its  editor 
makes  it  a  power  in  behalf  of  Democracy,  as 
well  as  in  behalf  of  the  growth  and  prosperity 
of  the  county. 

Mr.  Baringer  was  born  in  Troy,  New  York, 
December  7,  1859,  a  son  of  Gotlieb  B.  and 
Mary  Margaret  (Seebald)  Baringer,  natives  of 
Germany.  They  came  to  the  United  States 
as  early  as  1840.  The  father  was  a  watch- 
maker, and  also  a  minister  of  the  Moravian 
persuasion,  being  a  man  of  integrity  and  worth. 
They  were  married  in  New  York,  and  were  the 
parents  of  nine  children,  of  whom  seven  are 
still  living.  The  father  departed  this  life  in 
1889,  at  the  age  of  fifty-seven  years,  and  his 
wife  still  survives,  aged  sixty-one  years. 

George  B.,  their  third  child,  received  his 
education  in  the  public  schools  of  Virginia  and 
at  Washington,  District  of  Columbia.  He 
learned  the  watchmaker's  trade  under  the  in- 
structions of  his  father,  and  continued  in  the 
watch  and  jewelry  business  until  the  organiza- 
tion of  the  Reporter.  Mr.  Baringer  came  to 
Raton  in  1882,  having  followed  the  jewelry 
business  here  for  eight  years,  and  is  well  and 
favorably  known  as  a  valuable  business  man. 
He  is  a  stanch  Democrat  in  politics,  and,  as  an 
alternate  delegate  for  New  Mexico,  attended 
the  national  convention  in  Chicago  and  took  a 


634 


HIS  TORT  Of  NE  W  MEXICO. 


prominent  part  in  securing  the  nomination  of 
Mr.  Cleveland  for  President.  Mr.  Baringer 
is  a  member  of  the  Knights  of  Pythias,  and  is 
Past  Grand  Chancellor  of  the  order  in  the  Ter- 
ritory of  New  Mexico. 


HSTAAB,  one  of  New  Mexico's  promi- 
nent merchants  successfully  engaged 
in  business  in  Santa  Fe,  was  born  in 
Westphalia,  Germany,  on  the  ajth  of 
February,  1839,  and  comes  of  a  family  of 
German  merchants.  He  was  educated  in  his 
native  land  and  learned  the  mercantile  busi- 
ness, after  which  he  emigrated  to  America  in 
1858,  landing  at  New  York.  He  then  con- 
tinued his  journey  to  Santa  Fe,  New  Mexico, 
where  he  formed  a  partnership  with  his  brother, 
L.  Staab,  and  in  1859  they  established  them- 
selves in  business  in  Santa  Fe.  They  were 
then  young  men  with  limited  capital  and  had 
to  begin  operations  on  a  small  scale,  but  they 
were  active  and  enterprising,  and  their  abili- 
ties, both  natural  and  acquired,  from  the  first 
won  them  success.  Their  trade  constantly 
grew  and  at  length  assumed  extensive  propor- 
tions. In  1862  they  began  the  wholesale  busi- 
ness, and  prosperity  attended  their  efforts  in 
so  high  a  degree  that  in  1869  they  discontinued 
the  retail  department  and  became  the  proprie- 
tors of  the  only  exclusively  wholesale  house  in 
the  Territory.  They  have  used  the  best 
methods  to  build  up  a  trade,  and  their  patron- 
age was  not  long  confined  to  the  boundaries  of 
New  Mexico,  but  soon  extended  far  beyond 
the  borders  of  the  Territory  into  Colorado  and 
Arizona  and  into  the  State  of  Chihuahua, 
Mexico. 

In  1884  L.  Staab  died,  and  the  subject  of 
this  review  bought  out  his  brother's  interest  in 
the  business  and  became  sole  owner  and  man- 
ager. For  thirty-six  years  he  has  been  con- 
nected with  the  mercantile  interests  of  Santa 
Fe,  and  is  not  only  one  of  the  oldest  business 
men,  but  is  also  one  of  the  wealthiest,  in  the 
city,  and  he  has  not  a  dollar  that  he  has  not 
himself  honestly  earned.  His  life  has  been 


one  of  great  business  activity,  and  it  has  se- 
cured for  him  the  reward  justly  due  to  such 
enterprising  and  capable  efforts.  Through  the 
legitimate  channels  of  trade  he  has  guided  his 
bark  to  the  harbor  of  success.  As  his  wealth 
has  increased  he  has  made  judicious  invest- 
ments in  real  estate, 'and  is  now  the  possessor 
of  much  valuable  and  desirable  property,  both 
in  city  and  country.  In  1880  he  erected  the 
fine  brick  building  in  which  he  now  carries  his 
fine  stock  of  dry  goods. 

In  1884  Mr.  Staab  built  his  present  brick 
residence,  a  palatial  home,  the  finest  in  the 
city,  surrounded  by  beautiful  and  well  kept 
grounds,  which  indicate  his  artistic  and  refined 
taste.  This  magnificent  home,  which  would 
be  a  credit  to  any  city  in  the  United  States, 
stands  as  a  monument  to  his  own  enterprise. 

In  1869  he  was  united  in  marriage  with 
Miss  Julia  Schuster,  a  native  of  Germany,  and 
by  their  union  were  born  seven  children,  name- 
ly: Anna  A.,  who  is  now  the  wife  of  Louis 
Ilfeld,  and  resides  at  Albuquerque,  New  Mex- 
ico; Delia  A.,  wife  of  Louis  Baer,  also  of  that 
city;  Bertha  A.,  Arthur  A.,  Julius  A.,  and  Ed- 
ward A. ,  all  yet  under  the  parental  roof  and 
all  graduates  of  the  Swarthmore  College,  of 
Delaware  county,  Pennsylvania.  A  family 
noted  for  culture  and  refinement,  they  occupy 
a  most  enviable  position  in  social  circles. 

Although  Mr.  Staab's  business  life  has  been 
such  as  to  demand  the  greater  part  of  his  time 
and  attention,  he  has  always  taken  a  deep  in- 
terest in  public  affairs,  especially  in  those  things 
pertaining  to  the  welfare  of  the  city,  and  is  an 
active  and  influential  Republican.  He  has 
often  been  urged  to  accept  positions  of  high 
honor  and  trust,  but  has  always  declined.  He 
has  been  deeply  interested  in  the  rebuilding  of 
the  Territorial  capitol  at  Santa  Fe,  was  ap- 
pointed by  Governor  Thornton  a  member  of 
the  capitol  building  commission,  and  the  active 
part  he  has  taken  for  the  promotion  of  the 
work  has  caused  him  to  be  elected  secretary 
of  the  board.  Mr.  Staab  has  made  a  good 
business  record  and  enjoys  the  esteem  and  has 
won  the  golden  opinions  of  a  wide  circle  of 


HISTORT  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


635 


friends  not  only  in  New  Mexico  but  also  in  all 
of  the  commercial  cities  (jf  the  United  States, 
and  the  house  of  which  he  is  the  founder  and 
head  stands  at  the  top  as  an  honorable  and  re- 
liable concern. 


eLWIN  THEODORE  WEBBER,  of 
Santa  Fe,  was  born  in  Maine,  Feb- 
ruary 12,  1844.  His  ancestors  came 
from  Germany  early  in  the  Colonial 
days,  and  his  father,  Isaac  Webber,  was  born 
in  Maine.  His  brother  was  a  prominent  poli- 
tician and  a  friend  and  co-worker  with  Hon. 
James  G.  Blaine.  Isaac  Webber  married  Miss 
Joanna  Churchill,  a  native  also  of  Maine,  and 
there  were  born  to  them  seven  children.  In 
1854  the  family  moved  to  Wisconsin,  where 
they  improved  a  farm,  and  later  located  in 
Denver,  the  father  dying  there  in  1887,  at  the 
age  of  sixty-seven  years.  His  widow  still 
survives,  and  is  now  seventy-two  years  old. 
She  is  a  devout  Christian  woman.  Hon.  D. 
C.  Webber,  the  youngest  of  their  children,  is 
an  ex-member  of  the  Colorado  Legislature  and 
now  Police  Judge  of  Denver. 

E.  T.  Webber,  the  second  child  in  order  of 
birth,  was  educated  at  Beaver  Dam  and  Fox 
Lake,  Wisconsin.  In  the  spring  of  1861, 
when  a  little  past  seventeen  years  of  age,  he 
enlisted  for  service  in  the  late  war,  entering 
the  Third  Wisconsin  Volunteer  Cavalry.  He 
was  with  General  Price,  and  in  an  expedition 
against  Quantrell  one  of  the  regiments  of  his 
company  was  annihilated  and  two  horses  were 
shot  under  Mr.  Webber.  He  enlisted  as  a 
private,  and  was  promoted  to  Commissary 
Sergeant.  He  remained  in  service  until  the 
close  of  the  war,  having  had  many  narrow  es- 
capes, but  came  out  without  a  scratch. 

After  the  close  of  the  struggle  our  subject 
went  to  Mexico,  thence  through  Texas  to  St. 
Joseph,  Missouri,  and  in  1865,  with  a  mule 
team,  crossed  the  plains  to  Denver.  He  en- 
gaged in  mining  in  Colorado,  but,  not  meeting 
with  the  hoped-for  success,  he  removed  to 
southern  Colorado;  but  still  Dame  Fortune  re- 


fused to  smile  upon  him.  Mr.  Webber  next 
engaged  in  railroading,  also  aided  in  building 
the  Union  Pacific  Road,  and  then,  having  ac- 
quired a  little  means,  he  engaged  in  the  Texas 
cattle  trade,  buying  and  driving  to  Kansas  and 
Iowa.  He  camped  out  with  his  stock  during 
the  long  journeys,  having  carried  his  opera- 
tions to  Nevada  and  Idaho,  and  accumulated 
considerable  money.  Mr.  Webber  sold  his 
cattle  when  they  were  high,  and  engaged  in 
the  sheep  business  in  Wyoming,  continuing 
that  occupation  successfully  for  eight  years. 
His  next  business  venture  was  investing  in  real 
estate  in  Denver,  and  later  in  real  estate  and 
mining  property  in  New  Mexico.  In  1890  Mr. 
Webber  arrived  in  Santa  Fe,  purchased  one  of 
the  best  located  lots  in  the  city,  and  at  a  large 
expense  erected  the  Claire  Hotel,  one  of  the 
most  substantial  and  best  buildings  in  the  city. 
It  is  68  x  83  feet,  three  stories  and  a  basement, 
of  pressed  brick,  and  is  furnished  throughout 
in  the  most  modern  style.  The  hotel  fronts 
on  the  Plaza.  It  was  erected  at  a  cost  of 
about  $65,000,  and  is  a  credit  to  its  owner  and 
a  greatly  needed  improvement  to  the  city.  Mr. 
Webber  is  also  one  of  the  owners  of  the  Lin- 
coln Lucky  Gold  and  Silver  mine  at  San  Pedro, 
which  is  very  valuable  property. 

In  1872  our  subject  was  united  in  marriage 
with  Miss  Ella  Dunn,  a  native  of  Maine,  but 
raised  in  the  State  of  Minnesota,  a  daughter  of 
Samuel  Dunn.  They  have  two  children, — 
Claire  and  Flora.  The  former  is  now  a  very 
promising  young  man,  not  yet  out  of  school, 
and  the  latter  a  bright  and  interesting  little 
girl.  Mr.  Webber  is  an  enthusiastic  bimetal- 
list,  is  a  leader  of  the  Freethinkers,  and  is  a 
liberal  and  progressive  business  man. 


@RANT  RIVENBURG,  one  of  the  en- 
terprising business  men  of  Santa  Fe, 
was  born  in  Pennsylvania  in    1851,  a 
son    of  Richard   and  Mary  (Burdick) 
Rivenburg.      In  1857  the  family  moved  to  Illi- 
nois, locating  on  a  farm,  and  remained   there 
for  a  number  of  years.     They  now  reside  in 


636 


HISTORY  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


Peabody,  Kansas.  They  were  the  parents  of 
five  children,  four  of  whom  still  survive. 

Grant  Rivenburg,  the  fourth  child  in  order 
of  birth,  received  his  education  in  the  public 
schools  of  Illinois,  and  remained  on  the  farm 
with  his  father  until  twenty-six  years  of  age. 
He  then  began  farming  on  his  own  account  in 
Kansas,  remaining  there  until  1881.  In  that 
year  he  came  to  New  Mexico  and  embarked  in 
gardening  and  fruit  culture,  also  furnishing  the 
city  with  its  supply  of  ice.  Mr.  Rivenburg  was 
one  of  the  organizers  of  the  Electric  Light 
Company,  of  which  he  served  as  manager  for 
a  number  of  years;  also  aided  in  organizing 
and  was  president  two  years  of  the  Santa  Fe 
Building  &  Loan  Association.  The  company 
has  erected  many  attractive  homes  in  the  city. 
Mr.  Rivenburg  has  also  been  chosen  one  of 
the  directors  of  the  Santa  Fe  Driving  Park  As- 
sociation, in  which  he  is  associated  with  many 
of  the  most  energetic  and  public-spirited  busi- 
ness men  of  Santa  Fe.  He  is  ever  ready  to 
aid  in  all  enterprises  which  have  for  their  ob- 
ject the  improvement  and  upbuilding  of  the 
city. 

Mr.  Rivenburg  was  married  in  1878,  to 
Miss  Ida  Bacon,  a  native  of  Iowa  and  a 
daughter  of  George  Bacon,  also  of  that  State. 
They  have  one  son,  Raymond  B.,  born  in 
Santa  Fe.  Mrs.  Rivenburg,  like  her  husband, 
has  been  interested  in  the  improvement  of  the 
city,  and  has  the  honor  of  being  the  president 
of  the  Woman's  Board  of  Trade.  Our  subject 
is  a  member  of  the  Masonic  fraternity  and  of 
the  Independent  Order  of  Odd  Fellows.  Polit- 
ically, he  affiliates  with  the  Republican  party. 


aHARLES    J.     RAND.— The    various 
lines  of  business  activity  have  their  in- 
terests,   and  men  who  represent  the 
enterprise  and  progress   which  cause 
the  prosperous  advancement    of  any  pursuit, 
and  chief  among  this  class  is  Mr.  Rand,  one  of 
New  Mexico's  pioneers  in  the  mining  interests. 
He  now  resides  in   Baldy,   Colfax  county,  and 
has  been   connected  with  the  Territory  since 


1863.  He  is  a  native  of  New  Hempshire.born 
in  1840,  and  is  a  son  of  John  B.  Rand,  a  na- 
tive of  Scotland,  who  in  his  early  manhood 
emigrated  to  the  United  States,  locating  in 
Maryland.  Subsequently  he  removed  to  Man- 
chester, New  Hampshire,  where  he  married 
Miss  Ellen  Sever)  a  native  of  Chester,  New 
Hampshire.  They  had  a  family  of  four  chil- 
dren, of  whom  two  are  now  living.  Mr.  Rand 
was  a  merchant  and  land-owner  and  reached 
the  ripe  old  age  of  eighty-three  years;  but  the 
mother  died  when  only  forty  years  of  age, 
Charles  J.  being  at  that  time  yet  a  child. 

Mr.  Rand  of  this  review  acquired  his  edu- 
cation in  the  schools  of  Manchester,  his  native 
town,  and  when  only  fourteen  years  of  age 
went  to  California  by  way  of  the  isthmus  of 
Panama,  attracted  by  the  discovery  of  gold  on 
the  Pacific  slope.  His  first  mining  experience 
was  on  the  north  fork  of  Feather  river,  where 
he  took  out  considerable  gold,  while  on  one 
occasion  two  of  the  company  took  out  fifty 
ounces  in  one  day.  After  exhausting  that  mine 
they  engaged  in  prospecting  and  resumed  min- 
ing at  Aklama  Hill,  where  they  remained  for 
eighteen  months,  and  Mr.  Rand's  share  of  the 
profits  was  $6,000.  Subsequently  he  engaged 
in  prospecting  and  mining  at  various  places  until 
1861,  when  he  went  to  Marysville,  to  Sacra- 
mento and  San  Francisco.  He  then  went  on  a 
trip  to  the  southern  portion  of  California, 
working  in  different  localities  until  1863,  when 
he  found  himself  at  Fort  Union,  New  Mexico, 
having  traveled  a  part  of  the  distance  with  a 
column  of  United  States  soldiers.  He  now 
turned  his  attention  to  a  very  different  line  of 
business,  purchasing  a  ranch  and  engaging  in 
the  cultivation  of  grain  and  vegetables,  which 
at  that  time  brought  high  prices,  being  in  great 
demand  by  the  emigrants  traveling  westward. 
Corn  brought  fourteen  cents  per  pound,  pota- 
toes ten  cents  per  pound,  $60  per  ton  and 
other  things  equally  high,  so  that  his  farming 
venture  proved  a  very  profitable  one;  but  after 
he  had  followed  this  pursuit  for  some  time  the 
Merino  mines  were  discovered  and  Mr.  Rand's 
desire  to  engage  in  gold-mining  returned.  He 


HIS  TORT  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


637 


began  prospecting  and  for  some  time  was  en- 
gaged in  placer  mining.  Subsequently  he  en- 
gaged in  lead  mining,  discovering  and  operating 
the  Montezuma  mine,  from  which  he  took  out 
about  $3,000  per  month,  with  little  outlay  of 
money  for  supplies  and  the  help  of  only  two  men. 
He  continued  in  the  operation  of  this  mine  for 
eight  years  and  then  sold  it  for  $8,000.  It 
has  always  been  a  profitable  one  and  is  still 
being  worked,  a  fifteen-stamp  mill  having  been 
erected  at  that  place.  The  assay  of  the  ore 
of  the  mine  yielded  from  $50  to  $150  per  ton. 
On  disposing  of  the  lead  mine  he  became 
interested  in  the  Legal  Tender  mine,  which  he 
operated  in  the  same  way  and  also  found  it  a 
profitable  undertaking.  As  his  financial  re- 
sources were  increased  he  has  extended  his 
business  operations  to  other  lines  of  enterprise 
and  became  largely  interested  in  merchandis- 
ing, having  stores  at  Baldy,  Elizabethtown  and 
Taos.  He  continued  in  that  line  of  business 
for  about  seven  years,  then  sold  out  and  began 
cattle-raising,  which  has  also  proved  a  profit- 
able investment.  He  had  as  high  as  2,000 
head  of  cattle  at  one  time,  but  the  business  fell 
off,  and  in  1891  here  turned  to  gold-mining,  in 
which  he  has  always  been  successful.  He  is 
now  the  owner  of  Discord  or  the  Hidden 
Treasure  mine,  which  he  has  since  operated  in 
the  same  manner  that  he  did  the  others.  It  is 
a  very  rich  mine,  yielding  as  high  as  $1,114  to 
the  ton.  He  runs  the  mine  with  an  overshot 
water  wheel  of  125  horse-power,  operating  it 
to  the  full  capacity  of  his  arastra  both  night 
and  day  and  employing  fifteen  men.  Mr.  Rand 
has  several  other  prospects  on  the  same  min- 
ing belt.  The  gold  is  quite  coarse  and  he  has 
taken  out  a  nugget  that  has  weighed  six  ounces, 
and  others  have  taken  out  equally  large  ones. 
In  addition  to  his  mining  property,  he  has  a  640- 
acre  ranch,  on  which  he  has  built  a  good  resi- 
dence, where  he  makes  his  home.  He  pur- 
chased 100  head  of  imported  Kentucky  Dur- 
ham cattle,  has  also  engaged  in  the  breeding 
of  Clydesdale  horses,  and  in  this  way  has  done 
his  share  toward  improving  the  stock  of  the 
county. 


In  1874  Mr.  Rand  was  united  in  marriage 
with  Miss  Juniata  Herrera,  a  native  of  New 
Mexico  and  of  Spanish  descent,  belonging  to 
one  of  the  early  and  prominent  families  of  the 
Territory.  They  now  have  five  children,  all 
born  in  the  Territory,  namely:  Laura  E., 
Alfonzo,  Joseph  D.,  Nettie  L.  and  John  B. 
Mr.  Rand  and  his  family  are  all  members  of  the 
Catholic  Church.  He  is  in  politics  a  Demo- 
crat, but  has  never  sought  office, — in  fact  has 
frequently  declined  political  preferment,  al- 
though he  has  served  as  Justice  of  the  Peace 
and  School  Commissioner.  He  desires  rather 
to  give  his  attention  to  his  business  interests, 
in  which  he  has  been  greatly  prospered.  He  is 
a  noble  representative  of  American  chivalry 
and  liberal  culture,  a  broadminded  man  whose 
excellencies  of  character  have  won  him  the 
highest  esteem  of  all  with  whom  he  has  been 
brought  in  contact. 


(D 


ANUEL  M.  SALAZAR,    ex-County 
Clerk  of  Colfax  county,  New  Mex- 
ico, is  numbered  among  the  native 
sons  of  the  Territory,  his  birth  hav- 
ing occurred  in  San  Miguel  county  on  the  loth 
of  December,  1854. 

His  ancestors  emigrated  from  Spain  at  the 
time  of  the  conquest  of  the  country  and  aided 
in  building  the  first  church  in  this  Territory,  it 
being  one  of  the  oldest  houses  of  worship  in 
the  entire  country.  The  edifice  still  stands  at 
Santa  Fe,  a  monument  to  the  zeal  and  Chris- 
tian faith  of  its  founders.  The  original  pro- 
genitor of  the  family  was  an  officer  in  the  Span- 
ish army,  and  belonged  to  the  nobility  of  his 
native  land.  Our  subject  is  of  the  fifth  gener- 
ation born  in  New  Mexico.  His  grandfather, 
Juan  Jose  Salazar,  was  born  in  Bernalillo,  at 
a  place  then  called  Watch,  but  now  known  by 
the  same  name  as  the  county.  He  married 
Marie  Ritta  Martinez,  also  a  descendant  of  one 
of  the  first  settlers  of  the  Territory.  A  very 
prominent  and  influential  citizen,  he  served 
for  a  number  of  years  as  Alcalde,  which  office 
was  at  that  time  almost  equivalent  to  that  of 


638 


HISTORT  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


kingship.  His  son,  Thomas  Salazar,  the 
father  of  our  subject,  was  born  in  San  Miguel 
in  1835,  and  married  Margarita  Sandoval,  a 
native  of  Santa  Fe  and  a  descendant  of  the 
prominent  family  of  Delgado.  The  father  was 
a  farmer  and  stock-raiser,  and  when  the  Civil 
war  came  on  and  the  Territory  was  invaded 
by  the  Confederates,  he,  true  to  the  cause  of 
his  country,  offered  his  services  to  the  United 
States  Government  and  held  the  rank  of  Lieu- 
tenant in  the  Union  army.  He  participated 
in  all  the  engagements  which  resulted  in  the 
Confederates  being  driven  from  this  Territory, 
and  in  recognition  of  his  service  the  Govern- 
ment now  grants  him  a  pension.  He  is  an 
honored  man,  always  true  to  what  he  believes 
is  right,  and  the  confidence  and  regard  of  the 
community  is  his.  He  and  his  estimable  wife 
still  reside  in  Springer,  in  the  enjoyment  of 
good  health  and  the  confidence  of  many  friends. 

Manuel  M.  Salazar  is  an  only  child.  He 
was  educated  at  the  Christian  Brothers'  Col- 
lege at  Santa  Fe,  and  entered  upon  his  busi- 
ness career  as  a  clerk  in  a  dry-goods  store.  He 
was  employed  in  (hat  capacity  for  a  number  of 
years  at  Sapello,  after  which  he  engaged  in 
teaching  school  at  Royato  for  five  years.  He 
afterwards  was  appointed  Deputy  County 
Clerk  of  Colfax  county,  and  in  1884  was  elected 
County  Clerk,  a  position  which  he  ably  filled 
for  ten  years,  being  elected  for  five  consecu- 
tive terms  and  twice  without  opposition.  Dur- 
ing the  same  time  he  was  also  clerk  of  the  Pro- 
bate Court.  What  higher  testimonial  of  his 
efficient  service,  his  personal  popularity,  and 
the  confidence  reposed  in  him  by  his  friends 
than  his  long  retention  in  this  office  and  his 
election  without  opposition?  In  politics  he 
has  been  a  lifelong  Democrat,  and  has  taken 
an  active  part  in  political  affairs,  doing  all  in 
his  power  to  promote  the  growth  and  insure 
the  success  of  Democracy. 

In  1882  Mr.  Salazar  came  to  Springer  and 
erected  a  commodious  brick  dwelling,  in  which 
he  and  his  family  have  since  resided.  On  the 
2/th  of  October,  1881,  he  was  united  in  mar- 
riage with  Miss  Fannie  W.  Warder,  a  native 


of  New  Mexico  and  a  daughter  of  L.  F.  War- 
der, a  pioneer  of  this  Territory.  The  children 
of  the  family  are:  Thomas  A. ;  Delfina,  who 
died  at  the  age  of  nine  years;  Inez;  Paco,  who 
died  at  the  age  of  fourteen  months;  and  Man- 
uel. Mr.  Salazar  and  his  wife  are  devout 
members  of  the  Catholic  Church,  and  none  of 
their  ancestors  in  New  Mexico  have  ever 
swerved  from  their  faith  in  this  religion.  He 
is  an  intelligent,  careful  and  honorable  citizen, 
public-spirited  and  progressive,  and  takes  an 
active  interest  in  everything  that  pertains  to 
the  welfare  of  the  community  and  its  upbuild- 
ing. He  was  one  of  the  organizers  of  the  wa- 
ter-works and  the  electric-light  company,  and 
owns  a  fifth  interest  in  the  plant.  He  has  also 
for  a  number  of  years  been  interested  in  the 
stock  business  and  a  fair  degree  of  prosperity 
has  attended  his  business  ventures.  He  has 
steadily  worked  his  way  upward,  overcoming 
the  difficulties  and  obstacles  in  his  path,  and 
to-day  is  the  possessor  of  a  handsome  compe- 
tence. 


(D 


ARION  LITTRELL,  who  is  serving 
as  Sheriff  of  Colfax  county,  New 
Mexico,  has  been  a  resident  of  this 
Territory  since  1873.  A  native  of 
Arkansas,  he  was  born  on  the  ist  of  February, 
1855,  and  is  a  descendant  of  Southern  ances- 
try. His  father,  John  Littrell,  removed  from 
the  State  of  Alabama  to  Carroll  county,  Ar- 
kansas, and  was  there  united  in  marriage  with 
Marinda  Howard.  They  reared  a  family  of  five 
sons  and  five  daughters.  When  the  great 
Civil  war  broke  out  the  father  identified  him- 
self with  the  cause  of  the  Union,  loyally  sup- 
porting the  Government,  and  three  of  his  sons 
donned  the  blue  and  went  to  the  defense  of 
the  cause  which  the  old  flag  represented.  His 
outspoken  position  on  behalf  of  the  Govern- 
ment made  him  many  enemies  among  the  peo- 
ple who  were  identified  with  the  Southern 
cause,  and  he  was  taken  from  his  home  by  bush- 
whackers and  murdered.  He  never  faltered  in 
support  of  any  principle,  bravely  defending 


HISTORr  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


639 


what  he  believed  to  be  right.  Their  eldest 
son,  Joseph,  was  killed  in  the  army,  and  the 
other  members  of  the  family  were  obliged  to 
flee  into  Missouri  to  save  their  lives.  Their 
property  was  confiscated  by  the  Southern  army 
and  thus  they  were  left  almost  penniless. 

At  the  early  age  of  fourteen  years  Marion 
Littrell  was  thrown  upon  his  own  resources, 
and  whatever  success  he  has  achieved  in  life  is 
due  entirely  to  his  own  efforts.  He  is  in  the 
broadest  sense  of  the  term  a  self-made  man. 
It  was  in  1869  that  he  went  to  Texas  and  en- 
gaged in  herding  cattle.  Four  years  later,  in 
1873,  he  brought  a  drove  of  cattle  to  Colfax 
county,  New  Mexico,  and  for  eleven  years 
served  in  the  capacity  of  foreman  for  the  Max- 
well Company,  having  charge  at  one  time  of 
as  many  as  25,000  head  of  cattle.  He  is 
recognized  as  a  straightforward  business  man 
and  his  long  continuance  with  one  company 
indicates  his  fidelity  to  duty. 

Mr.  Littrell's  political  support  is  unswerv- 
ingly given  to  the  Republican  party  and  its 
principles,  and  he  does  all  in  his  power  to  pro- 
mote its  growth  and  insure  its  success.  He 
has  held  the  office  of  special  Deputy  Sheriff, 
and  in  1894  was  nominated  for  the  office  of 
Sheriff  of  Colfax  county,  and  won  the  election 
by  a  majority  of  494,  although  the  county  has 
usually  gone  Democratic.  After  the  election 
he  came  to  Springer  and  entered  upon  the 
duties  of  his  office,  which  he  is  now  capably 
discharging.  Like  his  father  and  brothers  he 
is  fearless  and  determined  in  the  discharge  of 
his  duties  and  his  name  causes  terror  to  evil 
doers,  at  the  same  time  bringing  a  sense  of 
security  and  protection  to  law  abiding  citizens. 

Mr.  Littrell's  success  in  business  is  the 
reward  of  his  own  perseverance,  energy 
and  enterprise,  and  he  is  now  the  owner  of 
some  property  in  Raton  and  a  ranch  of  1,780 
acres,  which  he  owns  in  partnership  and  which 
is  now  being  improved. 

Our  subject  is  a  man  of  intelligence  and 
ability  and  is  highly  spoken  of  in  the  commun- 
ity where  he  makes  his  home,  his  excellencies 
of  character  and  his  genuine  worth  winning 


him  the  esteem  and  good  will  of  all  with  whom 
he  has  been  brought  in  contact. 

In  1 879  Mr.  Littrell  was  united  in  marriage 
with  Miss  Carrie  Sexton  and  their  family  num- 
bers four  interesting  children, — -Violet  May, 
Ollie,  Roy  and  Cornelia, — all  born  in  Colfax 
county. 


>j»OSEPH  B.  SCHROEDER.— In  con- 
•  sidering  the  life  histories  of  the  repre- 
/•  J  sentative  citizens  of  the  little  city  of 
Raton,  Colfax  county,  New  Mexico, 
there  is  signal  consistency  in  directing  specific 
attention  to  the  genealogy  and  career  of  the 
honored  gentleman  whose  name  initiates  this 
paragraph,  since  he  holds  precedence  as  the 
leading  and  pioneer  druggist  of  the  town,  to 
whose  development  and  progress  he  has  contri- 
buted a  due  quota. 

A  native  of  the  State  of  Missouri,  Mr. 
Schroeder  was  born  in  the  city  of  Saint  Louis, 
on  the  7th  of  October,  1857,  the  son  of  An- 
thony and  Mary  A.  (Ruhle)  Schroeder,  both  of 
whom  were  born  in  Germany,  whence  they 
were  brought  by  their  parents  to  America  while 
still  in  childhood  years.  Both  were  reared  to 
maturity  in  Saint  Louis,  and  there  was  event- 
ually consummated  their  marriage.  The  father 
of  our  subject  was  a  shoemaker  by  trade,  and 
this  vocation  he  followed  until  the  time  of  his 
death,  which  occurred  in  the  forty-ninth  year 
of  his  age.  His  widow  still  survives,  and  has 
attained  the  venerable  age  of  seventy-six  years 
(1895).  They  became  the  parents  of  six  chil- 
dren, of  whom  four  still  survive. 

Joseph  B.  Schroeder,  the  immediate  sub- 
ject of  this  sketch,  was  the  fifth  child  in  order 
of  birth,  and  he  was  reared  in  his  native  city, 
where  he  received  an  excellent  common-school 
education,  after  which  he  entered  a  drugstore, 
and  devoted  himself  to  acquiring  a  thorough 
knowledge  of  pharmacy.  He  continued  to  be 
associated  with  this  line  of  business  in  Saint 
Louis  until  1881,  when  he  came  to  Raton, 
where  he  commenced  business  for  himself  by 
opening  a  somewhat  modest  drug  store  in  a 


640 


HISTORY  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


small  building  located  on  Second  street.  A 
liberal  and  representative  patronage  was  at 
once  accorded  him,  and  within  a  year  his  busi- 
ness had  increased  to  such  proportions  that  it 
became  imperative  that  he  should  seek  more 
commodious  store  accommodations,  in  which 
his  stock  might  be  increased  to  an  extent  com- 
mensurate with  the  demands  placed  upon  the 
establishment.  Accordingly  he  removed  to  his 
present  eligible  location,  on  the  corner  of  First 
and  Mimbres  streets,  where  he  has  successfully 
continued  the  enterprise  for  the  past  fourteen 
years.  In  his  finely  appointed  salesrooms  he 
carries  a  select  and  comprehensive  stock  of 
drugs,  chemicals,  proprietary  remedies,  patent 
medicines  and  all  such  sundries  as  are  usually 
to  be  found  in  first-class  pharmacies.  As  the 
pioneer  druggist  of  the  city,  and  as  a  capable 
and  honorable  man,  our  subject  has  gained  and 
holds  the  confidence  and  esteem  of  the  people 
of  the  community,  who  render  him  that  dis- 
tinctive support  which  has  made  his  establish- 
ment the  most  important  concern  of  the  sort 
in  the  town. 

Mr.  Schroeder  has  given  very  close  atten- 
tion to  his  business  affairs,  and  to  the  exclusion 
of  nearly  all  extraneous  interests,  and  still  there 
is  no  business  man  in  the  place  who  has  been 
more  zealous  in  lending  his  influence  and  sup- 
port to  all  measures  and  enterprises  which  have 
been  projected  and  carried  forward  for  the 
benefit  of  the  public  and  the  development  and 
progress  of  the  city.  He  has  acquired  valuable 
local  real  estate,  and  has  made  improvements 
thereon  in  the  way  of  erecting  attractive  dwell- 
ing-houses, and  he  is  now  (1895)  completing 
for  himself  one  of  the  handsomest  residences 
in  the  town.  The  same  is  located  on  a  most 
eligible  site  in  the  upper  part  of  the  town, 
overlooking  much  of  the  business  and  residence 
portion,  and  affording  an  exceptionally  beauti- 
ful view  of  the  valley  and  of  the  distant  moun- 
tain scenery.  A  more  attractive  location  could 
not  have-been  secured,  and  our  subject  is  to  be 
felicitated  upon  the  judgment  and  good  taste 
which  have  been  brought  to  bear  in  securing  to 
him  so  delightful  a  home. 


On  the  26th  of  February,  1883,  was  con- 
summated the  marriage  of  Mr.  Schroeder  and 
Miss  Clara  E.  Ainsworth.  She  is  a  native  of 
the  State  of  Illinois,  being  the  daughter  of 
Thomas  Ainsworth,  who  was  one  of  the  honor- 
ed residents  of  that  State,  and  being  a  woman 
of  innate  refinement  and  gracious  presence.  Mr. 
and  Mrs.'  Schroeder  became  the  parents  of  four 
children,  one  of  whom  died  in  infancy.  The 
surviving  children,  all  of  whom  were  born  in 
Raton,  are:  Robert  Chester,  Mary  Josephine, 
and  Mildred. 

In  politics  our  subject  supports  the  prin- 
ciples and  policies  of  the  Republican  party, 
but  he  has  never  been  in  any  sense  a  seeker 
of  political  or  official  preferment,  finding  that 
his  business  affairs  have  demanded  his  entire 
attention.  In  his  fraternal  relations  he  is  prom- 
inently identified  with  the  Masonic  order, 
having  advanced  to  the  Knights  Templar 
degree. 


ON.  J.  H.  CRIST,  one  of  the  leading 
members  of  the  Democracy  in  New 
Mexico,  and  District  Attorney  for  the 
First  Judicial  District  of  the  Territory, 
was  born  in  New  Bloomfield,  Perry  county, 
Pennsylvania,  on  the  3d  of  April,  1856.  His 
grandfather,  Jacob  Crist,  located  at  that  place 
in  an  early  day,  and  his  descendants  have  re- 
sided there.  His  son,  Jacob  Crist,  Jr.,  father 
of  our  subject,  was  born  at  the  old  home  place 
in  1818,  and  became  a  fine  German  scholar, 
who  did  much  translating  from  the  German, 
and  was  a  fluent  and  forcible  writer.  He  was 
a  faithful  and  earnest  worker  in  the  Lutheran 
Church,  and  was  a  most  radical  Prohibition- 
ist. He  wrote  six  hundred  poems  in  English, 
and  versified  the  whole  of  the  psalms.  He 
was  united  in  marriage  with  Miss  Mary  A. 
Tressler,  also  a  native  of  Perry  county,  Penn- 
sylvania, and  a  daughter  of  Jacob  Tressler, 
who  was  of  German  descent,  and  was  one  of  a 
family  of  eleven  sons,  all  of  whom  had  large 
families,  he  becoming  the  father  of  sixteen 
children.  Mrs.  Crist  died  in  December,  1879, 


HIS  TORT  OF  NE  W  MEXICO. 


641 


at  the  age  of  seventy-nine  years,  but  Jacob 
Crist  is  still  living,  on  the  old  home  place. 
They  became  the  parents  of  seven  children,  of 
whom  Jacob  H.,  of  this  sketch,  was  the  sixth 
in  order  of  birth. 

This  well  known  attorney  of  Santa  Fe  ac- 
quired his  education  in  the  city  of  Plymouth, 
Pennsylvania,  and  was  graduated  at  the  Penn- 
sylvania University  in  the  class  of  1877.  Sub- 
sequently he  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  the 
office  of  Hon.  Charles  Gibbons,  of  Philadel- 
phia, where  he  entered  upon  the  practice  of 
law,  continuing  his  labors  there  until  1882. 
Thinking  to  enter  upon  a  broader  field  of  labor 
in  the  West  he  removed  to  Silverton,  Colorado, 
coming  thence  in  1885  to  New  Mexico,  where 
he  embarked  in  coal-mining,  in  the  northern 
part  of  the  Territory.  He  owns  some  property 
there,  valued  at  $300,000,  but  the  title  has 
been  in  litigation  for  several  years.  He  oper- 
ated a  mine  at  Durango  for  three  years,  and  in 
1889  came  to  Santa  Fe,  where  he  purchased 
The  Sun,  a  Democratic  paper.  The  succeeding 
four  years  of  his  life  were  devoted  to  journalistic 
work  in  connection  with  the  practice  of  law; 
but  in  January,  1894,  he  sold  the  paper  and  in 
June  of  the  same  year  received  an  appointment 
from  the  Governor  of  the  Territory  as  Attorney 
of  the  First  Judicial  District  to  fill  a  vacancy, 
and  when  that  term  had  expired  was  re-ap- 
pointed for  a  full  term. 

Prompt  and  faithful  in  the  discharge  of  all 
duties  devolving  upon  him,  he  is  proving  a 
most  able  and  competent  officer.  He  possesses 
superior  ability  as  a  lawyer,  is  quick  to  grasp 
all  the  details  of  the  case,  and  at  the  same  time 
does  not  for  an  instant  lose  sight  of  the  more 
important  points  on  which  the  decision  of 
every  case  finally  turns. 

On  the  1 8th  of  November,  1878,  Mr.  Crist 
was  joined  in  wedlock  with  Miss  Isabella  Van 
Dito,  a  daughter  of  Sherry  Van  Dito,  who 
came  to  this  country  from  France  with  Stephen 
Girard.  They  were  refugees  from  the  French 
Revolution.  The  maternal  grandfather  of 
Mrs.  Crist,  Mr.  Kreutzer,  was  a  Polander,  and 
held  the  office  of  gun-maker  under  the  king. 

41 


Mr.  Crist  now  has  in  his  possession  the  old  let- 
ter conferring  upon  him  that  office.  He  was 
also  a  brother  of  the  great  composer.  Mr. 
and  Mrs.  Crist  have  two  children,  Elizabeth 
Robertson  and  Edward  Sponsler.  The  mother 
is  a  member  of  the  PresByterian  Church,  and 
Mr.  Crist  contributes  liberally  to  its  support, 
and  is  a  member  of  its  choir. 

While  residing  in  Durango,  Mr.  Crist  or- 
ganized the  public-school  system,  and  was 
superintendent  of  instruction  there.  He  is  a 
member  of  the  Bar  Association  of  New  Mexico, 
and  is  the  chairman  of  the  Democratic  Central 
Committee  of  the  Territory.  He  is  a  leader  in 
the  councils  of  his  party,  and  has  had  much  to 
do  with  shaping  the  politics  of  New  Mexico. 
He  is  a  public-spirited  and  progressive  citizen, 
deeply  interested  in  all  that  pertains  to  the 
welfare  of  the  State,  and  has  a  wide  acquaint- 
ance and  a  host  of  warm  friends. 


aC.  BLODGETT  a  well-known  resi- 
dent of  Eddy,  is  now  general  manager 
of  the  Pecos  Valley  Land  and  Water 
Company.  He  claims  Massachusetts 
as  the  State  of  his  nativity,  his  birth  having 
occurred  there  on  the  7th  of  August,  1861. 
He  acquired  a  good  education,  which  was  com- 
pleted in  the  Boston  high  school,  and  during 
the  greater  part  of  his  life  he  has  been  con- 
nected with  railroad  work.  In  1885  he  went 
to  Mexico  as  secretary  for  D.  B.  Robinson, 
general  manager  of  the  Mexican  Central  Rail- 
road. In  1886  he  left  the  land  of  Montezuma, 
removing  to  Albuquerque,  New  Mexico,  serv- 
ing in  the  same  capacity,  and  when  the  Colo- 
rado Midland  Road  was  established  he  secured 
a  similar  position  in  connection  with  it.  In 
1889  he  came  to  Eddy,  entering  the  employ  of 
Charles  B.  Eddy.  The  duties  of  assistant 
general  manager  were  faithfully  and  efficiently 
discharged  by  him  from  1890  until  1893,  when 
his  superior  officer  resigned,  and  Mr.  Blodgett 
was  promoted  to  the  position  of  general  mana- 
ger. He  has  thoroughly  mastered  every  de- 
tail of  the  business  connected  with  the  office, 


642 


HISTORT  Of  N£  W  MEXICO. 


and  his  fidelity  to  duty  has  won  him  the  high 
commendation  of  the  railroad  officials.  He 
had  formerly  served  as  secretary  under  Thomas 
Nickerson,  president  of  the  Santa  Fe  Road. 
.He  is  a  young  man  of  worth  and  ability,  and 
is  a  popular  and  highly  esteemed  citizen  of 
Eddy. 


aAPTAIN  GEORGE  W.  COOK,  of 
Raton,  New  Mexico,  came  to  the 
Territory  in  1873,  and  is  one  of  her 
most  respected  and  successful  citizens. 
He  was  born  in  Clermont  county,  Ohio,  on 
the  loth  of  June,  1830,  and  on  the  paternal 
side  has  descended  from  Scotch  ancestors  who 
settled  in  Pennsylvania  previous  to  the  war  of 
the  Revolution.  His  father,  James  Cook,  was 
a  pioneer  of  Ohio,  and  in  that  State  married 
Miss  Susan  Moyer,  who  was  born  in  Pennsyl- 
vania, of  German  lineage.  They  became  the 
parents  of  eleven  children,  but  only  three  are 
now  living.  The  ancestors  of  the  family  were 
noted  for  longevity  and  strength  of  constitu- 
tion, but  the  Captain's  father  died  at  the  age 
of  sixty-five,  his  demise  resulting  from  a 
cancer.  His  wife  is  still  living,  at  the  ripe  old 
age  of  ninety-three  years,  her  home  being  in 
Ohio,  and  throughout  life  she  has  been  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Christian  Church. 

The  Captain  was  the  fourth  child  of  the 
family.  He  was  sent  to  the  little  primitive 
log  schoolhouse  in  his  native  town,  and  when 
not  in  school  worked  upon  the  home  farm,  un- 
til eighteen  years  of  age,  at  which  time  he 
started  out  to  make  his  own  living.  His  first 
service  was  at  railroad  building  in  Shelby 
county,  Indiana,  where  he  contracted  to  work 
for  $13  per  month,  but  after  working  two 
weeks  the  contract  fell  through  with  and  he 
began  to  learn  the  cabinet-maker's  trade.  He 
diligently  applied  himself  to  that  task  and  so 
rapidly  acquired  a  knowledge  of  the  business 
that  he  was  taken  into  partnership  and  suc- 
cessfully followed  the  trade  at  Shelbyville,  In- 
diana, until  August,  1862. 

The   Civil   war  was  then  in  progress  and  it 


was  seen  that  it  was  to  be  no  holiday  affair. 
The  Union  forces  had  met  with  serious  re- 
verses and  both  sides  seemed  determined  to 
continue  the  battle  until  victory  was  achieved. 
It  was  now  a  serious  thing  to  enlist,  for  the 
service  meant  danger  and  perhaps  death. 
Some  of  Captain  Cook's  acquaintances  insinu- 
ated that  he  was  disloyal,  but  their  opinions 
were  far  from  the  truth.  When  affairs  had 
reached  such  a  pass  that  he  felt  the  country 
needed  the  support  of  all  her  loyal  citizens  he 
joined  Company  K,  One  Hundred  and  Twenty- 
fifth  Illinois  Volunteer  Infantry,  and  entered 
heart  and  soul  into  the  service.  His  enthusi- 
asm and  courage  inspired  others  to  follow  his 
example  and  he  was  made  one  of  the  officers 
of  the  company.  As  Captain  he  first  led  his 
company  into  battle  at  Champion  Hills,  where 
the  company  distinguished  itself  for  valiant 
service.  He  was  also  in  the  thickest  of  the 
fight  at  Chickamauga  and  Missionary  Ridge, 
the  several  engagements  which  led  up  to  the 
capture  of  Atlanta,  and  in  the  charge  at  Kene- 
saw  mountain,  where  his  regiment  lost  147  men, 
while  his  own  company  lost  seventeen  men, 
and  he  was  twice  slightly  wounded.  After  the 
capture  of  Atlanta,  in  which  he  participated, 
he  went  with  Sherman  on  the  famous  march  to 
the  sea,  and  through  the  Atlanta  campaign, 
participating  in  the  battle  of  Bentonville*  one 
of  the  last  engagements  of  the  war.  They  re- 
mained for  some  time  at  Savannah,  and  were 
within  ten  miles  of  Johnston's  army  at  the 
time  of  its  surrender.  They  then  marched  to 
Richmond  and  on  to  Washington,  where  they 
participated  in  the  grand  review  of  the  victori- 
ous army  that  saved  the  Union.  Captain 
Cook's  Company  was  known  as  one  of  the  best 
drilled,  disciplined  and  effective  in  the  regi- 
ment, and  its  example  and  influence  was  of 
great  benefit.  In  recognition  of  Captain 
Cook's  valor  and  meritorous  conduct,  he  was 
commissioned  by  the  President  as  Brevet  Ma- 
jor. He  had  served  his  country  faithfully  and 
well,  making  an  excellent  war  record,  and 
when  his  services  were  no  longer  needed  was 
mustered  out,  at  Chicago.  He  then  returned 


HISTORY  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


643 


to  his  home,  feeling  that  he  had  done  no  more 
than  his  duty  and  grateful  to  know  that  his 
services  had  been  appreciated. 

Immediately  after  the  close  of  the  war 
Captain  Cook  engaged  in  merchandising  in 
Catlin,  Illinois,  but  soon  after  sold  out  and  re- 
moved to  Jackson  county,  Missouri,  where  he 
purchased  a  farm  of  160  acres  within  seven 
miles  of  Kansas  City.  He  made  a  success  of 
that  undertaking  and  carried  on  agricultural 
pursuits  from  1867  until  1873,  when  he  sold 
the  property  for  $33  per  acre.  Some  years 
later,  during  the  real-estate  boom,  it  sold  for 
$750  per  acre,  owing  to  its  proximity  to  Kan- 
sas City.  In  1873,  on  the  Kansas  City  Rail- 
road, he  journeyed  to  within  five  miles  of  Las 
Animas,  the  terminus  of  the  road,  whence  he 
proceeded  with  teams  to  the  farm  which  he 
now  owns,  four  miles  east  of  Raton.  His 
business  efforts  here  have  prospered  and  he  is 
to-day  the  owner  of  1,600  acres  of  land,  con- 
stituting one  of  the  best  improved  farms  in  the 
Territory  of  New  Mexico.  In  1880,  soon 
after  the  founding  of  Raton,  he  removed  to 
this  place,  invested  in  .city  property,  and  en- 
gaged in  building  up  the  town,  being  one  of 
the  most  important  acquisitions  to  the  ranks  of 
its  progressive  residents.  He  now  owns  much 
valuable  property,  including  both  residence 
and  business  houses,  and  the  rents  therefrom 
yield  to  him  a  handsome  income.  He  is  the 
largest  taxpayer  in  this  city. 

Captain  Cook  was  married  in  1851  to  Miss 
Isabella  Crosby,  a  native  of  Kentucky,  and 
seven  children  came  to  bless  their  home,  of 
whom  five  are  living:  Laura,  now  the  wife  of 
Ambrose  Maxwell,  resides  in  Raton  and  has 
seven  children.  James  N.,  who  is  married 
and  has  five  children,  makes  his  home  on 
the  ranch.  Fannie  L. ,  who  became  the  wife 
of  James  Freeman,  had  one  son,  and  died 
at  the  age  of  thirty  years.  Arthur  is  mar- 
ried and  resides  on  the  ranch;  he  had  two 
children,  but  one  is  now  deceased.  There 
are  twelve  living  grandchildren  and  one  great- 
grandchild. Mrs.  Cook  is  still  living  in  the 
.enjoyment  of  good  health,  and  has  been  a 


faithful  wife  and  companion  of  the  Captain 
for  forty  years.  They  are  members  of  the 
Methodist  Church  of  Raton,  and  are  held  in 
the  highest  regard  by  all  who  know  them. 
The  Captain  has  served  as  Steward  and  is 
now  one  of  the  church  trustees,  and  has  been 
an  active  worker  in  its  interests. 

He  was  reared  as  a  Democrat,  but  his  ma- 
ture judgment  advocated  the  principles  of  the 
Republican  party  and  since  the  days  of  the 
war  he  has  been  one  of  its  stanch  advocates. 
In  the  fall  election  of  1894  he  was  made  the 
candidate  for  Representative  to  the  Territorial 
Legislature,  was  fairly  elected  and  his  certifi- 
ate  of  election  given  him,  but  nevertheless  he 
was  counted  out  by  the  Democrats;  it  was  an 
nefarious  piece  of  party  corruption.  The 
Captain  takes  an  active  interest  in  the  work  of 
the  Grand  Army  of  the  Republic,  and  has 
served  as  Commander  of  Sedgwick  Post.  He 
has  given  his  support  to  every  public  enter- 
prise calculated  to  prove  of  benefit  to  the 
Territory  and  is  one  of  New  Mexico's  well 
known  and  highly  respected  citizens.  He  is 
now  enjoying  a  well  earned  prosperity  and  the 
regard  which  crowns  a  well  spent  and  honor- 
able life. 


VALENTINE  SCHICK,  who  is  inter- 
ested in  mining  and  is  the  present 
proprietor  of  the  Cerrillos  House,  of 
Cerrillos,  New  Mexico,  was  born  in 
Prussia,  on  the  2Oth  of  October,  1845,  and 
when  only  three  years  of  age  was  brought  by 
his  parents  to  America.  His  father,  Jacob 
Schick,  was  engaged  in  an  uprising  in  that 
country  and  escaped  to  America  in  order  to 
save  his  life.  He  at  length  succeeded  in  get- 
ting away  and  took  up  his  residence  in  Buffalo, 
New  York,  whence  he  afterward  went  to  Ra- 
cine, Wisconsin,  being  there  engaged  in  the 
bakery  and  confectionery  business.  In  1857 
he  removed  with  his  family  to  Lawrence,  Kan- 
sas, and  the  following  year  went  to  California. 
He  was  at  Virginia  City,  Nevada,  before  that 
town  was  founded,  and  also  spent  some  time 


644 


HIS  TORT  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


in  Santa  Barbara,  California,  where  he  engaged 
in  the  manufacture  of  brick.  In  1865  he 
turned  his  face  eastward  and  took  up  his  resi- 
dence in  Iowa,  where  he  was  engaged  in  the 
lumber  and  mercantile  business.  His  death 
occurred  in  1893,  at  the  age  of  seventy-two 
years. 

The  subject  of  this  review  lost  his  mother 
during  his  infancy,  when  the  family  were  resid- 
ing at  Lawrence,  Kansas,  and  when  only  thir- 
teen years  of  age  he  ran  away  from  home, 
prompted <by  a  spirit  of  discontent  often  mani- 
fested in  boys  about  that  time  of  life.  He 
worked  on  farms  in  Missouri  until  after  the 
breaking  out  of  the  Civil  war.  During  the  sec- 
ond year  of  that  struggle,  when  only  seventeen 
years  of  age,  he  responded  to  the  President's 
call  for  troops  to  aid  in  the  preservation  of  the 
Union,  and  enlisted  in  Company  H,  Twenty- 
sixth  Missouri  Volunteer  Infantry,  as  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Third  Brigade  and  Fifteenth  Army 
Corps.  He  had  been  in  the  service  only  four- 
teen days  when  he  participated  in  the  battle  of 
luka.  It  was  an  exciting  experience  for  a  boy 
so  young,  but  he  proved  that  he  possessed  the 
true  spirit  of  a  valiant  soldier.  He  then  par- 
ticipated in  the  engagements  of  Corinth,  Ox- 
ford and  Memphis,  and  the  following  spring 
went  on  the  Yazoo  Pass  expedition.  He  later 
took  part  in  the  siege  of  Vicksburg,  subse- 
quently went  to  Memphis,  and  on  to  Chatta- 
nooga, participating  in  the  campaign  under 
General  Grant.  He  was  in  the  battle  of  Mis- 
sion Ridge,  where  the  Union  forces  won  a 
glorious  victory.  The  following  year,  after  a 
winter  spent  in  Alabama,  Mr.  Schick  served 
with  his  command  in  all  of  the  battles  and  en- 
gagements that  led  up  to  the  capture  of  At- 
lanta, and  then  went  with  General  Sherman 
on  the  memorable  march  to  the  sea.  He  was 
at  the  surrender  of  Johnston's  army,  and  then 
went  to  Richmond  and  on  to  V/ashington, 
where  he  participated  in  the  grand  review  of 
the  victorious  Union  army.  He  was  mustered 
out  at  St.  Louis  and  returned  to  what  he  sup- 
posed must  be  his  home,  but  found  no  home 
there. 


In  consequence  Mr.  Schick  joined  a  com- 
pany and  crossed  the  plains  to  New  Mexico. 
He  was  left  to  spend  the  winter  on  the  site  of 
the  present  town  of  Las  Animas,  to  care  for 
some  stock  there.  Kit  Carson  was  of  the 
party  that  started  on  this  expedition.  In  the 
spring  our  subject  entered  the  employ  of 
Thomas  Boggs,  another  noted  pioneer,  and 
was  supplied  with  a  number  of  ponies,  which 
he  used  in  planting  about  200  acres  of  grain, 
the  first  ever  sown  in  that  section  of  the  Ter- 
ritory. Later  he  returned  to  Independence, 
Missouri,  and  that  season  was  engaged  with 
the  State  deputies  in  hunting  bushwhackers. 
The  following  spring  he  went  up  the  Missouri 
river  to  Fort  Benton,  Montana,  and  later  to 
Helena,  where  for  five  years  he  was  engaged 
in  mining.  In  1870  his  family,  who  had 
learned  of  his  whereabouts  and  who  had  not 
seen  him  for  twelve  years,  wrote  to  him  to 
"come  home."  This  he  at  once  did,  and  as 
the  result  of  his  enterprise  and  industry  he  was 
enabled  to  take  with  him  $5,000.  In  1871, 
after  visiting  his  parents,  he  returned  to  Mon- 
tana, and  afterward  was  in  Iowa,  and  in  the 
Black  Hills  region  at  the  time  of  the  excite- 
ment there.  His  mining  operations  in  that  lo- 
cality were  unsuccessful,  so  he  returned  to  the 
States,  and  in  1880  he  came  to  Santa  Fe,  New 
Mexico,  with  the  San  Pedro  &  Canyon  del 
Agua  Company.  He  was  its  assistant  mana- 
ger and  had  charge  of  the  works  at  San  Pedro, 
looking  after  both  the  mines  and  the  sawmill. 
In  1882  he  removed  to  Albuquerque,  and  con- 
tinued in  the  sawmill  business  on  the  Chillilo 
grant  for  five  years.  He  then  again  spent  a 
year  in  Albuquerque,  and  once  more  went  to 
San  Pedro,  where  he  engaged  in  the  transpor- 
tation and  livery  business  until  1893.  The 
following  year  he  came  to  his  present  location. 

In  1871  Mr.  Schick  was  united  in  marriage 
with  Miss  Jennie  Angel,  a  native  of  Osceola, 
Iowa,  and  they  have  a  daughter,  Blanche,  who 
is  now  the  wife  A.  H.  Rogers.  After  a  happy 
married  life  of  five  years,  the  wife  and  mother 
died,  of  consumption.  She  had  been  a  faithful 
helpmeet  to  her  husband  and  her  loss  was  a 


HISTORY  OF  NE  W  MEXICO. 


645 


source  of  deep  regret.  In  1879  he  was  again 
married,  his  second  union  being  with  Miss 
Alice  Long,  of  Adaville,  Iowa.  They  had  five 
children,  but  only  two  are  living, — Jacob  and 
Ruth.  Mrs.  Schick  died  in  1892,  and  the  home 
was  again  left  desolate. 

Our  subject  is  a  man  of  much  experience 
and  intelligence.  He  is  familiar  with  the  his- 
tory of  New  Mexico  from  an  early  day  and 
has  been  prominently  identified  with  the  de- 
velopment and  upbuilding  of  several  sections 
of  this  Territory.  In  politics  he  is  a  Republi- 
can, and  while  residing  in  San  Pedro  was 
twice  elected  to  the  office  of  Justice  of  the 
Peace,  receiving  the  support  of  both  parties. 
He  is  still  largely  interested  in  valuable  mining 
property  in  the  southern  part  of  Santa  Fe  coun- 
ty and  in  the  northeastern  part  of  Bernalillo 
county.  The  yield  of  these  mines  is  gold  and 
silver.  His  mine  which  he  calls  the  Erie  yields 
thirty-six  ounces  of  silver  to  fifty-two  parts  of 
lead  and  $10  in  gold  per  ton.  He  is  now  suc- 
cessfully operating  this  mine.  The  Montezuma 
mine  yields  $14  in  gold  and  nineteen  ounces  in 
silver,  and  is  1 50  feet  wide.  The  Home  Stake 
mine  yields  $3.40  in  gold,  two  ounces  in  sil- 
ver, and  is  300  feet  wide.  Mr.  Schick  expects 
soon  to  put  a  large  force  to  work  in  his  mines, 
and  their  development  will  make  them  valua- 
ble property. 

The  experiences  of  his  life  have  been  in- 
teresting and  many  times  exciting  and  danger- 
ous. During  the  late  war  he  was  a  most 
valiant  soldier,  always  faithful  to  his  duty  and 
to  the  cause  under  whose  banner  he  enlisted. 
In  all  the  relations  of  life  he  has  ever  been 
found  true  and  faithful,  and  the  success  which 
has  come  to  him  in  business  life  is  the  reward 
of  honest  endeavor. 


EON.   THOMAS   D.    BURNS,    one  of 
the  most  prominent   citizens   of  New 
Mexico,  residing  in   Tierra  Amarilla, 
has  been  prominently  connected  with 
the  history  of   the  Territory  for  many  years. 
He  has  always  been  engaged  in  agricultural  or 


commercial  pursuits,  yet  his  life  has  been 
marked  by  many  thrilling  incidents  connected 
with  the  history  of  the  Southwest. 

A  native  of  county  Waterford,  Ireland,  he 
was  born  in  1844,  and  is  a  son  of  William  and 
Mary  Burns,  who  were  natives  of  the  Emerald 
Isle,  and  crossed  the  Atlantic  to  the  United 
States  during  the  childhood  of  our  subject, 
locating  in  New  York  city,  where  they  re- 
mained about  five  years.  In  1859  they  re- 
moved to  White  Water,  Wisconsin,  where  the 
mother  died  in  1882.  Two  years  later  the 
father  came  to  New  Mexico,  and  died  in  1890 
at  the  home  of  his  son  Thomas,  his  remains 
being  interred  in  White  Water  by  the  side  of 
his  wife. 

In  1860  Thomas  D.  Burns  left  his  Wiscon- 
sin home  to  seek  his  fortune  beyond  the 
Mississippi,  prompted  by  a  desire  for  adventure 
and  wealth.  His  parents  opposed  his  leaving 
home,  so  he  went  without  their  knowledge, 
starting  with  a  cash  capital  of  $5  for  Pike's 
Peak.  He  paid  his  fare  to  Janesville  and 
thence  proceeded  on  foot  to  Omaha.  At  the 
former  place  with  the  little  money  he  had,  he 
purchased  some  pamphlets  concerning  the 
treatment  of  horses,  determining  to  sell  these 
along  the  road  and  thus  pay  the  expenses  of 
the  journey.  As  meal-time  came  on  he  would 
exchange  one  of  these  books  for  a  meal,  some- 
times sold  one  for  twenty-five  cents  a  copy, 
and  on  one  occasion  finding  a  man  with  a  sick 
horse  he  sold  him  a  book  for  $5.  Upon  reach- 
ing Omaha,  he  had  a  capital  of  $14,  and  with 
it  paid  his  transportation  to  Pike's  Peak.  The 
party  with  which  he  traveled  frequently  camp- 
ed with  the  Indians,  but  was  never  molested. 

Arriving  at  Denver,  Mr.  Burns  heard  that 
there  were  mines  at  Boulder  and  proceeded  to 
that  place,  where  he  made  the  acquaintance  of 
a  Mr.  Pell,  whom  he  told  that  he  wanted  to 
get  a  mine.  The  miner  tried  to  dissuade  him 
from  the  idea,  but  he  would  not  be  dissuaded. 
That  night  he  slept  in  Pell's  cabin  on  a  bed  of 
boughs,  and  in  the  morning  his  host  gave  him 
a  pick  and  showed  him  a  lead ;  but  the  boy  re- 
sponded that  it  was  a  mine,  not  a  lead,  that  he 


646 


HISTORT  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


wanted.  Mr.  Pell,  seeing  that  the  young  trav- 
eler did  not  realize  what  he  was  asking  for, 
thought  to  teach  him  a  lesson,  and  smiling 
told  him  that  if  he  would  dig  down  ten  feet  he 
would  find  what  he  coveted.  Mr.  Burns  began 
the  work.  After  three  hours  his  hands  were 
blistered  and  drops  of  blood  began  to  appear 
upon  them.  Then  he  remembered  the  incredu- 
lous smile  on  Mr.  Pell's  face,  saw  how  he  had 
been  fooled,  gave  up  the  attempt  to  become 
wealthy  in  that  way,  and  thus  ended  his  min- 
ing experiences  forever.  It  was  a  valuable 
lesson  to  the  boy  just  starting  out  in  life,  as  it 
taught  him  that  wealth  came  not  for  the  ask- 
ing, but  as  the  result  of  earnest,  persistent 
labor. 

Mr.  Burns  returned  to  Boulder  and  to  Den- 
ver, and  in  the  latter  city  was  employed  for  a 
year  in  the  wholesale  grocery  house  of  J.  Jack- 
son &  Company,  when  the  firm  was  burned 
out.  About  this  time  he  secured  the  appoint- 
ment of  United  States  Marshal  and  was  sent  to 
Fort  Lyons  to  take  charge  of  the  sutler's  store 
at  that  point,  for  the  Government  thought 
that  the  party  in  charge  was  assisting  the  Con- 
federacy. The  stock  was  valued  at  $500,000. 
He  also  had  to  examine  all  freight  wagons  to 
see  that  there  was  no  contraband  goods.  Mr. 
Burns  later  went  to  Fort  Union,  and  issued 
commissary  stores  for  a  year,  when  he  was  re- 
lieved by  Lieutenant  Taylor.  During  this 
time  he  had  saved  about  $700,  and  through 
the  friendship  of  the  chief  commander  of  the 
garrison  was  given  letters  of  credit  without  his 
asking  for  them,  which  enabled  him  to  pur- 
chase a  stock  of  goods  at  Santa  Fe  and  open 
a  store  at  Conejos,  Colorado.  He  prospered 
from  the  beginning.  About  six  months  later 
the  commander  of  the  garrison  gave  him  a  con- 
tract for  purchasing  beef  for  the  army  and  on 
that  deal  he  cleared  $5,000.  He  also  bought 
more  cattle  on  his  own  account  and  cleared 
$3,500;  but  his  next  venture  ruined  him. 
He  was  given  another  Government  contract, 
for  700  head  of  cattle,  which  he  bought  at 
Denver  for  $33  per  head.  He  started  back 
with  them  but  they  broke  the  corral  and 


he  lost  about  100  head.  He  then  pro- 
ceeded on  the  way  to  Fort  Union,  but  in  a 
snowstorm  lost  about  200  head  more,  and  was 
so  delayed  that  when  he  reached  his  destina- 
tion the  contract  had  been  supplied  by  an- 
other and  he  was  forced  to  sell  the  cattle  as 
well  as  he  could.  He  not  only  lost  all  that  he 
had  made,  but  even  found  himself  $6,000  in 
debt!  To  pay  this  off  he  sold  his  mercantile 
stock  and  gave  notes  to  his  creditors  with  the 
promise  that  if  they  would  let  him  alone  for  a 
time  he  would  pay  off  every  cent;  which  he 
eventually  did. 

With  an  old  mule  his  only  possession,  Mr. 
Burns  started  for  Denver,  for  the  purpose  of 
buying  goods  to  exchange  for  sheep.  He  secured 
$6,000  worth  of  goods  on  credit,  but  the  Mex- 
ican with  whom  he  was  to  trade  did  not  keep 
his  part  of  the  contract,  and  Mr.  Burns  was 
left  with  the  stock  on  his  hands.  In  conse- 
quence he  opened  a  store  in  what  is  now  Park 
View,  and  a  year  later  removed  to  Tierra  Am- 
arilla,  but  twelve  months  later  opened  a  branch 
store  in  Park  View.  Subsequently  he  closed 
his  store  in  Tierra  Amarilla,  and  is  now  carry- 
ing on  the  store  in  Park  View,  besides  one  at 
Chama,  which  he  opened  in  1880,  carrying  in 
each  from  $10,000  to  $20,000  worth  of  stock. 
He  is  now  doing  a  very  extensive  and  pros- 
perous business,  which  yields  to  him  a  hand- 
some income.  His  stores  are  connected  by 
telephone.  His  beautiful  residence  is  located 
at  Tierra  Amarilla. 

About  a  year  after  locating  in  this  place, 
Mr.  Burns  wrote  to  Santa  Fe  for  a  copy  of  the 
Spanish  land  grant  which  had  been  made  to 
Francisco  Martinez  and  companions.  He  be- 
gan to  purchase  of  the  companions,  but  found 
that  the  title  could  only  be  perfected  in  the 
name  of  Martinez.  He  afterward  bought 
direct  from  the  heirs,  purchasing  42,000  acres 
in  one  month.  He  subsequently  sold  that  en- 
tire tract.  In  his  ranches  he  now  has  15,000 
acres  on  the  Chama  grant,  3,000  acres  on 
the  Tierra  Amarilla  grant  and  2,000  acres  in 
Colorado,  on  which  is  the  famous  Trimble 
Springs. 


HISTORT  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


647 


During  the  Ute  troubles  in  New  Mexico, 
Mr.  Burns  displayed  a  courage  that  resulted 
not  only  in  benefit  to  himself  but  also  to  many 
settlers.  It  was  largely  due  to  him  that  the 
Indians  did  not  override  the  country  and  kill 
the  inhabitants.  He  raised  the  first  militia 
company  here,  going  to  Santa  Fe  to  secure 
muskets  and  a  commission  to  equip  his  forces. 
In  his  councils  with  the  chiefs  he  prevented 
the  slaughter  of  many  settlers  in  Colorado. 
He  told  the  Indians  that  those  people  were 
friends  of  his,  and  if  they  killed  the  white  men 
he  would  lead  a  company  against  them  and 
annihilate  their  tribe. 

In  1866,  through  the  influence  of  Mr. 
Burns,  a  post  was  established  by  General  Pope 
about  a  mile  from  Park  View, — camp  Plumer, 
— afterwards  changed  to  Fort  Lowell.  The 
general  advised  Mr.  Burns  to  kill  the  Indians 
who  had  been  unruly,  but  the  Captain  was  too 
well  acquainted  with  the  savage  nature  to  make 
a  move  like  this,  knowing  that  it  would  cost 
the  lives  of  many  settlers  and  many  millions  of 
dollars.  The  post  was  maintained  until  1872 
and  served  to  subdue  the  treacherous  savages. 
At  Green  river  there  was  a  superstition  among 
the  Indians  that  on  a  certain  day  all  the  dead 
of  their  number  would  be  resurrected  and  that 
the  United  States  would  give  them  white 
powder,  ten  times  stronger  than  the  black, 
with  which  they  would  kill  off  all  the  white 
people  and  the  Mexicans.  The  Utes  there- 
fore began  to  steal  and  drive  off  all  the  cattle 
belonging  to  the  settlers.  Burns,  who  in  the 
meantime  had  gone  to  Santa  Fe  on  business, 
at  the  solicitation  of  the  people,  went  to  Gen- 
eral Gordon  Granger,  who  promised  to  send 
troops  at  once  and  take  the  cattle  from 
the  Indians.  When  the  troops  at  length 
arrived  they  were  ill  supplied  with  ra- 
tions for  so  long  a  march;  so  Mr.  Burns 
offered  the  commander  the  necessary  food, 
saying  that  the  Government  might  repay  him 
if  it  saw  fit.  The  only  battle  fought  with  the 
Utes  in  which  Mr.  Burns  took  part  occurred 
about  a  half  mile  from  his  store  at  Park  View. 
In  his  dealings  with  the  Indians  he  was  always 


honest,  and  they  also  understood  that  what- 
ever he  said  to  them  he  would  carry  out  in 
action.  He  never  showed  cowardice  or  fear 
and  won  their  respect  and  friendship. 

In  addition  to  its  other  business  interests, 
Mr.  Burns  began  buying  sheep  in  1878,  and  is 
now  the  possessor  of  40,000  head,  the  largest 
band  owned  by  any  one  man  in  the  Territory. 
He  also  has  several  thousand  head  of  cattle, 
although  the  Navajos  and  Apaches  have  stolen 
thousands  in  time  past.  He  cuts  from  600  to 
1,000  tons  of  hay  annually,  which  is  used  in 
fattening  the  sheep  in  the  winter  for  the  early 
spring  markets.  He  is  a  practical,  enterpris- 
ing and  progressive  business  man,  and  his  suc- 
cess is  due  entirely  to  his  own  efforts. 

Mr.  Burns  married  Miss  Josephine  Galle- 
gos,  a  native  of  Abiquiu,  New  Mexico,  and  a 
daughter  of  the  Hon.  J.  Pablo  Gallegos,  who 
for  many  years  was  a  member  of  the  Territor- 
ial Legislature.  Mrs.  Burns  is  a  beautiful  and 
accomplished  lady,  presiding  over  her  home 
with  that  gentle  dignity  which  indicates  cul- 
ture and  good  breeding.  Their  three  children 
— Emma,  Margaret  and  Thomas — were  edu- 
cated at  Notre  Dame,  the  two  former  having 
graduated  at  that  famous  institution,  while  the 
son  has  pursued  there  a  seven-years  course. 
Their  home  in  Tierra  Amarilla  is  a  large  one- 
story  dwelling,  built  after  the  style  of  the  best 
residences  of  old  Mexico.  The  grounds  are 
nicely  kept  and  the  home  commands  a  fine 
view,  with  a  forest  of  pine  on  one  side  and  the 
beautiful  Tierra  Amarilla  valley,  surrounded  by 
high  hluffs,  on  the  other.  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Burns 
delight  in  entertaining,  and  their  home  during 
the  summer  is  generally  filled  with  guests. 
Many  years  ago,  when  General  Phil.  Sheridan 
was  on  an  inspecting  tour  in  New  Mexico,  he 
met  the  subject,  and  both  being  of  tne  same 
jolly  Irish  stock  they  became  warm  friends, 
and  Mr.  Burns  and  his  wife  became  frequent 
visitors  at  the  latter's  home  in  Chicago. 

Mr.  Burns  is  not  a  politician,  but  has 
served  as  County  Commissioner  for  two  terms, 
and  has  been  twice  elected  to  the  Senate, 
where  he  served  as  a  special  committee,  with 


648 


HISTORY  OF  NE  W  MEXICO. 


Pedro  Perea  and  Judge  N.  B.  Laughlin,  on  an 
investigation  of  the  penitentiary.  Our  subject 
was  the  principal  actor,  and  it  has  been  said 
that  no  such  report  has  ever  been  made  on  any 
institution  in  the  Territory.  He  is  widely  rec- 
ognized as  one  of  the  most  prominent  men  in 
the  locality.  His  early  hardships  served  to 
develop  and  strengthen  his  character,  and  he 
is  a  fearless,  courteous,  honorable  gentleman, 
held  in  the  highest  regard  by  all. 


aAPTAIN    DILLIARD  H.  CLARK.- 
Among  those  whose   lives  have  been 
devoted  to  the  military  service  of  the 
nation  and  whose  fidelity  to  duty  is 
above    question,    is   numbered   the  gentleman 
whose  name  introduces  this  review. 

He  was  born  in  Powell  county,  Kentucky, 
on  the  2/th  of  July,  1847,  and  the  days  of  his 
childhood  and  youth  were  passed  in  his  native 
State.  When  he  had  attained  his  majority  he 
received  an  appointment  to  represent  his  dis- 
trict at  the  West  Point  Military  Academy  and 
entered  that  celebrated  institution  in  1869, 
pursuing  the  regular  four-years'  course  and 
graduating  with  the  class  of  1873.  Immedi- 
ately afterward  he  came  to  the  West  to  serve 
on  the  frontier. 

Captain  Clark  has  been  stationed  at  every 
post  in  New  Mexico,  and  has  been  engaged  in 
the  arduous  duties  connected  with  Indian  war- 
fare. When  he  arrived  in  this  Territory  in 
1873  he  was  sent  to  Fort  Craig  and  then  to 
Fort  Seldon,  where  he  remained  until  he  was 
transferred  to  Fort  Stanton.  After  a  short 
residence  at  the  last  named  place  his  health 
began  failing  and  he  was  forced  to  take  a  trip 
to  Europe,  where  he  remained  for  two  years. 
Being  benefited  by  his  travels  he  then  re- 
turned to  his  native  land  and  was  sent  to  Fort 
Union.  While  at  Fort  Stanton  in  1880  he  was 
appointed  Regimental  Quartermaster  of  the 
Fifteenth  United  States  Infantry  by  General 
George  P.  Buell,  and  at  the  same  time  was 
Post  Quartermaster.  The  Captain  was  sta- 
tioned at  Fort  Ojo  Caliente  at  the  time  when 


the  notorious  Indian  chief,  Victoria,  attempted 
to  make  his  escape  from  the  reservation,  and 
was  sent  in  pursuit  of  the  wily  warrior.  Cap- 
tain Clark  has  performed  service  in  other  lines, 
having  partly  built  Fort  Lewis  in  Colorado, 
served  as  Quartermaster  at  Fort  Randall  and 
Fort  Buford,  Dakota,  while  for  three  years  he 
served  as  professor  of  military  science  and 
tactics  at  the  Kentucky  State  College. 

In  June,  1891,  on  account  of  ill  health,  the 
Captain  was  retired  from  the  United  States 
army  on  three-quarters  pay,  and  came  to  the 
Pecos  valley,  where  he  has  since  been  engaged 
in  surveying  and  civil  engineering.  He  also 
represents  the  Lea  Cattle  Company  at  this 
place  and  other  individual  property  owners. 
In  1874  he  located  what  is  now  known  as  Blue 
Water  Ranch,  one  of  the  best  and  most  valua- 
ble ranches  in  the  Territory.  He  is  numbered 
among  the  pioneers  of  New  Mexico,  and  his 
life  has  been  a  varied  and  interesting. one,  com- 
bining the  experiences  of  frontier  military 
service,  of  European  travel  and  ranch  life  on 
the  frontier. 


aAPTAIN  SAMUEL  W.  SHERFEY, 
the  County  Superintendent  of  Schools 
of  Donna  Ana  county,  New  Mexico, 
now  residing  in  Mesilla,  was  born  in 
Perrysville,  Indiana,  on  the  loth  of  January, 
1838,  and  is  of  German  descent.  His  great- 
grandfather, Jacob  Sherfey,  was  a  native  of 
Germany  and  emigrated  to  Pennsylvania  in  the 
early  history  of  the  State.  He  settled  on  a 
new  farm,  which  he  improved,  and  there  the 
grandfather  and  the  father  of  the  Captain  were 
born.  The  Sherfey  peach  orchard  became  a 
part  of  the  famous  battle-ground  of  Gettys- 
burg, and  was  still  owned  by  a  member  of  the 
Sherfey  family  when  that  sanguinary  struggle 
occurred.  The  Captain's  father  was  born  about 
1797,  and  wedded  Miss  Mary  McNeal,  daugh- 
ter of  John  R.  McNeal,  of  Virginia,  and  later 
of  Maryland.  In  1833  Mr.  Sherfey  removed 
with  his  family  to  Indiana,  where  he  followed 
milling  all  his  life.  They  had  seven  children, 


HISTORT  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


649 


of  whom  only  three  survive.  The  father  died 
in  the  sixty-third  year  of  his  age,  and  his  es- 
timable wife  departed  this  life  in  her  seventy- 
ninth  year. 

The  Captain,  their  sixth  child,  was  edu- 
cated in  the  common  schools  and  had  partially 
completed  the  collegiate  course  when  President 
Lincoln  issued  his  call  for  volunteers.  Aroused 
by  a  spirit  of  patriotism,  he  offered  his  services 
to  the  Government,  enlisting  as  a  private  sol- 
dier, in  which  capacity  he  served  for  one  year. 
A  second  time  he  entered  the  service  as  an  offi- 
cer, and  continued  as  one  of  the  "  boys  in  blue  " 
through  the  succeeding  three  years,  during 
which  time  he  attained  to.the  rank  of  Captain 
of  cavalry.  He  still  has  in  his  possession  a 
musket  ball,  with  which  he  was  wounded  on 
the  3Oth  of  August,  1862.  At.this  time,  when 
he  was  Lieutenant,  a  musket  ball  from  a  Con- 
federate skirmish  line  struck  his  trunk-key 
which  was  in  his  pocket  and  split  the  ball;  it 
lodged  itself  on  the  key  and  drove  it  into  his 
purse,  where  some  silver  coins  stopped  further 
passage  and  probably  saved  his  life.  Captain 
Sherfey  still  has  the  key  and  ball  as  a  memento 
of  the  great  Civil  War.  He  was  a  valiant  sol- 
dier, fearlessly  leading  his  men  in  the  thickest 
of  the  fight,  and  when  the  war  was  over  he  re- 
ceived an  honorable  discharge. 

The  Captain  then  returned  to  his  home  and 
engaged  in  the  pursuit  of  merchandising, 
which  he  successfully  followed  for  nearly  eleven 
years  at  Greencastle,  Indiana,  and  later  at 
Brazil,  same  State.  Here  his  health  failed 
him  and  it  was  predicted  that  consumption 
would  terminate  his  life;  so  in  1877  he  removed 
to  New  Mexico,  locating  in  the  beautiful  and 
famous  valley  of  Mesilla.  He  found  in  its 
healthful  climate  the  restorative  that  was 
needed  and  in  a  short  time  was  again  himself. 

Early  in  1880  the  Captain  was  appointed 
by  President  Hayes  to  the  position  of  Receiver 
of  Public  Moneys  in  the  United  States  Land 
Office  at  Mesilla,  in  which  capacity  he  capably 
and  acceptably  served  for  six  years.  For 
some  time  thereafter  he  devoted  his  entire  at- 
tention to  the  management  of  an  apiary,  being 


the  pioneer  in  bee-keeping  in  the  Territory.  In 
1892  he  received  unsolicited  the  nomination  of 
his  party  for  the  office  of  Superintendent  of 
Schools,  and  was  the  only  Republican  elected 
on  the  county  ticket, — a  fact  which  well  indi- 
cates his  personal  popularity  and  the  con- 
fidence reposed  in  him.  He  is  now  serving  a 
second  term.  He  travels  over  the  country, 
visiting  the  schools  throughout  a  territory  one 
hundred  miles  in  length  by  seventy-five  in 
width.  In  visiting  the  mountainous  portions 
he  sometimes  travels  on  one  trip  as  much  as 
300  miles,  building  up  schools  and  also  Sunday- 
schools  in  the  new  settlements.  Some  one  re- 
marked of  Captain  Sherfey  that  when  he  left 
Indiana  "he  had  to  turn  round  three  times  to 
see  whether  he  made  a  shadow,"  but  now  he 
is  hale  and  hearty,  the  picture  of  health  and  a 
living  example  of  the  efficacy  of  the  New 
Mexico  climate. 

In  1868  Captain  Sherfey  was  happily 
united  in  marriage  with  Miss  Kate  Herron,  a 
native  of  Montgomery  county,  Indiana,  and  a 
daughter  of  Samuel  Herron,  a  native  of  Ohio. 
The  Captain  is  a  member  of  Temple  Lodge,  F. 
&  A.  M.,  of  Greencastle,  Indiana,  also  be- 
longs to  the  Grand  Army  of  the  Republic,  and 
is  Past  Vice-Commander  of  the  post  at  Las 
Cruces.  He  is  a  valued,  progressive  and  pub- 
lic-spirited citizen,  taking  a  deep  interest  in 
educational  affairs,  and  doing  all  in  his  power 
to  improve  the  school  interests  of  his  adopted 
county. 


*-|-*      EVIN  W.   STEWART,  who  is^carry- 
|     ing  on  general  merchandising  at  White 
[^j^    Oaks,  is  a  worthy   representative  of 
commercial  interests  and  is  a  popular 
and  highly  respected  man,  well   deserving    of 
representation    in    the    history  of  his  adopted 
Territory.      He  was  born  in  Baltimore,  Mary- 
land, July  1 6,  1849,  and  on  his  father's  side  is 
of  Scotch  descent.      The  family  to  which  his 
mother  belonged  was   founded  in  Maryland  at 
a  very  early  day,  she  being  born  in  Dorchester 


650 


HIS  TORT  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


county.  His  father,  Washington  L.  E.  Stew- 
art, a  descendant  of  the  Scotch  Stuarts  and 
Holland  Stansbraughs,  who  emigrated  to 
Maryland  in  the  early  days,  was  reared  in 
Georgetown  and  Baltimore,  Maryland,  and  in 
Washington,  District  of  Columbia,  and  'for 
some  time  was  connected  with  Levin  Jones,  a 
ship-chandler  of  the  Oriole  City.  There  he 
married  Harriet  J.  Wheeler.  They  continued 
their  residence  in  Baltimore  until  1855,  when 
they  removed  to  St.  Louis. 

Our  subject  was  at  that  time  about  six 
years  of  age.  Under  the  paternal  roof  he  was 
reared  to  manhood  and  acquired  his  education, 
after  which  he  entered  upon  his  business 
career,  securing  a  clerical  position.  He  con- 
tinued in  office  work  until  January,  1883,  when 
he  determined  to  try  his  fortune  in  the  South- 
west and  made  his  way  to  El  Paso,  Texas. 
From  there  he  accomplished  the  journey  on 
horseback  to  White  Oaks,  traveling  through 
the  Sacramento  mountains,  and  stopping  there 
for  a  short  time.  While  in  the  mountains  he 
became  acquainted  with  William  Robinson, 
who  induced  him  to  come  to  White  Oaks. 
Shortly  after  his  arrival  here  Mr.  Stewart,  with 
A.  J.  Bond,  established  a  grocery  store  on  a 
small  scale,  and  on  the  ist  of  January,  1887, 
removed  to  his  present  place  of  business.  On 
the  3  ist  of  December,  1889,  he  bought  out  his 
partner.  He  has  since  been  alone  in  business, 
and  is  to-day  numbered  among  the  leading 
merchants  of  White  Oaks,  having  a  well  ap- 
pointed general  mercantile  establishment.  He 
carries  a  large  and  well  assorted  stock  of  goods, 
and  has  a  business  which  is  proving  a  profita- 
ble one. 

In  St.  Louis,  1874,  Mr.  Stewart  was  united 
in  marriage  with  Miss  Luella  Vandervort.  The 
name  is  well  known  in  that  city  in  connection 
with  the  steamboat  business.  They  now  have 
two  children,  a  son  and  daughter:  Eugene  L. 
and  Mabel.  From  the  time  he  entered  upon 
business  life  up  to  the  present  his  life  has  been 
an  honorable  one.  He  is  careful,  sagacious 
and  enterprising,  and  the  success  of  his  life  is 
due  to  no  inherited  fortune  nor  to  any  happy 


succession  of  advantageous  circumstances,  but 
to  his  own  sturdy  will,  steady  application, 
tireless  industry  and  sterling  integrity. 


aOSME     HERRERA,     Superintendent 
of  Schools  for  Santa  Fe  county,    was 
born  in  Sante  Fe  in  September,  1858, 
and  is  descended  from  one  of  the  early 
and  noted  families  of  the  Territory.    His  father, 
Serafin  Herrera,  was  a  veteran  of  the    Union 
army  in  the  late  war. 

Our  subject  received  his  education  princi- 
pally in  St.  Michael's  College  in  Santa  Fe, 
after  which  he  learned  and  followed  the  black- 
smith's trade  a  number  of  years,  having  owned 
shops  at  different  places.  He  now  has  a  forty- 
acre  fruit  farm  on  the  Rio  Grande,  near  Ho- 
bart,  where  he  is  successfully  raising  a  variety 
of  fruits,  but  his  principal  attention  is  given  to 
the  raising  of  apples.  Being  a  scholarly  man 
and  interested  in  educational  matters,  he  was 
elected  County  Superintendent  of  Schools  in 
1894,  a  position  which  he  is  now  creditably  fill- 
ing. He  has  twice  visited  the  schools  of  the 
county,  has  organized  a  number  of  new  schools, 
and  has  given  the  public-school  interests  of 
the  county  valuable  assistance. 

Mr.  Herrera  was  married  February  28, 
1885,  to  Miss  Louisa  Sales,  a  native  of  Santa 
Fe  and  also  a  descendant  of  one  of  the  promi- 
nent old  families  of  the  Territory.  To  this 
union  have  been  born  three  children — Jose- 
phine, Amarita  and  Albert.  The  family  are 
members  of  the  Catholic  Church.  In  political 
matters,  Mr.  Herrera  is  a  life-long  Democrat. 
He  is  thoroughly  informed  on  educational  mat- 
ters in  the  Territory  and  is  an  energetic  and 
capable  officer. 


>Y*AMES  A-    HARLAN,  superintendent  of 
•      bridge  and    water   service    of   the  Rio 
n%  J      Grande  Division  of  the  Santa  Fe  Rail- 
road, with  headquarters  at    Rincon,  is 
a  native  of    Pennsylvania.      He    was   born  on 
the  ijth  of  December,  1848,   descending  from 


HISTORT  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


65' 


Scotch-Irish  ancestors,  who  crossed  the  Atlan- 
tic to  the  New  World  prior  to  the  war  of  the 
Revolution.  Intermarriage  into  a  Holland 
family  has  brought  the  blood  of  the  Scotch, 
the  Irish  and  the  Dutch  into  the  veins  of  those 
who  bear  the  name  of  Harlan,  and  some  of  the 
most  worthy  characteristics  of  these  races  are 
possessed  by  our  subject.  The  family  became 
prominent  in  American  history  and  to  various 
walks  of  life  has  furnished  prominent  represen- 
tatives, including  Chief  Justice  Harlan  and 
Surgeon  D.  Harlan,  who  was  medical  director 
of  the  United  States  army  during  the  Civil 
war. 

The  father  of  our  subject,  Stephen  Porter 
Harlan,  was  born  in  Cecil  county,  Maryland, 
in  1822,  and  by  occupation  was  a  farmer.  In 
1 860  he  removed  to  Pennsylvania,  where  he 
spent  his  remaining  days,  passing  away  in  the 
sixty-seventh  year  of  his  age.  He  had  mar- 
ried Miss  Sarah  Hanna,  a  native  of  the  Key- 
stone State,  who  was  born  in  1824,  and  also 
descended  from  Scotch-Irish  ancestors,  the 
family  being  founded  on  American  soil  during 
colonial  days.  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Harlan  became 
the  parents  of  seven  children,  who  are  yet  liv- 
ing, while  five  have  passed  away.  They  were 
members  of  the  old-school  Baptist  Church, 
and  their  noble  and  consistent  lives  won  them 
the  respect  of  all  with  whom  they  were  brought 
in  contact.  The  mother  died  in  the  sixty-fifth 
year  of  her  age. 

Mr.  Harlan,  whose  name  heads  this  review, 
was  the  second  child  of  the  family.  He  was 
educated  in  the  public  schools  of  his  native 
State  and  learned  the  carpenter's  trade  in  his 
youth,  after  which  he  worked  in  the  oil  regions 
of  Pennsylvania  for  a  time.  On  leaving  the 
State  of  his  nativity  he  removed  to  Michigan 
and  accepted  the  position  of  superintendent  of 
construction  for  the  Elk  Rapids  Iron  Company, 
in  which  capacity  he  acceptably  served  for  five 
years.  On  the  expiration  of  that  period  he 
became  identified  with  the  South.  In  1883  he 
arrived  in  New  Mexico  and  worked  for  the 
Santa  Fe  Railroad  Company  as  a  carpenter  for 
ten  days,  when  his  abilities  were  recognized 


and  he  was  made  foreman  of  a  gang  of  men, 
continuing  in  that  capacity  for  six  months.  He 
then  again  won  promotion,  this  time  being  ad- 
vanced to  the  important  position  which  he  yet 
fills  to  the  entire  satisfaction  of  the  com- 
pany and  with  satisfaction  to  himself.  He 
has  charge  of  all  the  bridge  work  on  the  road 
extending  south  from  Albuquerque,  and  his 
careful  attention  to  his  duties,  his  thorough- 
ness and  his  excellent  knowledge  of  the  needs 
and  requirements  and  the  best  way  to  supply 
these  has  led  to  his  long  continuance  with  the 
company  and  secured  him  the  unqualified  ap- 
proval of  his  superior  officers. 

In  1888  was  celebrated  the  marriage  of  Mr. 
Harlan  and  Miss  Lulu  Melick,  a  native  of 
Lyons,  Iowa,  and  to  them  has  been  born  a 
son,  Jacob  Melick.  Mr.  Harlan's  political  in- 
terests are  usually  with  the  Democracy,  but  he 
is  in  no  wise  a  partisan,  and  at  local  elections 
where  no  issue  is  involved  he  votes  entirely  re- 
gardless of  party  ties.  His  life  is  an  example 
of  what  perseverance,  combined  with  a  high 
order  of  executive  ability  and  untiring  energy, 
can  do.  When  these  qualitres  are  combined 
with  true  American  self-reliance,  it  is  the  pride 
and  boast  of  our  Republican  institutions  that 
they  give  to  every  man  an  opportunity  dem- 
onstrating what  is  in  him.  Thus,  by  force  of 
character  and  close  attention  to  business,  Mr. 
Harlan  has  steadily  worked  his  way  upward 
and  has  not  only  gained  success  in  business 
but  has  also  won  the  respect  and  esteem  of  all 
who  know  him,  and  his  friends  are  many. 


aH.    McLENATHEN    is   the   senior 
member  of  the  firm  of  McLenathen  & 
Tracy,  real-estate  dealers  and  insur- 
ance agents  of  Eddy,    New    Mexico. 
He  was  born  at  Upper  Jay,  Essex  county,  New 
York,    on  the  24th   of  September,    1853,  and 
upon  a  farm  spent  his  childhood   and  youth, 
his  labors  in  the  fields  being  alternated  by  at- 
tendance at  the  country  schools  of  the  neigh- 
borhood,   where    he   remained    until  eighteen 
years  of  age.      He  then  entered  the  academy 


652 


HIS  TORT  OF  NE  W  MEXICO. 


at  Elizabethtown,  the  county  seat  of  his  native 
county,  where  he  was  graduated  at  the  age  of 
twenty-one.  Not  long  afterward  he  took  up 
the  study  of  law,  becoming  a  student  in  the 
Albany  Law  School  in  1876,  and  completing 
the  prescribed  course  in  1877. 

Desiring  a  change  of  climate  Mr.  McLen- 
athen  followed  the  star  of  empire  westward, 
taking  up  his  residence  in  Denver  in  1880. 
For  a  year  and  a  half  he  was  engaged  there  in 
mining,  and  in  the  autumn  of  1882  went  to 
Seattle,  Washington,  where  he  remained  until 
1883.  Going  to  California,  he  was  engaged  in 
the  real-estate  business  at  Berkeley,  near 
Oakland,  until  the  fall  of  1888,  and  his  deal- 
ings were  crowned  with  a  high  degree  of  pros- 
perity that  comes  through  honorable  effort, 
well  directed  energies,  capable  management 
and  perseverance.  In  November,  1888,  he 
removed  to  El  Paso,  Texas. 

On  his  arrival  in  Eddy  in  1889  Mr.  Mc- 
Lenathen  began  handling  the  property  of  the 
Pecos  Valley  Town  Company,  including  city 
lots  and  valley  lands,  probably  selling  two- 
thirds  of  all  the  property  which  had  been  dis- 
posed of  by  the  company  in  Eddy  up  to  the 
time  they  changed  their  plan  of  operations. 
The  firm  bought  one  tract  west  of  town  for 
$2,000,  divided  it  into  lots,  a  portion  of  which 
they  sold  for  $1,800,  and  then  disposed  of  the 
remainder  for  $10,000,  in  one  year  after  mak- 
ing the  purchase. 

The  operations  of  McLenathen  &  Tracy  in 
real  estate  have  been  extensive  and  varied,  and 
no  one  is  more  familiar  with  land  values  or 
more  capable  of  conducting  a  prosperous  busi- 
ness in  this  line  than  our  subject.  As  a  busi- 
ness man  he  has  the  entire  confidence  of  the 
public  and  justly  merits  the  esteem  in  which 
he  is  held.  The  firm  of  which  he  is  the  senior 
member  is  the  only  fire  insurance  firm  in  Eddy, 
and  they  do  a  large  business. 

The  home  life  of  Mr.  McLenathen  has 
been  a  happy  one  and  his  domestic  ties  are  the 
strongest  that  he  acknowledges.  He  was  mar- 
ried in  Berkeley,  California,  October  29,  1883, 
to  Miss  Ida  Roscoe,  a  native  of  Essex  county, 


New  York.  They  have  one  child,  a  son,  born 
October  10,  1892.  Their  pleasant  home  is 
located  at  La  Huerta,  adjoining  Eddy,  and  is 
noted  for  its  hospitality.  There  Mr.  McLen- 
athen has  a  five-acre  tract  of  rich  land  under  a 
high  state  of  cultivation. 

Mr.  McLenathen  has  been  an  important 
factor  in  public  affairs,  and  has  given  his  sup- 
port to  all  that  tends  to  promote  the  social, 
educational  and  material  welfare  of  the  com- 
munity. He  was  one  of  the  committee  ap- 
pointed by  Governor  Prince  to  organize  Eddy 
county,  and  after  the  organization  was  effected 
served  as  County  Commissioner  for  two  years. 
He  also  aided  in  the  organization  of  the  first 
school  here,  has  ever  been  a  warm  friend  of 
the  cause,  and  is  now  serving  as  Treasurer  of 
the  School  Board.-  He  is  also  the  present 
Town  Treasurer,  and  is  secretary  of  the  Eddy 
Club,  which  has  one  of  the  finest  club  houses 
to  be  found  in  the  West.  A  native  of  the 
Empire  State,  he  has  traveled  across  the  con- 
tinent to  the  Pacific  and  is  now  identified  with 
the  South.  He  is  a  man  of  broad  experience, 
of  liberal  views,  a  highminded  gentleman 
whom  to  know  is  to  honor.  In  manner  he  is 
pleasant  and  genial,  and  his  friends  are  many. 


aOLONEL  R.  G.  HEAD  resides  at 
Watrous,  where  he  has  one  of  the 
finest  and  best  paying  ranches  in  the 
Territory  of  New  Mexico.  His  in- 
terests have  always  been  allied  with  those  of 
the  South.  He  was  born  in  the  State  of  Mis- 
souri, on  the  6th  of  April,  1848,  and  is  de- 
scended from  Scotch-Irish  ancestry  that 
settled  in  Virginia  in  Colonial  days.  There 
several  generations  of  the  family  were  born 
and  later  its  representatives  removed  to  Mary- 
land and  subsequently  to  New  York,  Kentucky 
and  finally  to  Missouri.  The  Colonel's  grand- 
father was  Richard  Grafton  Head,  and  his 
father,  the  Colonel  himself  and  now  his  little 
son  have  all  borne  the  same  name.  The  father 
of  our  subject  was  born  in  Frederick  county, 
Maryland,  in  1798,  and  when  eight  years  of 


HISTORT  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


653 


age  removed  with  his  parents  to  Kentucky, 
where  he  was  reared  to  manhood.  In  that 
State  he  married  Miss  Harriet  Rouse,  a  native 
ot  Kentucky,  descended  from  Holland  Dutch 
ancestry.  Soon  afterward  the  young  couple 
went  to  Salem  county,  Missouri,  becoming 
honored  pioneer  settlers  of  that  State.  They 
had  a  family  of  twelve  children,  of  whom  seven 
are  now  living.  In  1885  they  removed  to 
Texas,  where  the  father  died  in  the  eighty-fifth 
year  of  his  age,  while  the  mother's  death  oc- 
curred in  her  fiftieth  year. 

Colonel  Head  was  the  tenth  of  the  family, 
and  was  reared  on  a  farm  in  Caldwell  county, 
Texas,  where  he  received  very  meager  educa- 
tional privileges,  for  the  public-school  system 
of  that  State  was  not  then  developed.  He  is 
in  the  fullest  sense  of  the  term  a  self-educated 
as  well  as  self-made  man,  but  he  has  ever  made 
the  most  of  his  opportunities  and  privileges, 
and  is  to-day  a  man  of  broad  general  informa- 
tion, having  the  appearance  of  one  who  has 
been  trained  in  the  best  educational  institu- 
tions of  our  land.  He  was  but  thirteen  years 
of  age  when  the  great  Civil  war  broke  out,  and 
at  the  age  of  sixteen,  as  soon  as  his  services 
would  be  accepted,  he  enlisted  in  Company 
B,  DeWitt's  battalion  of  Texas  Cadets,  and 
was  subsequently  transferred  to  the  Twenty- 
Sixth  Texas  Cavalry,  with  which  he  served 
until  the  close  of  the  war.  He  participated 
in  several  hotly  contested  battles  and  his 
bravery  and  gallantry  on  the  field  of  battle 
were  highly  commended  and  from  time  to  time 
won  him  promotion  until  he  held  the  rank  of 
Colonel  of  his  regiment.  His  was  a  brilliant 
military  career  for  one  so  young.  He  spared 
not  himself  and  yet  never  needlessly  exposed  his 
men,  and  displayed  a  wisdom  far  beyond  his 
years  in  war  maneuvers  and  tactics.  He  had 
several  narrow  escapes  and  was  at  one  time 
surrounded  and  captured,  but  succeeded  in 
getting  away  and  returned  to  his  command  as 
eager  to  serve  in  the  cause  of  his  people  as 
when  he  first  donned  the  gray. 

The  war  having  ended  Colonel  Head  return- 
ed to  the  old  home  farm,  where  he  worked  for 


a  year.  In  1867  he  formed  a  business  connec- 
tion with  Colonel  John  J.  Myers,  a  large  cattle 
owner  and  dealer,  with,  whom  he  was  asso- 
ciated for  seven  years,  driving  large  herds  of 
cattle  to  California  and  other  parts  of  the 
West.  During  the  last  five  years  he  had  en- 
tire charge  of  the  business,  which  he  capably 
and  successfully  managed.  In  1875  he  ac- 
cepted the  management  of  the  cattle  business 
of  the  firm  of  Ellison,  Deweese  &  Bishop,  a 
prominent  Texas  company,  who  handled  50,000 
head  of  cattle  annually.  In  1878  the  firm 
dissolved  partnership,  and  Colonel  Head  and 
Colonel  Bishop  continued  in  the  business  up 
to  1883,  at  which  time  they  sold  out  and 
•Colonel  Head  became  the  manager  of  the  in- 
terests of  the  Prairie  Cattle  Company  in  Colo- 
rado and  New  Mexico.  This  company  was 
formed  of  Scotch  capitalists,  doing  the  largest 
business  in  their  line  throughout  the  West,  and 
Colonel  Head  received  a  salary  of  $20,000  per 
annum.  He  began  his  labors  in  connection 
with  cattle  dealing  in  early  life,  receiving  as 
compensation  for  his  services  only  $12  per 
month;  but  as  time  passed  he  demonstrated 
his  excellent  ability  through  valuable  experi- 
ence and  was  at  length  enabled  to  command 
the  salary  mentioned  above.  During  this  time 
he  had  branched  out  in  other  lines  of  business 
for  himself,  and  at  the  conclusion  of  his  connec- 
tion with  the  Prairie  Cattle  Company  he  loca- 
ted at  Watrous,  where  in  company  with  others 
he  purchased  the  Campbell  &  Austin  ranch. 
Subsequently  Colonel  Head  bought  out  the 
interests  of  his  partners  and  organized  a  stock 
company  capitalized  for  $160,000,  and  owning 
7,000  acres  of  fine  farm  land,  1,200  acres  be- 
ing under  irrigation,  while  600  acres  is  planted 
in  alfalfa,  yielding  annually  2,400  tons  of  hay. 
During  the  entire  summer  a  gang  of  hands  is 
kept  at  work  cutting  hay,  and  as  soon  as  the 
last  acre  is  cut  the  first  one  is  again  ready 
for  the  mower.  There  is  a  palatial  two-story 
adobe  residence  upon  the  property,  with  walls 
three  feet  thick,  built  on  such  an  ample  plan 
that  the  smallest  rooms  are  18  x  22  feet.  The 
aesthetic  side  of  one's  nature  is  contented  with 


654 


HIS  TORT  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


the  sight  of  the  beautiful  grounds,  comprising 
a  well  kept  lawn  with  its  fine  trees  and  flow- 
ers; and  in  addition  there  are  a  large  and  excel- 
lent orchard  and  beautiful  lake  covering  four- 
teen acres,  in  which  there  is  an  abundance  of 
fish  of  various  kinds  desirable  for  table  use. 
The  lake  is  also  supplied  with  boats,  and  row- 
ing, fishing  and  swimming  may  there  be  en- 
joyed. There  is  also  a  large  garden  contain- 
ing vegetables  and  small  fruits.  In  seeing  this 
place  one  cannot  avoid  a  sense  of  pleasure,  on 
account  of  its  beauties  and  the  perfection  of 
all  its  appointments. 

The  Colonel  feeds  each  winter  on  his  farm 
1,000  head  of  cattle,  which  he  has  ready  for 
the  spring  market,  and  by  the   fine  quality  of- 
meat  he   is  enabled   to  command  the  highest 
market  price. 

On  the  1 8th  of  July,  1873,  Colonel  Head 
was  united  in  marriage  with  Miss  Martha  J. 
Marks,  the  lady  who  has  since  been  the  part- 
ner of  his  joys  and  sorrows.  There  have  come 
to  bless  their  home  three  children — Etta  M., 
Margaret  A.  and  Richard  Grafton,  Jr. 

Colonel  Head  has  always  been  a  Democrat 
in  his  political  views,  yet  is  liberal  and  thinks 
for  himself.  He  is  a  genial,  hospitable  gentle- 
man, the  doors  of  his  magnificent  home  being 
ever  open  for  the  reception  of  the  many  friends 
of  the  family.  He  gives  his  entire  time  and 
attention  to  his  business,  declining  all  official 
honors,  except  when  he  was  appointed  by  Gov- 
ernor Thornton  a  member  of  the  cattle  sani- 
tary board,  a  position  which  he  is  eminently 
qualified  to  fill.  His  home,  however,  is  the 
most  congenial  place  on  earth  to  him,  and  he 
likes  best  the  sociability  of  his  own  fireside. 
The  noblest  gift  of  genius  is  the  capacity  to 
work;  to  him  who  has  this  possession  all  other 
things  are  possible.  Out  of  the  deprivations  and 
economies  of  early  life  has  come  the  toughened 
mental  and  moral  fiber  that  gives  to  ripened 
manhood  its  chief  honor  and  greatest  power. 
Such  an  experience  has  been  that  of  Col.  Head, 
and  this  honorable  and  honored,  popular  and 
genial  gentleman  exerts  an  influence  in  the 
community  that  is  far-reaching  and  permanent. 


Sr— '  ON.  A.  L.  CHRISTY  is  a  prominent 
l^™\  attorney  at  law  of  Las  Cruces.  He 

^r  is  a  young  man,  but  his  position  is  by 
no  means  measured  by  his  years. 
His  decade  of  professional  life  in  this  city  has 
gained  him  such  eminence,  and  his  practice 
has  extended  over  so  wide  a  field,  that  it 
seerns  scarcely  necessary  to  say  of  him  that  he 
ranks  among  the  best  known  lawyers  in  this 
section  of  the  Territory. 

The  record  of  his  career  is  as  follows:  A 
native  of  Indiana,  he  was  born  in  Clayton, 
Hendricks  county,  on  the  3ist  of  October, 
1 86 1,  and  is  descended  from  one  of  the  old 
Southern  families.  His  grandfather,  Richard 
Christy,  was  a  native  of  North  Carolina,  and 
from  that  State  emigrated  to  Indiana,  taking 
up  his  residence  in  Hendricks  county  at  a  very 
early  day  in  its  history.  Only  twelve  men 
had  previously  located  within  its  borders,  and 
he  became  an  important  factor  in  its  develop- 
ment and  upbuilding.  From  the  wild  land  he 
developed  a  fine  farm,  continuing  its  cultiva- 
tion throughout  the  remainder  of  his  life.  He 
was  a  man  of  industry  and  integrity,  respected 
by  all  who  knew  him,  and  at  the  age  of  eighty 
years  he  was  called  to  his  final  rest. 

Andrew  J.  Christy,  the  father  of  our  sub- 
ject, was  born  in  Hendricks  county  in  the  year 
1827,  and  was  reared  amid  the  wild  scenes  of 
frontier  life.  Having  arrived  at  years  of  ma- 
turity, he  was  joined  in  wedlock  with  Miss  Ary 
Rynerson,  a  sister  of  the  late  Colonel  Ryner- 
son,  of  Las  Cruces.  They  became  the  parents 
of  a  family  of  eight  children,  and  were  resi- 
dents of  Indiana  until  1880,  when  they  left 
their  old  home  and  took  up  their  residence  in 
Kansas.  There  the  father  died  nine  years 
later,  passing  away  in  1889,  in  the  sixty- 
third  year  of  his  age.  His  widow  still  survives 
him  and  is  yet  living  at  her  home  in  Kansas. 
They  were  both  members  of  the  Baptist  Church, 
and  Mrs.  Christy  was  a  daughter  of  Rev.  John 
Rynerson,  a  prominent  minister  of  that  church 
organization. 

Our  subject,  the  sixth  in  order  of  birth  in 
their  family,  acquired  his  literary  education  in 


HIS  TORT  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


655 


the  public  schools,  and  determining  to  take  up 
the  study  of  law  as  a  life  work  he  began  his 
study  in  Independence,  Kansas,  prosecuting 
his  researches  in  this  line  under  the  direction 
of  his  uncle,  Colonel  Rynerson,  of  Las  Cruces. 
On  the  ist  of  April,  1882,  he  arrived  in  this 
city,  and  in  March,  1885,  was  admitted  to  the 
bar.  Immediately  after  he  began  practice, 
and  from  the  beginning  he  has  met  with  suc- 
cess. In  1889  he  was  appointed  by  the  Dis- 
trict Judge  as  Clerk  of  the  District  Court,  a  po- 
sition which  he  filled  in  a  most  satisfactory 
manner  for  a  period  of  five  years.  He  is  now 
devoting  his  energies  almost  exclusively  to  his 
practice  and  is  meeting  with  good  success  in 
his  undertakings.  He  has  a  thorough  knowl- 
edge of  law  and  is  never  at  a  loss  to  quote  an 
authority  or  show  a  precedent.  He  is  a  wise 
counselor  and  able  advocate,  and  is  deservedly 
prominent  in  the  ranks  of  his  chosen  profes- 
sion. He  varies  his  legal  business  to  a  degree 
by  fruit-raising  and  now  has  a  good  bearing 
orchard  of  peaches,  apples  and  pears,  together 
with  a  four-acre  vineyard.  The  fruit  which 
he  raises  is  of  excellent  variety  and  fine  flavor. 
Around  his  home  are  good  fruit  trees  and  shade 
trees,  and  he  now  has  one  of  the  most  de- 
lightful and  pleasant  residences  in  this  section 
of  New  Mexico. 

In  1889  Mr.  Christy  was  first  called  to 
public  office,  and  on  his  retirement  from  that 
position  was  nominated  in  1894  as  candidate 
for  the  Territorial  Legislature.  He  has  been 
a  life-long  Republican,  an  active  worker  for 
the  party  and  a  recognized  leader  in  its  ranks. 
He  was  elected  to  office  by  a  good  majority, 
although  a  strong  Democratic  leader  was 
placed  against  him.  On  the  eighth  day  of  the 
session  of  the  Legislature,  he  succeeded  in  se- 
curing his  seat,  while  other  prominent  Repub- 
licans who  were  elected  were  denied  their 
rights  by  the  Democratic  Secretary  of  the 
Territory.  Mr.  Christy  was  recognized  as  one 
of  the  most  able  representatives  of  the  As- 
sembly, giving  a  hearty  support  to  all  meas- 
ures which  he  believed  would  advance  the 
best  interests  of  the  people  at  large. 


In  1890  was  celebrated  the  marriage  of 
our  subject  and  Miss  Sophia  French,  and  to 
them  has  been  born  a  daughter,  Sophia.  Our 
subject  has  also  been  prominently  connected 
with  the  educational  interests  of  the  Territory. 
In  his  early  life  he  was  a  successful  school- 
teacher in  Indiana  and  Kansas.  He  also 
taught  for  two  terms  after  coming  to  Las 
Cruces,  and  was  the  teacher  during  the  second 
term  of  school  ever  held  in  the  county  of 
Donna  Ana, — this  being  the  first  public  school 
of  the  Territory.  He  is  deeply  interested  in 
everything  that  pertains  to  the  public  good, 
and  is  a  successful  legal  practitioner  and  in- 
fluential Republican,  and  a  highly  esteemed 
citizen. 


R.  JAMES  H.  BAILEY,  an  expert 
horticulturist,  is  the  proprietor  of  the 
Sena  Vista  fruit  and  nursery  ranch, 
which  is  pleasantly  located  in  the 
beautiful  Mesilla  valley,  three  miles  west  of 
Las  Cruces.  This  is  one  of  the  finest  fruit- 
producing  regions  in  the  United  States,  and  all 
varieties  of  fruits,  superior  in  size,  quality  and 
flavor  attest  the  care  and  supervision  of  the 
owner.  On  the  ranch  is  a  twenty-nine-acre 
apple  orchard,  containing  apples  of  almost 
every  variety,  especially  those  best  adapted 
for  preservation  through  the  winter.  Most  of 
the  trees  are  six  years  old,  very  large  and 
thrifty,  and  give  excellent  indication  of  fine 
crops.  On  his  property  the  Doctor  also  has  a 
nice  nursery  of  young  fruit  trees  and  also  has 
corn  growing  upon  the  place,  some  of  it  twelve 
feet  high, — which  well  indicates  the  richness 
and  fertility  of  the  soil  in  this  locality.  He  has 
peach-trees  upon  the  place  which  have  grown 
six  feet  in  one  season,  and  also  has  some  apri- 
cots upon  the  place,  but  has  budded  them  to 
plums,  and  the  buds  are  doing  finely.  The 
Doctor  thoroughly  understands  his  business, 
and  his  care  and  supervision,  combined  with 
the  natural  advantages  of  soil  and  climate, 
have  made  him  the  owner  of  one  of  the  finest 
orchards  in  this  section  of  the  Territory. 


656 


HIS  TORT  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


Dr.  Bailey  is  a  native  of  Kentucky.  He 
was  born  March  27,  1836,  and  comes  from  an 
old  Virginian  family  who  had  its  representatives 
in  the  patriot  army  during  the  Revolutionary 
war.  His  grandfather,  Joshua  Richards,  fought 
for  independence  under  General  Gates.  His 
paternal  grandfather,  Lewis  Bailey,  went  to 
Kentucky  with  Daniel  Boone  and  was  killed 
by  the  Indians.  His  son,  who  also  bore  the 
name  of  Lewis,  was  born  in  Kentucky,  in  1796, 
and  having  arrived  at  years  of  maturity  mar- 
ried Miss  Nancy  Richards,  a  native  of  Ken- 
tucky. In  1848  they  removed  to  Illinois, 
where  Mr.  Bailey  carried  on  a  successful  busi- 
ness, and  in  the  seventy-sixth  year  of  his  age, 
while  on  his  way  to  Carlinville,  was  waylaid 
and  murdered  for  his  money.  His  wife  had 
died  in  the  fiftieth  year  of  her  age.  Both  were 
members  of  the  Missionary  Baptist  Church, 
and  were  highly  esteemed  people.  Their  family 
numbered  seven  sons  and  three  daughters,  and 
with  one  exception  all  are  yet  living. 

The  Doctor  was  the  fourth  child  of  the 
family.  His  elementary  education,  acquired 
in  the  common  schools,  was  supplemented  by 
study  in  the  State  Normal  College,  and  he  ob- 
tained his  medical  education  in  the  Pennsyl- 
vania Eclectic  College  in  Philadelphia.  In  1865 
he  removed  to  Kansas,  where  he  engaged  in 
the  practice  of  medicine  for  eleven  years,  or 
until  1876,  when,  on  account  of  his  wife's 
health,  he  removed  to  California. 

The  Doctor  was  married  in  1860,  the  lady 
of  his  choice  being  Miss  Susan  Parish,  who  for 
twenty-one  years  traveled  life's  journey  by  his 
side,  a  faithful  companion  and  helpmeet.  She 
was  benefited  to  a  degree  by  the  removal  to 
the  Pacific  slope,  but  departed  this  life  in  1 88 1 . 
In  the  family  were  two  sons  and  three  daugh- 
ters, namely:  Charles  E.,  who  is  engaged  in 
business  in  New  York;  Maggie,  now  the  wife 
of  J.  H.  Graham,  a  resident  of  El  Paso, 
Texas;  Harry,  who  is  engaged  in  business 
with  his  father;  Myrtle  and  Sadie,  who  are  also 
at  home. 

Soon  after  the  death  of  his  wife,  Dr. 
Bailey  left  California,  and  in  1882  he  came  to 


New  Mexico,  bringing  with  him  an  invalid 
brother,  who  was  badly  afflicted  with  asthma 
and  other  bronchial  troubles.  This  was  Dr. 
C.  A.  Bailey,  who  had  graduated  in  the  same 
college  as  his  brother,  Dr.  James.  In  the  beau- 
tiful Mesilla  valley  he  recovered  his  health,  but 
later  died  of  congestion  of  the  lungs. 

The  subject  of  this  review  successfully  en- 
gaged in  the  practice  of  the  medical  profession 
in  the  Mesilla  valley  until  1893,  when,  believ- 
ing that  the  cultivation  of  fruit  would  prove  a 
very  profitable  business,  he  abandoned  his  pro- 
fession and  has  since  given  his  time  and  atten- 
tion to  horticulture.  The  success  that  has 
attended  his  efforts  is  an  evidence  of  his  sa- 
gacity. 

He  is  a  member  of  the  Masonic  fraternity, 
and  in  his  political  views  is  a  stalwart  Repub- 
lican. He  manifested  his  loyality  to  the  Gov- 
ernment during  the  Civil  war  by  entering  the 
service  as  a  member  of  the  United  States  navy, 
doing  duty  on  the  Mississippi  river.  He  took 
part  in  the  capture  of  Memphis,  fought  in  the 
siege  of  Vicksburg  and  participated  in  the  Yazoo 
Pass  expedition.  He  has  ever  been  a  loyal 
and  devoted  citizen,  true  to  the  best  interests 
of  his  town,  State  and  nation.  His  life  has 
been  an  honorable  and  upright  one,  and  his 
many  excellencies  of  character  have  gained 
for  him  the  high  regard  in  which  he  is  held. 


aOL.    ALBERT    J.    FOUNTAIN  has 
been   for  more   than   twenty  years  a 
resident  of  New  Mexico,  and  is  one  of 
the   most    distinguished   members    of 
the  bar  in   the  Territory.      He  was  born  on 
Staten   Island,  New  York,  October   23,   1838, 
and  is  of  French  Huguenot  descent.      His  earli- 
est ancestors   in   this  country  were  a  part  of 
York's  colony,  and  settled  on  a  grant  of  land 
from  the  government  on  Staten  Island.      S.  J. 
Fountain,  father  of  our  subject,  was  born  on 
Staten  Island,  and  there  married  Miss  Cather- 
ine Fountain.      Seven  children  have  been  born 
of  this  union,  five  of  whom  are  living.     Albert 
J.  received  his  education  in  the  public  schools 


HIS  TORT  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


657 


of  New  York,  where  he  made  an  admirable 
record.  He  won  as  a  prize  a  scholarship  in 
the  New  York  Academy,  and  in  the  academy 
he  won  a  prize  that  entitled  him  to  a  scholar- 
ship in  Columbia  College.  While  at  Colum- 
bia he  stood  at  the  head  of  his  classes,  but  on 
account  of  failing  health  was  sent  on  a  tour 
around  the  world  with  a  tutor  and  five  other 
students.  This  trip  proved  a  most  eventful 
one,  and  written  up  in  detail  would  furnish  a 
most  attractive  volume  for  any  boy's  library. 
After  traveling  through  Europe,  the  Nile  coun- 
try and  the  Holy  Land  the  company  returned 
to  Rome.  Here  the  tutor  was  deserted,  the 
students  running  away  to  The  Hague,  where 
they  applied  to  the  American  minister  for 
transportation  home.  He  obtained  passage 
for  them  to  Liverpool  and  sent  them  to  the 
American  consul  with  the  request  that  he  se- 
cure passage  for  them  to  America.  The  youths 
changed  their  mind,  however;  slipped  away 
from  the  consul  and  shipped  on  board  an  East 
Indiaman  bound  for  Calcutta.  At  Cape  Town 
they  left  the  vessel,  intending  to  make  t^heir 
way  up  into  the  continent,  but  fortunately  for 
them  they  were  captured  and  returned  to  the 
ship.  When  they  arrived  in  Calcutta  they 
took  passage  again,  shipping  on  board  a 
schooner  bound  for  Hongkong.  This  vessel 
turned  out  to  be  an  opium  smuggler's  craft, 
and  was  captured  by  the  Chinese  and  sent  to 
Wau  Poa.  Thence  the  young  Americans  were 
sent  to  Canton,  where  a  demand  was  made 
for  them  by  the  United  States  consul  general. 
They  were  surrendered  and  sent  by  this  official 
to  San  Francisco.  Young  Fountain's  com- 
panions returned  to  New  York,  but  he  re- 
mained in  California  and  was  engaged  in  lit- 
erary work  on  several  of  the  Pacific  coast  news- 
papers. He  was  sent  by  the  Sacramento 
Union  to  Nicaragua  as  correspondent  at  the 
time  of  the  Walker  Filibuster  expedition,  and 
was  acting  in  this  capacity  when  he  was  ar- 
rested by  Walker  and  was  sentenced  to  be  shot 
for  having  communicated  to  his  paper  the  true 
object  of  the  expedition,  which  had  been  or- 
ganized in  the  interest  of  slave-holders.  He 

42 


was  aided  in  making  his  escape  and  took  refuge 
on  one  of  the  Nicaragua  Company's  boats, 
where  he  was  disguised  as  a  female  by  the  lady 
passengers,  and  so  succeeded  in  making  his 
way  back  to  San  Francisco. 

In  California  he  resumed  his  studies  for 
the  law  under  the  direction  of  N.  Greene  Cur- 
tis. He  had  just  been  admitted  to  the  bar 
when  the  war  broke  out  between  the  North 
and  the  South.  In  August,  1861,  he  enlisted 
in  the  First  California  Volunteer  Infantry,  of 
which  he  was  commissioned  First  Lieutenant. 
He  marched  across  the  deserts  of  California, 
Arizona  and  New  Mexico,  his  company  being 
in  advance  of  the  column.  At  Apache  Pass 
they  were  attacked  by  Cochise,  chief  of  the 
Chihuahua  tribe.  There  were  1,200  Indians 
and  Col.  Fountain  had  1 10  men.  There  was 
a  struggle  of  two  days  between  these  unevenly 
balanced  forces,  resulting  in  the  defeat  of  the 
Indians.  In  1863  the  Colonel  was  sent  to 
Fort  McRae  to  open  that  road,  which  was  then 
beset  with  hostile  Indians.  He  accomplished 
the  work,  returning  in  August,  1864.  He  had 
a  number  of  severe  conflicts  with  the  savages 
and  received  some  wounds,  but  was  never  dis- 
abled. He  was  mustered  out  of  the  service  in 
August,  1864.  He  was  soon  afterward  ap- 
pointed Captain  of  Cavalry  by  Governor  Carl- 
ton  and  ordered  to  recruit  a  company  of  scouts 
and  guides  to  aid  the  regular  troops  in  fighting 
the  Navajos.  Early  in  1865,  while  thus  en- 
gaged, he  was  in  a  desperate  encounter  with 
the  Apache  Indians,  in  which  he  was  wounded 
and  left  on  the  field  for  dead.  He  was  brought 
off  during  the  night,  however,  and  sent  to  El 
Paso  to  recover.  When  he  had  fully  regained 
his  strength  he  was  made  custom-house  officer 
at  El  Paso,  but  obtained  leave  of  absence  for 
the  purpose  of  organizing  the  artillery  of 
Juarez's  army,  of  which  he  was  appointed 
Colonel.  After  the  taking  of  Chihuahua  he 
returned  to  his  duties  at  El  Paso.  He  was 
then  appointed  by  General  Sheridan  one  of 
the  judges  of  election  under  the  reconstruc- 
tion act  of  Congress,  and  was  subsequently 
made  Assessor  and  Collector  of  Internal  Reve- 


658 


HISTORT  OF  NE  W  MEXICO. 


nue  for  the  Western  district  of  Texas.  In 
1868  he  was  elected  a  member  of  the  Senate 
of  the  State  of  Texas,  representing  thirty-two 
counties  in  the  western  part  of  the  Lone  Star 
State.  Upon  the  election  of  Lieutenant  Gen- 
eral Flanegan  to  the  United  States  Senate 
Col.  Fountain  became  President  of  the  Sen- 
ate. He  was  appointed  Brigadier  General  of 
the  State  Guards  by  Governor  Davis,  and  or- 
ganized this  body  in  the  western  part  of  the 
State.  When  a  member  of  the  Senate  he 
drafted  the  State  Ranger  bill  and  secured  its 
passage.  In  1875  he  returned  to  New  Mex- 
ico and  resumed  the  practice  of  his  profession. 
He  organized,  in  1878,  the  first  company  of 
militia  in  southwest  New  Mexico,  and  was  ap- 
pointed Captain.  He  participated  in  the  first 
campaign  against  Chief  Victoria,  which  was 
known  as  the  Victoria  war.  He  also  organ- 
ized the  First  Battalion  of  New  Mexico  cav- 
alry, and  was  commissioned  by  Governor  Shel- 
don Major  of  this  body.  It  was  at  this  time 
that  lawlessness  was  rife  in  southwestern  New 
Mexico,  and  the  Government  was  compelled 
to  evoke  the  aid  of  the  militia  to  protect  the 
life  and  property  of  settlers.  Governor  Shel- 
don gave  Col.  Fountain  instructions  to  break 
up  the  ring  of  bandits,  and  several  were  killed 
and  a  number  sent  to  the  penitentiary.  In 
recognition  of  this  service  Col.  Fountain  was 
appointed  by  Governor  Sheldon  to  the  office  of 
Colonel  of  the  First  Regiment  of  New  Mexico 
cavalry.  In  command  of  this  body  he  par- 
ticipated in  the  campaign  against  Geronirno  in 
1885.  In  1884  he  was  appointed  under  Presi- 
dent Cleveland  special  counsel  for  the  Gov- 
ernment in  the  prosecution  in  the  land-fraud 
cases.  He  acted  as  assistant  to  Col.  Smith, 
United  States  Attorney,  and  served  in  this 
capacity  four  years.  In  1888  he  was  elected 
a  member  of  the  Territorial  Legislature,  rep- 
resenting Donna  Ana  and  Lincoln  counties. 
He  was  made  Speaker  of  the  House.  In  1889 
he  was  appointed  Associate  United  States  At- 
torney for  New  Mexico  by  President  Harrison, 
and  served  during  his  administration.  He  is 
attorney  for  the  South  New  Mexico  Stock  As- 


sociation, and  has  had  much  to  do  with  min- 
ing claims. 

He  secured,  in  1894,  the  conviction  of 
twenty  live-stock  thieves,  who  were  sent  to 
the  penitentiary.  Appreciating  his  many  serv- 
ices in  the  establishment  of  law  and  order 
throughout  the  Territory,  the  citizens  of  New 
Mexico  presented  Col.  Fountain  with  an  elab- 
orate silver  service  of  beautiful  design  and  rare 
workmanship. 

Our  worthy  subject  was  united  in  marriage 
in  1862  with  Marian  Perez,  a  beautiful  Spanish 
woman,  the  daughter  of  Col.  Abeno  Perez. 
They  are  the  paren|s  of  six  children:  Albert  J., 
Jr.,  a  lawyer  by  profession,  resides  at  Mesilla; 
Thomas  A.  J.  is  foreman  of  the  Angus  (N.  M.) 
Cattle  Company;  John  J.  is  engaged  in  mer- 
cantile pursuits  in  Las  Cruces;  Maranita  is  the 
wife  of  Charles  Closon  and  lives  in  Sierra 
county;  and  Maggie  K.  and  Henry  are  at  home 
with  their  parents. 

Col.  Fountain's  life  has  been  one  of  re- 
markably varied  experience.  He  is  a  man  of 
extraordinary  courage,  not  easily  turned  from 
his  purpose,  and  stanch  and  true  in  his  friend- 
ships. He  is  held  in  the  highest  regard  by  a 
large  circle  of  acquaintances. 


^-r*OSEPH  C.  LEA  is  one  of  the  esteemed 

e      and  popular  residents  of  Roswell,  and 

/•  J      one  of  the  honored  pioneers  of  the  Pecos 

valley.       He    has    watched   the    entire 

growth  and  development    of  this   region,   has 

seen  its  wild  lands  transformed  into  rich  fields 

and  profitable  cattle  ranches,  has  watched  the 

upbuilding  of  village  and  town,  and  has  ever 

borne  his  part  in  the  work  of  progress. 

Captain  Lea  was  born  in  Cleveland,  Ten- 
nessee, on  the  8th  of  November,  1841,  and  is 
a  son  of  Pleasant  and  Lucy  Lee,  nee  Cala- 
way.  The  parents  were  also  natives  of  the 
same  State  and  the  father  was  a  physician. 
The  Captain  is  a  descendant  of  one  of  three 
brothers,  natives  of  England,  who  in  early 
Colonial  days  crossed  the  Atlantic  to  the  New 
World.  They  changed  the  orthography  of  the 


HISTORT  OF  NE  W  MEXICO. 


659 


name,  one  branch  using  the  spelling  Leigh,  and 
another  Lee.  Among  his  descendants  is  num- 
bered General  R.  E.  Lee,  the  brave  and  fa- 
mous war  veteran.  The  other  brother  used 
the  spelling  that  has  descended  to  the  Captain's 
family. 

Dr.  Lea  removed  with  his  family  to  Mis- 
souri when  his  son  was  eight  years  of  age  and 
located  the  present  town  of  Lees  Summit  in 
that  State.  There  the  Captain  acquired  his 
education.  He  had  completed  the  common- 
school  course  and  was  just  about  to  enter  on  a 
college  course,  when  the  war  broke  out  and  he 
joined  the  Confederate  service.  He  became  a 
member  of  the  Sixth  Missouri  Brigade,  Mar- 
maduke's  division,  as  a  private  and  served  until 
the  close  of  the  war,  when  he  retired  from 
the  army  with  a  Captain's  commission,  which 
he  had  received  from  General  Kirby  Smith  about 
the  middle  of  his  service.  He  was  brave  and 
fearless  in  defense  of  what  he  believed  to  be 
right,  and  led  his  men  in  several  gallant  charges. 

When  the  war  was  over,  Captain  Lea  went 
to  Georgia  and  in  connection  with  three  others, 
secured  the  contract  for  the  rebuilding  of  the 
Central  Railroad  in  that  State,  which  had  been 
destroyed  during  the  war.  On  the  completion 
of  this  undertaking  he  removed  to  Louisiana 
and  engaged  in  cotton-planting  for  a  period  of 
two  years.  His  next  removal  made  him  a  resi- 
dent of  Mississippi,  where  he  lived  for  three 
years,  coming  thence  to  New  Mexico  in  1875. 
He  first  located  in  Colfax  county,  but  in  1877 
arrived  in  the  Pecos  valley,  where  he  engaged 
in  cattle  dealing  and  also  established  a  small 
mercantile  store. 

This  was  a  wild  and  undeveloped  region  at 
that  time,  the  Captain  being  one  of  the  first 
settlers  in  the  valley.  Roswell  was  then  a  cat- 
tle ranch  200  miles  from  the  railroad,  and  the 
most  far-sighted  could  not  have  imagined  that 
within  a  few  years  this  would  be  a  populous 
region  with  nearly  all  of  the  industries,  busi- 
ness enterprises  and  conveniences  known  to  the 
older  East.  In  1879  the  Captain  organized  the 
Lea  Cattle  Company,  of  which  he  was  elected 
president  and  in  which  position  he  served  until 


1892,  when  he  disposed  of  all  his  cattle  inter- 
ests. The  company  at  one  time  owned  more 
than  22,000  acres  of  land. 

Our  subject  has  prospered  in  his  undertak- 
ings, and  by  his  diligence,  perseverance  and  en- 
terprise has  won  a  handsome  property,  having 
to-day  probably  more  land  than  any  other  man 
in  this  part  of  the  Territory.  He  has  served 
as  County  Commissioner  of  Lincoln  county  for 
a  number  of  terms,  and  is  now  a  member  of 
the  board  of  regents  of  the  New  Mexico  Mili- 
tary Institute  of  Roswell. 


**w~*  A.  SKELLY,  the  present  obliging 
f  and  capable  Postmaster  of  Silver 
^J^  City,  who  for  the  past  eight  years 
has  been  numbered  among  her  suc- 
cessful business  men,  is  a  native  of  Iowa.  He 
was  born  in  Hopeville,  Clark  county,  on  the 
5th  of  September,  1861,  and  is  of  Scotch- 
Irish  and  English  ancestry,  the  family  having 
been  founded  on  American  soil  during  Colo- 
nial days,  while  its  members  served  as  soldiers 
of  the  Revolution,  valiantly  aiding  in  the 
cause  of  independence.  A.  J.  Skelly,  the 
father  of  our  subject,  was  born  in  Indiana  in 
1830  and  was  reared  at  Lincoln,  Logan  county, 
Illinois,  where  he  married.  The  eldest  son 
was  born  in  Lincoln,  removed  to  Iowa,  Clark 
county,  in  1859,  and  enlisted  from  Iowa.  The 
second  son,  Lote  Addison,  was  born  in  Clark 
county,  Iowa,  September  5,  1861.  The  family 
returned  to  Lincoln,  Illinois,  where  A.  J. 
Skelly,  the  father,  died.  He  married  Miss 
Jennie  R.  Bushnell,  a  native  of  the  State  of 
Illinois  and  a  descendant  of  a  New  York 
family  of  English  origin.  When  the  Civil  war 
was  inaugurated  he  enlisted  in  Company  B, 
Sixth  Iowa  Infantry,  and  after  faithfully  serv- 
ing for  three  years  his  health  became  so  im- 
paired that  he  was  honorably  discharged.  He 
then  returned  to  his  home,  where  he  died,  at 
the  age  of  thirty-five  years,  leaving  a  widow 
and  their  three  sons.  Mrs.  Skelly  is  still  liv- 
ing and  has  now  reached  the  age  of  sixty- 


66o 


If  IS  TORT  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


three.  One  of  the  sons  is  now  in  New  Mexico 
and  another  in  California. 

The  second  son  is  the  gentleman  whose 
name  introduces  this  sketch.  He  was  educa- 
ted in  Davenport,  Iowa,  and  at  the  early  age 
of  seven  years  began  to  earn  his  own  living  by 
running  errands  and  doing  other  work  as  he 
could.  When  a  lad  of  ten  he  went  to  the 
Soldiers'  Orphans'  Home  at  Davenport,  Iowa, 
where  he  spent  four  years,  going  thence  to 
Wichita,  Kansas,  in  which  State  he  engaged 
in  cattle-herding  for  a  year.  His  mother  hav- 
ing again  married  and  removed  to  Atlantic, 
Iowa,  he  returned  to  that  place,  and  for  a  year 
worked  for  R.  M.  Cross  in  the  bakery  busi- 
ness. During  the  excitement  attending  the 
discovery  of  gold  in  the  Black  Hills,  he  went 
to  that  place,  where  he  remained  three 
months,  when  he  joined  his  parents,  who  had 
removed  to  Wahoo,  Nebraska.  He  was  there 
engaged  in  driving  a  stage  and  in  conducting  a 
confectionery  establishment  for  seven  years. 
In  1886  he  became  a  resident  of  Placerville, 
California,  where  he  learned  photography, 
carrying  on  that  line  of  business  in  California 
and  Arizona.  In  1887  he  established  an  art 
gallery  in  Silver  City,  New  Mexico,  the  busi- 
ness proving  a  profitable  one.  His  excellent 
workmanship  and  his  artistic  taste  have  brought 
to  him  a  liberal  patronage,  which  is  steadily  and 
constantly  increasing.  In  addition  to  his  gal- 
lery he  owns  a  valuable  block  of  buildings  on 
the  northeast  corner  of  Broadway  and  Main 
streets.  He  also  has  a  nice  residence  in  the 
city. 

In  June,  1889,  Mr.  Skelly  was  happily 
united  in  marriage  with  Miss  Ella  B.  Carvil, 
a  native  of  Nova  Scotia,  and  to  them  have  been 
born  three  interesting  children,  all  sons, 
namely:  Addison  E.,  George  F.  and  Bland  E. 

Mr.  Skelly  is  an  active  Democrat,  warmly 
advocating  the  principles  of  his  party,  and 
socially  is  a  prominent  member  of  the  Knights 
of  Pythias  fraternity.  He  has  represented  his 
local  lodge  in  the  Grand  Lodge  for  seven 
years,  and  is  Grand  Prelate  of  the  Grand 
Lodge  of  New  Mexico.  In  March,  1894,  he 


was  appointed  by  President  Cleveland  to  the 
office  of  Postmaster  of  Silver  City.  He  has 
fitted  up  one  of  his  own  buildings  as  an  office, 
purchasing  new  boxes  and  an  entire  new  out- 
fit, giving  to  the  town  an  office  of  which  it 
may  be  justly  proud.  His  faithful  discharge 
of  the  duties  connected  therewith  have  met 
the  commendation  of  the  postoffice  depart- 
ment at  Washington  and  of  the  patrons  of  the 
office  here.  He  is  an  enterprising,  progres- 
sive business  man  and  certainly  deserves  great 
credit  for  his  success  in  life.  He  is  in  the 
truest  sense  a  self-made  man  and  his  pros- 
perity has  been  secured  through  indefatigable 
energy,  steadfastness  of  purpose  and  integrity. 


«V^\  ATHANIEL    BELL  has   attained  to 
m    an    honorable     place    among     New 
r     Mexico's  successful   business  men  by 
energy,  enterprise  and  a  strict  adher- 
ence to  correct  business  principles.       From  an 
early  age  he  has  been  dependent  entirely  upon 
his  own   resources,  and   obstacles  and  difficul- 
ties lay  iu  his  path,  but  he  overcame  these  by 
persistent  effort  and  has   reached  the  goal  of 
success.      He  is   now  a  prominent    miner  and 
merchant   of  Pinos    Altos,   and    is    numbered 
among  the  pioneers  of  New  Mexico  of  1869. 

Mr.  Bell  was  born  in  Antrim,  Ireland,  in 
1842,  and  when  a  year  old  was  taken  by  his 
parents  to  Wisconsin.  There  he  was  reared 
on  a  farm  amidst  the  scenes  of  frontier  life,  and 
through  the  summer  months  aided  in  the  labors 
of  the  field,  while  in  the  winter  season  he 
conned  his  lessons  in  the  primitive  log  school- 
house.  At  the  age  of  thirteen  he  engaged  in 
the  battle  of  life  on  his  own  account,  and  in 
1860  crossed  the  plains  to  California,  driving 
an  ox  team.  Though  the  party  was  frequently 
harassed  by  Indians  he  reached  his  destination 
safely,  locating  on  Bald  Hills,  in  Shasta  county, 
where  he  was  engaged  in  mining  for  three 
years.  He  there  took  out  some  gold  and  after- 
ward went  to  Humboldt,  Nevada,  at  the  time 
of  the  gold  excitement  there.  He  located  a 
claim,  but  soon  after  sold  it  and  removed  to 


HISTORT  OF  NE  W  MEXICO. 


66 1 


Silver  City,  Idaho,  where  he  engaged  both  in 
placer  and  quartz  mining,  meeting  with  most 
excellent  success,  gaining  a  fortune  within  a 
short  time.  The  country  was  then  full  of 
' '  road  agents;"  so  he  shipped  his  gold,  amount- 
ing to  $158,000,  to  San  Francisco;  but  before 
he  became  ready  to  draw  it  the  company 
failed,  and  he  lost  all  that  he  had  saved.  He 
had  with  him  some  fine  specimens  which  he 
was  taking  to  New  York,  valued  at  $12,000, 
and  this  was  all  that  was  left  to  him. 

On  his  return  from  New  York,  Mr.  Bell 
stopped  at  his  old  home  in  Wisconsin,  where 
he  remained  for  a  year.  He  then  came  to 
New  Mexico,  and  engaged  in  placer  and  quartz 
mining,  again  making  money.  In  1 869  he  ar- 
rived in  Silver  City,  where  he  operated  the  first 
stamp  mill  of  the  place,  it  being  owned  by  Mr. 
Bremen.  He  was  paid  $10  per  day  for  his 
services  and  made  for  his  employer  consider- 
able money.  In  1873  he  came  to  Pinos  Altos 
and  formed  a  partnership  with  T.  Stephens, 
operating  stamp  mills  and  steam  arastras;  but 
not  being  able  at  that  time  to  purchase  the 
property  they  wished  they  built  a  sawmill  and 
also  engaged  in  merchandising,  continuing 
operations  in  those  lines  for  two  years.  In 
1885  they  purchased  considerable  mining  prop- 
erty, including  the  Minnie  Grande,  the  Mogul, 
the  Ohio  and  Pacific  mines.  They  also  pur- 
chased the  ten-stamp  mill,  which  they  are  now 
operating.  The  Ohio  yields  an  average  of  $10 
of  gold  to  the  ton;  the  Pacific,  $24;  the  Grande 
$16;  and  the  Cap  Woman,  $8.  The  cost  of 
extracting  ore  from  the  Ohio  is  $1.65  per  ton; 
from  the  Pacific  $3.50;  from  the  Grande,  $3; 
and  the  cost  of  milling  the  ore  is  $1.27  per 
ton.  The  firm  of  which  our  subject  is  a  mem- 
ber has  greatly  prospered  in  its  mining  and 
mercantile  business,  and  its  members  have  ac- 
quired much  valuable  property  in  the  town, 
have  erected  various  buildings,  have  numerous 
fields  of  corn  and  richly  bearing  orchards  and 
vineyards  which  grow  luxuriantly  at  this  high 
altitude  without  irrigation.  The  town  is  lo- 
cated at  the  top  of  the  divide,  about  7,000 
feet  above  the  sea  level. 


Mr.  Bell  is  a  man  of  much  intelligence  and 
experience  in  the  handling  of  ores  and  is  rated 
as  one  of  the  most  successful  miners  and  busi- 
ness men  in  the  Territory.  He  stands  at  the 
head  of  gold  mining  and  milling  in  New  Mex- 
ico, and  is  recognized  as  authority  on  gold 
mines,  and  in  the  reduction  of  gold  ores 
throughout  the  Territory.  It  is  to  him  and 
his  former  partner,  Troilous  Stephens,  de- 
ceased, that  the  town  of  Pinos  Altos  is  indebt- 
ed for  its  present  growth  and  prosperity.  The 
firm  of  Bell  &  Stephens  has  done  more  to 
make  the  Pinos  Altos  mining  district  the  largest 
gold-producing  district  in  New  Mexico  than  all 
other  causes  combined.  The  above  firm,  by 
their  energy,  industry,  good  business  manage- 
ment and  superior  knowledge  of  mining,  has 
attained  a  high  degree  of  success  and  to-day 
they  own  and  operate  the  largest  gold  mines  in 
New  Mexico. 

In  1886  Mr.  Bell  wedded  Miss  Sue  Wool- 
fork,  a  native  of  Wisconsin,  and  they  have  two 
sons,  Golden  and  George, — both  born  at  Pinos 
Altos. 

In  politics  he  has  always  been  a  Republi- 
can, but  has  never  been  a  politician  in  the 
sense  of  office-seeking.  He,  however,  served 
as  Postmaster  for  seven  years,  when  he  re- 
fused longer  to  act  in  that  capacity.  He  is 
highly  esteemed  throughout  the  county  as  one 
of  her  most  reliable  and  honorable  citizens. 


pcroft  Ubrtrv 

ROILOUS  STEPHENS,  deceased, 
was  a  highly  esteemed  resident  of 
Pinos  Altos,  and  one  of  Grant  county's 
most  successful  merchants  and  mine- 
owners.  He  was  the  junior  member  of  the 
prominent  and  widely  known  firm  of  Bell  & 
Stephens,  and  for  twenty  years  was  actively 
connected  with  the  business  interests  of  this 
locality.  He  was  born  near  Mackinaw,  Taze- 
well  county,  Illinois,  on  the  28th  of  October, 
1835,  and  was  reared  on  his  father's  farm.  He 
acquired  a  limited  education  in  the  district 
schools  of  the  neighborhood,  and  learned  the 
potter's  trade  of  his  father,  Captain  Paris 


662 


HIS  TORT  Of  NEW  MEXICO. 


Stephens,  who  was  one   of  the  early  pioneers 
of  central  Illinois. 

In  1860  the  subject  of  this  review  left  his 
native  State  and  on  horseback  traveled  to 
Nemaha,  Nebraska,  where  he  worked  at  his 
trade  for  a  time,  but  subsequently  abandoned 
it  in  order  to  devote  his  energies  to  farming. 
In  1863  he  made  arrangements  to  go  with  a 
wagon  train  from  Nemaha  to  Denver,  Colo- 
rado, but  illness  prevented  the  contemplated 
trip.  It  proved  very  fortunate  that  this  was 
the  case.  After  waiting  three  days  for  his  re- 
covery, the  train  left  without  him,  and  all  but 
two  of  that  train  met  their  fate  at  the  hands  of 
hostile  Indians.  Being  possessed  of  great 
energy  and  indomitable  will,  after  his  recovery 
he  made  the  dangerous  trip  to  Denver  com- 
paratively alone. 

While  a  resident  of  Nebraska,  Mr.  Stephens 
formed  the  acquaintance  of  Mrs.  Sarah  Crocker, 
and  on  the  9th  of '  October,  1 864,  they  were 
united  in  marriage.  Three  sons  were  born  to 
them:  Charles,  now  twenty-nine  years  of  age; 
Bert,  aged  sixteen;  and  Frank,  a  youth  of 
fourteen.  The  two  last  named  are  now  attend- 
ing the  New  Mexico  College  at  Las  Cruces. 

In  August,  1 874,  accompanied  by  his  family, 
Mr.  Stephens  traveled  by  wagon  to  New  Mexico, 
locating  at  Pinos  Altos,  where  he  resided  until 
his  death.  Soon  after  his  arrival  he  formed  a 
partnership  with  Nathaniel  Bell,  and  they  be- 
gan business  on  a  small  scale,  but  the  firm  of 
Bell  &  Stephens  became  one  of  the  leading  and 
most  substantial  mining  and  mercantile  com- 
panies of  the  Southwest.  The  partnership 
continued  between  them  with  mutual  pleasure 
and  profit  for  twenty  years,  no  disagreement 
ever  arising  between  them.  Each  had  his  de- 
partment to  manage  and  direct,  and  both  work- 
ed hard  and  faithfully  for  the  common  interest. 
For  years  their  families  had  occupied  a  double 
house,  and  their  relations  there  have  been  as 
kindly  and  pleasant  as  those  of  the  members 
of  the  firm. 

Mr.  Stephens  died  of  apoplexy  on  the  8th 
of  September,  1894,  at  the  age  of  fifty-eight 
years,  ten  months  and  ten  days,  leaving  a 


widow  and  three  sons  to  mourn  his  loss.  He 
was  a  man  of  excellent  taste,  devoted  to  his 
home  and  family,  and  doing  all  in  his  power  to 
advance  their  interests.  He  was  kind,  benevo- 
lent and  charitable,  giving  freely  and  exten- 
sively to  those  less  fortunate  than  himself,  yet 
his  charity  was  always  unostentatious,  few 
knowing  of  it  except  the  recipients  of  his 
bounty.  His  word  was  as  good  as  his  bond, 
for  his  integrity  was  above  question.  He  was 
a  valued  member  of  Isaac  F.  Tiffany  Lodge, 
No.  13,  I.  O.  O.  F.,  of  Silver  City,  and  his 
comrades  all  had  for  him  the  highest  regard. 
He  was  never  known  to  overreach  a  man  in 
business  or  to  deceive  one  who  placed  confi- 
dence in  him,  and  by  a  blameless  life  he  left 
to  his  family  the  priceless  heritage  of  an  un- 
tarnished name.  His  death  filled  the  entire 
county  with  deep  sorrow,  and  out  of  respect 
to  the  deceased  and  his  family  during  the  funeral 
services  the  stores  in  Pinos  Altos  and  Silver 
City  were  closed.  The  Odd  Fellows  attended 
the  services  as  a  lodge,  and  the  funeral  was  the 
largest  ever  seen  in  the  county,  for  his  circle 
of  friends  was  almost  limitless.  The  sym- 
pathy of  the  entire  community  was  extended 
to  the  family  in  their  great  bereavement,  and 
the  county  felt  that  it  had  lost  one  of  its  best 
and  most  useful  citizens,  after  whose  record 
may  be  written  the  words,  "  Well  done." 


>-j»OHN  BECKER.— While  biography  in 
J  all  ages  and  climes  has  been  an  inter- 
A  J  esting  study,  it  is  of  especial  interest 
in  this  free  America  of  ours,  where  a 
young  man  has  nothing  save  his  own  lack  of 
will  to  bar  him  from  a  successful  career.  Many 
a  youth  from  foreign  shores  has  landed  here 
without  money  or  influential  friends  and  has 
worked  his  way  up  to  a  position  of  promi- 
nence and  wealth.  The  life  of  John  Becker 
furnishes  a  fitting  illustration  of  this  fact.  He 
came  to  the  United  States  without  financial 
resources,  and  as  the  result  of  his  earnest 
efforts  and  his  strong  determination  to  win 
success  he  stands  to-day  as  one  of  the  most 


HIS  TORT  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


663 


honored  and  the  most  substantial  business 
men  of  Belen,  New  Mexico,  and  has  earned 
for  himself  a  position  among  the  representative 
citizens  of  the  Territory. 

Mr.  Becker  was  born  on  the  28th  of  May, 
1850,  in  the  province  of  Hanover,  Germany, 
where  his  father,  also  named  John,  held  a 
small  government  office.  Our  subject  received 
his  educational  training  in  his  native  province, 
and  was  subsequently  employed  for  five  years 
in  a  mercantile  establishment,  where  he  ac- 
quired a  valuable  knowledge  in  regard  to 
business  methods  and  the  details  of  that  line 
of  industrial  enterprise.  In  the  year  1866  the 
province  of  Hanover  was  annexed  to  Prussia, 
and  as  he  was  reluctant  to  serve  in  the  Prussian 
army,  Mr.  Becker  forthwith  determined  to 
seek  his  fortunes  in  the  New  World.  He 
accordingly  bade  farewell  to  home  and  friends 
and  set  sail  for  New  York,  arriving  there  in 
the  fall  of  1869.  His  initial  efforts  were  made 
in  modest  lines  of  occupation,  but  showed  his 
self-reliant  spirit  and  his  determination  to 
make  his  own  way  according  to  the  principles 
of  honest  labor  and  absolute  integrity.  He 
worked  at  sawing  wood  and  at  such  other  oc- 
cupations as  would  enable  him  to  be  self-sus- 
taining, having  no  false  pride  and  yet  main- 
taining at  all  times  that  sturdy  independence 
which  has  ever  been  an  intrinsic  attribute  of 
his  character.  He  was  not  long  content,  how- 
ever, to  simply  secure  a  subsistence,  but  was 
determined  to  make  his  efforts  progressive  in 
the  results  secured.  Accordingly  in  1871  we 
find  the  young  man  setting  his  face  toward  the 
West,  where  he  believed  better  opportunities 
were  to  be  afforded  to  one  in  his  situation,  and 
in  due  time  he  arrived  in  New  Mexico,  locat- 
ing at  Los  Lunas,  where  he  secured  employ- 
ment in  the  mercantile  establishment  of  Louis 
Huning,  receiving  at  the  beginning  a  salary  of 
thirty  dollars  per  month.  He  was  energetic, 
faithful  and  careful,  and  so  proved  his  value 
to  his  employer  that  at  the  end  of  four  months 
his  salary  was  increased  to  fifty  dollars.  He 
held  this  position  for  a  period  of  two  years 
and  was  then  placed  in  charge  of  Mr.  Hun- 


ing's  branch  store  at  Belen,  continuing  to  be 
thus  employed  for  five  years,  and  proving 
conclusively  that  he  was  well  deserving  of 
the  trust  and  confidence  reposed  in  him. 

Having  been  frugal  and  having  conserved 
his  resources  with  a  view  to  eventually  entering 
business  for  himself,  Mr.  Becker  was  enabled 
to  realize  his  ambition  at  the  expiration  of  the 
period  noted.  In  1878  he  erected  a  small  store 
— which  is  now  a  part  of  his  present  large 
establishment — and  in  this  opened  business 
upon  a  modest  scale.  He  had  gained  a  dis- 
tinctive popularity  within  the  time  of  his  resi- 
dence in  Belen,  and  this  circumstance  secured 
him  a  good  patronage  from  the  start.  The 
business  increased  in  extent  very  rapidly,  and 
from  time  to  time  he  was  compelled  to  add  to 
his  facilities  by  adding  to  the  original  building, 
and  thereby  increasing  the  accommodations  of 
his  quarters.  At  the  present  time  his  buildings 
cover  several  acres  of  ground,  and  the  business 
represents  an  extensive  enterprise  in  the 
handling  of  general  merchandise,  comprising 
every  line  essential  to  meeting  the  demands  of 
a  large  and  representative  patronage.  The 
establishment  also  makes  a  specialty  of  han- 
dling all  the  produce  raised  by  its  customers. 
In  the  year  1886  Mr.  Becker  furnished  to 
Belen  an  improvement  which  has  important 
bearing  upon  the  commercial  prosperity  of  the 
place,  and  which  furnishes  valuable  accommo- 
dations to  the  residents  of  a  large  section  con- 
tiguous to  the  little  city.  He  erected  a  full 
roller-process  flouring  mill,  which  is  equipped 
with  the  latest  improved  machinery  and  acces- 
sories, and  is  operated  by  steam  power.  The 
mill  has  a  capacity  for  turning  out  one  hundred 
barrels  of  flour  per  diem,  and  in  this  connec- 
tion the  proprietor  has  provided  large  storage 
capacity  for  grain,  feed  and  wool.  Mr.  Becker 
has  unlimited  confidence  in  the  still  greater 
advancement  of  this  section  of  the  Territory, 
and  he  has  signalized  the  same  by  purchasing 
a  large  amount  of  real  estate  in  Belen  and 
tracts  of  land  in  the  vicinity.  His  enterprise 
does  not  stop  here,  for  he  is  rapidly  making 
improvements  upon  his  properties,  and  is  aid- 


664 


HISTORT  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


ing  in  every  possible  way  in  the  substantial  up- 
building of  the  town  and  in  furthering  its 
growth  along  normal  and  conservative  lines.  A 
unique  improvement  which  he  has  made  upon 
his  land  is  in  the  construction  of  a  large  fish- 
pond, which  he  has  stocked  with  black  bass 
and  other  fish.  Here  he  has  erected  a  boat- 
house,  and  has  provided  excellent  facilities  for 
fishing  and  for  recreation  when  he  seeks  a 
diversion  from  the  manifold  cares  of  his  busi- 
ness. This  section  of  the  Territory  has  justly 
acquired  a  high  reputation  for  its  excellent 
vineyards,  and  the  annual  product  reaches  a 
large  average,  the  industry  being  one  which  is 
destined  to  be  very  important  .and  valuable. 
With  this  Mr.  Becker  is  also  concerned,  in  that 
he  purchases  large  quantities  of  grapes  each 
year,  and  manufactures  them  into  wine  of 
most  superior  order.  His  wine  cellars  have  a 
storage  capacity  of  i ,  300  gallons,  and  here  he 
thoroughly  matures  the  stock  before  placing  it 
on  the  market.  In  his  vaults  are  to  be  found 
products  for  each  year  ranging  back  to  the 
vintage  of  1889. 

Mr.  Becker  is  a  man  of  much  intellectuality 
and  is  thoroughly  in  touch  with  the  affairs  of 
the  day.  He  is  conversant  with  the  German, 
English  and  Spanish  languages  and  is  also  pro- 
ficient as  a  telegraphist,  having  a  private 
telegraph  line  connecting  with  an  instrument 
in  his  office,  and  being  thus  enabled  to  person- 
ally transmit  his  orders  or  other  messages  to  any 
part  of  the  Union, — a  convenience  which  he 
finds  of  much  value  in  his  business.  He  also 
does  his  own  banking,  buying  and  selling  ex- 
change and  offering  accommodations  which 
are  duly  appreciated  by  other  business  men  of 
the  town. 

The  foregoing  paragraphs  detail  somewhat 
in  regard  to  the  career  of  a  capable  and  hon- 
orable business  man,  but  there  is  a  signal  con- 
sistency in  referring  to  the  social  phases  of  the 
life  of  Mr.  Becker.  He  is  unassuming  in  his  de- 
meanor, is  ever  courteous  and  obliging,  loyal 
to  his  friends  and  imbued  with  a  lively  human 
sympathy  and  a  charity  which  implies  some- 
thing more  tangible  than  the  mere  word.  He 


has  been  thoroughly  interested  in  the  welfare 
of  Belen  and  no  man  stands  higher  in  public 
estimation  in  the  promising  little  city. 

On  the  2d  of  November,  1877,  Mr.  Becker 
was  united  in  marriage  to  Miss  Anna  Vielst'ch, 
who  is  a  native  of  Germany.  Their  six  in- 
teresting children,  all  of  whom  were  born  in 
Belen,  are  by  name  as  follows:  Hans,  Louie, 
Anna,  Gustave,  Lucy  and  Bernhart.  The 
family  are  adherents  of  the  Lutheran  Church, 
to  which  our  subject  has  been  a  liberal  con- 
tributor. The  home  is  one  in  which  are  ob- 
served the  refined  courtesies  of  social  life,  and 
within  its  hospitable  walls  is  ever  assured  a 
genuine  welcome. 

By  honest  effort  Mr.  Becker  has  made  his 
own  way  in  the  world,  has  attained  to  a  high 
degree  of  success  and  is  justly  entitled  to  the 
maximum  enjoyment  of  his  well-earned  pros- 
perity. 


HNTONIO  JOSEPH  is  a  name  that  is 
prominently  connected  with  the  his- 
tory of  New  Mexico,  and  its  wearer 
is  recognized  as  one  of  the  prominent 
and  influential  citizens  of  the  Territory.  He 
is  numbered  among  its  favorite  as  well  as  its 
native  sons,  and  his  birth  occurred  in  the  city 
of  Taos,  Taos  county,  August  25,  1846.  His 
parents,  Peter  and  Maria  A.  Joseph,  removed 
from  St.  Louis,  Missouri,  to  Taos  in  1840, 
and  opened  the  first  general  mercantile  estab- 
lishment in  that  place.  Their  store  and  build- 
ings were  destroyed  by  Indians  on  the  igth  of 
January,  1848,  and  Mrs.  Joseph  and  her  son 
Antonio, — then  a  child  of  two  years, — were 
carried  off  into  captivity  and  held  by  the  red 
men  until  rescued  by  Colonel  Sterling  Price 
and  his  troops. 

The  subject  of  this  review  acquired  his 
early  education  at  Lux's  Academy  in  Taos, 
and  subsequently  attended  for  two  years  the 
school  conducted  by  Bishop  Lamy  in  Santa 
Fe,  New  Mexico.  Afterward  he  was  a  student 
in  Webster  College,  of  St.  Louis  county,  Mis- 
souri, for  four  years,  and  completed  the  com- 


HISTORY  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


665 


mercial  course  at  Bryant  and  Stratton's  Busi- 
ness College  of  St.  Louis. 

On  the  2  1st  of  January,  1862,  Mr.  Joseph 
lost  his  father,  whose  death  occurred  in  Taos, 
and,  being  the  eldest  son  of  the  family,  he 
took  charge  of  the  mercantile  business,  which 
he  has  since  continued.  He  now  owns  a  well- 
appointed  establishment,  containing  a  large 
and  complete  stock  of  goods  and  has  an  exten- 
sive trade.  In  1880  Mr.  Joseph  removed  to 
Ojo  Caliente,  New  Mexico,  where  he  still  re- 
sides, and  conducts  there  a  large  sanitarium. 
At  this  place  are  located  the  famous  hot 
springs  of  New  Mexico,  noted  for  their  won- 
derful medicinal  qualities.  No  advantages, 
however,  were  there  for  people  who  wished  to 
use  the  water  until  within  late  years;  but  now 
the  hot  springs  and  the  sanitarium,  of  which 
Mr.  Joseph  is  proprietor,  have  become  known 
throughout  the  country  and  thousands  of  in- 
valids are  annually  cured  there.  He  does 
everything  possible  for  the  entertainment, 
comfort  and  convenience  of  his  guests,  and  in 
addition  he  has  constructed  a  public  bath- 
house at  the  springs,  where  the  poor  are  al- 
lowed bathing  privileges  free  of  charge. 

On  the  nth  of  March,  1881,  in  Wayland, 
Clark  county,  Missouri,  Mr.  Joseph  was  united 
in  marriage  with  Miss  Elizabeth  M.  Foree. 
Two  children  have  been  born  to  them,  but 
only  one  is  now  living. 

His  fellow  citizens,  appreciating  his  worth 
and  ability,  have  frequently  called  Mr.  Joseph 
to  public  office.  He  has  served  as  County 
Judge  of  Taos  county  for  six  years,  has  served 
as  Senator  in  the  Territorial  Legislature  for  a 
similar  period,  and  by  the  General  Assembly 
was  elected  to  the  Forty-ninth  Congress, 
where  he  remained  for  ten  years.  His  politi- 
cal record  is  a  most  honorable  one,  marked 
by  fidelity  to  the  best  interests  of  the  Terri- 
tory, and  his  wise  legislation  has  been  of  ma- 
terial benefit  to  New  Mexico  in  many  ways. 
Socially,  Mr.  Joseph  is  a  member  in  good 
standing  in  Montezuma  Lodge,  F.  &  A.  M., 
of  Santa  Fe,  and  is  a  member  of  the  Catholic 
Church,  but  holds  liberal  religious  views.  He 


has  traveled  extensively  in  America,  visiting 
every  State  in  the  Union,  and  has  also  visited 
Canada  and  Mexico.  He  is  a  broad-minded, 
honorable  man,  whose  public  and  private  life 
are  alike  above  reproach,  and  New  Mexico 
has  reason  to  be  proud  of  this  native  son  of 
the  Territory. 


*•    *  ON.    ANTONIO    JOSE    LUNA.— It 

j  ^\  has  certainly  not  been  uninteresting 
^r  in  this  connection  to  note  in  greater 
or  less  detail  the  varying  nationality 
and  the  more  salient  points  which  have  char- 
acterized the  careers  of  those  whose  life  his- 
tories have  here  been  taken  under  review,  but 
there  has  been  most  congruously  a  more  par- 
ticular interest  attaching  to  the  lives  and  deeds 
of  those  who  have  either  personally  or  by  an- 
cestral association  been  identified  with  those 
noble  old  Spanish  families  who  first  opened  the 
gates  of  civilization  and  progress  in  the  now 
favored  Territory  of  New  Mexico. 

The  honored  gentleman  to  whom  this  me- 
moir is  dedicated  was  one  of  New  Mexico's 
most  talented  and  distinguished  sons,  and  was 
a  direct  descendant  of  Don  Domingo  Luna, 
who  was  a  member  of  one  of  the  aristocratic 
families  of  Spain,  whence  he  came  to  New 
Mexico  at  the  time  of  the  Spanish  conquest  of 
this  Territory.  He  settled  at  Los  Lunas, 
where  had  been  given  a  large  grant  of  land  by 
the  Spanish  government,  said  tract  having  been 
designated  as  the  San  Clemente  grant,  and 
containing  about  110,000  acres.  Here  Don 
Domingo  Luna  lived  and  died,  and  in  the  Ter- 
ritory his  posterity  have  ever  since  maintained 
positions  of  trust  and  honor.  His  son,  En- 
rique Luna,  father  of  our  subject,  was  born  on 
the  paternal  homestead  mentioned,  became  an 
extensive  stock-raiser  and  lived  to  attafti  the 
venerable  age  of  ninety-one  years.  He  be- 
came the  father  of  twelve  children,  all  of  whom 
have  now  passed  away. 

Hon.  Antonio  Jose  Luna  was  born  at  Los 
Lunas  in  the  year  1808.  He  received  a 
thorough  education  according  to  the  Spanish 


666 


HISTORY  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


code,  and,  like  his  progenitors,  became  largely 
interested  in  stock-raising.  It  is  recorded  that 
at  one  time  he  owned  a  flock  of  sheep  com- 
prising 45,000  head,  and  that  his  income  from 
this  source  reached  an  average  annual  aggre- 
gate of  $25,000.  He  made  several  profitable 
trips  to  California,  whither  he  drove  large 
flocks  of  sheep,  which  he  disposed  of  at  ex- 
cellent profit,  eventually  acquiring  a  considera- 
ble portion  of  the  extensive  tract  comprising 
the  original  ancestral  grant.  His  heirs  at  the 
present  time  own  about  one-fifth  of  that  rich 
and  valuable  domain. 

He  stood  high  in  the  estimation  of  his  fel- 
low men,  being  recognized  as  a  man  of  marked 
intellectual  power,  sound  judgment  and  inflexi- 
ble integrity  of  character.  He  was  withal  ever 
animated  by  the  most  generous  impulses,  was 
broad  and  charitable  in  his  views  and  his  coun- 
sel was  held  in  supreme  regard  by  the  people 
of  the  community.  For  many  years  he  faith- 
fully served  in  the  important  and  exacting  po- 
sition as  Judge  of  Probate  of  his  county. 

The  marriage  of  the  honored  subject  of  this 
review  was  solemnized  when  he  was  united 
with  Miss  Isabella  Baca,  who  was  born  at 
Belen,  Valencia  county,  being  the  daughter  of 
Juan  Cruz  Baca,  a  representative  of  the  very 
distinguished  family  of  that  name  in  New 
Mexico.  They  became  the  parents  of  nine 
children,  and  of  these  the  eldest,  Jesus  M. , 
lived  to  attain  the  age  of  fifty-two  years.  He 
was  one  of  the  respected  and  prominent  citi- 
zens, having  held  various  positions  of  trust  and 
honor  in  the  county.  He  had  married,  but 
upon  his  death  he  left  no  family.  The  daughter, 
Luz,  married  Jose  M.  Romero,  and  her  death 
occurred  in  the  forty-first  year  of  her  age;  she 
left  three  children.  Another  of  .the  sons,  Tran- 
quilino,  was  a  man  of  signal  ability  and  attained 
to  high  positions  of  public  trust  and  confidence. 
He  was  Delegate  for  the  Territory  in  the  United 
States  Congress,  and  most  efficiently  repre- 
sented the  interests  of  New  Mexico  in  that  ca- 
pacity. He  departed  this  life  at  the  age  of 
forty-three  years,  leaving  one  son,  Maxirniliano 
Luna,  who  is  now  Sheriff  of  the  county.  The 


next  son  of  our  subject  was  Solomon,  who  is 
now  one  of  the  prominent  citizens  of  the  Ter- 
ritory, individual  reference  being  made  to  his 
career  on  another  page  of  this  volume.  The 
daughter,  Eloisa,  is  the  wife  of  A.  M.  Bergere, 
whose  sketch  also  appears  in  this  work. 

In  1880,  the  year  before  his  death,  Judge 
Luna  erected  in  Los  Lunas  a  commodious 
residence  of  pleasing  architectural  design,  and 
in  this  beautiful  home,  to  whose  building  he 
had  devoted  so  much  care  and  thought,  the 
beloved  companion  of  his  life  still  resides  and 
pays  devoted  homage  to  the  memory  of  the 
one  who  has  gone  before.  Mrs.  Luna  has  now 
attained  the  venerable  age  of  seventy-six  years, 
and  to  her  is  accorded  the  deepest  filial  solici- 
tude and  affection  by  her  children  and  chil- 
dren's children,  while  she  is  held  in  the  highest 
esteem  of  a  large  circle  of  devoted  friends. 

Judge  Luna  departed  this  life  on  the  2Oth 
of  December,  1881,  at  the  age  of  seventy-three 
years.  His  life  record  had  been  one  notable 
in  the  degree  of  prosperity  attained,  in  its  abso- 
lute integrity  of  purpose  and  in  its  kindly  sym- 
pathy and  true  generosity,  and  his  death  was 
very  deeply  lamented  far  outside  the  sacred 
precincts  of  the  home,  far  outside  the  environ- 
ments of  the  immediate  locality  in  which  he 
had  lived,  and  extending  into  all  sections  of 
the  Territory  of  which  he  had  been  an  honor- 
able and  an  honored  son. 


EON.   SOLOMON  LUNA.— In  noting 
the  life  history  of  the  representative 
citizens  and  distinguished  native  sons 
of  New    Mexico,  there  is  imperative 
necessity  that    particular  recognition    be    ac- 
corded   the   gentleman   whose   name   initiates 
this  review.      He  is  the  third  son  of  Hon.  An- 
tonio Jose    Luna    and   Isabella   (Baca)  Luna, 
concerning  whom    more   specific    mention    is 
made  elsewhere  in  this  volume. 

Solomon  Luna  has  practically  retained  a 
permanent  residence  in  the  place  of  his  na- 
tivity, having  been  born  at  Los  Lunas  on  the 


HISTORT  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


667 


1 8th  day  of  October,  1858.  In  his  early  youth 
he  was  granted  exceptional  educational  advant- 
ages, having  completed  his  literary  discipline 
at  St.  Louis  University,  Missouri.  Following 
out  that  line  of  industrial  enterprise  to  which 
his  illustrious  ancestors  in  New  Mexico  had  de- 
voted their  attention  for  many  years,  he  be- 
came prominently  and  extensively  concerned 
in  stock-raising,  and  has  made  this  his  princi- 
pal vocation  in  life.  His  operations  are  con- 
ducted upon  a  very  extensive  scale,  as  he  raises 
large  numbers  of  both  sheep  and  cattle. 

In  his  political  relations  Mr.  Luna  has  been 
very  prominently  identified  with  the  Republi- 
can party,  and  is  recognized  as  one  of  the  rep- 
resentatives of  his  party  in  the  Territory.  He 
has  always  maintained  a  lively  interest  and  an 
active  participation  in  the  deliberations  of  the 
political  body  to  which  he  belongs,  and  has 
done  much  to  advance  its  affairs  and  to  aid  its 
success  in  the  county  of  Valencia.  Recog- 
nized as  a  man  of  broad  mentality,  marked 
executive  ability  and  unswerving  integrity  of 
purpose,  it  came  but  in  natural  sequence  that 
he  should  be  called  upon  to  serve  in  con- 
spicuous positions  of  trust  and  responsibility. 
In  1885  he  was  elected  County  Clerk  of  Va- 
lencia county,  and  in  1892  he  was  elected  to 
the  shrievalty  of  that  county,  proving  a  most 
capable  Sheriff  and  so  administering  affairs  as 
to  conserve  the  ends  of  justice  and  to  bring 
malefactors  to  their  just  deserts  as  amenable 
to  the  laws  of  the  Territory.  In  1894  Mr. 
Luna  became  the  incumbent  as  Collector  of 
the  county,  an  office  in  which  he  has  brought 
to  bear  a  marked  capacity  and  which  he  is  now 
filling  most  acceptably.  In  each  of  these  offices 
he  has  shown  himself  to  be  a  prompt,  reliable 
and  capable  executive, — one  thoroughly  de- 
serving of  the  honors  bestowed. 

Reverting  to  the  domestic  chapters  in  the 
life  history  of  our  subject  we  find  that  in  1881 
was  consummated  his  marriage  to  Miss  Ade- 
lada  Otero,  a  daughter  of  Manuel  R.  Otero,  a 
representative  of  the  old  and  distinguished 
family  of  that  name  in  New  Mexico.  Her 
grandfather,  Hon.  Antonio  Otero,  served  as 


the  first  district  Judge  of  the   Second  Judicial 
district. 

Mr.  Luna  is  the  fortunate  inheritor  of  a 
valuable  patrimony  coming  from  the  extensive 
estate  granted  to  his  ancestors  many  years  ago. 
He  has  in  Los  Lunas  a  magnificent  residence, 
in  which  are  dispensed  a  welcome  and  hospi- 
tality of  a  cultured  and  refined  home.  He 
holds  in  no  light  estimation  the  respect  and 
esteem  which  are  accorded  him  by  his  fellow 
citizens,  though  these  are  but  the  direct  result 
of  his  own  honorable  and  upright  life.  Such 
men  honor  and  are  honored  by  the  Territory 
of  which  they  are  native  sons. 


EON.  ALEXANDER   READ,    residing 
at  Park  View,  Rio  Arriba  county,  was 
born  in   Santa  Fe,    August  15,  1850, 
the  eldest    son    of    Francis    M.    and 
Ignacia  (Cano)  Read.     For  a  complete  history 
of  the  ancestors  of  his  family,    see  the  history 
of  his  brothers,    Benjamin  M.    and  Larkin  G. 
Read,  in  this  book. 

Alexander,  like  his  brothers,  received  his 
education  in  St.  Michael's  College,  completing 
his  course  there  in  1868.  He  was  but  five 
years  of  age  when  his  father  died,  and,  being 
the  eldest  of  the  three  little  boys,  he  realized 
more  the  loss  of  his  father,  and  began  very 
early  in  life  to  help  his  mother  earn  their  sup- 
port. He  first  worked  for  the  Union  Tele- 
graph Company,  repairing  their  line,  after 
which  he  obtained  the  position  of  brakeman  on 
the  Kansas  Pacific  Railroad,  and  next,  for  seven 
years,  served  as  interpreter  for  the  Indian  De- 
partment. During  that  time  he  also  read  law, 
and  was  admitted  to  practice  in  1884,  soon 
acquiring  a  large  and  lucrative  practice.  In 
1884  Mr.  Read  was  elected  County  Clerk,  two 
years  afterward  became  County  Assessor,  and 
was  next  elected  to  represent  his  district  in  the 
Territorial  House  of  Representatives,  a  posi- 
tion which  he  filled  most  creditably  for  two 
terms.  During  his  service  in  the  Assembly  he 
aided  in  the  passage  of  the  first  free-school  law 
of  the  Territory,  and  has  had  the  honor  of  be- 


668 


HIST  OR  T  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 


ing  the  first  Superintendent  of  Schools  in  his 
county.  He  is  now  filling  the  arduous  position 
of  interpreter  of  the  Legislative  Assembly.  Mr. 
Read  now  resides  on  a  ranch  at  Park  View, 
where  he  has  a  beautiful  residence. 

He  was  married  in  1874  to  Miss  Perfecta 
Madrid,  a  daughter  of  Felipe  Madrid,  one  of 
New  Mexico's  prominent  citizens.  Mr.  and 
Mrs.  Read  have  four  children,  all  born  in  this 
Territory,  namely:  Cru-z  B.,  Felipe  M.,  Ellen 


and  William  F.  Religiously,  the  family  ad- 
here to  the  Catholic  faith,  and  in  politics  Mr. 
Read  has  been  a  life-long  Republican.  He  is 
a  citizen  of  ability  and  worth,  and,  like  his 
brothers,  takes  a  deep  interest  in  all  that  per- 
tains to  the  improvement  and  upbuilding  of 
the  country  of  his  birth,  and  in  which,  by  his 
own  efforts,  he  has  attained  his  present  en- 
viable position  as  one  of  her  representative 
citizens. 


CONTENTS. 


HISTORY  OF  NEW  MEXICO. 

Earliest  Traditions 3 

First  Explorations 3 

/"Coronado 4 

\  Espejo 11 

T  Onyate 15 

(Superstition  and  Revolution  ....   19 

Revolution  of  1680 21 

Vargas 22 

Marquis  de  la  Nava 24 

Alencastre 25 

Cachupin 26 

Friction  between  the  Church  and 

State 29 

First  Anglo-Americans 31 

Pursley  and  Pike 31 

Mexican  Independence 33 

First  Caravan  from  Missouri. ...  36 

United  States  Occupation 38-44 

Summary  from  1823  to  1846 38 

Insurrections  during  the  period 

from  1823  to  1846 39 

Texas'  Disastrous  Expedition..  .  40 
Santa  Fe  Trail  and  Commerce. .  42 
Mexican  War,  Kearny,  Doni- 

phan ,    Cooke,  etc 44 

Organization    of     New    Mexico 

Territory 48 

First  Legislature 53 

Survey  of  Public  Lands 56 

Indian  Affairs  1864-84 58 

Slavery 59 

Confederate  Invasion 60 

Acts  of  Congress 63 

General  Summary 64 

Codification  of  Laws 67 

"  State  "  of  New  Mexico 67 

Census 67 

Governors  of  New  Mexico 68 

Domestic  Customs 70 

Bench  and  Bar 72 

Territorial  Officers 77-88 

Judge  Benedict  and  His  Peculiar 
Sentence  of  Jose  Maria  Mar- 
tin   79 

Other  Judges 80 

The  Legal  Bar 83 

Land  Court 88 

Bar  Association 92 

Catholic 96 

Episcopal 101 

Presbyterian 103 

Methodist 104 

Congregational 105 

Baptist 106 

Southern  Methodist 107 

Hebrews 107 

Mormons 107 

Pueblo  Indians..  ..107 


Educational 108 

Resources,  Products  and   Prog- 
ress   123 

Topographical 123 

Elevations  above  Sea  Level.  .124 

Fruits 126 

Beautiful 127 

Historical 129 

Plants 132 

Cany  aigre 133 

Live  Stock 135 

Agriculture 136 

Vegetables  . .? 138 

Sunshine 139 

Mineral  Resources 139 

Gems 141 

Manufactories 143 

Railroads 143 

BY    COUNTIES. 

Union 144 

Colfax 146 

Mora 151 

San  Miguel 154 

Guadaloupe 157 

Taos 159 

Rio  Arriba 162 

San  Juan 166 

Santa   Fe 170 

Bern  alillo 175 

Valencia 178 

Socorro 181 

Sierra 186 

Grant 188 

Donna  Ana 195 

Lincoln 199 

Chaves 202 

Eddy 204 

United  States  Land  Laws 208 

Ritch's  Eloquent  Appeal 209 

CITIES   AND   PRINCIPAL  TOWNS. 

Santa  Fe.. 210 

Albuquerque 213 

Las  Vegas 214 

Raton 219 

Watrous 221 

Folsom 223 

Clayton 223 

Silver  City 224 

White  Oaks 225 

Wagon  Mound 225 

BIOGRAPHICAL  SKETCHES. 
A 

Abernathy,  H.  J 278 

Abeyta,  Abram 279 


Abeytia,  A.  C 454 

Adler.  A.  M 372 

Ancheta,  J.  A 617 

Anderson  Brothers 511 

Armijo,  Melquiades 461 

Armijo,  Nestor 501 

Armijo,  N.  T 232 

Ascarate,  S.  P 473 

Atkins,  F.  H 399 

Atlantic  &  Pacific  Railroad..    ..344 


Baca,   Elf  ego 433 

Baca,  Juan  J 607 

Baca,  Santiago 249 

Bail,  John  D 531 

Bailey,  James  H 655 

Bank  of  Geo.  D.  Bowman  &  Son. .510 

Bantz,  G.  D 627 

Barber,  George  B 582 

Barela,  Anastacio 627 

Barringer,  G.  B 633 

Barnett,  R.  F 589 

Becker,  F.  A 462 

Becker,  John 662 

Bell,  Nathaniel 660 

Bennett,  Cornelius 538 

Bergere,  A.  M 456 

Bergmann,  E.  H 421 

Billings,  G.  F 505 

Black,  Robert 536 

Blodgett,  C.  C 641 

Blood,  Fred  0 458 

Blueher,  Herman 446 

Boatwright,  D.  H 384 

Boggs,  T.  O 419 

Bolich,  N.  A 536 

Bonem,  Herman 310 

Born,   Fred 415 

Bowman,  G.  D  510 

Bristol,  Warren 250 

Brockmeier,  H 394 

Brown,  C.  T 477 

Browne,  E.  L 351 

Broyles,  J.  N 348 

Brunelli,  Modesto   368 

Bryan,  John  D 600 

Bryan,  R.  W.  D 392 

Bull,  Thomas  J 558 

Bullis,  John  L 568 

Burgess,  T.  H 239 

Burns,  T.  B.   645 

Bursum,  H.  0 460 

Bushnell,  G.  A 416 


Cahoon,  E.  A 508 

Cantou,  F.  P 387 

Carruth,  J.  A 485 


670 


CONTENTS. 


Cartwright,  H.  B 337 

Cartwright,  W.  J 381 

Casad,  Thomas 614 

Castillo,  S.  C 267 

Chapelle,  P.  L 229 

Chaves,  Amado 254 

Chaves,  E.  V 285 

Chaves,  J.  F 257 

Chavez,  Demetrio 611 

Chavez,  Jacobo 470 

Childers,  T.  N 518 

Childers,  W.  B 512 

Christy,  A.  L 654 

Church,  W.  1 587 

Clark,  D.  H 648 

Clark,  John  S 362 

Clements,  S.  A 487 

Collier,  N.  C 294 

Collier,  T.  W 630 

Cone,  John  W 498 

Conklin,  C.  M 503 

Cook,  George  W 642 

Cooney,  Michael 401 

Coors,  H.  G 430 

Corbett,  John 534 

Cory,  James 468 

Cosgrove,  Wm.  H 588 

Cowan,  R.  H 621 

Creamer,  C.  M 590 

Crist,  J.  H 640 

Cronin,  M .  .428 

Cruickshank,  C.  G 283 

Cummings,  E.  S 439 

Curry,  George 552 

Curry,  George 615 

D 

Dame,  W.  E 617 

Day,  S.  H 340 

De  Baca,  L.  M.  C  596 

De  Baca,  M.  C 272 

Defouri,  J.  H 230 

Delgado,  Pedro 261 

Diaz,  J.  M 382 

Didier,  Adolphe 621 

Dodson,  F.  B 507 

Dougherty,  H.  M 467 

Downs,  Francis 375 

Dudrow,  C.  W 425 

Dwyer,  J.  W 226 

Dyson,  S.  A 493 


Easley,  C.  F 259 

Easterday,  G.  S 287 

Eaton,  E.  W 268 

Eaton,  N.  P 461 

Eggert,  William 429 

Eklund,   Carl 493 

Eldodt,  Samuel 420 

Elliott,  A.  B 598 

Ervien,  R.  P 494 

Evans,  J.  W 359 

Everitt,  Arthur 438 


Fall,  A.  B 503 

Fanning,  P.  P 410 

Fergusson,  H.  B 265 

Field,  Seaman 545 

Fiske,  E.  A 305 

Forsythe,  B;  F 490 

Fort,  L.  C 245 

Fountain,  A.  J • 656 


Fox,  F.  C 457 

Franklin,  John 583 

Franz,  E.   D  618 

First  Nat.  Bank  of  Las  Vegas.  .330 


Gable,  T.  P 619 

Garcia,  Lino 629 

Garcia,  Marcelino 320 

Gerdes,  J.  H 566 

Gibson,  E.  J 411 

Gilbert,  Bartlett 520 

Gillett,  H.  S 542 

Given,  F.  1 613 

Goebel,  Oscar 464 

Goebel,  W.  H 379 

Gonzales,  Adelaide 312 

Gonzales,  Nasario '. .  .609 

Gonzales,  Patricio 269 

Gonzales  y  Baca,  F 428 

Gostling,  Charles  R 301 

Graaf,  Julius 433 

Graham,  A.  R 549 

Grande,  C.  A 439 

Grant,  A.  A 409 

Gray,  Isaac  H 554 

Gray,  S.  T 579 

Green,  Richard. .". 506 

Greene,  C.  W 604 

Greenleaf,  R.  H 391 

Gross,  Blackwell  &  Company. .  .436 

Griffin,  W.  W 319 

Griggs,  J.  E 509 

Grunsfeld,   Albert 474 

Grunsfeld,  E.  A 325 

Gusdorf ,  A 625 

Gutierrez,  A.  C 331 

Guyer,  G.  W 632 

H 

Hadley,  O.  A 297 

Hadley,  W.  C 288 

Hall,  R.  P 349 

Hall,  T.  C 541 

Hamblin,  E.  L 453 

Hamilton,  H.  B 281 

Hanna,  S.  G 458 

Harlan,  J.  A 650 

Harllee,  A.  H 556 

Harlow,  E.  H  592 

Harris,  H.  V -. 442 

Harrison,  G.  W 276 

Harsch,  Adolph 436 

Hartman,  G.  W 397 

Hayward,  T.  W 434 

Head,   R.  G 652 

Herrera,  Cosme  650 

Herron,  J.  B 491 

Herzog,  Leon 558 

Hewitt,  John  Y 513 

Hill,  A.  P 363 

Hill,  J.  M 451 

Hill,   John 431 

Hilton,  A.  H 449 

Hines,  Lemuel 405 

Hinman,  O.  C 534 

Hobart,  E.  F   423 

Hodgin,  C.  E 229 

Hofmeister,  L.  H 361 

Holland,  J.   S 314 

Hope,  W.  G 263 

Hopewell,  W.  S 497 

Howell,  A.  E 620 

Hubbell,  F.  A 632 

Hudson  Hot  Springs 549 


Hudson,  J.  R 426 

Hudson,  Richard 546 

Huning,  Franz 471 

Huning,  Louis 350 

Hunt,  Charles  F 631 


Jackson,  W.  L 524 

Jaffa,  Nathan 569 

Jaffa-Prager  Company 568 

James,  J.  W " 571 

Jelfs,  John 414 

Jennings,  W.  L 355 

Joseph,  Antonio 664 

Joyner,  W.  T 573 

K 

Kahler,  M.  L 616 

Keegan,  J.  J 578 

Keith,  C.  A 572 

Kendall,  A.  L 302 

Kennedy,  C.  W 581 

Kennon,  Lewis 567 

King,  Israel 533 

Kinsinger,  J.  W 469 

Kline,  Seneca  T 486 

Kohlhousen,  C.  B 388 

Korber,  J 443 

Kremis,  W.  H 406 

Kronig,  William 306 


Laird,  A.  B 517 

Lane,  W.  G 499 

Laughlin,  N.  B 593 

Lea,  J.  C 658 

Lee,  Wm.   D 264 

Leeson,  J.  J 478 

Lesperance,  P 488 

Letton,  R.  P 412 

Lewis,  C.  W 441 

Liebert,  Aloys 537 

Link,  B.  T 519 

Littrell,  Marion 638 

Livingston,  J.  K 560 

Llewellyn,  W.  H.  H 601 

Loewenstein,  Leo. 360 

Long,  E.  V 255 

Lucas,  James  A 515 

Ludemann,  George 430 

Lumpkins,  J.  H 4% 

Luna,  A.  J 665 

Luna,  Maximiliano 284 

Luna,  Solomon 666 

Luna,  Tranquilino 284 

Lyon,  Charles 318 

M 

Maher,  Martin 522 

Maloney,  James 603 

Manzanares,  F.  A 289 

Martin,  John  K 489 

Martinez,  Felix 529 

Matheson,  J.  F 458 

Mathews,  J.  B 574 

Mausard,  Charles 440 

Maxwell,  Theodore 554 

McAuliffe,  T.  F 371 

McClellan,   W.  M 417 

McClintock,  A 515 

McClure,  Wm.  L 623 

McCrea,  S.  P 525 

McCuistion,  O.  W 380 

McDonald,  W.  C 591 

McFie,  John  R 500 


CONTENTS. 


671 


McGarvey,  B.  F 367 

McGinn,    Hugh 566 

McGrorty,  J.  P 527 

McLenathen,  C.  H 651 

McMartin,  M.  A 333 

McQuillin,  Joseph 450 

McShooler,  T.  W 365 

Meek,  Samuel  C 476 

Mickey,  H.  P 309 

Miller,  J.  N 583 

Miller,  Lorion 254 

Mills,  T.  B 377 

Mitchell,  F.  H 364 

Mitchell,  T.  E 492 

Montfort,  H.  A 447 

Montgomery,  J 455 

Montoya,  E 346 

Moreno,  Prisiliano 304 

Morrison,   A.  L 427 

Morrison,  Arthur 316 

Mueller,  F.  P 613 

Murphy,  J.  J •. 413 

Myers,  R.  B 446 

N 

Nance,  C.  H 366 

Neher,  George  K 438 

Neustadt,  Simon 468 

Newcomb,  S.  B 599 

Newsham,  R.  V 528 

Nichols,  J.  E 629 

Nickle,  R.  A 557 

O 

Olney,  F.  E 274 

Ortiz,  Ambrosio 424 

Ortiz  y  Salazar,  A 341 

Otero,  M.  A 247 

Otto,  Christian 495 

Overbay,  V.  A 628 


Pace,  George  J 407 

Paden,  M.  G 572 

Palace  Hotel 506 

Parker,  E.  W 590 

Parker,  F.  W 548 

Partridge,  N.  H 301 

Patty,  Saban 386 

Pearce,  J.  F 263 

Pecos  Valley  Land  &  Water  Co..641 

Perez,  Detnetrio 271 

Pierce,  M.  L 624 

Poe,  John  W 481 

Pope,  William  H 385 

Prager,  Wm.  S 570 

Pratt,  F.  G 445 

Preisser,  Aloys 543 

Prince,  L.  Bradford 241 

R 

Rand,  C.  G 636 

Raynolds,  J 330-395 

Read,  Alexander 667 

Read,  B.  M   338 

Read,  L.  G 335 

Rivenburg,  Grant 635 

Richardson,  G.  A 561 

Robins,  Win.  M 540 

Romero,   Atanasio 358 

Romero,  B.  A 374 

Romero,  Boleslo 282 

Romero,  Hilario 343 

Romero,  Trinid?d 295 

Renault,  Theodore 358 

Rosenthal,  N.  L, 432 


Saint,  J.  E 277 

Salazar,  M.  M 637 

Sanchez,  Pedro 465 

Santistevan,  Juan  D.  R 577 

Sawyer,  Z.  B 623 

Schick,  Valentine 643 

Schmidt,  J.  J 373 

Schober,  Gottfried 380 

Scholle,  Frederick 463 

Schroeder,  J.  B 639 

Segura,  Jose 426 

Sena,  Jose  D 501 

Sena,   M.  F 502 

Seninger,  John 366 

Sever,  Abraham 383 

Shannon,  C.  M 587 

Shaw,  A.  A 280 

Sherfey,  S.  W 648 

Shuler,  J.  J 332 

Simpier,  A 444 

Simpson,  S.  H 610 

Skelly,  L.  A 659 

Slack,  John  C 320 

Sloan,  J.  H 321 

Smith,  Hugh  H 370 

Smith,  J.  E 452 

Smith,  Ollin  E 353 

Smith,  Orlando 361 

Smith,  Thomas 237 

Southwest  Brewing  &  Ice  Com- 
pany   443 

Sowers,  George  H 521 

Spiess,  Charles  A 375 

Sporleder,   C.  H 323 

Springer  Cement  Company 301 

Staab,  A 634 

Stanley,  H.  H 520 

Stapp,   Wm.  B 398 

Stephens,  Troilous 661 

Stephenson,  H.  F 369 

Stewart,  L.  W 649 

Stoffel,  E.  E 440 

Stone,  E.  T 543 

Story,  A.  M 551 

Stuy vesant,  J.  P 356 

Swope,  S.  D 612 


Talle,  P.  P 313 

Tamme,  Charles 326 

Terrell,  E.  A 389 

Thompson,  W.  A 317 

Thornton,  Wm.  T 233 

Toombs,  O.  T 310 

Tracy,  F.  G 574 

Trimble,  L,.  S 579 

Troeger,  R.  C 584 

U 

Ulrick,  George  L 544 

Urton,   Wm.  G 586 


Valdes,  Manuel 424 

Valverde,  Paz 300 

Varela,  Gregorio 480 

Veeder,  J.  D.  W 270 

Victoria,  Sister 110 

Victory,  J.  P 345 

W 

Walker,  James  H .260 

Walker,  J.  D 568 

Warren,  H.  L, 273 


Water  &  Improvement  Company  .340 

Watrous,  J.  B 298 

Webber,  E.  T 635 

Weed,  W.  H 585 

Wells,  A.  G 342 

Wheelock,  J.  M 448 

Whitcomb,  A.  M 341 

White,  W.  A. 357 

Whiteman,  Wm.  H 291 

Whiting,  Calvin 356 

Whiting,  H.  R 286 

Whitmore,  A.  H   266 

Wilkerson,  T.  N 394 

Willcox,  W.  H 322 

Williams,  J.  F 506 

Williams,  Joseph 303 

Wilson,  Charles 584 

Wilson,  Francis..   451 

Windsor,  Antonio 422 

Winters,  D.  C 479 

Wise,  A.  A 435 

Wood,  G.  N 550 

Wooster,  H.  S 311 

Wright,  F.  J 535 

Wroth,  James  H 318 


Young,  R.  L, 625 

Yrisarri,  J 453 


Zirhut,  M.  C 386 

ILLUSTRATIONS. 

Baca,  Elfego 433 

Baca,  Santiago 249 

Cartwright,  H.  B 337 

Chaves,  J.  F 257 

Cooney,  J.  C.,  Tomb  of 403 

Cooney,  Michael 401 

Field,  Seaman 545 

Fiske,  E.  A 305 

Grant,  A.  A .  .409 

Hamilton,  H.  B 281 

Hewitt,  John  Y 513 

Hillsborough 187 

Hopewell,  W.  S 497 

Laughlin,  N.  B 593 

Manzanares,  F.  A 289 

Martinez,  Felix 529 

McClellan,  Mrs.  L.  M 417 

McClellan,  W.  M 417 

Mills,  T.  B 377 

Pecos  Valley 124, 158 

Poe,  John  W 481 

Pope,  W.  H 385 

Richardson,  G.  A 561 

Roswell — Buildings  and  Park..  .204 

Sanchez,  Pedro,  Residence 465 

Santa   Fe — Cathedral    and   San 

Miguel  Church 96 

Santa  Fe — Institution  of  Sisters 
of  Loretto  and  Sisters'  Hos- 
pital  109 

Santistevan,  Juan 577 

Sloan,  J.  H 321 

Smith,  Ollin  E 353 

Stephenson,  H.  F 369 

Talle,  P.  P 313 

Thornton,  Wm.  T 233 

Victory,  J.  P 345 

Warren,  H.  L 273 

White  Oaks,  Scenes  in  and  about. 225 


